Quelle Kronecker_Approximation_Theorem.thy Sprache: Isabelle

chapter ‹Kronecker's Theorem with Applications\

theory Kronecker_Approximation_Theorem

imports Complex_Transcendental Henstock_Kurzweil_Integration
        "HOL-Real_Asymp.Real_Asymp"

begin

section ‹Dirichlet's Approximation Theorem\

text ‹Simultaneous version. From Hardy and Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, page 170.›
theorem Dirichlet_approx_simult:
  fixes θ :: "nat \ real" and N n :: nat
  assumes "N > 0"
  obtains q p where "0 "q \ int (N^n)"
    and "\i. i \of_int q * \ i - of_int(p i)\ < 1/N"
proof -
  have lessN: "nat \x * real N\ < N" if "0 \ x" "x < 1" for x
  proof -
    have "\x * real N\ < N"
      using that by (simp add: assms floor_less_iff)
    with assms show ?thesis by linarith
  qed
  define interv where "interv \ \k. {real k/N..< Suc k/N}"
  define fracs where "fracs \ \k. map (\i. frac (real k * \ i)) [0..
  define X where "X \ fracs ` {..N^n}"
  define Y where "Y \ set (List.n_lists n (map interv [0..
  have interv_iff: "interv k = interv k' \ k=k'" for k k'
    using assms by (auto simp: interv_def Ico_eq_Ico divide_strict_right_mono)
  have in_interv: "x \ interv (nat \x * real N\)" if "x\0" for x
    using that assms by (simp add: interv_def divide_simps) linarith
  have False
    if non: "\a b. b \ N^n \ a < b \ $\ifrac (real b * \ i) - frac (real a * \ i)\ < 1/N)"
  proof -
    have "inj_on (\k. map (\i. frac (k * \ i)) [0..
      using that assms by (intro linorder_inj_onI) fastforce+
    then have caX: "card X = Suc (N^n)"
      by (simp add: X_def fracs_def card_image)
    have caY: "card Y \ N^n"
      by (metis Y_def card_length diff_zero length_map length_n_lists length_upt)
    define f where "f \ \l. map (\x. interv (nat \x * real N$) l"
    have "f ` X \ Y"
      by (auto simp: f_def Y_def X_def fracs_def o_def set_n_lists frac_lt_1 lessN)
    then have "\ inj_on f X"
      using Y_def caX caY card_inj_on_le not_less_eq_eq by fastforce
    then obtain x x' where "x\x'" "x ∈ X" "x' \ X" and eq: "f x = f x'"
      by (auto simp: inj_on_def)
    then obtain c c' where c: "c \ c'" "c ≤ N^n" "c' \ N^n"
            and xeq: "x = fracs c" and xeq': "x' = fracs c'"
      unfolding X_def by (metis atMost_iff image_iff)
    have [simp]: "length x' = n"
      by (auto simp: xeq' fracs_def)
    have ge0: "x'!i \ 0" if "i for i
      using that ‹x' \ X\ by (auto simp: X_def fracs_def)
    have "f x \ Y"
      using ‹f ` X ⊆ Y› ‹x ∈ X› by blast
    define k where "k \ map (\r. nat \r * real N\) x"
    have "\frac (real c * \ i) - frac (real c' * \ i)\ < 1/N" if "i < n" for i
    proof -
      have k: "x!i \ interv(k!i)"
        using ‹i<n› assms by (auto simp: divide_simps k_def interv_def xeq fracs_def) linarith
      then have k': "x'!i ∈ interv(k!i)"
        using ‹i<n› eq assms ge0[OF ‹i<n›]
        by (auto simp: k_def f_def divide_simps map_equality_iff in_interv interv_iff)
      with assms k show ?thesis
        using ‹i<n› by (auto simp add: xeq xeq' fracs_def interv_def add_divide_distrib)
    qed
    then show False
      by (metis c non nat_neq_iff abs_minus_commute)
  qed
  then obtain a b where "a "b \ N^n" and *: "\i. i \frac (real b * \ i) - frac (real a * \ i)\ < 1/N"
    by blast
  let ?k = "b-a"
  let ?h = "\i. \b * \ i\ - \a * \ i\"
  show ?thesis
  proof
    show "int (b - a) \ int (N ^ n)"
      using ‹b ≤ N ^ n› by auto
  next
    fix i
    assume "i
    have "frac (b * \ i) - frac (a * \ i) = ?k * \ i - ?h i"
      using ‹a < b› by (simp add: frac_def left_diff_distrib' of_nat_diff)
    then show "\of_int ?k * \ i - ?h i\ < 1/N"
      by (metis "*" ‹i < n› of_int_of_nat_eq)
  qed (use ‹a < b› in auto)
qed

text ‹Theorem references below referr to Apostol,
  \emph{Modular Functions and Dirichlet Series in Number Theory}›

text ‹Theorem 7.1›
corollary Dirichlet_approx:
  fixes θ:: real and N:: nat
  assumes "N > 0"
  obtains h k where "0 < k" "k \ int N" "\of_int k * \ - of_int h\ < 1/N"
  by (rule Dirichlet_approx_simult [OF assms, where n=1 and θ="\_. \"]) auto

text ‹Theorem 7.2›
corollary Dirichlet_approx_coprime:
  fixes θ:: real and N:: nat
  assumes "N > 0"
  obtains h k where "coprime h k" "0 < k" "k \ int N" "\of_int k * \ - of_int h\ < 1/N"
proof -
  obtain h' k' where k': "0 < k'" "k' \ int N" and *: "\of_int k' * θ - of_int h'\ < 1/N"
    by (meson Dirichlet_approx assms)
  let ?d = "gcd h' k'"
  show thesis
  proof (cases "?d = 1")
    case True
    with k' * that show ?thesis by auto
  next
    case False
    then have 1: "?d > 1"
      by (smt (verit, ccfv_threshold) ‹k'>0\ gcd_pos_int)
    let ?k = "k' div ?d"
    let ?h = "h' div ?d"
    show ?thesis
    proof
      show "coprime (?h::int) ?k"
        by (metis "1" div_gcd_coprime gcd_eq_0_iff not_one_less_zero)
      show k0: "0 < ?k"
        using ‹k'>0\ pos_imp_zdiv_pos_iff by force
      show "?k \ int N"
        using k' "1" int_div_less_self by fastforce
      have "\\ - of_int ?h / of_int ?k\ = \\ - of_int h' / of_int k'\"
        by (simp add: real_of_int_div)
      also have "\ < 1 / of_int (N * k')"
        using k' * by (simp add: field_simps)
      also have "\ < 1 / of_int (N * ?k)"
        using assms ‹k'>0\ k0 1
        by (simp add: frac_less2 int_div_less_self)
      finally show "\of_int ?k * \ - of_int ?h\ < 1 / real N"
        using k0 k' by (simp add: field_simps)
    qed
  qed
qed

definition approx_set :: "real \ (int \ int) set"
  where "approx_set \ \
     {(h, k) | h k::int. k > 0 ∧ coprime h k ∧ ∣θ - of_int h / of_int k∣ < 1/k🚫2}"
  for θ::real

text ‹Theorem 7.3›
lemma approx_set_nonempty: "approx_set \ \ {}"
proof -
  have "\\ - of_int \\\ / of_int 1\ < 1 / (of_int 1)\<^sup>2"
    by simp linarith
  then have "(\\\, 1) \ approx_set \"
    by (auto simp: approx_set_def)
  then show ?thesis
    by blast
qed

text ‹Theorem 7.4(c)›
theorem infinite_approx_set:
  assumes "infinite (approx_set \)"
  shows  "\h k. (h,k) \ approx_set \ \ k > K"
proof (rule ccontr, simp add: not_less)
  assume Kb [rule_format]: "\h k. (h, k) \ approx_set \ \ k \ K"
  define H where "H \ 1 + \K * \\"
  have k0:  "k > 0" if "(h,k) \ approx_set \" for h k
    using approx_set_def that by blast
  have Hb: "of_int \h\ < H" if "(h,k) \ approx_set \" for h k
  proof -
    have *: "\k * \ - h\ < 1"
    proof -
      have "\k * \ - h\ < 1 / k"
        using that by (auto simp: field_simps approx_set_def eval_nat_numeral)
      also have "\ \ 1"
        using divide_le_eq_1 by fastforce
      finally show ?thesis .
    qed
    have "k > 0"
      using approx_set_def that by blast
    have "of_int \h\ \ \k * \ - h\ + \k * \\"
      by force
    also have "\ < 1 + \k * \\"
      using * that by simp
    also have "\ \ H"
      using Kb [OF that] ‹k>0› by (auto simp add: H_def abs_if mult_right_mono mult_less_0_iff)
    finally show ?thesis .
  qed
  have "approx_set \ \ {-(ceiling H)..ceiling H} \ {0..K}"
    using Hb Kb k0
    apply (simp add: subset_iff)
    by (smt (verit, best) ceiling_add_of_int less_ceiling_iff)
  then have "finite (approx_set \)"
    by (meson finite_SigmaI finite_atLeastAtMost_int finite_subset)
  then show False
    using assms by blast
qed

