(* Title: HOL/Analysis/Sigma_Algebra.thy
Author: Stefan Richter, Markus Wenzel, TU München
Author: Johannes Hölzl, TU München
Plus material from the Hurd/Coble measure theory development,
translated by Lawrence Paulson.
*)
chapter ‹Measure
and Integration
Theory›
theory Sigma_Algebra
imports
Complex_Main
"HOL-Library.Countable_Set"
"HOL-Library.FuncSet"
"HOL-Library.Indicator_Function"
"HOL-Library.Extended_Nonnegative_Real"
"HOL-Library.Disjoint_Sets"
begin
section ‹Sigma Algebra
›
text ‹Sigma algebras are an elementary concept
in measure
theory.
To measure --- that
is to integrate --- functions, we first
have
to measure sets. Unfortunately, when dealing
with a large universe,
it
is often not possible
to consistently assign a measure
to every
subset. Therefore it
is necessary
to define the set of measurable
subsets of the universe. A sigma algebra
is such a set that has
three very natural
and desirable properties.
›
subsection ‹Families of sets
›
locale🍋‹tag important
› subset_class =
fixes Ω ::
"'a set" and M ::
"'a set set"
assumes space_closed:
"M \ Pow \"
lemma (
in subset_class) sets_into_space:
"x \ M \ x \ \"
by (metis PowD contra_subsetD space_closed)
subsubsection
‹Semiring of sets
›
locale🍋‹tag important
› semiring_of_sets = subset_class +
assumes empty_sets[iff]:
"{} \ M"
assumes Int[intro]:
"\a b. a \ M \ b \ M \ a \ b \ M"
assumes Diff_cover:
"\a b. a \ M \ b \ M \ \C\M. finite C \ disjoint C \ a - b = \C"
lemma (
in semiring_of_sets) finite_INT[intro]:
assumes "finite I" "I \ {}" "\i. i \ I \ A i \ M"
shows "(\i\I. A i) \ M"
using assms
by (induct rule: finite_ne_induct) auto
lemma (
in semiring_of_sets) Int_space_eq1 [simp]:
"x \ M \ \ \ x = x"
by (metis Int_absorb1 sets_into_space)
lemma (
in semiring_of_sets) Int_space_eq2 [simp]:
"x \ M \ x \ \ = x"
by (metis Int_absorb2 sets_into_space)
lemma (
in semiring_of_sets) sets_Collect_conj:
assumes "{x\\. P x} \ M" "{x\\. Q x} \ M"
shows "{x\\. Q x \ P x} \ M"
proof -
have "{x\\. Q x \ P x} = {x\\. Q x} \ {x\\. P x}"
by auto
with assms
show ?thesis
by auto
qed
lemma (
in semiring_of_sets) sets_Collect_finite_All
':
assumes "\i. i \ S \ {x\\. P i x} \ M" "finite S" "S \ {}"
shows "{x\\. \i\S. P i x} \ M"
proof -
have "{x\\. \i\S. P i x} = (\i\S. {x\\. P i x})"
using ‹S
≠ {}
› by auto
with assms
show ?thesis
by auto
qed
subsubsection
‹Ring of sets
›
locale🍋‹tag important
› ring_of_sets = semiring_of_sets +
assumes Un [intro]:
"\a b. a \ M \ b \ M \ a \ b \ M"
lemma (
in ring_of_sets) finite_Union [intro]:
"finite X \ X \ M \ \X \ M"
by (induct set: finite) (auto simp add: Un)
lemma (
in ring_of_sets) finite_UN[intro]:
assumes "finite I" and "\i. i \ I \ A i \ M"
shows "(\i\I. A i) \ M"
using assms
by induct auto
lemma (
in ring_of_sets) Diff [intro]:
assumes "a \ M" "b \ M" shows "a - b \ M"
using Diff_cover[OF assms]
by auto
lemma ring_of_setsI:
assumes space_closed:
"M \ Pow \"
assumes empty_sets[iff]:
"{} \ M"
assumes Un[intro]:
"\a b. a \ M \ b \ M \ a \ b \ M"
assumes Diff[intro]:
"\a b. a \ M \ b \ M \ a - b \ M"
shows "ring_of_sets \ M"
proof
fix a b
assume ab:
"a \ M" "b \ M"
from ab
show "\C\M. finite C \ disjoint C \ a - b = \C"
by (intro exI[of _
"{a - b}"]) (auto simp: disjoint_def)
have "a \ b = a - (a - b)" by auto
also have "\ \ M" using ab
by auto
finally show "a \ b \ M" .
qed fact+
lemma ring_of_sets_iff:
"ring_of_sets \ M \ M \ Pow \ \ {} \ M \ (\a\M. \b\M. a \ b \ M) \ (\a\M. \b\M. a - b \ M)"
proof
assume "ring_of_sets \ M"
then interpret ring_of_sets Ω M .
show "M \ Pow \ \ {} \ M \ (\a\M. \b\M. a \ b \ M) \ (\a\M. \b\M. a - b \ M)"
using space_closed
by auto
qed (auto intro!: ring_of_setsI)
lemma (
in ring_of_sets) insert_in_sets:
assumes "{x} \ M" "A \ M" shows "insert x A \ M"
proof -
have "{x} \ A \ M" using assms
by (rule Un)
thus ?thesis
by auto
qed
lemma (
in ring_of_sets) sets_Collect_disj:
assumes "{x\\. P x} \ M" "{x\\. Q x} \ M"
shows "{x\\. Q x \ P x} \ M"
proof -
have "{x\\. Q x \ P x} = {x\\. Q x} \ {x\\. P x}"
by auto
with assms
show ?thesis
by auto
qed
lemma (
in ring_of_sets) sets_Collect_finite_Ex:
assumes "\i. i \ S \ {x\\. P i x} \ M" "finite S"
shows "{x\\. \i\S. P i x} \ M"
proof -
have "{x\\. \i\S. P i x} = (\i\S. {x\\. P i x})"
by auto
with assms
show ?thesis
by auto
qed
subsubsection
‹Algebra of sets
›
locale🍋‹tag important
› algebra = ring_of_sets +
assumes top [iff]:
"\ \ M"
lemma (
in algebra) compl_sets [intro]:
"a \ M \ \ - a \ M"
by auto
proposition algebra_iff_Un:
"algebra \ M \
M
⊆ Pow Ω
∧
{}
∈ M
∧
(
∀a
∈ M. Ω - a
∈ M)
∧
(
∀a
∈ M.
∀ b
∈ M. a
∪ b
∈ M)
" (is "_
⟷ ?Un
")
proof
assume "algebra \ M"
then interpret algebra Ω M .
show ?Un
using sets_into_space
by auto
next
assume ?Un
then have "\ \ M" by auto
interpret ring_of_sets Ω M
proof (rule ring_of_setsI)
show Ω:
"M \ Pow \" "{} \ M"
using ‹?Un
› by auto
fix a b
assume a:
"a \ M" and b:
"b \ M"
then show "a \ b \ M" using ‹?Un
› by auto
have "a - b = \ - ((\ - a) \ b)"
using Ω a b
by auto
then show "a - b \ M"
using a b
‹?Un
› by auto
qed
show "algebra \ M" proof qed fact
qed
proposition algebra_iff_Int:
"algebra \ M \
M
⊆ Pow Ω & {}
∈ M &
(
∀a
∈ M. Ω - a
∈ M) &
(
∀a
∈ M.
