/* * Copyright (c) 1997, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. * * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. * * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that * accompanied this code). * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. * * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any * questions.
*/
/** * This class implements the {@code Set} interface, backed by a hash table * (actually a {@code HashMap} instance). It makes no guarantees as to the * iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the * order will remain constant over time. This class permits the {@code null} * element. * * <p>This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations * ({@code add}, {@code remove}, {@code contains} and {@code size}), * assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the * buckets. Iterating over this set requires time proportional to the sum of * the {@code HashSet} instance's size (the number of elements) plus the * "capacity" of the backing {@code HashMap} instance (the number of * buckets). Thus, it's very important not to set the initial capacity too * high (or the load factor too low) if iteration performance is important. * * <p><strong>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</strong> * If multiple threads access a hash set concurrently, and at least one of * the threads modifies the set, it <i>must</i> be synchronized externally. * This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some object that * naturally encapsulates the set. * * If no such object exists, the set should be "wrapped" using the * {@link Collections#synchronizedSet Collections.synchronizedSet} * method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental * unsynchronized access to the set:<pre> * Set s = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet(...));</pre> * * <p>The iterators returned by this class's {@code iterator} method are * <i>fail-fast</i>: if the set is modified at any time after the iterator is * created, in any way except through the iterator's own {@code remove} * method, the Iterator throws a {@link ConcurrentModificationException}. * Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly * and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at * an undetermined time in the future. * * <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed * as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the * presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators * throw {@code ConcurrentModificationException} on a best-effort basis. * Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this * exception for its correctness: <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators * should be used only to detect bugs.</i> * * <p>This class is a member of the * <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/package-summary.html#CollectionsFramework"> * Java Collections Framework</a>. * * @param <E> the type of elements maintained by this set * * @author Josh Bloch * @author Neal Gafter * @see Collection * @see Set * @see TreeSet * @see HashMap * @since 1.2
*/
// Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map privatestaticfinal Object PRESENT = new Object();
/** * Constructs a new, empty set; the backing {@code HashMap} instance has * default initial capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
*/ public HashSet() {
map = new HashMap<>();
}
/** * Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified * collection. The {@code HashMap} is created with default load factor * (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to contain the elements in * the specified collection. * * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this set * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/ public HashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
map = HashMap.newHashMap(Math.max(c.size(), 12));
addAll(c);
}
/** * Constructs a new, empty set; the backing {@code HashMap} instance has * the specified initial capacity and the specified load factor. * * @apiNote * To create a {@code HashSet} with an initial capacity that accommodates * an expected number of elements, use {@link #newHashSet(int) newHashSet}. * * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash map * @param loadFactor the load factor of the hash map * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less * than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive
*/ public HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
/** * Constructs a new, empty set; the backing {@code HashMap} instance has * the specified initial capacity and default load factor (0.75). * * @apiNote * To create a {@code HashSet} with an initial capacity that accommodates * an expected number of elements, use {@link #newHashSet(int) newHashSet}. * * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash table * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less * than zero
*/ public HashSet(int initialCapacity) {
map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity);
}
/** * Constructs a new, empty linked hash set. (This package private * constructor is only used by LinkedHashSet.) The backing * HashMap instance is a LinkedHashMap with the specified initial * capacity and the specified load factor. * * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash map * @param loadFactor the load factor of the hash map * @param dummy ignored (distinguishes this * constructor from other int, float constructor.) * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less * than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive
*/
HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, boolean dummy) {
map = new LinkedHashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
/** * Returns an iterator over the elements in this set. The elements * are returned in no particular order. * * @return an Iterator over the elements in this set * @see ConcurrentModificationException
*/ public Iterator<E> iterator() { return map.keySet().iterator();
}
/** * Returns the number of elements in this set (its cardinality). * * @return the number of elements in this set (its cardinality)
*/ publicint size() { return map.size();
}
/** * Returns {@code true} if this set contains no elements. * * @return {@code true} if this set contains no elements
*/ publicboolean isEmpty() { return map.isEmpty();
}
/** * Returns {@code true} if this set contains the specified element. * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this set * contains an element {@code e} such that * {@code Objects.equals(o, e)}. * * @param o element whose presence in this set is to be tested * @return {@code true} if this set contains the specified element
*/ publicboolean contains(Object o) { return map.containsKey(o);
}
/** * Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already present. * More formally, adds the specified element {@code e} to this set if * this set contains no element {@code e2} such that * {@code Objects.equals(e, e2)}. * If this set already contains the element, the call leaves the set * unchanged and returns {@code false}. * * @param e element to be added to this set * @return {@code true} if this set did not already contain the specified * element
*/ publicboolean add(E e) { return map.put(e, PRESENT)==null;
}
/** * Removes the specified element from this set if it is present. * More formally, removes an element {@code e} such that * {@code Objects.equals(o, e)}, * if this set contains such an element. Returns {@code true} if * this set contained the element (or equivalently, if this set * changed as a result of the call). (This set will not contain the * element once the call returns.) * * @param o object to be removed from this set, if present * @return {@code true} if the set contained the specified element
*/ publicboolean remove(Object o) { return map.remove(o)==PRESENT;
}
/** * Removes all of the elements from this set. * The set will be empty after this call returns.
