primrec power :: "'a ==> nat ==> 'a" (infixr‹^›80) where
power_0: "a ^ 0 = 1"
| power_Suc: "a ^ Suc n = a * a ^ n"
notation (latex output)
power (‹(_)› [1000] 1000)
text‹Special syntax for squares.› abbreviation power2 :: "'a ==> 'a" (‹(‹notation=‹postfix 2››_2)› [1000] 999) where"x2≡ x ^ 2"
end
context includes lifting_syntax begin
lemma power_transfer [transfer_rule]: ‹(R ===> (=) ===> R) (^) (^)› if [transfer_rule]: ‹R 1 1› ‹(R ===> R ===> R) (*) (*)› for R :: ‹'a::power ==> 'b::power ==> bool› by (simp only: power_def [abs_def]) transfer_prover
end
context monoid_mult begin
subclass power .
lemma power_one [simp]: "1 ^ n = 1" by (induct n) simp_all
lemma power_one_right [simp]: "a ^ 1 = a" by simp
lemma power_Suc0_right [simp]: "a ^ Suc 0 = a" by simp
lemma power_commutes: "a ^ n * a = a * a ^ n" by (induct n) (simp_all add: mult.assoc)
lemma power_Suc2: "a ^ Suc n = a ^ n * a" by (simp add: power_commutes)
lemma power_add: "a ^ (m + n) = a ^ m * a ^ n" by (induct m) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
lemma power_mult: "a ^ (m * n) = (a ^ m) ^ n" by (induct n) (simp_all add: power_add)
lemma power_even_eq: "a ^ (2 * n) = (a ^ n)2" by (subst mult.commute) (simp add: power_mult)
lemma power_odd_eq: "a ^ Suc (2*n) = a * (a ^ n)2" by (simp add: power_even_eq)
lemma power_numeral_even: "z ^ numeral (Num.Bit0 w) = (let w = z ^ (numeral w) in w * w)" by (simp only: numeral_Bit0 power_add Let_def)
lemma power_numeral_odd: "z ^ numeral (Num.Bit1 w) = (let w = z ^ (numeral w) in z * w * w)" by (simp only: numeral_Bit1 One_nat_def add_Suc_right add_0_right
power_Suc power_add Let_def mult.assoc)
lemma power2_eq_square: "a2 = a * a" by (simp add: numeral_2_eq_2)
lemma power3_eq_cube: "a ^ 3 = a * a * a" by (simp add: numeral_3_eq_3 mult.assoc)
lemma power4_eq_xxxx: "x^4 = x * x * x * x" by (simp add: mult.assoc power_numeral_even)
lemma power_numeral_reduce: "x ^ numeral n = x * x ^ pred_numeral n" by (simp add: numeral_eq_Suc)
lemma funpow_times_power: "(times x ^^ f x) = times (x ^ f x)" proof (induct "f x" arbitrary: f) case0 thenshow ?caseby (simp add: fun_eq_iff) next case (Suc n)
define g where"g x = f x - 1"for x with Suc have"n = g x"by simp with Suc have"times x ^^ g x = times (x ^ g x)"by simp moreoverfrom Suc g_def have"f x = g x + 1"by simp ultimatelyshow ?case by (simp add: power_add funpow_add fun_eq_iff mult.assoc) qed
lemma power_commuting_commutes: assumes"x * y = y * x" shows"x ^ n * y = y * x ^n" proof (induct n) case0 thenshow ?caseby simp next case (Suc n) have"x ^ Suc n * y = x ^ n * y * x" by (subst power_Suc2) (simp add: assms ac_simps) alsohave"… = y * x ^ Suc n" by (simp only: Suc power_Suc2) (simp add: ac_simps) finallyshow ?case . qed
lemma power_minus_mult: "0 < n ==> a ^ (n - 1) * a = a ^ n" by (simp add: power_commutes split: nat_diff_split)
lemma left_right_inverse_power: assumes"x * y = 1" shows"x ^ n * y ^ n = 1" proof (induct n) case (Suc n) moreoverhave"x ^ Suc n * y ^ Suc n = x^n * (x * y) * y^n" by (simp add: power_Suc2[symmetric] mult.assoc[symmetric]) ultimatelyshow ?caseby (simp add: assms) qed simp
end
context comm_monoid_mult begin