∀ b
∈ M. a
∩ b
∈ M)
" (is "_
⟷ ?Int
")
proof
assume "algebra \ M"
then interpret algebra Ω M .
show ?Int
using sets_into_space
by auto
next
assume ?Int
show "algebra \ M"
unfolding algebra_iff_Un
proof (intro conjI ballI)
show Ω:
"M \ Pow \" "{} \ M"
using ‹?Int
› by auto
from ‹?Int
› show "\a. a \ M \ \ - a \ M" by auto
fix a b
assume M:
"a \ M" "b \ M"
hence "a \ b = \ - ((\ - a) \ (\ - b))"
using Ω
by blast
also have "... \ M"
using M
‹?Int
› by auto
finally show "a \ b \ M" .
qed
qed
lemma (
in algebra) sets_Collect_neg:
assumes "{x\\. P x} \ M"
shows "{x\\. \ P x} \ M"
proof -
have "{x\\. \ P x} = \ - {x\\. P x}" by auto
with assms
show ?thesis
by auto
qed
lemma (
in algebra) sets_Collect_imp:
"{x\\. P x} \ M \ {x\\. Q x} \ M \ {x\\. Q x \ P x} \ M"
unfolding imp_conv_disj
by (intro sets_Collect_disj sets_Collect_neg)
lemma (
in algebra) sets_Collect_const:
"{x\\. P} \ M"
by (cases P) auto
lemma algebra_single_set:
"X \ S \ algebra S { {}, X, S - X, S }"
by (auto simp: algebra_iff_Int)
subsubsection
🍋‹tag unimportant
› ‹Restricted algebras
›
abbreviation (
in algebra)
"restricted_space A \ ((\) A) ` M"
lemma (
in algebra) restricted_algebra:
assumes "A \ M" shows "algebra A (restricted_space A)"
using assms
by (auto simp: algebra_iff_Int)
subsubsection
‹Sigma Algebras
›
locale🍋‹tag important
› sigma_algebra = algebra +
assumes countable_nat_UN [intro]:
"\A. range A \ M \ (\i::nat. A i) \ M"
lemma (
in algebra) is_sigma_algebra:
assumes "finite M"
shows "sigma_algebra \ M"
proof
fix A ::
"nat \ 'a set" assume "range A \ M"
then have "(\i. A i) = (\s\M \ range A. s)"
by auto
also have "(\s\M \ range A. s) \ M"
using ‹finite M
› by auto
finally show "(\i. A i) \ M" .
qed
lemma countable_UN_eq:
fixes A ::
"'i::countable \ 'a set"
shows "(range A \ M \ (\i. A i) \ M) \
(range (A
∘ from_nat)
⊆ M
⟶ (
∪i. (A
∘ from_nat) i)
∈ M)
"
proof -
let ?A
' = "A \ from_nat"
have *:
"(\i. ?A' i) = (\i. A i)"
by (metis
fun.set_map surj_from_nat)
have "A ` range from_nat = range A"
using surj_from_nat
by simp
then have **:
"range ?A' = range A"
by (metis image_comp)
show ?thesis
unfolding * ** ..
qed
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) countable_Union [intro]:
assumes "countable X" "X \ M" shows "\X \ M"
proof cases
assume "X \ {}"
hence "\X = (\n. from_nat_into X n)"
using assms
by (auto cong del: SUP_cong)
also have "\ \ M" using assms
by (auto intro!: countable_nat_UN) (metis
‹X
≠ {}
› from_nat_into subsetD)
finally show ?thesis .
qed simp
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) countable_UN[intro]:
fixes A ::
"'i::countable \ 'a set"
assumes "A`X \ M"
shows "(\x\X. A x) \ M"
proof -
let ?A =
"\i. if i \ X then A i else {}"
from assms
have "range ?A \ M" by auto
with countable_nat_UN[of
"?A \ from_nat"] countable_UN_eq[of ?A M]
have "(\x. ?A x) \ M" by auto
moreover have "(\x. ?A x) = (\x\X. A x)" by (auto split: if_split_asm)
ultimately show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) countable_UN
':
fixes A ::
"'i \ 'a set"
assumes X:
"countable X"
assumes A:
"A`X \ M"
shows "(\x\X. A x) \ M"
using A X countable_Union countable_image
by blast
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) countable_UN
'':
"\ countable X; \x y. x \ X \ A x \ M \ \ (\x\X. A x) \ M"
by blast
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) countable_INT [intro]:
fixes A ::
"'i::countable \ 'a set"
assumes A:
"A`X \ M" "X \ {}"
shows "(\i\X. A i) \ M"
proof -
from A
have "\i\X. A i \ M" by fast
hence "\ - (\i\X. \ - A i) \ M" by blast
moreover
have "(\i\X. A i) = \ - (\i\X. \ - A i)" using space_closed A
by blast
ultimately show ?thesis
by metis
qed
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) countable_INT
':
fixes A ::
"'i \ 'a set"
assumes X:
"countable X" "X \ {}"
assumes A:
"A`X \ M"
shows "(\x\X. A x) \ M"
proof -
have "(\x\X. A x) = (\i\to_nat_on X ` X. A (from_nat_into X i))"
using X
by auto
also have "\ \ M"
using A X
by (intro countable_INT) auto
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) countable_INT
'':
"UNIV \ M \ countable I \ (\i. i \ I \ F i \ M) \ (\i\I. F i) \ M"
by (cases
"I = {}") (auto intro: countable_INT
')
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) countable:
assumes "\a. a \ A \ {a} \ M" "countable A"
shows "A \ M"
proof -
have "(\a\A. {a}) \ M"
using assms
by (intro countable_UN
') auto
also have "(\a\A. {a}) = A" by auto
finally show ?thesis
by auto
qed
lemma ring_of_sets_Pow:
"ring_of_sets sp (Pow sp)"
by (auto simp: ring_of_sets_iff)
lemma algebra_Pow:
"algebra sp (Pow sp)"
by (auto simp: algebra_iff_Un)
lemma sigma_algebra_iff:
"sigma_algebra \ M \ algebra \ M \ (\A. range A \ M \ (\i::nat. A i) \ M)"
by (simp add: sigma_algebra_def sigma_algebra_axioms_def)
lemma sigma_algebra_Pow:
"sigma_algebra sp (Pow sp)"
by (auto simp: sigma_algebra_iff algebra_iff_Int)
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) sets_Collect_countable_All:
assumes "\i. {x\\. P i x} \ M"
shows "{x\\. \i::'i::countable. P i x} \ M"
proof -
have "{x\\. \i. P i x} = (\i. {x\\. P i x})" by auto
with assms
show ?thesis
by auto
qed
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) sets_Collect_countable_Ex:
assumes "\i. {x\\. P i x} \ M"
shows "{x\\. \i::'i::countable. P i x} \ M"
proof -
have "{x\\. \i. P i x} = (\i. {x\\. P i x})" by auto
with assms
show ?thesis
by auto
qed
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) sets_Collect_countable_Ex
':
assumes "\i. i \ I \ {x\\. P i x} \ M"
assumes "countable I"
shows "{x\\. \i\I. P i x} \ M"
proof -
have "{x\\. \i\I. P i x} = (\i\I. {x\\. P i x})" by auto
with assms
show ?thesis
by (auto intro!: countable_UN
')
qed
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) sets_Collect_countable_All
':
assumes "\i. i \ I \ {x\\. P i x} \ M"
assumes "countable I"
shows "{x\\. \i\I. P i x} \ M"
proof -
have "{x\\. \i\I. P i x} = (\i\I. {x\\. P i x}) \ \" by auto
with assms
show ?thesis
by (cases
"I = {}") (auto intro!: countable_INT
')
qed
lemma (
in sigma_algebra) sets_Collect_countable_Ex1
':
assumes "\i. i \ I \ {x\\. P i x} \ M"
assumes "countable I"
shows "{x\\. \!i\I. P i x} \ M"
proof -
have "{x\\. \!i\I. P i x} = {x\\. \i\I. P i x \ (\j\I. P j x \ i = j)}"
by auto
with assms
show ?thesis
by (auto intro!: sets_Collect_countable_All
' sets_Collect_countable_Ex' sets_Collect
_conj sets_Collect_imp sets_Collect_const)
qed
lemmas (in sigma_algebra) sets_Collect =
sets_Collect_imp sets_Collect_disj sets_Collect_conj sets_Collect_neg sets_Collect_const
sets_Collect_countable_All sets_Collect_countable_Ex sets_Collect_countable_All
lemma (in sigma_algebra) sets_Collect_countable_Ball:
assumes "\i. {x\\. P i x} \ M"
shows "{x\\. \i::'i::countable\X. P i x} \ M"
unfolding Ball_def by (intro sets_Collect assms)
lemma (in sigma_algebra) sets_Collect_countable_Bex:
assumes "\i. {x\\. P i x} \ M"
shows "{x\\. \i::'i::countable\X. P i x} \ M"
unfolding Bex_def by (intro sets_Collect assms)
lemma sigma_algebra_single_set:
assumes "X \ S"
shows "sigma_algebra S { {}, X, S - X, S }"
using algebra.is_sigma_algebra[OF algebra_single_set[OF ‹X ⊆ S›]] by simp
subsubsection🍋‹tag unimportant› ‹Binary Unions›
definition binary :: "'a \ 'a \ nat \ 'a"
where "binary a b = (\x. b)(0 := a)"
lemma range_binary_eq: "range(binary a b) = {a,b}"
by (auto simp add: binary_def)
lemma Un_range_binary: "a \ b = (\i::nat. binary a b i)"
by (simp add: range_binary_eq cong del: SUP_cong_simp)
lemma Int_range_binary: "a \ b = (\i::nat. binary a b i)"
by (simp add: range_binary_eq cong del: INF_cong_simp)
lemma sigma_algebra_iff2:
"sigma_algebra \ M \
M ⊆ Pow Ω ∧ {} ∈ M ∧ (∀s ∈ M. Ω - s ∈ M)
∧ (∀A. range A ⊆ M ⟶(∪ i::nat. A i) ∈ M)" (is "?P ⟷ ?R ∧ ?S ∧ ?V ∧ ?W")
proof
assume ?P
then interpret sigma_algebra Ω M .