text ‹Theorem 7.4(b,d)›
theorem rational_iff_finite_approx_set:
  shows "\ \ \ \ finite (approx_set \)"
proof
  assume "\ \ \"
  then obtain a b where eq: "\ = of_int a / of_int b" and "b>0" and "coprime a b"
    by (meson Rats_cases')
  then have ab: "(a,b) \ approx_set \"
    by (auto simp: approx_set_def)
  show "finite (approx_set \)"
  proof (rule ccontr)
    assume "infinite (approx_set \)"
    then obtain h k where "(h,k) \ approx_set \" "k > b" "k>0"
      using infinite_approx_set by (smt (verit, best))
    then have "coprime h k" and hk: "\a/b - h/k\ < 1 / (of_int k)\<^sup>2"
      by (auto simp: approx_set_def eq)
    have False if "a * k = h * b"
    proof -
      have "b dvd k"
        using that ‹coprime a b›
        by (metis coprime_commute coprime_dvd_mult_right_iff dvd_triv_right)
      then obtain d where "k = b * d"
        by (metis dvd_def)
      then have "h = a * d"
        using ‹0 < b› that by force
      then show False
        using ‹0 < b› ‹b < k› ‹coprime h k› ‹k = b * d› by auto
    qed
    then have 0: "0 < \a*k - b*h\"
      by auto
    have "\a*k - b*h\ < b/k"
      using ‹k>0› ‹b>0› hk by (simp add: field_simps eval_nat_numeral)
    also have "\ < 1"
      by (simp add: ‹0 < k› ‹b < k›)
    finally show False
      using 0 by linarith
  qed
next
  assume fin: "finite (approx_set \)"
  show "\ \ \"
  proof (rule ccontr)
    assume irr: "\ \ \"
    define A where "A \ (($h,k). \\ - h/k$ ` approx_set \)"
    let ?α = "Min A"
    have "0 \ A"
      using irr by (auto simp: A_def approx_set_def)
    moreover have "\x\A. x\0" and A: "finite A" "A \ {}"
      using approx_set_nonempty by (auto simp: A_def fin)
    ultimately have α: "?\ > 0"
      using Min_in by force
    then obtain N where N: "real N > 1 / ?\"
      using reals_Archimedean2 by blast
    have "0 < 1 / ?\"
      using α by auto
    also have "\ < real N"
      by (fact N)
    finally have "N > 0"
      by simp
    from N have "1/N < ?\"
      by (simp add: α divide_less_eq mult.commute)
    then obtain h k where "coprime h k" "0 < k" "k \ int N" "\of_int k * \ - of_int h\ < 1/N"
      by (metis Dirichlet_approx_coprime α N divide_less_0_1_iff less_le not_less_iff_gr_or_eq of_nat_0_le_iff of_nat_le_iff of_nat_0)
    then have 🍋: "\\ - h/k\ < 1 / (k*N)"
      by (simp add: field_simps)
    also have "\ \ 1/k\<^sup>2"
      using ‹k ≤ int N› by (simp add: eval_nat_numeral divide_simps)
    finally have hk_in: "(h,k) \ approx_set \"
      using ‹0 < k› ‹coprime h k› by (auto simp: approx_set_def)
    then have "\\ - h/k\ \ A"
      by (auto simp: A_def)
    moreover have "1 / real_of_int (k * int N) < ?\"
    proof -
      have "1 / real_of_int (k * int N) = 1 / real N / of_int k"
        by simp
      also have "\ < ?\ / of_int k"
        using ‹k > 0› α ‹N > 0› N by (intro divide_strict_right_mono) (auto simp: field_simps)
      also have "\ \ ?\ / 1"
        using α ‹k > 0› by (intro divide_left_mono) auto
      finally show ?thesis
        by simp
    qed
    ultimately show False using A 🍋 by auto
  qed
qed

text ‹No formalisation of Liouville's Approximation Theorem because this is already in the AFP
as Liouville\_Numbers. Apostol's Theorem 7.5 should be exactly the theorem
liouville\_irrational\_algebraic. There is a minor discrepancy in the definition
of "Liouville number" between Apostol and Eberl: he requires the denominator to be
positive, while Eberl require it to exceed 1.›

section ‹Kronecker's Approximation Theorem: the One-dimensional Case\

lemma frac_int_mult:
  assumes "m > 0" and le: "1-frac r \ 1/m"
  shows "1 - frac (of_int m * r) = m * (1 - frac r)"
proof -
  have "frac (of_int m * r) = 1 - m * (1 - frac r)"
  proof (subst frac_unique_iff, intro conjI)
    show "of_int m * r - (1 - of_int m * (1 - frac r)) \ \"
      by (simp add: algebra_simps frac_def)
  qed (use assms in ‹auto simp: divide_simps mult_ac frac_lt_1›)
  then show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