lemma power_mult_distrib [algebra_simps, algebra_split_simps, field_simps, field_split_simps, divide_simps]: "(a * b) ^ n = (a ^ n) * (b ^ n)" by (induction n) (simp_all add: ac_simps)
end
text‹Extract constant factors from powers.› declare power_mult_distrib [where a = "numeral w"for w, simp] declare power_mult_distrib [where b = "numeral w"for w, simp]
lemma power_add_numeral [simp]: "a^numeral m * a^numeral n = a^numeral (m + n)" for a :: "'a::monoid_mult" by (simp add: power_add [symmetric])
lemma power_add_numeral2 [simp]: "a^numeral m * (a^numeral n * b) = a^numeral (m + n) * b" for a :: "'a::monoid_mult" by (simp add: mult.assoc [symmetric])
lemma power_mult_numeral [simp]: "(a^numeral m)^numeral n = a^numeral (m * n)" for a :: "'a::monoid_mult" by (simp only: numeral_mult power_mult)
context semiring_numeral begin
lemma numeral_sqr: "numeral (Num.sqr k) = numeral k * numeral k" by (simp only: sqr_conv_mult numeral_mult)
lemma numeral_pow: "numeral (Num.pow k l) = numeral k ^ numeral l" by (induct l)
(simp_all only: numeral_class.numeral.simps pow.simps
numeral_sqr numeral_mult power_add power_one_right)
lemma power_numeral [simp]: "numeral k ^ numeral l = numeral (Num.pow k l)" by (rule numeral_pow [symmetric])
end
context semiring_1 begin
lemma of_nat_power [simp]: "of_nat (m ^ n) = of_nat m ^ n" by (induct n) simp_all
lemma zero_power: "0 < n ==> 0 ^ n = 0" by (cases n) simp_all
lemma power_zero_numeral [simp]: "0 ^ numeral k = 0" by (simp add: numeral_eq_Suc)
lemma zero_power2: "02 = 0"(* delete? *) by (rule power_zero_numeral)
lemma one_power2: "12 = 1"(* delete? *) by (rule power_one)
lemma power_0_Suc [simp]: "0 ^ Suc n = 0" by simp
text‹It looks plausible as a simprule, but its effect can be strange.› lemma power_0_left: "0 ^ n = (if n = 0 then 1 else 0)" by (cases n) simp_all
end
context semiring_char_0 begin
lemma numeral_power_eq_of_nat_cancel_iff [simp]: "numeral x ^ n = of_nat y ⟷ numeral x ^ n = y" using of_nat_eq_iff by fastforce
lemma real_of_nat_eq_numeral_power_cancel_iff [simp]: "of_nat y = numeral x ^ n ⟷ y = numeral x ^ n" using numeral_power_eq_of_nat_cancel_iff [of x n y] by (metis (mono_tags))
lemma of_nat_eq_of_nat_power_cancel_iff[simp]: "(of_nat b) ^ w = of_nat x ⟷ b ^ w = x" by (metis of_nat_power of_nat_eq_iff)
lemma of_nat_power_eq_of_nat_cancel_iff[simp]: "of_nat x = (of_nat b) ^ w ⟷ x = b ^ w" by (metis of_nat_eq_of_nat_power_cancel_iff)
end
context comm_semiring_1 begin
text‹The divides relation.›
lemma le_imp_power_dvd: assumes"m ≤ n" shows"a ^ m dvd a ^ n" proof from assms have"a ^ n = a ^ (m + (n - m))"by simp alsohave"… = a ^ m * a ^ (n - m)"by (rule power_add) finallyshow"a ^ n = a ^ m * a ^ (n - m)" . qed
lemma power_le_dvd: "a ^ n dvd b ==> m ≤ n ==> a ^ m dvd b" by (rule dvd_trans [OF le_imp_power_dvd])
lemma dvd_power_same: "x dvd y ==> x ^ n dvd y ^ n" by (induct n) (auto simp add: mult_dvd_mono)
lemma dvd_power_le: "x dvd y ==> m ≥ n ==> x ^ n dvd y ^ m" by (rule power_le_dvd [OF dvd_power_same])
lemma dvd_power [simp]: fixes n :: nat assumes"n > 0 ∨ x = 1" shows"x dvd (x ^ n)" using assms proof assume"0 < n" thenhave"x ^ n = x ^ Suc (n - 1)"by simp thenshow"x dvd (x ^ n)"by simp next assume"x = 1" thenshow"x dvd (x ^ n)"by simp qed
end
context semiring_1_no_zero_divisors begin
subclass power .