from space_closed show "?R \ ?S \ ?V \ ?W"
by auto
next
assume "?R \ ?S \ ?V \ ?W"
then have ?R ?S ?V ?W
by simp_all
show ?P
proof (rule sigma_algebra.intro)
show "sigma_algebra_axioms M"
using ‹?W› sigma_algebra_axioms_def by blast
from ‹?W› have *: "range (binary a b) \ M \ \ (range (binary a b)) \ M" for a b
by auto
show "algebra \ M"
unfolding algebra_iff_Un using ‹?R› ‹?S› ‹?V› *
by (auto simp add: range_binary_eq)
qed
qed
subsubsection ‹Initial Sigma Algebra›
text🍋‹tag important› ‹Sigma algebras can naturally be created as the closure of any set of
M with regard to the properties just postulated.›
inductive_set🍋‹tag important› sigma_sets :: "'a set \ 'a set set \ 'a set set"
for sp :: "'a set" and A :: "'a set set"
where
Basic[intro, simp]: "a \ A \ a \ sigma_sets sp A"
| Empty: "{} \ sigma_sets sp A"
| Compl: "a \ sigma_sets sp A \ sp - a \ sigma_sets sp A"
| Union: "(\i::nat. a i \ sigma_sets sp A) \ (\i. a i) \ sigma_sets sp A"
lemma (in sigma_algebra) sigma_sets_subset:
assumes a: "a \ M"
shows "sigma_sets \ a \ M"
proof
fix x
assume "x \ sigma_sets \ a"
then show "x \ M"
by (induct rule: sigma_sets.induct, auto) (metis a subsetD)
qed
lemma sigma_sets_into_sp: "A \ Pow sp \ x \ sigma_sets sp A \ x \ sp"
by (erule sigma_sets.induct, auto)
lemma sigma_sets_finite: "\x \ sigma_sets \ (Pow \); finite \\ \ finite x"
by (meson finite_subset order.refl sigma_sets_into_sp)
lemma sigma_algebra_sigma_sets:
"a \ Pow \ \ sigma_algebra \ (sigma_sets \ a)"
by (auto simp add: sigma_algebra_iff2 dest: sigma_sets_into_sp
intro!: sigma_sets.Union sigma_sets.Empty sigma_sets.Compl)
lemma sigma_sets_least_sigma_algebra:
assumes "A \ Pow S"
shows "sigma_sets S A = \{B. A \ B \ sigma_algebra S B}"
proof safe
fix B X assume "A \ B" and sa: "sigma_algebra S B"
and X: "X \ sigma_sets S A"
from sigma_algebra.sigma_sets_subset[OF sa, simplified, OF ‹A ⊆ B›] X
show "X \ B" by auto
next
fix X assume "X \ \{B. A \ B \ sigma_algebra S B}"
then have [intro!]: "\B. A \ B \ sigma_algebra S B \ X \ B"
by simp
have "A \ sigma_sets S A" using assms by auto
moreover have "sigma_algebra S (sigma_sets S A)"
using assms by (intro sigma_algebra_sigma_sets[of A]) auto
ultimately show "X \ sigma_sets S A" by auto
qed
lemma sigma_sets_top: "sp \ sigma_sets sp A"
by (metis Diff_empty sigma_sets.Compl sigma_sets.Empty)
lemma binary_in_sigma_sets:
"binary a b i \ sigma_sets sp A" if "a \ sigma_sets sp A" and "b \ sigma_sets sp A"
using that by (simp add: binary_def)
lemma sigma_sets_Un:
"a \ b \ sigma_sets sp A" if "a \ sigma_sets sp A" and "b \ sigma_sets sp A"
using that by (simp add: Un_range_binary binary_in_sigma_sets Union)
lemma sigma_sets_Inter:
assumes Asb: "A \ Pow sp"
shows "(\i::nat. a i \ sigma_sets sp A) \ (\i. a i) \ sigma_sets sp A"
proof -
assume ai: "\i::nat. a i \ sigma_sets sp A"
hence "\i::nat. sp-(a i) \ sigma_sets sp A"
by (rule sigma_sets.Compl)
hence "(\i. sp-(a i)) \ sigma_sets sp A"
by (rule sigma_sets.Union)
hence "sp-(\i. sp-(a i)) \ sigma_sets sp A"
by (rule sigma_sets.Compl)
also have "sp-(\i. sp-(a i)) = sp Int (\i. a i)"
by auto
also have "... = (\i. a i)" using ai
by (blast dest: sigma_sets_into_sp [OF Asb])
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma sigma_sets_INTER:
assumes Asb: "A \ Pow sp"
and ai: "\i::nat. i \ S \ a i \ sigma_sets sp A" and non: "S \ {}"
shows "(\i\S. a i) \ sigma_sets sp A"
proof -
from ai have "\i. (if i\S then a i else sp) \ sigma_sets sp A"
by (simp add: sigma_sets.intros(2-) sigma_sets_top)
hence "(\i. (if i\S then a i else sp)) \ sigma_sets sp A"
by (rule sigma_sets_Inter [OF Asb])
also have "(\i. (if i\S then a i else sp)) = (\i\S. a i)"
by auto (metis ai non sigma_sets_into_sp subset_empty subset_iff Asb)+
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma sigma_sets_UNION:
"countable B \ (\b. b \ B \ b \ sigma_sets X A) \ \ B \ sigma_sets X A"
using from_nat_into [of B] range_from_nat_into [of B] sigma_sets.Union [of "from_nat_into B" X A]
by (cases "B = {}") (simp_all add: sigma_sets.Empty cong del: SUP_cong)
lemma (in sigma_algebra) sigma_sets_eq: "sigma_sets \ M = M"
using sigma_sets_subset by blast
lemma sigma_sets_eqI:
assumes A: "\a. a \ A \ a \ sigma_sets M B"
assumes B: "\b. b \ B \ b \ sigma_sets M A"
shows "sigma_sets M A = sigma_sets M B"
proof (intro set_eqI iffI)
fix a assume "a \ sigma_sets M A"
from this A show "a \ sigma_sets M B"
by induct (auto intro!: sigma_sets.intros(2-) del: sigma_sets.Basic)
next
fix b assume "b \ sigma_sets M B"
from this B show "b \ sigma_sets M A"
by induct (auto intro!: sigma_sets.intros(2-) del: sigma_sets.Basic)
qed
lemma sigma_sets_subseteq:
assumes "A \ B"
shows "sigma_sets X A \ sigma_sets X B"
proof
fix x assume "x \ sigma_sets X A" then show "x \ sigma_sets X B"
by induct (insert ‹A ⊆ B›, auto intro: sigma_sets.intros(2-))
qed
lemma sigma_sets_mono:
assumes "A \ sigma_sets X B"
shows "sigma_sets X A \ sigma_sets X B"
proof
fix x assume "x \ sigma_sets X A"
then show "x \ sigma_sets X B"
by induct (insert ‹A ⊆ sigma_sets X B›, auto intro: sigma_sets.intros(2-))
qed
lemma sigma_sets_mono':
assumes "A \ B"
shows "sigma_sets X A \ sigma_sets X B"
by (simp add: assms sigma_sets_subseteq)
lemma sigma_sets_superset_generator: "A \ sigma_sets X A"
by auto
lemma (in sigma_algebra) restriction_in_sets:
fixes A :: "nat \ 'a set"
assumes "S \ M"