text ‹Concrete statement of Theorem 7.7, and the real proof›
theorem Kronecker_approx_1_explicit:
  fixes θ :: real
  assumes "\ \ \" and α: "0 \ \" "\ \ 1" and "\ > 0"
  obtains k where "k>0" "\frac(real k * \) - \\ < \"
proof -
  obtain N::nat where "1/N < \" "N > 0"
    by (metis ‹ε > 0› gr_zeroI inverse_eq_divide real_arch_inverse)
  then obtain h k where "0 < k" and hk: "\of_int k * \ - of_int h\ < \"
    using Dirichlet_approx that by (metis less_trans)
  have irrat: "of_int n * \ \ \ \ n = 0" for n
    by (metis Rats_divide Rats_of_int assms(1) nonzero_mult_div_cancel_left of_int_0_eq_iff)
  then consider "of_int k * \ < of_int h" | "of_int k * \ > of_int h"
    by (metis Rats_of_int ‹0 < k› less_irrefl linorder_neqE_linordered_idom)
  then show thesis
  proof cases
    case 1
    define ξ where "\ \ 1 - frac (of_int k * \)"
    have pos: "\ > 0"
      by (simp add: ξ_def frac_lt_1)
    define N where "N \ \1/\\"
    have "N > 0"
      by (simp add: N_def ξ_def frac_lt_1)
    have False if "1/\ \ \"
    proof -
      from that of_int_ceiling
      obtain r where r: "of_int r = 1/\" by blast
      then obtain s where s: "of_int k * \ = of_int s + 1 - 1/r"
        by (simp add: ξ_def frac_def)
      from r pos s ‹k > 0› have "\ = (of_int s + 1 - 1/r) / k"
        by (auto simp: field_simps)
      with assms show False
        by simp
    qed
    then have N0: "N < 1/\"
      unfolding N_def by (metis Ints_of_int floor_correct less_le)
    then have N2: "1/(N+1) < \"
      unfolding N_def by (smt (verit) divide_less_0_iff divide_less_eq floor_correct mult.commute pos)
    have "\ * (N+1) > 1"
      by (smt (verit) N2 ‹0 < N› of_int_1_less_iff pos_divide_less_eq)
    then have ex: "\m. int m \ N+1 \ 1-\ < m * \"
      by (smt (verit, best) ‹0 < N› ‹0 ≤ α› floor_of_int floor_of_nat mult.commute of_nat_nat)
    define m where "m \ LEAST m. int m \ N+1 \ 1-\ < m * \"
    have m: "int m \ N+1 \ 1-\ < m * \"
      using LeastI_ex [OF ex] unfolding m_def by blast
    have "m > 0"
      using m gr0I ‹α ≤ 1› by force
    have kθ: "\ < \"
      using hk 1 by (smt (verit, best) floor_eq_iff frac_def ξ_def)
    show thesis
    proof (cases "m=1")
      case True
      then have "\frac (real (nat k) * \) - \\ < \"
        using m ‹α ≤ 1› ‹0 < k› ξ_def kθ by force
      with ‹0 < k› zero_less_nat_eq that show thesis by blast
    next
      case False
      with ‹0 < m› have "m>1" by linarith
      have "\ < 1 / N"
        by (metis N0 ‹0 < N› mult_of_int_commute of_int_pos pos pos_less_divide_eq)
      also have "\ \ 1 / (real m - 1)"
        using ‹m > 1› m by (simp add: divide_simps)
      finally have "\ < 1 / (real m - 1)" .
      then have m1_eq: "(int m - 1) * \ = 1 - frac (of_int ((int m - 1) * k) * \)"
        using frac_int_mult [of "(int m - 1)" "k * \"] ‹1 < m›
        by (simp add: ξ_def mult.assoc)
      then
      have m1_eq': "frac (of_int ((int m - 1) * k) * \) = 1 - (int m - 1) * \"
        by simp
      moreover have "(m - Suc 0) * \ \ 1-\"
        using Least_le [where k="m-Suc 0"] m
        by (smt (verit, best) Suc_n_not_le_n Suc_pred ‹0 < m› m_def of_nat_le_iff)
      ultimately have leα: " \ \ frac (of_int ((int m - 1) * k) * \)"
        by (simp add: Suc_leI ‹0 < m› of_nat_diff)
      moreover have "m * \ + frac (of_int ((int m - 1) * k) * \) = \ + 1"
        by (subst m1_eq') (simp add: \_def algebra_simps)
      ultimately have "\frac ((int (m - 1) * k) * \) - \\ < \"
        by (smt (verit, best) One_nat_def Suc_leI ‹0 < m› int_ops(2) kθ m of_nat_diff)
      with that show thesis
        by (metis ‹0 < k› ‹1 < m› mult_pos_pos of_int_of_nat_eq of_nat_mult pos_int_cases zero_less_diff)
    qed
  next
    case 2
    define ξ where "\ \ frac (of_int k * \)"
    have recip_frac: False if "1/\ \ \"
    proof -
      have "frac (of_int k * \) \ \"
        using that unfolding ξ_def
        by (metis Ints_cases Rats_1 Rats_divide Rats_of_int div_by_1 divide_divide_eq_right mult_cancel_right2)
      then show False
        using ‹0 < k› frac_in_Rats_iff irrat by blast
    qed
    have pos: "\ > 0"
      by (metis ξ_def Ints_0 division_ring_divide_zero frac_unique_iff less_le recip_frac)
    define N where "N \ \1 / \\"
    have "N > 0"
      unfolding N_def
      by (smt (verit) ξ_def divide_less_eq_1_pos floor_less_one frac_lt_1 pos)
    have N0: "N < 1 / \"
      unfolding N_def by (metis Ints_of_int floor_eq_iff less_le recip_frac)
    then have N2: "1/(N+1) < \"
      unfolding N_def
      by (smt (verit, best) divide_less_0_iff divide_less_eq floor_correct mult.commute pos)
    have "\ * (N+1) > 1"
      by (smt (verit) N2 ‹0 < N› of_int_1_less_iff pos_divide_less_eq)
    then have ex: "\m. int m \ N+1 \ \ < m * \"
      by (smt (verit, best) mult.commute ‹α ≤ 1› ‹0 < N› of_int_of_nat_eq pos_int_cases)
    define m where "m \ LEAST m. int m \ N+1 \ \ < m * \"
    have m: "int m \ N+1 \ \ < m * \"
      using LeastI_ex [OF ex] unfolding m_def by blast
    have "m > 0"
      using ‹0 ≤ α› m gr0I by force
    have kθ: "\ < \"
      using hk 2 unfolding ξ_def by (smt (verit, best) floor_eq_iff frac_def)
    have mk_eq: "frac (of_int (m*k) * \) = m * frac (of_int k * \)"
      if "m>0" "frac (of_int k * \) < 1/m" for m k
    proof (subst frac_unique_iff , intro conjI)
      show "real_of_int (m * k) * \ - real_of_int m * frac (real_of_int k * \) \ \"
        by (simp add: algebra_simps frac_def)
    qed (use that in ‹auto simp: divide_simps mult_ac›)
    show thesis
    proof (cases "m=1")
      case True
      then have "\frac (real (nat k) * \) - \\ < \"
        using m α ‹0 < k› ξ_def kθ by force
      with ‹0 < k› zero_less_nat_eq that show ?thesis by blast
    next
      case False
      with ‹0 < m› have "m>1" by linarith
      with ‹0 < k› have mk_pos:"(m - Suc 0) * nat k > 0" by force
      have "real_of_int (int m - 1) < 1 / frac (real_of_int k * \)"
        using N0 ξ_def m by force
      then
      have m1_eq: "(int m - 1) * \ = frac (((int m - 1) * k) * \)"
        using m mk_eq [of "int m-1" k] pos ‹m>1› by (simp add: divide_simps mult_ac ξ_def)
      moreover have "(m - Suc 0) * \ \ \"
        using Least_le [where k="m-Suc 0"] m
        by (smt (verit, best) Suc_n_not_le_n Suc_pred ‹0 < m› m_def of_nat_le_iff)
      ultimately have leα: "frac (of_int ((int m - 1) * k) * \) \ \"
        by (simp add: Suc_leI ‹0 < m› of_nat_diff)
      moreover have "(m * \ - frac (of_int ((int m - 1) * k) * \)) < \"
        by (metis m1_eq add_diff_cancel_left' diff_add_cancel k\ left_diff_distrib'
            mult_cancel_right2 of_int_1 of_int_diff of_int_of_nat_eq)
      ultimately have "\frac (real( (m - 1) * nat k) * \) - \\ < \"
        using ‹0 < k› ‹0 < m› by simp (smt (verit, best) One_nat_def Suc_leI m of_nat_1 of_nat_diff)
      with  ‹m > 0› that show thesis
        using mk_pos One_nat_def by presburger
    qed
  qed
qed

text ‹Theorem 7.7 expressed more abstractly using @{term closure}›
corollary Kronecker_approx_1:
  fixes θ :: real
  assumes "\ \ \"
  shows "closure (range (\n. frac (real n * \))) = {0..1}"  (is "?C = _")
proof -
  have "\k>0. \frac(real k * \) - \\ < \" if "0 \ \" "\ \ 1" "\ > 0" for α ε
    by (meson Kronecker_approx_1_explicit assms that)
  then have "x \ ?C" if "0 \ x" "x \ 1" for x :: real
    using that by (auto simp add: closure_approachable dist_real_def)
  moreover
  have "(range (\n. frac (real n * \))) \ {0..1}"
    by (smt (verit) atLeastAtMost_iff frac_unique_iff image_subset_iff)
  then have "?C \ {0..1}"
    by (simp add: closure_minimal)
  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed

text ‹The next theorem removes the restriction $0 \leq \alpha \leq 1$.›

text ‹Theorem 7.8›
corollary sequence_of_fractional_parts_is_dense:
  fixes θ :: real
  assumes "\ \ \" "\ > 0"
  obtains h k where "k > 0" "\of_int k * \ - of_int h - \\ < \"
proof -
  obtain k where "k>0" "\frac(real k * \) - frac \\ < \"
    by (metis Kronecker_approx_1_explicit assms frac_ge_0 frac_lt_1 less_le_not_le)
  then have "\real_of_int k * \ - real_of_int (\k * \\ - \\\) - \\ < \"
    by (auto simp: frac_def)
  then show thesis
    by (meson ‹0 < k› of_nat_0_less_iff that)
qed

section ‹Extension of Kronecker's Theorem to Simultaneous Approximation\

subsection ‹Towards Lemma 1›

lemma integral_exp:
  assumes  "T \ 0" "a\0"
  shows "integral {0..T} (\t. exp(a * complex_of_real t)) = (exp(a * of_real T) - 1) / a"
proof -
  have "\t. t \ {0..T} \ ((\x. exp (a * x) / a) has_vector_derivative exp (a * t)) (at t within {0..T})"
    using assms
    by (intro derivative_eq_intros has_complex_derivative_imp_has_vector_derivative [unfolded o_def] | simp)+
  then have "((\t. exp(a * of_real t)) has_integral exp(a * complex_of_real T)/a - exp(a * of_real 0)/a) {0..T}"
    by (meson fundamental_theorem_of_calculus ‹T ≥ 0›)
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: diff_divide_distrib integral_unique)
qed

