Quelle Central_Limit_Theorem.thy
Sprache: Isabelle
(* Title: HOL/Probability/Central_Limit_Theorem.thy Authors: Jeremy Avigad (CMU), Luke Serafin (CMU)
*)
section‹The Central Limit Theorem›
theory Central_Limit_Theorem imports Levy begin
theorem (in prob_space) central_limit_theorem_zero_mean: fixes X :: "nat \ 'a \ real" and μ :: "real measure" and σ :: real and S :: "nat \ 'a \ real" assumes X_indep: "indep_vars (\i. borel) X UNIV" and X_mean_0: "\n. expectation (X n) = 0" and σ_pos: "\ > 0" and X_square_integrable: "\n. integrable M (\x. (X n x)\<^sup>2)" and X_variance: "\n. variance (X n) = \\<^sup>2" and X_distrib: "\n. distr M borel (X n) = \" defines"S n \ \x. \i shows"weak_conv_m (\n. distr M borel (\x. S n x / sqrt (n * \\<^sup>2))) std_normal_distribution" proof - let ?S' = "\n x. S n x / sqrt (real n * \\<^sup>2)"
define φ where"\ n = char (distr M borel (?S' n))"for n
define ψ where"\ n t = char \ (t / sqrt (\\<^sup>2 * n))"for n t
have X_rv [simp, measurable]: "random_variable borel (X n)"for n using X_indep unfolding indep_vars_def2 by simp have X_integrable [simp, intro]: "integrable M (X n)"for n by (rule square_integrable_imp_integrable[OF _ X_square_integrable]) simp_all interpret μ: real_distribution μ by (subst X_distrib [symmetric, of 0], rule real_distribution_distr, simp)
(* these are equivalent to the hypotheses on X, given X_distr *) have μ_integrable [simp]: "integrable \ (\x. x)" and μ_mean_integrable [simp]: "\.expectation (\x. x) = 0" and μ_square_integrable [simp]: "integrable \ (\x. x^2)" and μ_variance [simp]: "\.expectation (\x. x^2) = \\<^sup>2" using assms by (simp_all add: X_distrib [symmetric, of 0] integrable_distr_eq integral_distr)
have main: "\\<^sub>F n in sequentially.
cmod (φ n t - (1 + (-(t^2) / 2) / n)^n) ≤
t🚫2 / (6 * σ🚫2) * (LINT x|μ. min (6 * x🚫2) (∣t / sqrt (σ🚫2 * n)∣ * ∣x∣ ^ 3))" for t proof (rule eventually_sequentiallyI) fix n :: nat assume"n \ nat (ceiling (t^2 / 4))" hence n: "n \ t^2 / 4"by (subst nat_ceiling_le_eq [symmetric]) let ?t = "t / sqrt (\\<^sup>2 * n)"
define ψ' where "\' n i = char (distr M borel (λx. X i x / sqrt (σ🚫2 * n)))" for n i have *: "\n i t. \' n i t = \ n t" unfolding ψ_def ψ'_def char_def by (subst X_distrib [symmetric]) (auto simp: integral_distr)
have"\ n t = char (distr M borel (\x. \i\<^sup>2 * real n))) t" by (auto simp: φ_def S_def sum_divide_distrib ac_simps) alsohave"\ = (\ i < n. \' n i t)" unfolding ψ'_def apply (rule char_distr_sum) apply (rule indep_vars_compose2[where X=X]) apply (rule indep_vars_subset) apply (rule X_indep) apply auto done alsohave"\ = (\ n t)^n" by (auto simp add: * prod_constant) finallyhave φ_eq: "\ n t =(\ n t)^n" .