and *: "range A \ (\A. S \ A) ` M" (is "_ \ ?r")
shows "range A \ M" "(\i. A i) \ (\A. S \ A) ` M"
proof -
{ fix i have "A i \ ?r" using * by auto
hence "\B. A i = B \ S \ B \ M" by auto
hence "A i \ S" "A i \ M" using ‹S ∈ M› by auto }
thus "range A \ M" "(\i. A i) \ (\A. S \ A) ` M"
by (auto intro!: image_eqI[of _ _ "(\i. A i)"])
qed
lemma (in sigma_algebra) restricted_sigma_algebra:
assumes "S \ M"
shows "sigma_algebra S (restricted_space S)"
unfolding sigma_algebra_def sigma_algebra_axioms_def
using assms restricted_algebra restriction_in_sets(2) by presburger
lemma sigma_sets_Int:
assumes "A \ sigma_sets sp st" "A \ sp"
shows "(\) A ` sigma_sets sp st = sigma_sets A ((\) A ` st)"
proof (intro equalityI subsetI)
fix x assume "x \ (\) A ` sigma_sets sp st"
then obtain y where "y \ sigma_sets sp st" "x = y \ A" by auto
then have "x \ sigma_sets (A \ sp) ((\) A ` st)"
proof (induct arbitrary: x)
case (Compl a)
then show ?case
by (force intro!: sigma_sets.Compl simp: Diff_Int_distrib ac_simps)
next
case (Union a)
then show ?case
by (auto intro!: sigma_sets.Union
simp add: UN_extend_simps simp del: UN_simps)
qed (auto intro!: sigma_sets.intros(2-))
then show "x \ sigma_sets A ((\) A ` st)"
using ‹A ⊆ sp› by (simp add: Int_absorb2)
next
fix x assume "x \ sigma_sets A ((\) A ` st)"
then show "x \ (\) A ` sigma_sets sp st"
proof induct
case (Compl a)
then obtain x where "a = A \ x" "x \ sigma_sets sp st" by auto
then show ?case using ‹A ⊆ sp›
by (force simp add: image_iff intro!: bexI[of _ "sp - x"] sigma_sets.Compl)
next
case (Union a)
then have "\i. \x. x \ sigma_sets sp st \ a i = A \ x"
by (auto simp: image_iff Bex_def)
then obtain f where "\x. f x \ sigma_sets sp st \ a x = A \ f x"
by metis
then show ?case
by (auto intro!: bexI[of _ "(\x. f x)"] sigma_sets.Union
simp add: image_iff)
qed (auto intro!: sigma_sets.intros(2-))
qed
lemma sigma_sets_empty_eq: "sigma_sets A {} = {{}, A}"
proof (intro set_eqI iffI)
fix a assume "a \ sigma_sets A {}" then show "a \ {{}, A}"
by induct blast+
qed (auto intro: sigma_sets.Empty sigma_sets_top)
lemma sigma_sets_single[simp]: "sigma_sets A {A} = {{}, A}"
proof (intro set_eqI iffI)
fix x assume "x \ sigma_sets A {A}"
then show "x \ {{}, A}"
by induct blast+
next
fix x assume "x \ {{}, A}"
then show "x \ sigma_sets A {A}"
by (auto intro: sigma_sets.Empty sigma_sets_top)
qed
lemma sigma_sets_sigma_sets_eq:
"M \ Pow S \ sigma_sets S (sigma_sets S M) = sigma_sets S M"
by (rule sigma_algebra.sigma_sets_eq[OF sigma_algebra_sigma_sets, of M S]) auto
lemma sigma_sets_singleton:
assumes "X \ S"
shows "sigma_sets S { X } = { {}, X, S - X, S }"
proof -
interpret sigma_algebra S "{ {}, X, S - X, S }"
by (rule sigma_algebra_single_set) fact
have "sigma_sets S { X } \ sigma_sets S { {}, X, S - X, S }"
by (rule sigma_sets_subseteq) simp
moreover have "\ = { {}, X, S - X, S }"
using sigma_sets_eq by simp
moreover
{ fix A assume "A \ { {}, X, S - X, S }"
then have "A \ sigma_sets S { X }"
by (auto intro: sigma_sets.intros(2-) sigma_sets_top) }
ultimately have "sigma_sets S { X } = sigma_sets S { {}, X, S - X, S }"
by (intro antisym) auto
with sigma_sets_eq show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma restricted_sigma:
assumes S: "S \ sigma_sets \ M" and M: "M \ Pow \"
shows "algebra.restricted_space (sigma_sets \ M) S = sigma_sets S (algebra.restricted_space M S)"
by (meson M S sigma_sets_Int sigma_sets_into_sp)
lemma sigma_sets_vimage_commute:
assumes X: "X \ \ \ \'"
shows "{X -` A \ \ |A. A \ sigma_sets \' M'}
= sigma_sets Ω {X -` A ∩ Ω |A. A ∈ M'}" (is "?L = ?R")
proof
show "?L \ ?R"
proof clarify
fix A assume "A \ sigma_sets \' M'"
then show "X -` A \ \ \ ?R"
proof induct
case Empty then show ?case
by (auto intro!: sigma_sets.Empty)
next
case (Compl B)
have [simp]: "X -` (\' - B) \ \ = \ - (X -` B \ \)"
by (auto simp add: funcset_mem [OF X])
with Compl show ?case
by (auto intro!: sigma_sets.Compl)
next
case (Union F)
then show ?case
by (auto simp add: vimage_UN UN_extend_simps(4) simp del: UN_simps
intro!: sigma_sets.Union)
qed auto
qed
show "?R \ ?L"
proof clarify
fix A assume "A \ ?R"
then show "\B. A = X -` B \ \ \ B \ sigma_sets \' M'"
proof induct
case (Basic B) then show ?case by auto
next
case Empty then show ?case
by (auto intro!: sigma_sets.Empty exI[of _ "{}"])
next
case (Compl B)
then obtain A where A: "B = X -` A \ \" "A \ sigma_sets \' M'" by auto
then have [simp]: "\ - B = X -` (\' - A) \ \"
by (auto simp add: funcset_mem [OF X])
with A(2) show ?case
by (auto intro: sigma_sets.Compl)
next
case (Union F)
then have "\i. \B. F i = X -` B \ \ \ B \ sigma_sets \' M'" by auto
then obtain A where "\x. F x = X -` A x \ \ \ A x \ sigma_sets \' M'"
by metis
then show ?case
by (auto simp: vimage_UN[symmetric] intro: sigma_sets.Union)
qed
qed
qed
lemma (in ring_of_sets) UNION_in_sets:
fixes A:: "nat \ 'a set"
assumes A: "range A \ M"
shows "(\i\{0.. M"
proof (induct n)
case 0 show ?case by simp
next
case (Suc n)
thus ?case
using assms by blast
qed
lemma (in ring_of_sets) range_disjointed_sets:
assumes A: "range A \ M"
shows "range (disjointed A) \ M"
proof -
have "A n - (\i\{0.. M" for n
using UNION_in_sets by (metis A Diff UNIV_I image_subset_iff)
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp: disjointed_def)
qed
lemma (in algebra) range_disjointed_sets':
"range A \ M \ range (disjointed A) \ M"
using range_disjointed_sets .