lemma Kronecker_simult_aux1:
  fixes 🚫:: "nat \ real" and c:: "nat \ complex" and N::nat
  assumes inj: "inj_on \ {..N}" and "k \ N"
  defines "f \ \t. \r\N. c r * exp(\ * of_real t * \ r)"
  shows "((\T. (1/T) * integral {0..T} (\t. f t * exp(-\ * of_real t * \ k))) \ c k) at_top"
proof -
  define F where "F \ \k t. f t * exp(-\ * of_real t * \ k)"
  have f: "F k = (\t. \r\N. c r * exp(\ * (\ r - \ k) * of_real t))"
    by (simp add: F_def f_def sum_distrib_left field_simps exp_diff exp_minus)
  have *: "integral {0..T} (F k)
      = c k * T + (∑r ∈ {..N}-{k}. c r * integral {0..T} (λt. exp(i * (🚫 r - 🚫 k) * of_real t)))"
    if "T > 0" for T
    using ‹k ≤ N› that
    by (simp add: f integral_sum integrable_continuous_interval continuous_intros Groups_Big.sum_diff scaleR_conv_of_real)

  have **: "(1/T) * integral {0..T} (F k)
       = c k + (∑r ∈ {..N}-{k}. c r * (exp(i * (🚫 r - 🚫 k) * of_real T) - 1) / (i * (🚫 r - 🚫 k) * of_real T))"
    if "T > 0" for T
  proof -
    have I: "integral {0..T} (\t. exp (\ * (complex_of_real t * \ r) - \ * (complex_of_real t * \ k)))
           = (exp(i * (🚫 r - 🚫 k) * T) - 1) / (i * (🚫 r - 🚫 k))"
      if "r \ N" "r \ k" for r
      using that ‹k ≤ N› inj ‹T > 0› integral_exp [of T "\ * (\ r - \ k)"]
      by (simp add: inj_on_eq_iff algebra_simps)
    show ?thesis
      using that by (subst *) (auto simp add: algebra_simps sum_divide_distrib I)
  qed
  have "((\T. c r * (exp(\ * (\ r - \ k) * of_real T) - 1) / (\ * (\ r - \ k) * of_real T)) \ 0) at_top"
    for r
  proof -
    have "((\x. (cos ((\ r - \ k) * x) - 1) / x) \ 0) at_top"
         "((\x. sin ((\ r - \ k) * x) / x) \ 0) at_top"
      by real_asymp+
    hence "((\T. (exp (\ * (\ r - \ k) * of_real T) - 1) / of_real T) \ 0) at_top"
      by (simp add: tendsto_complex_iff Re_exp Im_exp)
    from tendsto_mult[OF this tendsto_const[of "c r / (\ * (\ r - \ k))"]] show ?thesis
      by (simp add: field_simps)
  qed
  then have "((\T. c k + (\r \ {..N}-{k}. c r * (exp(\ * (\ r - \ k) * of_real T) - 1) /
                  (i * (🚫 r - 🚫 k) * of_real T))) ---> c k + 0) at_top"
    by (intro tendsto_add tendsto_null_sum) auto
  also have "?this \ ?thesis"
  proof (rule filterlim_cong)
    show "\\<^sub>F x in at_top. c k + (\r\{..N} - {k}. c r * (exp (\ * of_real (\ r - \ k) * of_real x) - 1) /
            (i * of_real (🚫 r - 🚫 k) * of_real x)) =
          1 / of_real x * integral {0..x} (λt. f t * exp (- i * of_real t * of_real (🚫 k)))"
      using eventually_gt_at_top[of 0]
    proof eventually_elim
      case (elim T)
      show ?case
        using **[of T] elim by (simp add: F_def)
    qed
  qed auto
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

text ‹the version of Lemma 1 that we actually need›
lemma Kronecker_simult_aux1_strict:
  fixes 🚫:: "nat \ real" and c:: "nat \ complex" and N::nat
  assumes 🚫: "inj_on \ {.. "0 \ \ ` {.. and "k < N"
  defines "f \ \t. 1 + (\r * of_real t * \ r))"
  shows "((\T. (1/T) * integral {0..T} (\t. f t * exp(-\ * of_real t * \ k))) \ c k) at_top"
proof -
  define c' where "c' ≡ case_nat 1 c"
  define 🚫' where "\' ≡ case_nat 0 🚫"
  define f' where "f' ≡ λt. (∑r≤N. c' r * exp(\ * of_real t * \' r))"
  have "inj_on \' {..N}"
    using 🚫 by (auto simp: 🚫'_def inj_on_def split: nat.split_asm)
  moreover have "Suc k \ N"
    using ‹k < N› by auto
  ultimately have "((\T. 1 / T * integral {0..T} (\t. (\r\N. c' r * exp (\ * of_real t * \' r)) *
                    exp (- i * t * 🚫' (Suc k)))) \ c' (Suc k))
       at_top"
    by (intro Kronecker_simult_aux1)
  moreover have "(\r\N. c' r * exp (\ * of_real t * \' r)) = 1 + (\r * of_real t * \ r))" for t
    by (simp add: c'_def \'_def sum.atMost_shift)
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by (simp add: f_def c'_def \'_def)
qed

subsection ‹Towards Lemma 2›

lemma cos_monotone_aux: "\\2 * pi * of_int i + x\ \ y; y \ pi\ \ cos y \ cos x"
  by (metis add.commute abs_ge_zero cos_abs_real cos_monotone_0_pi_le sin_cos_eq_iff)

lemma Figure7_1:
  assumes "0 \ \" "\ \ \x\" "\x\ \ pi"
  shows "cmod (1 + exp (\ * x)) \ cmod (1 + exp (\ * \))"
proof -
  have norm_eq: "sqrt (2 * (1 + cos t)) = cmod (1 + cis t)" for t
    by (simp add: norm_complex_def power2_eq_square algebra_simps)
  have "cos \x\ \ cos \"
    by (rule cos_monotone_0_pi_le) (use assms in auto)
  hence "sqrt (2 * (1 + cos \x\)) \ sqrt (2 * (1 + cos \))"
    by simp
  also have "cos \x\ = cos x"
    by simp
  finally show ?thesis
    unfolding norm_eq by (simp add: cis_conv_exp)
qed

