subsection‹Definition of eta-reduction and relatives›
primrec
free :: "dB => nat => bool" where "free (Var j) i = (j = i)"
| "free (s 🍋 t) i = (free s i ∨ free t i)"
| "free (Abs s) i = free s (i + 1)"
inductive
eta :: "[dB, dB] => bool" (infixl‹→\η›50) where
eta [simp, intro]: "¬ free s 0 ==> Abs (s 🍋 Var 0) →\<eta> s[dummy/0]"
| appL [simp, intro]: "s →\<eta> t ==> s 🍋 u →\<eta> t 🍋 u"
| appR [simp, intro]: "s →\<eta> t ==> u 🍋 s →\<eta> u 🍋 t"
| abs [simp, intro]: "s →\<eta> t ==> Abs s →\<eta> Abs t"
abbreviation
eta_reds :: "[dB, dB] => bool" (infixl‹→\η*›50) where "s →\<eta>* t == eta** s t"
abbreviation
eta_red0 :: "[dB, dB] => bool" (infixl‹→\η=›50) where "s →\<eta>= t == eta== s t"
inductive_cases eta_cases [elim!]: "Abs s →\<eta> z" "s 🍋 t →\<eta> u" "Var i →\<eta> t"
subsection‹Properties of ‹eta›, ‹subst› and ‹free››
lemma subst_not_free [simp]: "¬ free s i ==> s[t/i] = s[u/i]" by (induct s arbitrary: i t u) (simp_all add: subst_Var)
lemma free_lift [simp]: "free (lift t k) i = (i < k ∧ free t i ∨ k < i ∧ free t (i - 1))" apply (induct t arbitrary: i k) apply (auto cong: conj_cong) done
lemma free_subst [simp]: "free (s[t/k]) i = (free s k ∧ free t i ∨ free s (if i < k then i else i + 1))" apply (induct s arbitrary: i k t) prefer2 apply simp apply blast prefer2 apply simp apply (simp add: diff_Suc subst_Var split: nat.split) done
lemma free_eta: "s →\<eta> t ==> free t i = free s i" by (induct arbitrary: i set: eta) (simp_all cong: conj_cong)
lemma not_free_eta: "[| s →\<eta> t; ¬ free s i |] ==> ¬ free t i" by (simp add: free_eta)
lemma eta_subst [simp]: "s →\<eta> t ==> s[u/i] →\<eta> t[u/i]" by (induct arbitrary: u i set: eta) (simp_all add: subst_subst [symmetric])
theorem lift_subst_dummy: "¬ free s i ==> lift (s[dummy/i]) i = s" by (induct s arbitrary: i dummy) simp_all
lemma rtrancl_eta_Abs: "s →\<eta>* s' ==> Abs s →\<eta>* Abs s'" by (induct set: rtranclp)
(blast intro: rtranclp.rtrancl_into_rtrancl)+
lemma rtrancl_eta_AppL: "s →\<eta>* s' ==> s 🍋 t →\<eta>* s' 🍋 t" by (induct set: rtranclp)
(blast intro: rtranclp.rtrancl_into_rtrancl)+
lemma rtrancl_eta_AppR: "t →\<eta>* t' ==> s 🍋 t →\<eta>* s 🍋 t'" by (induct set: rtranclp) (blast intro: rtranclp.rtrancl_into_rtrancl)+
lemma rtrancl_eta_App: "[| s →\<eta>* s'; t →\<eta>* t' |] ==> s 🍋 t →\<eta>* s' 🍋 t'" by (blast intro!: rtrancl_eta_AppL rtrancl_eta_AppR intro: rtranclp_trans)
subsection‹Commutation of ‹beta› and ‹eta››
lemma free_beta: "s →\<beta> t ==> free t i ==> free s i" by (induct arbitrary: i set: beta) auto
lemma beta_subst [intro]: "s →\<beta> t ==> s[u/i] →\<beta> t[u/i]" by (induct arbitrary: u i set: beta) (simp_all add: subst_subst [symmetric])
lemma subst_Var_Suc [simp]: "t[Var i/i] = t[Var(i)/i + 1]" by (induct t arbitrary: i) (auto elim!: linorder_neqE simp: subst_Var)
lemma eta_lift [simp]: "s →\<eta> t ==> lift s i →\<eta> lift t i" by (induct arbitrary: i set: eta) simp_all