lemma sigma_algebra_disjoint_iff:
"sigma_algebra \ M \ algebra \ M \
(∀A. range A ⊆ M ⟶ disjoint_family A ⟶ (∪i::nat. A i) ∈ M)"
proof (auto simp add: sigma_algebra_iff)
fix A :: "nat \ 'a set"
assume M: "algebra \ M"
and A: "range A \ M"
and UnA: "\A. range A \ M \ disjoint_family A \ (\i::nat. A i) \ M"
hence "range (disjointed A) \ M \
disjoint_family (disjointed A) ⟶
(∪i. disjointed A i) ∈ M" by blast
hence "(\i. disjointed A i) \ M"
by (simp add: algebra.range_disjointed_sets'[of \] M A disjoint_family_disjointed)
thus "(\i::nat. A i) \ M" by (simp add: UN_disjointed_eq)
qed
subsubsection🍋‹tag unimportant› ‹Ring generated by a semiring›
definition (in semiring_of_sets) generated_ring :: "'a set set" where
"generated_ring = { \C | C. C \ M \ finite C \ disjoint C }"
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) generated_ringE[elim?]:
assumes "a \ generated_ring"
obtains C where "finite C" "disjoint C" "C \ M" "a = \C"
using assms unfolding generated_ring_def by auto
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) generated_ringI[intro?]:
assumes "finite C" "disjoint C" "C \ M" "a = \C"
shows "a \ generated_ring"
using assms unfolding generated_ring_def by auto
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) generated_ringI_Basic:
"A \ M \ A \ generated_ring"
using generated_ring_def by auto
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) generated_ring_disjoint_Un[intro]:
assumes a: "a \ generated_ring" and b: "b \ generated_ring"
and "a \ b = {}"
shows "a \ b \ generated_ring"
proof -
from a b obtain Ca Cb
where "finite Ca" "disjoint Ca" "Ca \ M" "a = \ Ca"
and "finite Cb" "disjoint Cb" "Cb \ M" "b = \ Cb"
using generated_ringE by metis
then show ?thesis
by (metis (mono_tags) Union_Un_distrib
‹a ∩ b = {}› disjoint_union finite_Un generated_ringI le_sup_iff)
qed
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) generated_ring_empty: "{} \ generated_ring"
by (auto simp: generated_ring_def disjoint_def)
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) generated_ring_disjoint_Union:
assumes "finite A" shows "A \ generated_ring \ disjoint A \ \A \ generated_ring"
using assms by (induct A) (auto simp: disjoint_def intro!: generated_ring_disjoint_Un generated_ring_empty)
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) generated_ring_disjoint_UNION:
"finite I \ disjoint (A ` I) \ (\i. i \ I \ A i \ generated_ring) \ \(A ` I) \ generated_ring"
by (intro generated_ring_disjoint_Union) auto
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) generated_ring_Int:
assumes a: "a \ generated_ring" and b: "b \ generated_ring"
shows "a \ b \ generated_ring"
proof -
from a b obtain Ca Cb
where Ca: "finite Ca" "disjoint Ca" "Ca \ M" "a = \ Ca"
and Cb: "finite Cb" "disjoint Cb" "Cb \ M" "b = \ Cb"
using generated_ringE by metis
define C where "C = (\(a,b). a \ b)` (Ca\Cb)"
show ?thesis
proof
show "disjoint C"
proof (simp add: disjoint_def C_def, intro ballI impI)
fix a1 b1 a2 b2
assume sets: "a1 \ Ca" "b1 \ Cb" "a2 \ Ca" "b2 \ Cb"
assume "a1 \ b1 \ a2 \ b2"
then have "a1 \ a2 \ b1 \ b2" by auto
with Ca Cb show "(a1 \ b1) \ (a2 \ b2) = {}"
by (metis (no_types, opaque_lifting) boolean_algebra.conj_zero_left
disjoint_def inf.left_commute inf_assoc sets)
qed
qed (use Ca Cb in ‹auto simp: C_def›)
qed
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) generated_ring_Inter:
assumes "finite A" "A \ {}" shows "A \ generated_ring \ \A \ generated_ring"
using assms by (induct A rule: finite_ne_induct) (auto intro: generated_ring_Int)
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) generated_ring_INTER:
"finite I \ I \ {} \ (\i. i \ I \ A i \ generated_ring) \ \(A ` I) \ generated_ring"
by (intro generated_ring_Inter) auto
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) generating_ring:
"ring_of_sets \ generated_ring"
proof (rule ring_of_setsI)
let ?R = generated_ring
show "?R \ Pow \"
using sets_into_space by (auto simp: generated_ring_def generated_ring_empty)
show "{} \ ?R" by (rule generated_ring_empty)
{
fix a b assume "a \ ?R" "b \ ?R"
then obtain Ca Cb
where Ca: "finite Ca" "disjoint Ca" "Ca \ M" "a = \ Ca"
and Cb: "finite Cb" "disjoint Cb" "Cb \ M" "b = \ Cb"
using generated_ringE by metis
show "a - b \ ?R"
proof cases
assume "Cb = {}" with Cb ‹a ∈ ?R› show ?thesis
by simp
next
assume "Cb \ {}"
with Ca Cb have "a - b = (\a'\Ca. \b'\Cb. a' - b')" by auto
also have "\ \ ?R"
proof (intro generated_ring_INTER generated_ring_disjoint_UNION)
fix a b assume "a \ Ca" "b \ Cb"
with Ca Cb Diff_cover[of a b] show "a - b \ ?R"
by (auto simp add: generated_ring_def)
(metis DiffI Diff_eq_empty_iff empty_iff)
next
show "disjoint ((\a'. \b'\Cb. a' - b')`Ca)"
using Ca by (auto simp add: disjoint_def ‹Cb ≠ {}›)
next
show "finite Ca" "finite Cb" "Cb \ {}" by fact+
qed
finally show "a - b \ ?R" .
qed
}
note Diff = this
fix a b assume sets: "a \ ?R" "b \ ?R"
have "a \ b = (a - b) \ (a \ b) \ (b - a)" by auto
also have "\ \ ?R"
by (intro sets generated_ring_disjoint_Un generated_ring_Int Diff) auto
finally show "a \ b \ ?R" .