*/ publicvoid clear() {
map.clear();
}
/** * Returns a shallow copy of this {@code HashSet} instance: the elements * themselves are not cloned. * * @return a shallow copy of this set
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public Object clone() { try {
HashSet<E> newSet = (HashSet<E>) super.clone();
newSet.map = (HashMap<E, Object>) map.clone(); return newSet;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { thrownew InternalError(e);
}
}
/** * Save the state of this {@code HashSet} instance to a stream (that is, * serialize it). * * @serialData The capacity of the backing {@code HashMap} instance * (int), and its load factor (float) are emitted, followed by * the size of the set (the number of elements it contains) * (int), followed by all of its elements (each an Object) in * no particular order.
*/
@java.io.Serial privatevoid writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) throws java.io.IOException { // Write out any hidden serialization magic
s.defaultWriteObject();
// Write out HashMap capacity and load factor
s.writeInt(map.capacity());
s.writeFloat(map.loadFactor());
// Write out size
s.writeInt(map.size());
// Write out all elements in the proper order. for (E e : map.keySet())
s.writeObject(e);
}
/** * Reconstitute the {@code HashSet} instance from a stream (that is, * deserialize it).
*/
@java.io.Serial privatevoid readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException { // Consume and ignore stream fields (currently zero).
s.readFields();
// Read capacity and verify non-negative. int capacity = s.readInt(); if (capacity < 0) { thrownew InvalidObjectException("Illegal capacity: " +
capacity);
}
// Read load factor and verify positive and non NaN. float loadFactor = s.readFloat(); if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor)) { thrownew InvalidObjectException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
} // Clamp load factor to range of 0.25...4.0.
loadFactor = Math.min(Math.max(0.25f, loadFactor), 4.0f);
// Read size and verify non-negative. int size = s.readInt(); if (size < 0) { thrownew InvalidObjectException("Illegal size: " + size);
}
// Set the capacity according to the size and load factor ensuring that // the HashMap is at least 25% full but clamping to maximum capacity.
capacity = (int) Math.min(size * Math.min(1 / loadFactor, 4.0f),
HashMap.MAXIMUM_CAPACITY);
// Constructing the backing map will lazily create an array when the first element is // added, so check it before construction. Call HashMap.tableSizeFor to compute the // actual allocation size. Check Map.Entry[].class since it's the nearest public type to // what is actually created.
SharedSecrets.getJavaObjectInputStreamAccess()
.checkArray(s, Map.Entry[].class, HashMap.tableSizeFor(capacity));
// Create backing HashMap
map = (thisinstanceof LinkedHashSet ? new LinkedHashMap<>(capacity, loadFactor) : new HashMap<>(capacity, loadFactor));
// Read in all elements in the proper order. for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E e = (E) s.readObject();
map.put(e, PRESENT);
}
}
/** * Creates a <em><a href="Spliterator.html#binding">late-binding</a></em> * and <em>fail-fast</em> {@link Spliterator} over the elements in this * set. * * <p>The {@code Spliterator} reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED} and * {@link Spliterator#DISTINCT}. Overriding implementations should document * the reporting of additional characteristic values. * * @return a {@code Spliterator} over the elements in this set * @since 1.8
*/ public Spliterator<E> spliterator() { returnnew HashMap.KeySpliterator<>(map, 0, -1, 0, 0);
}
@Override public Object[] toArray() { return map.keysToArray(new Object[map.size()]);
}
@Override public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) { return map.keysToArray(map.prepareArray(a));
}
/** * Creates a new, empty HashSet suitable for the expected number of elements. * The returned set uses the default load factor of 0.75, and its initial capacity is * generally large enough so that the expected number of elements can be added * without resizing the set. * * @param numElements the expected number of elements * @param <T> the type of elements maintained by the new set * @return the newly created set * @throws IllegalArgumentException if numElements is negative * @since 19
*/ publicstatic <T> HashSet<T> newHashSet(int numElements) { if (numElements < 0) { thrownew IllegalArgumentException("Negative number of elements: " + numElements);
} returnnew HashSet<>(HashMap.calculateHashMapCapacity(numElements));
}
}
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