lemma Kronecker_simult_aux2:
  fixes α:: "nat \ real" and θ:: "nat \ real" and n::nat
  defines "F \ \t. 1 + (\r * of_real (2 * pi * (t * \ r - \ r))))"
  defines "L \ Sup (range (norm \ F))"
  shows "(\\>0. \t h. \rt * \ r - \ r - of_int (h r)\ < \) \ L = Suc n" (is "?lhs = _")
proof
  assume ?lhs
  then have "\k. \t h. \rt * \ r - \ r - of_int (h r)\ < 1 / (2 * pi * Suc k)"
    by simp
  then obtain t h where th: "\k r. r \t k * \ r - \ r - of_int (h k r)\ < 1 / (2 * pi * Suc k)"
    by metis
  have Fle: "\x. cmod (F x) \ real (Suc n)"
    by (force simp: F_def intro: order_trans [OF norm_triangle_ineq] order_trans [OF norm_sum])
  then have boundedF: "bounded (range F)"
    by (metis bounded_iff rangeE)
  have leL: "1 + n * cos(1 / Suc k) \ L" for k
  proof -
    have *: "cos (1 / Suc k) \ cos (2 * pi * (t k * \ r - \ r))" if "r for r
    proof (rule cos_monotone_aux)
      have "\2 * pi * (- h k r) + 2 * pi * (t k * \ r - \ r)\ \ \t k * \ r - \ r - h k r\ * 2 * pi"
        by (simp add: algebra_simps abs_mult_pos abs_mult_pos')
      also have "\ \ 1 / real (Suc k)"
        using th [OF that, of k] by (simp add: divide_simps)
      finally show "\2 * pi * real_of_int (- h k r) + 2 * pi * (t k * \ r - \ r)\ \ 1 / real (Suc k)" .
      have "1 / real (Suc k) \ 1"
        by auto
      then show "1 / real (Suc k) \ pi"
        using pi_ge_two by linarith
    qed
    have "1 + n * cos(1 / Suc k) = 1 + (\r
      by simp
    also have "\ \ 1 + (\r r - \ r)))"
      using * by (intro add_mono sum_mono) auto
    also have "\ \ Re (F(t k))"
      by (simp add: F_def Re_exp)
    also have "\ \ norm (F(t k))"
      by (simp add: complex_Re_le_cmod)
    also have "\ \ L"
      by (simp add: L_def boundedF bounded_norm_le_SUP_norm)
    finally show ?thesis .
  qed
  show "L = Suc n"
  proof (rule antisym)
    show "L \ Suc n"
      using Fle by (auto simp add: L_def intro: cSup_least)
    have "((\k. 1 + real n * cos (1 / real (Suc k))) \ 1 + real n) at_top"
      by real_asymp
    with LIMSEQ_le_const2 leL show "Suc n \ L"
      by fastforce
  qed
next
  assume L: "L = Suc n"
  show ?lhs
  proof (rule ccontr)
    assume "\ ?lhs"
    then obtain e0 where "e0>0" and e0: "\t h. \kt * \ k - \ k - of_int (h k)\ \ e0"
      by (force simp: not_less)
    define ε where "\ \ min e0 (pi/4)"
    have ε: "\t h. \kt * \ k - \ k - of_int (h k)\ \ \"
      unfolding ε_def using e0 min.coboundedI1 by blast
    have ε_bounds: "\ > 0" "\ < pi" "\ \ pi/4"
      using ‹e0 > 0› by (auto simp: ε_def min_def)
    with sin_gt_zero have "sin \ > 0"
      by blast
    then have "\ collinear{0, 1, exp (\ * \)}"
      using collinear_iff_Reals cis.sel cis_conv_exp complex_is_Real_iff by force
    then have "norm (1 + exp (\ * \)) < 2"
      using norm_triangle_eq_imp_collinear
      by (smt (verit) linorder_not_le norm_exp_i_times norm_one norm_triangle_lt)
    then obtain δ where "\ > 0" and δ: "norm (1 + exp (\ * \)) = 2 - \"
      by (smt (verit, best))
    have "norm (F t) \ n+1-\" for t
    proof -
      define h where "h \ \r. round (t * \ r - \ r)"
      define X where "X \ \r. t * \ r - \ r - h r"
      have "exp (\ * (of_int j * (of_real pi * 2))) = 1" for j
        by (metis add_0 exp_plus_2pin exp_zero)
      then have exp_X: "exp (\ * (2 * of_real pi * of_real (X r)))
                 = exp (i * of_real (2 * pi * (t * θ r - α r)))" for r
        by (simp add: X_def right_diff_distrib exp_add exp_diff mult.commute)
      have norm_pr_12: "X r \ {-1/2..<1/2}" for r
        apply (simp add: X_def h_def)
        by (smt (verit, best) abs_of_nonneg half_bounded_equal of_int_round_abs_le of_int_round_gt)
      obtain k where "k and 1: "\X k\ \ \"
        using X_def ε [of t h] by auto
      have 2: "2*pi \ 1"
        using pi_ge_two by auto
      have "\2 * pi * X k\ \ \"
        using mult_mono [OF 2 1] pi_ge_zero by linarith
      moreover
      have "\2 * pi * X k\ \ pi"
        using norm_pr_12 [of k] apply (simp add: abs_if field_simps)
        by (smt (verit, best) divide_le_eq_1_pos divide_minus_left m2pi_less_pi nonzero_mult_div_cancel_left)
      ultimately
      have *: "norm (1 + exp (\ * of_real (2 * pi * X k))) \ norm (1 + exp (\ * \))"
        using Figure7_1[of ε "2 * pi * X k"] ε_bounds by linarith
      have "norm (F t) = norm (1 + (\r * of_real (2 * pi * (X r)))))"
        by (auto simp: F_def exp_X)
      also have "\ \ norm (1 + exp(\ * of_real (2 * pi * X k)) + (\r \ {.. * of_real (2 * pi * X r))))"
        by (simp add: comm_monoid_add_class.sum.remove [where x=k] ‹k < n› algebra_simps)
      also have "\ \ norm (1 + exp(\ * of_real (2 * pi * X k))) + (\r \ {.. * of_real (2 * pi * X r))))"
        by (intro norm_triangle_mono sum_norm_le order_refl)
      also have "\ \ (2 - \) + (n - 1)"
        using ‹k < n› δ
        by simp (metis "*" mult_2 of_real_add of_real_mult)
      also have "\ = n + 1 - \"
        using ‹k < n› by simp
      finally show ?thesis .
    qed
    then have "L \ 1 + real n - \"
      by (auto simp: L_def intro: cSup_least)
    with L ‹δ > 0› show False
      by linarith
  qed
qed

subsection ‹Towards lemma 3›

text ‹The text doesn't say so, but the generated polynomial needs to be "clean":
all coefficients nonzero, and with no exponent string mentioned more than once.
And no constant terms (with all exponents zero).›

text ‹Some tools for combining integer-indexed sequences or splitting them into parts›

lemma less_sum_nat_iff:
  fixes b::nat and k::nat
  shows "b < (\i (\ji b \ b < (\i
proof (induction k arbitrary: b)
  case (Suc k)
  then show ?case
    by (simp add: less_Suc_eq) (metis not_less trans_less_add1)
qed auto

lemma less_sum_nat_iff_uniq:
  fixes b::nat and k::nat
  shows "b < (\i (\!j. j (\i b \ b < (\i
  unfolding less_sum_nat_iff by (meson leD less_sum_nat_iff nat_neq_iff)

definition part :: "(nat \ nat) \ nat \ nat \ nat"
  where "part a k b \ (THE j. j (\i b \ b < (\i

lemma part:
  "b < (\i (let j = part a k b in j < k \ (\i < j. a i) \ b \ b < (\i < j. a i) + a j)"
  (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
  assume ?lhs
  then show ?rhs
    unfolding less_sum_nat_iff_uniq part_def by (metis (no_types, lifting) theI')
qed (auto simp: less_sum_nat_iff Let_def)

lemma part_Suc: "part a (Suc k) b = (if sum a {.. b \ b < sum a {..
  using leD
  by (fastforce simp: part_def less_Suc_eq less_sum_nat_iff conj_disj_distribR cong: conj_cong)

text ‹The polynomial expansions used in Lemma 3›

definition gpoly :: "[nat, nat\complex, nat, nat\nat, [nat,nat]\nat] \ complex"
  where "gpoly n x N a r \ (\ki

lemma gpoly_cong:
  assumes "\k. k < N \ a' k = a k" "\k i. \k < N; i \ r' k i = r k i"
  shows "gpoly n x N a r = gpoly n x N a' r'"
  using assms by (auto simp: gpoly_def)

lemma gpoly_inc: "gpoly n x N a r = gpoly (Suc n) x N a (\k. (r k)(n:=0))"
  by (simp add: gpoly_def algebra_simps sum_distrib_left)

lemma monom_times_gpoly: "gpoly n x N a r * x n ^ q = gpoly (Suc n) x N a (\k. (r k)(n:=q))"
  by (simp add: gpoly_def algebra_simps sum_distrib_left)

lemma const_times_gpoly: "e * gpoly n x N a r = gpoly n x N ((*)e \ a) r"
  by (simp add: gpoly_def sum_distrib_left mult.assoc)

lemma one_plus_gpoly: "1 + gpoly n x N a r = gpoly n x (Suc N) (a(N:=1)) (r(N:=(\_. 0)))"
  by (simp add: gpoly_def)

lemma gpoly_add:
  "gpoly n x N a r + gpoly n x N' a' r'
= gpoly n x (N+N') (\k. if k (k-N)) (λk. if k<N then r k else r' (k-N))"
proof -
  have "{.. {N.. "{.. {N..
    by auto
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: gpoly_def sum.union_disjoint sum.atLeastLessThan_shift_0[of _ N] atLeast0LessThan)
qed

lemma gpoly_sum:
  fixes n Nf af rf p
  defines "N \ sum Nf {..
  defines "a \ \k. let q = (part Nf p k) in af q (k - sum Nf {..
  defines "r \ \k. let q = (part Nf p k) in rf q (k - sum Nf {..
  shows "(\q
  unfolding N_def a_def r_def
proof (induction p)
  case 0
  then show ?case
    by (simp add: gpoly_def)
next
  case (Suc p)
  then show ?case
    by (auto simp: gpoly_add Let_def part_Suc intro: gpoly_cong)
qed

text ‹For excluding constant terms: with all exponents zero›
definition nontriv_exponents :: "[nat, nat, [nat,nat]\nat] \ bool"
  where "nontriv_exponents n N r \ \ki 0"

lemma nontriv_exponents_add:
  "\nontriv_exponents n M r; nontriv_exponents (Suc n) N r'\ \
   nontriv_exponents (Suc n) (M + N) (λk. if k<M then r k else r' (k-M))"
  by (force simp add: nontriv_exponents_def less_Suc_eq)