have"norm (\ n t - (1 - ?t^2 * \\<^sup>2 / 2)) \ ?t\<^sup>2 / 6 * (LINT x|\. min (6 * x\<^sup>2) (\?t\ * \x\ ^ 3))" unfolding ψ_defby (rule μ.char_approx3, auto) alsohave"?t^2 * \\<^sup>2 = t^2 / n" using σ_pos by (simp add: power_divide) alsohave"t^2 / n / 2 = (t^2 / 2) / n" by simp finallyhave **: "norm (\ n t - (1 + (-(t^2) / 2) / n)) \
?t🚫2 / 6 * (LINT x|μ. min (6 * x🚫2) (∣?t∣ * ∣x∣ ^ 3))" by simp
have"norm (\ n t - (complex_of_real (1 + (-(t^2) / 2) / n))^n) \
n * norm (ψ n t - (complex_of_real (1 + (-(t^2) / 2) / n)))" using n by (auto intro!: norm_power_diff μ.cmod_char_le_1 abs_leI
simp del: of_real_diff simp: of_real_diff[symmetric] divide_le_eq φ_eq ψ_def) alsohave"\ \ n * (?t\<^sup>2 / 6 * (LINT x|\. min (6 * x\<^sup>2) (\?t\ * \x\ ^ 3)))" by (rule mult_left_mono [OF **], simp) alsohave"\ = (t\<^sup>2 / (6 * \\<^sup>2) * (LINT x|\. min (6 * x\<^sup>2) (\?t\ * \x\ ^ 3)))" using σ_pos by (simp add: field_simps min_absorb2) finallyshow"norm (\ n t - (1 + (-(t^2) / 2) / n)^n) \
(t🚫2 / (6 * σ🚫2) * (LINT x|μ. min (6 * x🚫2) (∣?t∣ * ∣x∣ ^ 3)))" by simp qed
show ?thesis proof (rule levy_continuity) fix t let ?t = "\n. t / sqrt (\\<^sup>2 * n)" have"\x. (\n. min (6 * x\<^sup>2) (\t\ * \x\ ^ 3 / \sqrt (\\<^sup>2 * real n)\)) \ 0" using σ_pos by (auto simp: real_sqrt_mult min_absorb2
intro!: tendsto_min[THEN tendsto_eq_rhs] sqrt_at_top[THEN filterlim_compose]
filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top filterlim_at_top_imp_at_infinity
tendsto_divide_0 filterlim_real_sequentially) thenhave"(\n. LINT x|\. min (6 * x\<^sup>2) (\?t n\ * \x\ ^ 3)) \ (LINT x|\. 0)" by (intro integral_dominated_convergence [where w = "\x. 6 * x^2"]) auto thenhave *: "(\n. t\<^sup>2 / (6 * \\<^sup>2) * (LINT x|\. min (6 * x\<^sup>2) (\?t n\ * \x\ ^ 3))) \ 0" by (simp only: integral_zero tendsto_mult_right_zero)
have"(\n. complex_of_real ((1 + (-(t^2) / 2) / n)^n)) \ complex_of_real (exp (-(t^2) / 2))" by (rule isCont_tendsto_compose [OF _ tendsto_exp_limit_sequentially]) auto thenhave"(\n. \ n t) \ complex_of_real (exp (-(t^2) / 2))" by (rule Lim_transform) (rule Lim_null_comparison [OF main *]) thenshow"(\n. char (distr M borel (?S' n)) t) \ char std_normal_distribution t" by (simp add: φ_def char_std_normal_distribution) qed (auto intro!: real_dist_normal_dist simp: S_def) qed
theorem (in prob_space) central_limit_theorem: fixes X :: "nat \ 'a \ real" and μ :: "real measure" and σ :: real and S :: "nat \ 'a \ real" assumes X_indep: "indep_vars (\i. borel) X UNIV" and X_mean: "\n. expectation (X n) = m" and σ_pos: "\ > 0" and X_square_integrable: "\n. integrable M (\x. (X n x)\<^sup>2)" and X_variance: "\n. variance (X n) = \\<^sup>2" and X_distrib: "\n. distr M borel (X n) = \" defines"X' i x \ X i x - m" shows"weak_conv_m (\n. distr M borel (\x. (\i\<^sup>2))) std_normal_distribution" proof (intro central_limit_theorem_zero_mean) show"indep_vars (\i. borel) X' UNIV" unfolding X'_def[abs_def] using X_indep by (rule indep_vars_compose2) auto have X_rv [simp, measurable]: "random_variable borel (X n)"for n using X_indep unfolding indep_vars_def2 by simp have X_integrable [simp, intro]: "integrable M (X n)"for n by (rule square_integrable_imp_integrable[OF _ X_square_integrable]) simp_all show"expectation (X' n) = 0"for n using X_mean by (auto simp: X'_def[abs_def] prob_space) show"\ > 0""integrable M (\x. (X' n x)\<^sup>2)""variance (X' n) = \\<^sup>2"for n using‹0 < σ› X_integrable X_mean X_square_integrable X_variance unfolding X'_def by (auto simp: prob_space power2_diff) show"distr M borel (X' n) = distr \ borel (\x. x - m)"for n unfolding X_distrib[of n, symmetric] using X_integrable by (subst distr_distr) (auto simp: X'_def[abs_def] comp_def) qed
end
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