qed
lemma (in semiring_of_sets) sigma_sets_generated_ring_eq: "sigma_sets \ generated_ring = sigma_sets \ M"
proof
interpret M: sigma_algebra Ω "sigma_sets \ M"
using space_closed by (rule sigma_algebra_sigma_sets)
show "sigma_sets \ generated_ring \ sigma_sets \ M"
by (blast intro!: sigma_sets_mono elim: generated_ringE)
qed (auto intro!: generated_ringI_Basic sigma_sets_mono)
subsubsection🍋‹tag unimportant› ‹A Two-Element Series›
definition binaryset :: "'a set \ 'a set \ nat \ 'a set"
where "binaryset A B = (\x. {})(0 := A, Suc 0 := B)"
lemma range_binaryset_eq: "range(binaryset A B) = {A,B,{}}"
by (auto simp add: binaryset_def)
lemma UN_binaryset_eq: "(\i. binaryset A B i) = A \ B"
by (simp add: range_binaryset_eq cong del: SUP_cong_simp)
subsubsection ‹Closed CDI›
definition🍋‹tag important› closed_cdi :: "'a set \ 'a set set \ bool" where
"closed_cdi \ M \
M ⊆ Pow Ω &
(∀s ∈ M. Ω - s ∈ M) &
(∀A. (range A ⊆ M) & (A 0 = {}) & (∀n. A n ⊆ A (Suc n)) ⟶
(∪i. A i) ∈ M) &
(∀A. (range A ⊆ M) & disjoint_family A ⟶ (∪i::nat. A i) ∈ M)"
inductive_set
smallest_ccdi_sets :: "'a set \ 'a set set \ 'a set set"
for Ω M
where
Basic [intro]:
"a \ M \ a \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
| Compl [intro]:
"a \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M \ \ - a \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
| Inc:
"range A \ Pow(smallest_ccdi_sets \ M) \ A 0 = {} \ (\n. A n \ A (Suc n))
==> (∪i. A i) ∈ smallest_ccdi_sets Ω M"
| Disj:
"range A \ Pow(smallest_ccdi_sets \ M) \ disjoint_family A
==> (∪i::nat. A i) ∈ smallest_ccdi_sets Ω M"
lemma (in subset_class) smallest_closed_cdi1: "M \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
by auto
lemma (in subset_class) smallest_ccdi_sets: "smallest_ccdi_sets \ M \ Pow \"
apply (rule subsetI)
apply (erule smallest_ccdi_sets.induct)
apply (auto intro: range_subsetD dest: sets_into_space)
done
lemma (in subset_class) smallest_closed_cdi2: "closed_cdi \ (smallest_ccdi_sets \ M)"
by (simp add: closed_cdi_def smallest_ccdi_sets smallest_ccdi_sets.intros)
lemma closed_cdi_subset: "closed_cdi \ M \ M \ Pow \"
by (simp add: closed_cdi_def)
lemma closed_cdi_Compl: "closed_cdi \ M \ s \ M \ \ - s \ M"
by (simp add: closed_cdi_def)
lemma closed_cdi_Inc:
"closed_cdi \ M \ range A \ M \ A 0 = {} \ (!!n. A n \ A (Suc n)) \ (\i. A i) \ M"
by (simp add: closed_cdi_def)
lemma closed_cdi_Disj:
"closed_cdi \ M \ range A \ M \ disjoint_family A \ (\i::nat. A i) \ M"
by (simp add: closed_cdi_def)
lemma closed_cdi_Un:
assumes cdi: "closed_cdi \ M" and empty: "{} \ M"
and A: "A \ M" and B: "B \ M"
and disj: "A \ B = {}"
shows "A \ B \ M"
proof -
have ra: "range (binaryset A B) \ M"
by (simp add: range_binaryset_eq empty A B)
have di: "disjoint_family (binaryset A B)" using disj
by (simp add: disjoint_family_on_def binaryset_def Int_commute)
from closed_cdi_Disj [OF cdi ra di]
show ?thesis
by (simp add: UN_binaryset_eq)
qed
lemma (in algebra) smallest_ccdi_sets_Un:
assumes A: "A \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M" and B: "B \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
and disj: "A \ B = {}"
shows "A \ B \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
proof -
have ra: "range (binaryset A B) \ Pow (smallest_ccdi_sets \ M)"
by (simp add: range_binaryset_eq A B smallest_ccdi_sets.Basic)
have di: "disjoint_family (binaryset A B)" using disj
by (simp add: disjoint_family_on_def binaryset_def Int_commute)
from Disj [OF ra di]
show ?thesis
by (simp add: UN_binaryset_eq)
qed
lemma (in algebra) smallest_ccdi_sets_Int1:
assumes a: "a \ M"
shows "b \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M \ a \ b \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
proof (induct rule: smallest_ccdi_sets.induct)
case (Basic x)
thus ?case
by (metis a Int smallest_ccdi_sets.Basic)
next
case (Compl x)
have 0: "(\ - a) \ (a \ x) = {}"
by blast
have "a \ (\ - x) = \ - ((\ - a) \ (a \ x))"
by blast
also have "... \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
by (intro 0 smallest_ccdi_sets.intros smallest_ccdi_sets_Un Compl.hyps assms)
finally show ?case .
next
case (Inc A)
have "range (\i. a \ A i) \ Pow(smallest_ccdi_sets \ M)" using Inc
by blast
moreover have "(\i. a \ A i) 0 = {}"
by (simp add: Inc)
moreover have "!!n. (\i. a \ A i) n \ (\i. a \ A i) (Suc n)" using Inc
by blast
ultimately have "(\i. (\i. a \ A i) i) \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
by (rule smallest_ccdi_sets.Inc)
moreover have "(\i. (\i. a \ A i) i) = a \ (\i. A i)"
by blast
ultimately show ?case
by metis
next
case (Disj A)
have "range (\i. a \ A i) \ Pow(smallest_ccdi_sets \ M)" using Disj
by blast
moreover have "disjoint_family (\i. a \ A i)" using Disj
by (auto simp add: disjoint_family_on_def)
ultimately have "(\i. (\i. a \ A i) i) \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
by (rule smallest_ccdi_sets.Disj)
moreover have "(\i. (\i. a \ A i) i) = a \ (\i. A i)"
by blast
ultimately show ?case
by metis
qed
lemma (in algebra) smallest_ccdi_sets_Int:
assumes b: "b \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
shows "a \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M \ a \ b \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
proof (induct rule: smallest_ccdi_sets.induct)
case (Basic x)
thus ?case
by (metis b smallest_ccdi_sets_Int1)
next
case (Compl x)
have "(\ - x) \ b = \ - (x \ b \ (\ - b))"
by blast
also have "... \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
by (metis Compl(2) Diff_disjoint Int_Diff Int_commute Int_empty_right b
smallest_ccdi_sets.Compl smallest_ccdi_sets_Un)
finally show ?case .
next
case (Inc A)
have "range (\i. A i \ b) \ Pow(smallest_ccdi_sets \ M)" using Inc
by blast
moreover have "(\i. A i \ b) 0 = {}"
by (simp add: Inc)
moreover have "!!n. (\i. A i \ b) n \ (\i. A i \ b) (Suc n)" using Inc
by blast
ultimately have "(\i. (\i. A i \ b) i) \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
by (rule smallest_ccdi_sets.Inc)
moreover have "(\i. (\i. A i \ b) i) = (\i. A i) \ b"
by blast
ultimately show ?case
by metis
next
case (Disj A)
have "range (\i. A i \ b) \ Pow(smallest_ccdi_sets \ M)" using Disj
by blast
moreover have "disjoint_family (\i. A i \ b)" using Disj
by (auto simp add: disjoint_family_on_def)
ultimately have "(\i. (\i. A i \ b) i) \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
by (rule smallest_ccdi_sets.Disj)
moreover have "(\i. (\i. A i \ b) i) = (\i. A i) \ b"
by blast
ultimately show ?case
by metis
qed
lemma (in algebra) sigma_property_disjoint_lemma:
assumes sbC: "M \ C"
and ccdi: "closed_cdi \ C"
shows "sigma_sets \ M \ C"
proof -
have "smallest_ccdi_sets \ M \ {B . M \ B \ sigma_algebra \ B}"
using smallest_ccdi_sets
by (auto simp: sigma_algebra_disjoint_iff algebra_iff_Int
smallest_ccdi_sets_Int intro: smallest_ccdi_sets.Disj)