lemma nontriv_exponents_sum:
  assumes "\q. q < p \ nontriv_exponents n (N q) (r q)"
  shows "nontriv_exponents n (sum N {..k. let q = part N p k in r q (k - sum N {..
  using assms by (simp add: nontriv_exponents_def less_diff_conv2 part Let_def)

definition uniq_exponents :: "[nat, nat, [nat,nat]\nat] \ bool"
  where "uniq_exponents n N r \ \kk'i r k' i"

lemma uniq_exponents_inj: "uniq_exponents n N r \ inj_on r {..
  by (smt (verit, best) inj_on_def lessThan_iff linorder_cases uniq_exponents_def)

text ‹All coefficients must be nonzero›
definition nonzero_coeffs :: "[nat, nat\nat] \ bool"
  where "nonzero_coeffs N a \ \k 0"

text ‹Any polynomial expansion can be cleaned up, removing zero coeffs, etc.›
lemma gpoly_uniq_exponents:
  obtains N' a' r'
  where "\x. gpoly n x N a r = gpoly n x N' a' r'"
        "uniq_exponents n N' r'" "nonzero_coeffs N' a'" "N' \ N"
        "nontriv_exponents n N r \ nontriv_exponents n N' r'"
proof (cases "\k)
  case True
  show thesis
  proof
    show "gpoly n x N a r = gpoly n x 0 a r" for x
      by (auto simp: gpoly_def True)
  qed (auto simp: uniq_exponents_def nonzero_coeffs_def nontriv_exponents_def)
next
  case False
  define cut where "cut f i \ if i for f i
  define R where "R \ cut ` r ` ({.. {k. a k > 0})"
  define N' where "N' ≡ card R"
  define r' where "r' ≡ from_nat_into R"
  define a' where "a' ≡ λk'. \k k' = cut (r k) then a k else 0"
  have "finite R"
    using R_def by blast
  then have bij: "bij_betw r' {..
    using bij_betw_from_nat_into_finite N'_def r'_def by blast
  have 1: "card {i. i < N' \ r' i = cut (r k)} = Suc 0"
    if "k < N" "a k > 0" for k
  proof -
    have "card {i. i < N' \ r' i = cut (r k)} \ Suc 0"
      using bij by (simp add: card_le_Suc0_iff_eq bij_betw_iff_bijections Ball_def) metis
    moreover have "card {i. i < N' \ r' i = cut (r k)} > 0"
      using bij that by (auto simp: card_gt_0_iff bij_betw_iff_bijections R_def)
    ultimately show "card {i. i < N' \ r' i = cut (r k)} = Suc 0"
      using that by auto
  qed
  show thesis
  proof
    have "\i r' k' i" if "k < N'" and "k' < k" for k k'
    proof -
      have "k' < N'"
        using order.strict_trans that by blast
      then have "r' k \ r' k'"
        by (metis bij bij_betw_iff_bijections lessThan_iff nat_neq_iff that)
      moreover obtain sk sk' where "r' k = cut sk" "r' k' = cut sk'"
        by (metis R_def ‹k < N'\ \k' < N'\ bij bij_betwE image_iff lessThan_iff)
      ultimately show ?thesis
        using local.cut_def by force
    qed
    then show "uniq_exponents n N' r'"
      by (auto simp: uniq_exponents_def R_def)
    have "R \ (cut \ r) ` {..
      by (auto simp: R_def)
    then show "N' \ N"
      unfolding N'_def by (metis card_lessThan finite_lessThan surj_card_le)
    show "gpoly n x N a r = gpoly n x N' a' r'" for x
    proof -
      have "a k * (\i
          = (∑i<N'. (if r' i = cut (r k) then of_nat (a k) else of_nat 0) * (∏j<n. x j ^ r' i j))"
        if "k for k
        using that
        by (cases"a k = 0")
           (simp_all add: if_distrib [of "\v. v * _"] 1 cut_def flip: sum.inter_filter cong: if_cong)
      then show ?thesis
        by (simp add: gpoly_def a'_def sum_distrib_right sum.swap [where A="{..}"] if_distrib [of of_nat])
    qed
    show "nontriv_exponents n N' r'" if ne: "nontriv_exponents n N r"
    proof -
      have "\i if "k' < N'" for k'
      proof -
        have "r' k' \ R"
          using bij bij_betwE that by blast
        then obtain k where "k and k: "r' k' = cut (r k)"
          using R_def by blast
        with ne obtain i where "i "r k i > 0"
          by (auto simp: nontriv_exponents_def)
        then show ?thesis
          using k local.cut_def by auto
      qed
      then show ?thesis
        by (simp add: nontriv_exponents_def)
    qed
    have "0 < a' k'" if "k' < N'" for k'
    proof -
      have "r' k' \ R"
        using bij bij_betwE that by blast
      then obtain k where "k "a k > 0" "r' k' = cut (r k)"
        using R_def by blast
      then have False if "a' k' = 0"
        using that by (force simp add: a'_def Ball_def )
      then show ?thesis
        by blast
    qed
    then show "nonzero_coeffs N' a'"
      by (auto simp: nonzero_coeffs_def)
  qed
qed

lemma Kronecker_simult_aux3:
  "\N a r. (\x. (1 + (\i Suc N \ (p+1)^n
         ∧ nontriv_exponents n N r"
proof (induction n arbitrary: p)
  case 0
  then show ?case
    by (auto simp: gpoly_def nontriv_exponents_def nonzero_coeffs_def)
next
  case (Suc n)
  then obtain Nf af rf
    where feq: "\q x. (1 + (\i
      and Nle: "\q. Suc (Nf q) \ (q+1)^n"
      and nontriv: "\q. nontriv_exponents n (Nf q) (rf q)"
    by metis
  define N where "N \ Nf p + (\q
  define a where "a \ \k. if k < Nf p then af p k
                           else let q = part (λt. Suc (Nf t)) p (k - Nf p)
                                in (p choose q) *
                                   (if k - Nf p - (∑t<q. Suc (Nf t)) = Nf q then Suc 0
                                    else af q (k - Nf p - (∑t<q. Suc(Nf t))))"
  define r where "r \ \k. if k < Nf p then (rf p k)(n := 0)
                                       else let q = part (λt. Suc (Nf t)) p (k - Nf p)
                                          in (if k - Nf p - (∑t<q. Suc (Nf t)) = Nf q then λ_. 0
                                              else rf q (k - Nf p - (∑t<q. Suc(Nf t))))  (n := p-q)"
  have peq: "{..p} = insert p {..
    by auto
  have "nontriv_exponents n (Nf p) (\i. (rf p i)(n := 0))"
       "\q. q
nontriv_exponents (Suc n) (Suc (Nf q)) (\k. (if k = Nf q then \_. 0 else rf q k) (n := p - q))"
    using nontriv by (fastforce simp: nontriv_exponents_def)+
  then have "nontriv_exponents (Suc n) N r"
    unfolding N_def r_def by (intro nontriv_exponents_add nontriv_exponents_sum)
  moreover
  { fix x :: "nat \ complex"
    have "(1 + (\i < Suc n. x i)) ^ p = (1 + (\i
      by (simp add: add_ac)
    also have "\ = (\q\p. (p choose q) * (1 + (\i
      by (simp add: binomial_ring)
    also have "\ = (\q\p. (p choose q) * (1 + gpoly n x (Nf q) (af q) (rf q)) * x n^(p-q))"
      by (simp add: feq)
    also have "\ = 1 + (gpoly n x (Nf p) (af p) (rf p) + (\q
      by (simp add: algebra_simps sum.distrib peq)
    also have "\ = 1 + gpoly (Suc n) x N a r"
      apply (subst one_plus_gpoly)
      apply (simp add: const_times_gpoly monom_times_gpoly gpoly_sum)
      apply (simp add: gpoly_inc [where n=n] gpoly_add N_def a_def r_def)
      done
    finally have "(1 + sum x {.. .
  }
  moreover have "Suc N \ (p + 1) ^ Suc n"
  proof -
    have "Suc N = (\q\p. Suc (Nf q))"
      by (simp add: N_def peq)
    also have "\ \ (\q\p. (q+1)^n)"
      by (meson Nle sum_mono)
    also have "\ \ (\q\p. (p+1)^n)"
      by (force intro!: sum_mono power_mono)
    also have "\ \ (p + 1) ^ Suc n"
      by simp
    finally show "Suc N \ (p + 1) ^ Suc n" .
  qed
  ultimately show ?case
    by blast
qed