lemma power_eq_0_iff [simp]: "a ^ n = 0 ⟷ a = 0 ∧ n > 0" by (induct n) auto
lemma power_not_zero: "a ≠ 0 ==> a ^ n ≠ 0" by (induct n) auto
lemma zero_eq_power2 [simp]: "a2 = 0 ⟷ a = 0" unfolding power2_eq_square by simp
end
context ring_1 begin
lemma power_minus: "(- a) ^ n = (- 1) ^ n * a ^ n" proof (induct n) case0 show ?caseby simp next case (Suc n) thenshow ?case by (simp del: power_Suc add: power_Suc2 mult.assoc) qed
lemma power_minus': "NO_MATCH 1 x ==> (-x) ^ n = (-1)^n * x ^ n" by (rule power_minus)
lemma power_minus_even [simp]: "(-a) ^ (2*n) = a ^ (2*n)" by (simp add: power_minus [of a])
end
context ring_1_no_zero_divisors begin
lemma power2_eq_1_iff: "a2 = 1 ⟷ a = 1 ∨ a = - 1" using square_eq_1_iff [of a] by (simp add: power2_eq_square)
end
context idom begin
lemma power2_eq_iff: "x2 = y2⟷ x = y ∨ x = - y" unfolding power2_eq_square by (rule square_eq_iff)
end
context semidom_divide begin
lemma power_diff: "a ^ (m - n) = (a ^ m) div (a ^ n)"if"a ≠ 0"and"n ≤ m" proof -
define q where"q = m - n" with‹n ≤ m›have"m = q + n"by simp with‹a ≠ 0› q_def show ?thesis by (simp add: power_add) qed
lemma power_diff_if: "a ^ (m - n) = (if n ≤ m then (a ^ m) div (a ^ n) else 1)"if"a ≠ 0" by (simp add: power_diff that)
end
context algebraic_semidom begin
lemma div_power: "b dvd a ==> (a div b) ^ n = a ^ n div b ^ n" by (induct n) (simp_all add: div_mult_div_if_dvd dvd_power_same)
lemma is_unit_power_iff: "is_unit (a ^ n) ⟷ is_unit a ∨ n = 0" by (induct n) (auto simp add: is_unit_mult_iff)
lemma dvd_power_iff: assumes"x ≠ 0" shows"x ^ m dvd x ^ n ⟷ is_unit x ∨ m ≤ n" proof assume *: "x ^ m dvd x ^ n"
{ assume"m > n" note * alsohave"x ^ n = x ^ n * 1"by simp alsofrom‹m > n›have"m = n + (m - n)"by simp alsohave"x ^ … = x ^ n * x ^ (m - n)"by (rule power_add) finallyhave"x ^ (m - n) dvd 1" using assms by (subst (asm) dvd_times_left_cancel_iff) simp_all with‹m > n›have"is_unit x"by (simp add: is_unit_power_iff)
} thus"is_unit x ∨ m ≤ n"by force qed (auto intro: unit_imp_dvd simp: is_unit_power_iff le_imp_power_dvd)
end
context normalization_semidom_multiplicative begin
lemma normalize_power: "normalize (a ^ n) = normalize a ^ n" by (induct n) (simp_all add: normalize_mult)
lemma unit_factor_power: "unit_factor (a ^ n) = unit_factor a ^ n" by (induct n) (simp_all add: unit_factor_mult)
end
context division_ring begin