hence "sigma_sets (\) (M) \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
by (simp add: sigma_algebra.sigma_sets_subset)
also have "... \ C"
proof
fix x
assume x: "x \ smallest_ccdi_sets \ M"
thus "x \ C"
proof (induct rule: smallest_ccdi_sets.induct)
case (Basic x)
thus ?case
by (metis Basic subsetD sbC)
next
case (Compl x)
thus ?case
by (blast intro: closed_cdi_Compl [OF ccdi, simplified])
next
case (Inc A)
thus ?case
by (auto intro: closed_cdi_Inc [OF ccdi, simplified])
next
case (Disj A)
thus ?case
by (auto intro: closed_cdi_Disj [OF ccdi, simplified])
qed
qed
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma (in algebra) sigma_property_disjoint:
assumes sbC: "M \ C"
and compl: "!!s. s \ C \ sigma_sets (\) (M) \ \ - s \ C"
and inc: "!!A. range A \ C \ sigma_sets (\) (M)
==> A 0 = {} ==> (!!n. A n ⊆ A (Suc n))
==> (∪i. A i) ∈ C"
and disj: "!!A. range A \ C \ sigma_sets (\) (M)
==> disjoint_family A ==> (∪i::nat. A i) ∈ C"
shows "sigma_sets (\) (M) \ C"
proof -
have "sigma_sets (\) (M) \ C \ sigma_sets (\) (M)"
proof (rule sigma_property_disjoint_lemma)
show "M \ C \ sigma_sets (\) (M)"
by (metis Int_greatest Set.subsetI sbC sigma_sets.Basic)
next
show "closed_cdi \ (C \ sigma_sets (\) (M))"
unfolding closed_cdi_def compl inc disj
by (auto simp: image_subset_iff compl inc disj le_infI2 sigma_algebra.sigma_sets_subset sigma_algebra_Pow
space_closed intro: sigma_sets.intros)
qed
thus ?thesis
by blast
qed
subsubsection ‹Dynkin systems›
locale🍋‹tag important› Dynkin_system = subset_class +
assumes space: "\ \ M"
and compl[intro!]: "\A. A \ M \ \ - A \ M"
and UN[intro!]: "\A. disjoint_family A \ range A \ M
==> (∪i::nat. A i) ∈ M"
lemma (in Dynkin_system) empty[intro, simp]: "{} \ M"
using space compl[of "\"] by simp
lemma (in Dynkin_system) diff:
assumes sets: "D \ M" "E \ M" and "D \ E"
shows "E - D \ M"
proof -
let ?f = "\x. if x = 0 then D else if x = Suc 0 then \ - E else {}"
have "range ?f = {D, \ - E, {}}"
by (auto simp: image_iff)
moreover have "D \ (\ - E) = (\i. ?f i)"
by (auto simp: image_iff split: if_split_asm)
moreover
have "disjoint_family ?f" unfolding disjoint_family_on_def
using ‹D ∈ M›[THEN sets_into_space] ‹D ⊆ E› by auto
ultimately have "\ - (D \ (\ - E)) \ M"
using sets UN by auto fastforce
also have "\ - (D \ (\ - E)) = E - D"
using assms sets_into_space by auto
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma Dynkin_systemI:
assumes "\ A. A \ M \ A \ \" "\ \ M"
assumes "\ A. A \ M \ \ - A \ M"
assumes "\ A. disjoint_family A \ range A \ M
==> (∪i::nat. A i) ∈ M"
shows "Dynkin_system \ M"
using assms by (auto simp: Dynkin_system_def Dynkin_system_axioms_def subset_class_def)
lemma Dynkin_systemI':
assumes "\ A. A \ M \ A \ \"
assumes empty: "{} \ M"
assumes Diff: "\ A. A \ M \ \ - A \ M"
assumes "\A. disjoint_family A \ range A \ M \ (\i::nat. A i) \ M"
shows "Dynkin_system \ M"
using Diff[OF empty] assms by (simp add: Dynkin_systemI)
lemma Dynkin_system_trivial:
shows "Dynkin_system A (Pow A)"
by (rule Dynkin_systemI) auto
lemma sigma_algebra_imp_Dynkin_system:
assumes "sigma_algebra \ M" shows "Dynkin_system \ M"
proof -
interpret sigma_algebra Ω M by fact
show ?thesis using sets_into_space by (fastforce intro!: Dynkin_systemI)
qed
subsubsection "Intersection sets systems"
definition🍋‹tag important› Int_stable :: "'a set set \ bool" where
"Int_stable M \ (\ a \ M. \ b \ M. a \ b \ M)"
lemma (in algebra) Int_stable: "Int_stable M"
unfolding Int_stable_def by auto
lemma Int_stableI_image:
"(\i j. i \ I \ j \ I \ \k\I. A i \ A j = A k) \ Int_stable (A ` I)"
by (auto simp: Int_stable_def image_def)
lemma Int_stableI:
"(\a b. a \ A \ b \ A \ a \ b \ A) \ Int_stable A"
unfolding Int_stable_def by auto
lemma Int_stableD:
"Int_stable M \ a \ M \ b \ M \ a \ b \ M"
unfolding Int_stable_def by auto
lemma (in Dynkin_system) sigma_algebra_eq_Int_stable:
"sigma_algebra \ M \ Int_stable M"
proof
assume "sigma_algebra \ M" then show "Int_stable M"
unfolding sigma_algebra_def using algebra.Int_stable by auto
next
assume "Int_stable M"
show "sigma_algebra \ M"
unfolding sigma_algebra_disjoint_iff algebra_iff_Un
proof (intro conjI ballI allI impI)
show "M \ Pow (\)" using sets_into_space by auto
next
fix A B assume "A \ M" "B \ M"
then have "A \ B = \ - ((\ - A) \ (\ - B))"
"\ - A \ M" "\ - B \ M"
using sets_into_space by auto
then show "A \ B \ M"
using ‹Int_stable M› unfolding Int_stable_def by auto
qed auto
qed
subsubsection "Smallest Dynkin systems"
definition🍋‹tag important› Dynkin :: "'a set \ 'a set set \ 'a set set" where
"Dynkin \ M = (\{D. Dynkin_system \ D \ M \ D})"
lemma Dynkin_system_Dynkin:
assumes "M \ Pow (\)"
shows "Dynkin_system \ (Dynkin \ M)"
proof (rule Dynkin_systemI)
fix A assume "A \ Dynkin \ M"
moreover
{ fix D assume "A \ D" and d: "Dynkin_system \ D"
then have "A \ \" by (auto simp: Dynkin_system_def subset_class_def) }
moreover have "{D. Dynkin_system \ D \ M \ D} \ {}"
using assms Dynkin_system_trivial by fastforce
ultimately show "A \ \"
unfolding Dynkin_def using assms
by auto
next
show "\ \ Dynkin \ M"
unfolding Dynkin_def using Dynkin_system.space by fastforce
next
fix A assume "A \ Dynkin \ M"
then show "\ - A \ Dynkin \ M"
unfolding Dynkin_def using Dynkin_system.compl by force
next
fix A :: "nat \ 'a set"
assume A: "disjoint_family A" "range A \ Dynkin \ M"
then show "(\i. A i) \ Dynkin \ M" unfolding Dynkin_def
by (auto intro!: Dynkin_system.UN)
qed
lemma Dynkin_Basic[intro]: "A \ M \ A \ Dynkin \ M"
unfolding Dynkin_def by auto
lemma (in Dynkin_system) restricted_Dynkin_system:
assumes "D \ M"
shows "Dynkin_system \ {Q. Q \ \ \ Q \ D \ M}"
proof (rule Dynkin_systemI, simp_all)
have "\ \ D = D"
using ‹D ∈ M› sets_into_space by auto
then show "\ \ D \ M"
using ‹D ∈ M› by auto
next
fix A assume "A \ \ \ A \ D \ M"
moreover have "(\ - A) \ D = (\ - (A \ D)) - (\ - D)"
by auto
ultimately show "(\ - A) \ D \ M"
using ‹D ∈ M› by (auto intro: diff)
next
fix A :: "nat \ 'a set"
assume "disjoint_family A" "range A \ {Q. Q \ \ \ Q \ D \ M}"
then have "\i. A i \ \" "disjoint_family (\i. A i \ D)"
"range (\i. A i \ D) \ M" "(\x. A x) \ D = (\x. A x \ D)"
by ((fastforce simp: disjoint_family_on_def)+)
then show "(\x. A x) \ \ \ (\x. A x) \ D \ M"
by (auto simp del: UN_simps)
qed
lemma (in Dynkin_system) Dynkin_subset:
assumes "N \ M"
shows "Dynkin \ N \ M"
proof -
have "Dynkin_system \ M" ..
then have "Dynkin_system \ M"
using assms unfolding Dynkin_system_def Dynkin_system_axioms_def subset_class_def by simp
with ‹N ⊆ M› show ?thesis by (auto simp add: Dynkin_def)
qed
lemma sigma_eq_Dynkin:
assumes sets: "M \ Pow \"
assumes "Int_stable M"
shows "sigma_sets \ M = Dynkin \ M"
proof -
have "Dynkin \ M \ sigma_sets (\) (M)"
using sigma_algebra_imp_Dynkin_system
unfolding Dynkin_def sigma_sets_least_sigma_algebra[OF sets] by auto
moreover
interpret Dynkin_system Ω "Dynkin \ M"
using Dynkin_system_Dynkin[OF sets] .