lemma Kronecker_simult_aux3_uniq_exponents:
  obtains N a r where "\x. (1 + (\i "Suc N \ (p+1)^n"
                      "nontriv_exponents n N r" "uniq_exponents n N r" "nonzero_coeffs N a"
proof -
  obtain N0 a0 r0 where "\x. (1 + (\r
    and "Suc N0 \ (p+1)^n" "nontriv_exponents n N0 r0"
    using Kronecker_simult_aux3 by blast
  with le_trans Suc_le_mono gpoly_uniq_exponents [of n N0 a0 r0] that show thesis
    by (metis (no_types, lifting))
qed

subsection ‹And finally Kroncker's theorem itself\

text ‹Statement of Theorem 7.9›
theorem Kronecker_thm_1:
  fixes α θ:: "nat \ real" and n:: nat
  assumes indp: "module.independent (\r. (*) (real_of_int r)) (\ ` {..
    and injθ: "inj_on \ {.. and "\ > 0"
  obtains t h where "\i. i < n \ \t * \ i - of_int (h i) - \ i\ < \"
proof (cases "n>0")
  case False then show ?thesis
    using that by blast
next
  case True
  interpret Modules.module "(\r. (*) (real_of_int r))"
    by (simp add: Modules.module.intro distrib_left mult.commute)
  define F where "F \ \t. 1 + (\i * of_real (2 * pi * (t * \ i - \ i))))"
  define L where "L \ Sup (range (norm \ F))"
  have [continuous_intros]: "0 < T \ continuous_on {0..T} F" for T
    unfolding F_def by (intro continuous_intros)
  have nft_Sucn: "norm (F t) \ Suc n" for t
    unfolding F_def by (rule norm_triangle_le order_trans [OF norm_sum] | simp)+
  then have L_le: "L \ Suc n"
    by (simp add: L_def cSUP_least)
  have nft_L: "norm (F t) \ L" for t
    by (metis L_def UNIV_I bdd_aboveI2 cSUP_upper nft_Sucn o_apply)
  have "L = Suc n"
  proof -
    { fix p::nat
      assume "p>0"
      obtain N a r where 3: "\x. (1 + (\r
             and SucN: "Suc N \ (p+1)^n"
             and nontriv: "nontriv_exponents n N r" and uniq: "uniq_exponents n N r"
             and apos: "nonzero_coeffs N a"
        using Kronecker_simult_aux3_uniq_exponents by blast
      have "N \ 0"
      proof
        assume "N = 0"
        have "2^p = (1::complex)"
          using 3 [of "(\_. 0)(0:=1)"] True ‹p>0› ‹N = 0› by (simp add: gpoly_def)
        then have "2 ^ p = Suc 0"
          by (metis of_nat_1 One_nat_def of_nat_eq_iff of_nat_numeral of_nat_power)
        with ‹0 < p› show False by force
      qed
      define x where "x \ \t r. exp(\ * of_real (2 * pi * (t * \ r - \ r)))"
      define f where "f \ \t. (F t) ^ p"
      have feq: "f t = 1 + gpoly n (x t) N a r" for t
        unfolding f_def F_def x_def by (simp flip: 3)
      define c where "c \ \k. a k / cis (\i i * real (r k i)))))"
      define 🚫 where "\ \ \k. 2 * pi * (\i i)"
      define INTT where "INTT \ \k T. (1/T) * integral {0..T} (\t. f t * exp(-\ * of_real t * \ k))"
      have "a k * (\i * t * \ k)" if "k for k t
        apply (simp add: x_def 🚫_def sum_distrib_left flip: exp_of_nat_mult exp_sum)
        apply (simp add: algebra_simps sum_subtractf exp_diff c_def sum_distrib_left cis_conv_exp)
        done
      then have fdef: "f t = 1 + (\k * of_real t * \ k))" for t
        by (simp add: feq gpoly_def)
      have nzero: "\ i \ 0" if "i for i
        using indp that local.dependent_zero by force
      have ind_disj: "\u. (\x x) = 0) \ (\v \ \`{.. 0"
        using indp by (auto simp: dependent_finite)
      have inj🚫: "inj_on \ {..
      proof
        fix k k'
        assume k: "k \ {.. "k' \ {.. and "\ k = \ k'"
        then have eq: "(\i i) = (\i i)"
          by (auto simp: 🚫_def)
        define f where "f \ \z. let i = inv_into {.. z in int (r k i) - int (r k' i)"
        show "k = k'"
          using ind_disj [of f] injθ uniq eq k
          apply (simp add: f_def Let_def sum.reindex sum_subtractf algebra_simps uniq_exponents_def)
          by (metis not_less_iff_gr_or_eq)
      qed
      moreover have "0 \ \ ` {..
        unfolding 🚫_def
      proof clarsimp
        fix k
        assume *: "(\i i) = 0" "k < N"
        define f where "f \ \z. let i = inv_into {.. z in int (r k i)"
        obtain i where "i and "r k i > 0"
          by (meson ‹k < N› nontriv nontriv_exponents_def zero_less_iff_neq_zero)
        with * nzero show False
          using ind_disj [of f] injθ by (simp add: f_def sum.reindex)
      qed
      ultimately have 15: "(INTT k \ c k) at_top" if "k for k
        unfolding fdef INTT_def using Kronecker_simult_aux1_strict that by presburger
      have norm_c: "norm (c k) \ L^p" if "k for k
      proof (intro tendsto_le [of _ "\_. L^p"])
        show "((norm \ INTT k) \ cmod (c k)) at_top"
          using that 15 by (simp add: o_def tendsto_norm)
        have "norm (INTT k T) \ L^p" if  "T \ 0" for T::real
        proof -
          have "0 \ L ^ p"
            by (meson nft_L norm_ge_zero order_trans zero_le_power)
          have "norm (integral {0..T} (\t. f t * exp (- (\ * t * \ k))))
                ≤ integral {0..T} (λt. L^p)" (is "?L ≤ ?R") if "T>0"
          proof -
            have "?L \ integral {0..T} (\t. norm (f t * exp (- (\ * t * \ k))))"
              unfolding f_def by (intro continuous_on_imp_absolutely_integrable_on continuous_intros that)
            also have "\ \ ?R"
              unfolding f_def
              by (intro integral_le continuous_intros integrable_continuous_interval that
                  | simp add: nft_L norm_mult norm_power power_mono)+
            finally show ?thesis .
          qed
          with ‹T ≥ 0› have "norm (INTT k T) \ (1/T) * integral {0..T} (\t. L ^ p)"
            by (auto simp add: INTT_def norm_divide divide_simps simp del: integral_const_real)
          also have "\ \ L ^ p"
            using ‹T ≥ 0› ‹0 ≤ L ^ p› by simp
          finally show ?thesis .
        qed
        then show "\\<^sub>F x in at_top. (norm \ INTT k) x \ L ^ p"
          using eventually_at_top_linorder that by fastforce
      qed auto
      then have "(\k N * L^p"
        by (metis sum_bounded_above card_lessThan lessThan_iff)
      moreover
      have "Re((1 + (\r_. 1) N a r)"
        using 3 [of "\_. 1"] by metis
      then have 14: "1 + (\k
        by (simp add: c_def norm_divide gpoly_def)
      moreover
      have "L^p \ 1"
        using norm_c [of 0] ‹N ≠ 0› apos
        by (force simp add: c_def norm_divide nonzero_coeffs_def)
      ultimately have *: "(1 + real n) ^ p \ Suc N * L^p"
        by (simp add: algebra_simps)
      have [simp]: "L>0"
        using ‹1 ≤ L ^ p› ‹0 < p› by (smt (verit, best) nft_L norm_ge_zero power_eq_0_iff)
      have "Suc n ^ p \ (p+1)^n * L^p"
        by (smt (verit, best) * mult.commute ‹1 ≤ L ^ p› SucN mult_left_mono of_nat_1 of_nat_add of_nat_power_eq_of_nat_cancel_iff of_nat_power_le_of_nat_cancel_iff plus_1_eq_Suc)
      then have "(Suc n ^ p) powr (1/p) \ ((p+1)^n * L^p) powr (1/p)"
        by (simp add: powr_mono2)
      then have "(Suc n) \ ((p+1)^n) powr (1/p) * L"
        using ‹p > 0› ‹0 < L› by (simp add: powr_powr powr_mult flip: powr_realpow)
      also have "\ = ((p+1) powr n) powr (1/p) * L"
        by (simp add: powr_realpow)
      also have "\ = (p+1) powr (n/p) * L"
        by (simp add: powr_powr)
      finally have "(n + 1) / L \ (p+1) powr (n/p)"
        by (simp add: divide_simps)
      then have "ln ((n + 1) / L) \ ln (real (p + 1) powr (real n / real p))"
        by (simp add: flip: ln_powr)
      also have "\ \ (n/p) * ln(p+1)"
        by (simp add: powr_def)
      finally have "ln ((n + 1) / L) \ (n/p) * ln(p+1) \ L > 0"
        by fastforce
    } note * = this
    then have [simp]: "L > 0"
      by blast
    have 0: "(\p. (n/p) * ln(p+1)) \ 0"
      by real_asymp
    have "ln (real (n + 1) / L) \ 0"
      using * eventually_at_top_dense by (intro tendsto_lowerbound [OF 0]) auto
    then have "n+1 \ L"
      using ‹0 < L› by (simp add: ln_div)
    then show ?thesis
      using L_le by linarith
  qed
  with Kronecker_simult_aux2 [of n θ α] ‹ε > 0› that show thesis
    by (auto simp: F_def L_def add.commute diff_diff_eq)
qed