text‹Perhaps these should be simprules.› lemma power_inverse [field_simps, field_split_simps, divide_simps]: "inverse a ^ n = inverse (a ^ n)" proof (cases "a = 0") case True thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: power_0_left) next case False thenhave"inverse (a ^ n) = inverse a ^ n" by (induct n) (simp_all add: nonzero_inverse_mult_distrib power_commutes) thenshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma power_one_over [field_simps, field_split_simps, divide_simps]: "(1 / a) ^ n = 1 / a ^ n" using power_inverse [of a] by (simp add: divide_inverse)
end
context field begin
lemma power_divide [field_simps, field_split_simps, divide_simps]: "(a / b) ^ n = a ^ n / b ^ n" by (induct n) simp_all
end
subsection‹Exponentiation on ordered types›
context ordered_semiring_1 begin
lemma zero_le_power [simp]: "0 ≤ a ==> 0 ≤ a ^ n" by (induct n) simp_all
lemma power_mono: "a ≤ b ==> 0 ≤ a ==> a ^ n ≤ b ^ n" by (induct n) (auto intro: mult_mono order_trans [of 0 a b])
lemma one_le_power [simp]: "1 ≤ a ==> 1 ≤ a ^ n" using power_mono [of 1 a n] by simp
lemma power_le_one: "0 ≤ a ==> a ≤ 1 ==> a ^ n ≤ 1" using power_mono [of a 1 n] by simp
lemma power_gt1_lemma: assumes gt1: "1 < a" shows"1 < a * a ^ n" proof - from gt1 have"0 ≤ a" by (fact order_trans [OF zero_le_one less_imp_le]) from gt1 have"1 * 1 < a * 1"by simp alsofrom gt1 have"…≤ a * a ^ n" by (simp only: mult_mono ‹0 ≤ a› one_le_power order_less_imp_le zero_le_one order_refl) finallyshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma power_gt1: "1 < a ==> 1 < a ^ Suc n" by (simp add: power_gt1_lemma)
lemma one_less_power [simp]: "1 < a ==> 0 < n ==> 1 < a ^ n" by (cases n) (simp_all add: power_gt1_lemma)
text‹Proof resembles that of ‹power_strict_decreasing›.› lemma power_increasing: "n ≤ N ==> 1 ≤ a ==> a ^ n ≤ a ^ N" proof (induct N) case0 thenshow ?caseby simp next case (Suc N) thenshow ?case using mult_mono[of 1 a "a ^ n""a ^ N"] by (auto simp add: le_Suc_eq order_trans [OF zero_le_one]) qed
text‹Proof resembles that of ‹power_strict_decreasing›.› lemma power_decreasing: "n ≤ N ==> 0 ≤ a ==> a ≤ 1 ==> a ^ N ≤ a ^ n" proof (induction N) case0 thenshow ?caseby simp next case (Suc N) thenshow ?case using mult_mono[of a 1"a^N""a ^ n"] by (auto simp add: le_Suc_eq) qed
lemma power_Suc_le_self: "0 ≤ a ==> a ≤ 1 ==> a ^ Suc n ≤ a" using power_decreasing [of 1"Suc n" a] by simp
end
context linordered_semidom begin
lemma zero_less_power [simp]: "0 < a ==> 0 < a ^ n" by (induct n) simp_all
lemma power_le_imp_le_exp: assumes gt1: "1 < a" shows"a ^ m ≤ a ^ n ==> m ≤ n" proof (induct m arbitrary: n) case0 show ?caseby simp next case (Suc m) show ?case proof (cases n) case0 with Suc have"a * a ^ m ≤ 1"by simp with gt1 show ?thesis by (force simp only: power_gt1_lemma not_less [symmetric]) next case (Suc n) with Suc.prems Suc.hyps show ?thesis by (force dest: mult_left_le_imp_le simp add: less_trans [OF zero_less_one gt1]) qed qed