have "sigma_algebra \ (Dynkin \ M)"
unfolding sigma_algebra_eq_Int_stable Int_stable_def
proof (intro ballI)
fix A B assume "A \ Dynkin \ M" "B \ Dynkin \ M"
let ?D = "\E. {Q. Q \ \ \ Q \ E \ Dynkin \ M}"
have "M \ ?D B"
proof
fix E assume "E \ M"
then have "M \ ?D E" "E \ Dynkin \ M"
using sets_into_space ‹Int_stable M› by (auto simp: Int_stable_def)
then have "Dynkin \ M \ ?D E"
using restricted_Dynkin_system ‹E ∈ Dynkin Ω M›
by (intro Dynkin_system.Dynkin_subset) simp_all
then have "B \ ?D E"
using ‹B ∈ Dynkin Ω M› by auto
then have "E \ B \ Dynkin \ M"
by (subst Int_commute) simp
then show "E \ ?D B"
using sets ‹E ∈ M› by auto
qed
then have "Dynkin \ M \ ?D B"
using restricted_Dynkin_system ‹B ∈ Dynkin Ω M›
by (intro Dynkin_system.Dynkin_subset) simp_all
then show "A \ B \ Dynkin \ M"
using ‹A ∈ Dynkin Ω M› sets_into_space by auto
qed
from sigma_algebra.sigma_sets_subset[OF this, of "M"]
have "sigma_sets (\) (M) \ Dynkin \ M" by auto
ultimately have "sigma_sets (\) (M) = Dynkin \ M" by auto
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp: Dynkin_def)
qed
lemma (in Dynkin_system) Dynkin_idem:
"Dynkin \ M = M"
proof -
have "Dynkin \ M = M"
using Dynkin_subset by blast
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp: Dynkin_def)
qed
lemma (in Dynkin_system) Dynkin_lemma:
assumes "Int_stable E"
and E: "E \ M" "M \ sigma_sets \ E"
shows "sigma_sets \ E = M"
proof -
have "E \ Pow \"
using E sets_into_space by force
then have *: "sigma_sets \ E = Dynkin \ E"
using ‹Int_stable E› by (rule sigma_eq_Dynkin)
then have "Dynkin \ E = M"
using assms Dynkin_subset[OF ‹E ⊆ M›] by simp
with * show ?thesis
using assms by (auto simp: Dynkin_def)
qed
subsubsection ‹Induction rule for intersection-stable generators›
text🍋‹tag important› ‹The reason to introduce Dynkin-systems is the following induction rules for ‹σ›-algebras
generated by a generator closed under intersection.›
proposition sigma_sets_induct_disjoint[consumes 3, case_names basic empty compl union]:
assumes "Int_stable G"
and closed: "G \ Pow \"
and A: "A \ sigma_sets \ G"
assumes basic: "\A. A \ G \ P A"
and empty: "P {}"
and compl: "\A. A \ sigma_sets \ G \ P A \ P (\ - A)"
and union: "\A. disjoint_family A \ range A \ sigma_sets \ G \ (\i. P (A i)) \ P (\i::nat. A i)"
shows "P A"
proof -
let ?D = "{ A \ sigma_sets \ G. P A }"
interpret sigma_algebra Ω "sigma_sets \ G"
using closed by (rule sigma_algebra_sigma_sets)
from compl[OF _ empty] closed have space: "P \" by simp
interpret Dynkin_system Ω ?D
by standard (auto dest: sets_into_space intro!: space compl union)
have "sigma_sets \ G = ?D"
by (rule Dynkin_lemma) (auto simp: basic ‹Int_stable G›)
with A show ?thesis by auto
qed
subsection ‹Measure type›
definition🍋‹tag important› positive :: "'a set set \ ('a set \ ennreal) \ bool" where
"positive M \ \ \ {} = 0"
definition🍋‹tag important› countably_additive :: "'a set set \ ('a set \ ennreal) \ bool" where
"countably_additive M f \
(∀A. range A ⊆ M ⟶ disjoint_family A ⟶ (∪i. A i) ∈ M ⟶
(∑i. f (A i)) = f (∪i. A i))"
definition🍋‹tag important› measure_space :: "'a set \ 'a set set \ ('a set \ ennreal) \ bool" where
"measure_space \ A \ \
sigma_algebra Ω A ∧ positive A μ ∧ countably_additive A μ"
typedef🍋‹tag important› 'a measure =
"{(\::'a set, A, \). (\a\-A. \ a = 0) \ measure_space \ A \ }"
proof
have "sigma_algebra UNIV {{}, UNIV}"
by (auto simp: sigma_algebra_iff2)
then show "(UNIV, {{}, UNIV}, \A. 0) \ {(\, A, \). (\a\-A. \ a = 0) \ measure_space \ A \} "
by (auto simp: measure_space_def positive_def countably_additive_def)
qed
definition🍋‹tag important› space :: "'a measure \ 'a set" where
"space M = fst (Rep_measure M)"
definition🍋‹tag important› sets :: "'a measure \ 'a set set" where
"sets M = fst (snd (Rep_measure M))"
definition🍋‹tag important› emeasure :: "'a measure \ 'a set \ ennreal" where
"emeasure M = snd (snd (Rep_measure M))"
definition🍋‹tag important› measure :: "'a measure \ 'a set \ real" where
"measure M A = enn2real (emeasure M A)"
declare [[coercion sets]]
declare [[coercion measure]]
declare [[coercion emeasure]]
lemma measure_space: "measure_space (space M) (sets M) (emeasure M)"
by (cases M) (auto simp: space_def sets_def emeasure_def Abs_measure_inverse)
interpretation sets: sigma_algebra "space M" "sets M" for M :: "'a measure"
using measure_space[of M] by (auto simp: measure_space_def)
definition🍋‹tag important› measure_of :: "'a set \ 'a set set \ ('a set \ ennreal) \ 'a measure"
where
"measure_of \ A \ \
Abs_measure (Ω, if A ⊆ Pow Ω then sigma_sets Ω A else {{}, Ω},
λa. if a ∈ sigma_sets Ω A ∧ measure_space Ω (sigma_sets Ω A) μ then μ a else 0)"
abbreviation "sigma \ A \ measure_of \ A (\x. 0)"
lemma measure_space_0: "A \ Pow \ \ measure_space \ (sigma_sets \ A) (\x. 0)"
unfolding measure_space_def
by (auto intro!: sigma_algebra_sigma_sets simp: positive_def countably_additive_def)
lemma sigma_algebra_trivial: "sigma_algebra \ {{}, \}"
by unfold_locales(fastforce intro: exI[where x="{{}}"] exI[where x="{\}"])+
lemma measure_space_0': "measure_space \ {{}, \} (\x. 0)"
by(simp add: measure_space_def positive_def countably_additive_def sigma_algebra_trivial)
lemma measure_space_closed:
assumes "measure_space \ M \"
shows "M \ Pow \"
proof -
interpret sigma_algebra Ω M using assms by(simp add: measure_space_def)
show ?thesis by(rule space_closed)
qed
lemma (in ring_of_sets) positive_cong_eq:
"(\a. a \ M \ \' a = \ a) \ positive M \' = positive M \"
by (auto simp add: positive_def)
lemma (in sigma_algebra) countably_additive_eq:
"(\a. a \ M \ \' a = \ a) \ countably_additive M \' = countably_additive M \"
unfolding countably_additive_def
by (intro arg_cong[where f=All] ext) (auto simp add: countably_additive_def subset_eq)
lemma measure_space_eq:
assumes closed: "A \ Pow \" and eq: "\a. a \ sigma_sets \ A \ \ a = \' a"
shows "measure_space \ (sigma_sets \ A) \ = measure_space \ (sigma_sets \ A) \'"
proof -
interpret sigma_algebra Ω "sigma_sets \ A" using closed by (rule sigma_algebra_sigma_sets)
from positive_cong_eq[OF eq, of "\i. i"] countably_additive_eq[OF eq, of "\i. i"] show ?thesis
by (auto simp: measure_space_def)
qed
lemma measure_of_eq:
assumes closed: "A \ Pow \" and eq: "(\a. a \ sigma_sets \ A \ \ a = \' a)"
shows "measure_of \ A \ = measure_of \ A \'"
proof -
have "measure_space \ (sigma_sets \ A) \ = measure_space \ (sigma_sets \ A) \'"
using assms by (rule measure_space_eq)
with eq show ?thesis
by (auto simp add: measure_of_def intro!: arg_cong[where f=Abs_measure])
qed
lemma measure_space_Pow_eq:
assumes "\X. X \ Pow \ \ \ X = \' X"
shows "measure_space \ (Pow \) \ = measure_space \ (Pow \) \'"
by (smt (verit, best) assms measure_space_eq sigma_algebra.sigma_sets_eq sigma_algebra_Pow subset_eq)
lemma
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