lemma rtrancl_eta_subst: "s →\<eta> t ==> u[s/i] →\<eta>* u[t/i]" apply (induct u arbitrary: s t i) apply (simp_all add: subst_Var) apply blast apply (blast intro: rtrancl_eta_App) apply (blast intro!: rtrancl_eta_Abs eta_lift) done
lemma rtrancl_eta_subst': fixes s t :: dB assumes eta: "s →\<eta>* t" shows"s[u/i] →\<eta>* t[u/i]"using eta by induct (iprover intro: eta_subst)+
lemma rtrancl_eta_subst'': fixes s t :: dB assumes eta: "s →\<eta>* t" shows"u[s/i] →\<eta>* u[t/i]"using eta by induct (iprover intro: rtrancl_eta_subst rtranclp_trans)+
theorem explicit_is_implicit: "(∀s u. (¬ free s 0) --> R (Abs (s 🍋 Var 0)) (s[u/0])) = (∀s. R (Abs (lift s 0 🍋 Var 0)) s)" by (auto simp add: not_free_iff_lifted)
subsection‹Eta-postponement theorem›
text‹
Based on a paper proof due to Andreas Abel.
Unlike the proof by Masako Takahashi cite‹"Takahashi-IandC"›, it does not
use parallel eta reduction, which only seems to complicate matters unnecessarily. ›
theorem eta_case: fixes s :: dB assumes free: "¬ free s 0" and s: "s[dummy/0] => u" shows"∃t'. Abs (s 🍋 Var 0) => t' ∧ t' →\<eta>* u" proof - from s have"lift (s[dummy/0]) 0 => lift u 0"by (simp del: lift_subst) with free have"s => lift u 0"by (simp add: lift_subst_dummy del: lift_subst) hence"Abs (s 🍋 Var 0) => Abs (lift u 0 🍋 Var 0)"by simp moreoverhave"¬ free (lift u 0) 0"by simp hence"Abs (lift u 0 🍋 Var 0) →\<eta> lift u 0[dummy/0]" by (rule eta.eta) hence"Abs (lift u 0 🍋 Var 0) →\<eta>* u"by simp ultimatelyshow ?thesis by iprover qed
theorem eta_par_beta: assumes st: "s →\<eta> t" and tu: "t => u" shows"∃t'. s => t' ∧ t' →\<eta>* u"using tu st proof (induct arbitrary: s) case (var n) thus ?caseby (iprover intro: par_beta_refl) next case (abs s' t) note abs' = this from‹s →\η Abs s'›show ?case proof cases case (eta s'' dummy) from abs have"Abs s' => Abs t"by simp with eta have"s''[dummy/0] => Abs t"by simp with‹¬ free s'' 0›have"∃t'. Abs (s'' 🍋 Var 0) => t' ∧ t' →\<eta>* Abs t" by (rule eta_case) with eta show ?thesis by simp next case (abs r) from‹r →\η s'› obtain t' where r: "r => t'"and t': "t' →\<eta>* t"by (iprover dest: abs') from r have"Abs r => Abs t'" .. moreoverfrom t' have"Abs t' →\<eta>* Abs t"by (rule rtrancl_eta_Abs) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using abs by simp iprover qed next case (app u u' t t') from‹s →\η u 🍋 t›show ?case proof cases case (eta s' dummy) from app have"u 🍋 t => u' 🍋 t'"by simp with eta have"s'[dummy/0] => u' 🍋 t'"by simp with‹¬ free s' 0›have"∃r. Abs (s' 🍋 Var 0) => r ∧ r →\<eta>* u' 🍋 t'" by (rule eta_case) with eta show ?thesis by simp next case (appL s') from‹s' →\η u› obtain r where s': "s' => r"and r: "r →\<eta>* u'"by (iprover dest: app) from s' and app have"s' 🍋 t => r 🍋 t'"by simp moreoverfrom r have"r 🍋 t' →\<eta>* u' 🍋 t'"by (simp add: rtrancl_eta_AppL) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using appL by simp iprover next case (appR s') from‹s' →\η t› obtain