lemma of_nat_zero_less_power_iff [simp]: "of_nat x ^ n > 0 ⟷ x > 0 ∨ n = 0" by (induct n) auto
lemma power_strict_mono: "a < b ==> 0 ≤ a ==> 0 < n ==> a ^ n < b ^ n" proof (induct n) case0 thenshow ?caseby simp next case (Suc n) thenshow ?case by (cases "n = 0") (auto simp: mult_strict_mono le_less_trans [of 0 a b]) qed
lemma power_mono_iff [simp]: shows"[a ≥ 0; b ≥ 0; n>0]==> a ^ n ≤ b ^ n ⟷ a ≤ b" using power_mono [of a b] power_strict_mono [of b a] not_le by auto
text‹Lemma for ‹power_strict_decreasing›› lemma power_Suc_less: "0 < a ==> a < 1 ==> a * a ^ n < a ^ n" by (induct n) (auto simp: mult_strict_left_mono)
lemma power_strict_decreasing: "n < N ==> 0 < a ==> a < 1 ==> a ^ N < a ^ n" proof (induction N) case0 thenshow ?caseby simp next case (Suc N) thenshow ?case using mult_strict_mono[of a 1"a ^ N""a ^ n"] by (auto simp add: power_Suc_less less_Suc_eq) qed
lemma power_decreasing_iff [simp]: "[0 < b; b < 1]==> b ^ m ≤ b ^ n ⟷ n ≤ m" using power_strict_decreasing [of m n b] by (auto intro: power_decreasing ccontr)
lemma power_strict_decreasing_iff [simp]: "[0 < b; b < 1]==> b ^ m < b ^ n ⟷ n < m" using power_decreasing_iff [of b m n] unfolding le_less by (auto dest: power_strict_decreasing le_neq_implies_less)
lemma power_Suc_less_one: "0 < a ==> a < 1 ==> a ^ Suc n < 1" using power_strict_decreasing [of 0"Suc n" a] by simp
text‹Lemma for ‹power_strict_increasing›.› lemma power_less_power_Suc: "1 < a ==> a ^ n < a * a ^ n" by (induct n) (auto simp: mult_strict_left_mono less_trans [OF zero_less_one])
lemma power_strict_increasing: "n < N ==> 1 < a ==> a ^ n < a ^ N" proof (induct N) case0 thenshow ?caseby simp next case (Suc N) thenshow ?case using mult_strict_mono[of 1 a "a^n""a^N"] by (auto simp add: power_less_power_Suc less_Suc_eq less_trans [OF zero_less_one] less_imp_le) qed
text‹Surely we can strengthen this? It holds for ‹0<a<1› too.› lemma power_inject_exp [simp]: ‹a ^ m = a ^ n ⟷ m = n›if‹1 < a› using that by (force simp add: order_class.order.antisym power_le_imp_le_exp)
lemma power_inject_exp': ‹a ^ m = a ^ n ⟷ m = n›if‹a≠1›‹a>0› using that by (metis linorder_neqE_nat not_less_iff_gr_or_eq power_inject_exp power_strict_decreasing)
text‹
Can relax the first premise to term‹0<a\› in the case of the
natural numbers. › lemma power_less_imp_less_exp: "1 < a ==> a ^ m < a ^ n ==> m < n" by (simp add: order_less_le [of m n] less_le [of "a^m""a^n"] power_le_imp_le_exp)