text ‹Theorem 7.10›

corollary Kronecker_thm_2:
  fixes α θ :: "nat \ real" and n :: nat
  assumes indp: "module.independent (\r x. of_int r * x) (\ ` {..n})"
    and injθ: "inj_on \ {..n}" and [simp]: "\ n = 1" and "\ > 0"
  obtains k m where "\i. i < n \ \of_int k * \ i - of_int (m i) - \ i\ < \"
proof -
  interpret Modules.module "(\r. (*) (real_of_int r))"
    by (simp add: Modules.module.intro distrib_left mult.commute)
  have one_in_θ: "1 \ \ ` {..n}"
    unfolding ‹θ n = 1›[symmetric] by blast

  have not_in_Ints: "\ i \ \" if i: "i < n" for i
  proof
    assume "\ i \ \"
    then obtain m where m: "\ i = of_int m"
      by (auto elim!: Ints_cases)
    have not_one: "\ i \ 1"
      using inj_onD[OF injθ, of i n] i by auto
    define u :: "real \ int" where "u = (\_. 0)(\ i := 1, 1 := -m)"
    show False
      using independentD[OF indp, of "\ ` {i, n}" u "\ i"] ‹i < n› not_one one_in_θ
      by (auto simp: u_def simp flip: m)
  qed

  have injθ': "inj_on (frac \ \) {..n}"
  proof (rule linorder_inj_onI')
    fix i j assume ij: "i \ {..n}" "j \ {..n}" "i < j"
    show "(frac \ \) i \ (frac \ \) j"
    proof (cases "j = n")
      case True
      thus ?thesis
        using not_in_Ints[of i] ij by auto
    next
      case False
      hence "j < n"
        using ij by auto
      have "inj_on \ (set [i, j, n])"
        using injθ by (rule inj_on_subset) (use ij in auto)
      moreover have "distinct [i, j, n]"
        using ‹j < n› ij by auto
      ultimately have "distinct (map \ [i, j, n])"
        unfolding distinct_map by blast
      hence distinct: "distinct [\ i, \ j, 1]"
        by simp

      show "(frac \ \) i \ (frac \ \) j"
      proof
        assume eq: "(frac \ \) i = (frac \ \) j"
        define u :: "real \ int" where "u = (\_. 0)(\ i := 1, \ j := -1, 1 := \\ j\ - \\ i\)"
        have "(\v\{\ i, \ j, 1}. real_of_int (u v) * v) = frac (\ i) - frac (\ j)"
          using distinct by (simp add: u_def frac_def)
        also have "\ = 0"
          using eq by simp
        finally have eq0: "(\v\{\ i, \ j, 1}. real_of_int (u v) * v) = 0" .
        show False
          using independentD[OF indp _ _ eq0, of "\ i"] one_in_θ ij distinct
          by (auto simp: u_def)
      qed
    qed
  qed

  have "frac (\ n) = 0"
    by auto
  then have θno_int: "of_int r \ \ ` {.. for r
    using injθ' frac_of_int
    apply (simp add: inj_on_def Ball_def)
    by (metis ‹frac (θ n) = 0› frac_of_int imageE le_less lessThan_iff less_irrefl)
  define θ' where "\' ≡ (frac ∘ θ)(n:=1)"
  have [simp]: "{.. {x. x \ n} = {..
    by auto
  have θimage[simp]: "\ ` {..n} = insert 1 (\ ` {..
    using lessThan_Suc lessThan_Suc_atMost by force
  have "module.independent (\r. (*) (of_int r)) (\' ` {..
    unfolding dependent_explicit θ'_def
  proof clarsimp
    fix T u v
    assume T: "T \ insert 1 ((\i. frac (\ i)) ` {..
      and "finite T"
      and uv_eq0: "(\v\T. of_int (u v) * v) = 0"
      and "v \ T"
    define invf where "invf \ inv_into {.. \)"
    have "inj_on (\x. frac (\ x)) {..
      using injθ' by (auto simp: inj_on_def)
    then have invf [simp]: "invf (frac (\ i)) = i" if "i for i
      using frac_lt_1 [of "\ i"] that by (auto simp: invf_def o_def inv_into_f_eq [where x=i])
    define N where "N \ invf ` (T - {1})"
    have Nsub: "N \ {..n}" and "finite N"
      using T ‹finite T› by (auto simp: N_def subset_iff)
    have inj_invf: "inj_on invf (T - {1})"
      using θno_int [of 1] ‹θ n = 1› inv_into_injective T
      by (fastforce simp: inj_on_def invf_def)
    have invf_iff: "invf t = i \ (i t = frac (\ i))" if "t \ T-{1}" for i t
      using that T by auto
    have sumN: "(\i\N. f i) = (\x\T - {1}. f (invf x))" for f :: "nat \ int"
      using inj_invf T  by (simp add: N_def sum.reindex)
    define T' where "T' ≡ insert 1 (θ ` N)"
    have [simp]: "finite T'" "1 \ T'"
      using T'_def N_def \finite T\ by auto
    have T'sub: "T' ⊆ θ ` {..n}"
      using Nsub T'_def \image by blast
    have in_N_not1: "x \ N \ \ x \ 1" for x
      using θno_int [of 1] by (metis N_def image_iff invf_iff lessThan_iff of_int_1)
    define u' where "u' = (u ∘ frac)(1:=(if 1∈T then u 1 else 0) + (∑i∈N. - ⌊θ i⌋ * u (frac (θ i))))"
    have "(\v\T'. real_of_int (u' v) * v) = u' 1 + (\v \ \ ` N. real_of_int (u' v) * v)"
      using ‹finite N› by (simp add: T'_def image_iff in_N_not1)
    also have "\ = u' 1 + sum ((\v. real_of_int (u' v) * v) \ \) N"
      by (smt (verit) N_def ‹finite N› image_iff invf_iff sum.reindex_nontrivial)
    also have "\ = u' 1 + (\i\N. of_int ((u \ frac) (\ i)) * \ i)"
      by (auto simp add: u'_def in_N_not1)
    also have "\ = u' 1 + (\i\N. of_int ((u \ frac) (\ i)) * (floor (\ i) + frac(\ i)))"
      by (simp add: frac_def cong: if_cong)
    also have "\ = (\v\T. of_int (u v) * v)"
    proof (cases "1 \ T")
      case True
      then have T1: "(\v\T. real_of_int (u v) * v) = u 1 + (\v\T-{1}. real_of_int (u v) * v)"
        by (simp add: ‹finite T› sum.remove)
      show ?thesis
        using inj_invf True T unfolding N_def u'_def
        by (auto simp: add.assoc distrib_left sum.reindex T1 simp flip: sum.distrib intro!: sum.cong)
    next
      case False
      then show ?thesis
        using inj_invf T unfolding N_def u'_def
        by (auto simp: algebra_simps sum.reindex simp flip: sum.distrib intro!: sum.cong)
    qed
    also have "\ = 0"
      using uv_eq0 by blast
    finally have 0: "(\v\T'. real_of_int (u' v) * v) = 0" .
    have "u v = 0" if T'0: "\v. v\T' ==> u' v = 0"
    proof -
      have [simp]: "u t = 0" if "t \ T - {1}" for t
      proof -
        have "\ (invf t) \ T'"
          using N_def T'_def that by blast
        then show ?thesis
          using that T'0 [of "\ (invf t)"]
          by (smt (verit, best) in_N_not1 N_def fun_upd_other imageI invf_iff o_apply u'_def)
      qed
      show ?thesis
--> --------------------

--> maximum size reached

--> --------------------

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