r where s': "s' => r"and r: "r →\<eta>* t'"by (iprover dest: app) from s' and app have"u 🍋 s' => u' 🍋 r"by simp moreoverfrom r have"u' 🍋 r →\<eta>* u' 🍋 t'"by (simp add: rtrancl_eta_AppR) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using appR by simp iprover qed next case (beta u u' t t') from‹s →\η Abs u 🍋 t›show ?case proof cases case (eta s' dummy) from beta have"Abs u 🍋 t => u'[t'/0]"by simp with eta have"s'[dummy/0] => u'[t'/0]"by simp with‹¬ free s' 0›have"∃r. Abs (s' 🍋 Var 0) => r ∧ r →\<eta>* u'[t'/0]" by (rule eta_case) with eta show ?thesis by simp next case (appL s') from‹s' →\η Abs u›show ?thesis proof cases case (eta s'' dummy) have"Abs (lift u 1) = lift (Abs u) 0"by simp alsofrom eta have"… = s''"by (simp add: lift_subst_dummy del: lift_subst) finallyhave s: "s = Abs (Abs (lift u 1) 🍋 Var 0) 🍋 t"using appL and eta by simp from beta have"lift u 1 => lift u' 1"by simp hence"Abs (lift u 1) 🍋 Var 0 => lift u' 1[Var 0/0]" using par_beta.var .. hence"Abs (Abs (lift u 1) 🍋 Var 0) 🍋 t => lift u' 1[Var 0/0][t'/0]" using‹t => t'› .. with s have"s => u'[t'/0]"by simp thus ?thesis by iprover next case (abs r) from‹r →\η u› obtain r'' where r: "r => r''"and r'': "r'' →\<eta>* u'"by (iprover dest: beta) from r and beta have"Abs r 🍋 t => r''[t'/0]"by simp moreoverfrom r'' have"r''[t'/0] →\<eta>* u'[t'/0]" by (rule rtrancl_eta_subst') ultimatelyshow ?thesis using abs and appL by simp iprover qed next case (appR s') from‹s' →\η t› obtain r where s': "s' => r"and r: "r →\<eta>* t'"by (iprover dest: beta) from s' and beta have"Abs u 🍋 s' => u'[r/0]"by simp moreoverfrom r have"u'[r/0] →\<eta>* u'[t'/0]" by (rule rtrancl_eta_subst'') ultimatelyshow ?thesis using appR by simp iprover qed qed
theorem eta_postponement': assumes eta: "s →\<eta>* t"and beta: "t => u" shows"∃t'. s => t' ∧ t' →\<eta>* u"using eta beta proof (induct arbitrary: u) case base thus ?caseby blast next case (step s' s'' s''') thenobtain t' where s': "s' => t'"and t': "t' →\<eta>* s'''" by (auto dest: eta_par_beta) from s' obtain t'' where s: "s => t''"and t'': "t'' →\<eta>* t'"using step by blast from t'' and t' have"t'' →\<eta>* s'''"by (rule rtranclp_trans) with s show ?caseby iprover qed
theorem eta_postponement: assumes"(sup beta eta)** s t" shows"(beta** OO eta**) s t"using assms proof induct case base show ?caseby blast next case (step s' s'') from step(3) obtain t' where s: "s →\<beta>* t'"and t': "t' →\<eta>* s'"by blast from step(2) show ?case proof assume"s' →\<beta> s''" with beta_subset_par_beta have"s' => s''" .. with t' obtain t'' where st: "t' => t''"and tu: "t'' →\<eta>* s''" by (auto dest: eta_postponement') from par_beta_subset_beta st have"t' →\<beta>* t''" .. with s have"s →\<beta>* t''"by (rule rtranclp_trans) thus ?thesis using tu .. next assume"s' →\<eta> s''" with t' have"t' →\<eta>* s''" .. with s show ?thesis .. qed qed
end
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