lemma power_increasing_iff [simp]: "1 < b ==> b ^ x ≤ b ^ y ⟷ x ≤ y" by (blast intro: power_le_imp_le_exp power_increasing less_imp_le)
lemma power_strict_increasing_iff [simp]: "1 < b ==> b ^ x < b ^ y ⟷ x < y" by (blast intro: power_less_imp_less_exp power_strict_increasing)
lemma power_le_imp_le_base: assumes le: "a ^ Suc n ≤ b ^ Suc n" and"0 ≤ b" shows"a ≤ b" proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ ?thesis" thenhave"b < a"by (simp only: linorder_not_le) thenhave"b ^ Suc n < a ^ Suc n" by (simp only: assms(2) power_strict_mono) with le show False by (simp add: linorder_not_less [symmetric]) qed
lemma power_less_imp_less_base: assumes less: "a ^ n < b ^ n" assumes nonneg: "0 ≤ b" shows"a < b" proof (rule contrapos_pp [OF less]) assume"¬ ?thesis" thenhave"b ≤ a"by (simp only: linorder_not_less) from this nonneg have"b ^ n ≤ a ^ n"by (rule power_mono) thenshow"¬ a ^ n < b ^ n"by (simp only: linorder_not_less) qed
lemma power_inject_base: "a ^ Suc n = b ^ Suc n ==> 0 ≤ a ==> 0 ≤ b ==> a = b" by (blast intro: power_le_imp_le_base order.antisym eq_refl sym)
lemma power_eq_imp_eq_base: "a ^ n = b ^ n ==> 0 ≤ a ==> 0 ≤ b ==> 0 < n ==> a = b" by (cases n) (simp_all del: power_Suc, rule power_inject_base)
lemma power_eq_iff_eq_base: "0 < n ==> 0 ≤ a ==> 0 ≤ b ==> a ^ n = b ^ n ⟷ a = b" using power_eq_imp_eq_base [of a n b] by auto
lemma power2_le_imp_le: "x2≤ y2==> 0 ≤ y ==> x ≤ y" unfolding numeral_2_eq_2 by (rule power_le_imp_le_base)
lemma power2_less_imp_less: "x2 < y2==> 0 ≤ y ==> x < y" by (rule power_less_imp_less_base)
lemma power2_eq_imp_eq: "x2 = y2==> 0 ≤ x ==> 0 ≤ y ==> x = y" unfolding numeral_2_eq_2 by (erule (2) power_eq_imp_eq_base) simp
lemma power2_eq_iff_nonneg [simp]: assumes"0 ≤ x""0 ≤ y" shows"(x ^ 2 = y ^ 2) ⟷ x = y" using assms power2_eq_imp_eq by blast
lemma of_nat_less_numeral_power_cancel_iff[simp]: "of_nat x < numeral i ^ n ⟷ x < numeral i ^ n" using of_nat_less_iff[of x "numeral i ^ n", unfolded of_nat_numeral of_nat_power] .
lemma of_nat_le_numeral_power_cancel_iff[simp]: "of_nat x ≤ numeral i ^ n ⟷ x ≤ numeral i ^ n" using of_nat_le_iff[of x "numeral i ^ n", unfolded of_nat_numeral of_nat_power] .
lemma numeral_power_less_of_nat_cancel_iff[simp]: "numeral i ^ n < of_nat x ⟷ numeral i ^ n < x" using of_nat_less_iff[of "numeral i ^ n" x, unfolded of_nat_numeral of_nat_power] .
lemma numeral_power_le_of_nat_cancel_iff[simp]: "numeral i ^ n ≤ of_nat x ⟷ numeral i ^ n ≤ x" using of_nat_le_iff[of "numeral i ^ n" x, unfolded of_nat_numeral of_nat_power] .
lemma of_nat_le_of_nat_power_cancel_iff[simp]: "(of_nat b) ^ w ≤ of_nat x ⟷ b ^ w ≤ x" by (metis of_nat_le_iff of_nat_power)
lemma of_nat_power_le_of_nat_cancel_iff[simp]: "of_nat x ≤ (of_nat b) ^ w ⟷ x ≤ b ^ w" by (metis of_nat_le_iff of_nat_power)
lemma of_nat_less_of_nat_power_cancel_iff[simp]: "(of_nat b) ^ w < of_nat x ⟷ b ^ w < x" by (metis of_nat_less_iff of_nat_power)
lemma of_nat_power_less_of_nat_cancel_iff[simp]: "of_nat x < (of_nat b) ^ w ⟷ x < b ^ w" by (metis of_nat_less_iff of_nat_power)
lemma power2_nonneg_ge_1_iff: assumes"x ≥ 0" shows"x ^ 2 ≥ 1 ⟷ x ≥ 1" using assms by (auto intro: power2_le_imp_le)
lemma power2_nonneg_gt_1_iff: assumes"x ≥ 0" shows"x ^ 2 > 1 ⟷ x > 1" using assms by (auto intro: power_less_imp_less_base)
end
text‹Some @{typ nat}-specific lemmas:›
lemma mono_ge2_power_minus_self: assumes"k ≥ 2"shows"mono (λm. k ^ m - m)" unfolding mono_iff_le_Suc proof fix n have"k ^ n < k ^ Suc n"using power_strict_increasing_iff[of k "n""Suc n"] assms by linarith thus"k ^ n - n ≤ k ^ Suc n - Suc n"by linarith qed
lemma self_le_ge2_pow[simp]: assumes"k ≥ 2"shows"m ≤ k ^ m" proof (induction m) case0show ?caseby simp next case (Suc m) hence"Suc m ≤ Suc (k ^ m)"by simp alsohave"... ≤ k^m + k^m"using one_le_power[of k m] assms by linarith alsohave"... ≤ k * k^m"by (metis mult_2 mult_le_mono1[OF assms]) finallyshow ?caseby simp qed
lemma diff_le_diff_pow[simp]: assumes"k ≥ 2"shows"m - n ≤ k ^ m - k ^ n" proof (cases "n ≤ m") case True thus ?thesis using monoD[OF mono_ge2_power_minus_self[OF assms] True] self_le_ge2_pow[OF assms, of m] by (simp add: le_diff_conv le_diff_conv2) qed auto
context linordered_ring_strict begin
lemma sum_squares_eq_zero_iff: "x * x + y * y = 0 ⟷ x = 0 ∧ y = 0" by (simp add: add_nonneg_eq_0_iff)
lemma sum_squares_le_zero_iff: "x * x + y * y ≤ 0 ⟷ x = 0 ∧ y = 0" by (simp add: le_less not_sum_squares_lt_zero sum_squares_eq_zero_iff)
lemma sum_squares_gt_zero_iff: "0 < x * x + y * y ⟷ x ≠ 0 ∨ y ≠ 0" by (simp add: not_le [symmetric] sum_squares_le_zero_iff)
end
context linordered_idom begin
lemma zero_le_power2 [simp]: "0 ≤ a2" by (simp add: power2_eq_square)
lemma zero_less_power2 [simp]: "0 < a2⟷ a ≠ 0" by (force simp add: power2_eq_square zero_less_mult_iff linorder_neq_iff)
lemma power_sgn [simp]: "sgn (a ^ n) = sgn a ^ n" by (induct n) (simp_all add: sgn_mult)
lemma abs_power_minus [simp]: "∣(- a) ^ n∣ = ∣a ^ n∣" by (simp add: power_abs)
lemma zero_less_power_abs_iff [simp]: "0 < ∣a∣ ^ n ⟷ a ≠ 0 ∨ n = 0" proof (induct n) case0 show ?caseby simp next case Suc thenshow ?caseby (auto simp: zero_less_mult_iff) qed
lemma minus_power_mult_self: "(- a) ^ n * (- a) ^ n = a ^ (2 * n)" by (simp add: power_mult_distrib [symmetric])
(simp add: power2_eq_square [symmetric] power_mult [symmetric])
lemma minus_one_mult_self [simp]: "(- 1) ^ n * (- 1) ^ n = 1" using minus_power_mult_self [of 1 n] by simp
lemma left_minus_one_mult_self [simp]: "(- 1) ^ n * ((- 1) ^ n * a) = a" by (simp add: mult.assoc [symmetric])
end
text‹Simprules for comparisons where common factors can be cancelled.›
subsection‹Exponentiation for the Natural Numbers›
lemma nat_one_le_power [simp]: "Suc 0 ≤ i ==> Suc 0 ≤ i ^ n" by (rule one_le_power [of i n, unfolded One_nat_def])
lemma nat_zero_less_power_iff [simp]: "x ^ n > 0 ⟷ x > 0 ∨ n = 0" for x :: nat by (induct n) auto
lemma nat_power_eq_Suc_0_iff [simp]: "x ^ m = Suc 0 ⟷ m = 0 ∨ x = Suc 0" by (induct m) auto
lemma power_Suc_0 [simp]: "Suc 0 ^ n = Suc 0" by simp
text‹
Valid for the naturals, but what if ‹0 < i < 1›? Premises cannot be
weakened: consider the case where ‹i = 0›, ‹m = 1› and ‹n = 0›. ›
lemma nat_power_less_imp_less: fixes i :: nat assumes nonneg: "0 < i" assumes less: "i ^ m < i ^ n" shows"m < n" proof (cases "i = 1") case True with less power_one [where 'a = nat] show ?thesis by simp next case False with nonneg have"1 < i"by auto from power_strict_increasing_iff [OF this] less show ?thesis .. qed
lemma power_dvd_imp_le: fixes i :: nat assumes"i ^ m dvd i ^ n""1 < i" shows"m ≤ n" using assms by (auto intro: power_le_imp_le_exp [OF ‹1 < i› dvd_imp_le])
lemma dvd_power_iff_le: fixes k::nat shows"2 ≤ k ==> ((k ^ m) dvd (k ^ n) ⟷ m ≤ n)" using le_imp_power_dvd power_dvd_imp_le by force
lemma power2_nat_le_eq_le: "m2≤ n2⟷ m ≤ n" for m n :: nat by (auto intro: power2_le_imp_le power_mono)
lemma power2_nat_le_imp_le: fixes m n :: nat assumes"m2≤ n" shows"m ≤ n" proof (cases m) case0 thenshow ?thesis by simp next case (Suc k) show ?thesis proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ ?thesis" thenhave"n < m"by simp with assms Suc show False by (simp add: power2_eq_square) qed qed
lemma ex_power_ivl1: fixes b k :: nat assumes"b ≥ 2" shows"k ≥ 1 ==>∃n. b^n ≤ k ∧ k < b^(n+1)" (is"_ ==>∃n. ?P k n") proof(induction k) case0thus ?caseby simp next case (Suc k) show ?case proof cases assume"k=0" hence"?P (Suc k) 0"using assms by simp thus ?case .. next assume"k≠0" with Suc obtain n where IH: "?P k n"by auto show ?case proof (cases "k = b^(n+1) - 1") case True hence"?P (Suc k) (n+1)"using assms by (simp add: power_less_power_Suc) thus ?thesis .. next case False hence"?P (Suc k) n"using IH by auto thus ?thesis .. qed qed qed
lemma ex_power_ivl2: fixes b k :: nat assumes"b ≥ 2""k ≥ 2" shows"∃n. b^n < k ∧ k ≤ b^(n+1)" proof - have"1 ≤ k - 1"using assms(2) by arith from ex_power_ivl1[OF assms(1) this] obtain n where"b ^ n ≤ k - 1 ∧ k - 1 < b ^ (n + 1)" .. hence"b^n < k ∧ k ≤ b^(n+1)"using assms by auto thus ?thesis .. qed
lemma card_Pow: "finite A ==> card (Pow A) = 2 ^ card A" proof (induct rule: finite_induct) case empty show ?caseby simp next case (insert x A) from‹x ∉ A›have disjoint: "Pow A ∩ insert x ` Pow A = {}"by blast from‹x ∉ A›have inj_on: "inj_on (insert x) (Pow A)" unfolding inj_on_def by auto
have"card (Pow (insert x A)) = card (Pow A ∪ insert x ` Pow A)" by (simp only: Pow_insert) alsohave"… = card (Pow A) + card (insert x ` Pow A)" by (rule card_Un_disjoint) (use‹finite A› disjoint in simp_all) alsofrom inj_on have"card (insert x ` Pow A) = card (Pow A)" by (rule card_image) alsohave"… + … = 2 * …"by (simp add: mult_2) alsofrom insert(3) have"… = 2 ^ Suc (card A)"by simp alsofrom insert(1,2) have"Suc (card A) = card (insert x A)" by (rule card_insert_disjoint [symmetric]) finallyshow ?case . qed
subsection‹Code generator tweak›
code_identifier code_module Power ⇀ (SML) Arith and (OCaml) Arith and (Haskell) Arith
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