/* * Copyright (c) 1998, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. * * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as * published by the Free Software Foundation. * * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that * accompanied this code). * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. * * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any * questions. *
*/
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Theory of operations -- Monitors lists, thread residency, etc: // // * A thread acquires ownership of a monitor by successfully // CAS()ing the _owner field from null to non-null. // // * Invariant: A thread appears on at most one monitor list -- // cxq, EntryList or WaitSet -- at any one time. // // * Contending threads "push" themselves onto the cxq with CAS // and then spin/park. // // * After a contending thread eventually acquires the lock it must // dequeue itself from either the EntryList or the cxq. // // * The exiting thread identifies and unparks an "heir presumptive" // tentative successor thread on the EntryList. Critically, the // exiting thread doesn't unlink the successor thread from the EntryList. // After having been unparked, the wakee will recontend for ownership of // the monitor. The successor (wakee) will either acquire the lock or // re-park itself. // // Succession is provided for by a policy of competitive handoff. // The exiting thread does _not_ grant or pass ownership to the // successor thread. (This is also referred to as "handoff" succession"). // Instead the exiting thread releases ownership and possibly wakes // a successor, so the successor can (re)compete for ownership of the lock. // If the EntryList is empty but the cxq is populated the exiting // thread will drain the cxq into the EntryList. It does so by // by detaching the cxq (installing null with CAS) and folding // the threads from the cxq into the EntryList. The EntryList is // doubly linked, while the cxq is singly linked because of the // CAS-based "push" used to enqueue recently arrived threads (RATs). // // * Concurrency invariants: // // -- only the monitor owner may access or mutate the EntryList. // The mutex property of the monitor itself protects the EntryList // from concurrent interference. // -- Only the monitor owner may detach the cxq. // // * The monitor entry list operations avoid locks, but strictly speaking // they're not lock-free. Enter is lock-free, exit is not. // For a description of 'Methods and apparatus providing non-blocking access // to a resource,' see U.S. Pat. No. 7844973. // // * The cxq can have multiple concurrent "pushers" but only one concurrent // detaching thread. This mechanism is immune from the ABA corruption. // More precisely, the CAS-based "push" onto cxq is ABA-oblivious. // // * Taken together, the cxq and the EntryList constitute or form a // single logical queue of threads stalled trying to acquire the lock. // We use two distinct lists to improve the odds of a constant-time // dequeue operation after acquisition (in the ::enter() epilogue) and // to reduce heat on the list ends. (c.f. Michael Scott's "2Q" algorithm). // A key desideratum is to minimize queue & monitor metadata manipulation // that occurs while holding the monitor lock -- that is, we want to // minimize monitor lock holds times. Note that even a small amount of // fixed spinning will greatly reduce the # of enqueue-dequeue operations // on EntryList|cxq. That is, spinning relieves contention on the "inner" // locks and monitor metadata. // // Cxq points to the set of Recently Arrived Threads attempting entry. // Because we push threads onto _cxq with CAS, the RATs must take the form of // a singly-linked LIFO. We drain _cxq into EntryList at unlock-time when // the unlocking thread notices that EntryList is null but _cxq is != null. // // The EntryList is ordered by the prevailing queue discipline and // can be organized in any convenient fashion, such as a doubly-linked list or // a circular doubly-linked list. Critically, we want insert and delete operations // to operate in constant-time. If we need a priority queue then something akin // to Solaris' sleepq would work nicely. Viz., // http://agg.eng/ws/on10_nightly/source/usr/src/uts/common/os/sleepq.c. // Queue discipline is enforced at ::exit() time, when the unlocking thread // drains the cxq into the EntryList, and orders or reorders the threads on the // EntryList accordingly. // // Barring "lock barging", this mechanism provides fair cyclic ordering, // somewhat similar to an elevator-scan. // // * The monitor synchronization subsystem avoids the use of native // synchronization primitives except for the narrow platform-specific // park-unpark abstraction. See the comments in os_solaris.cpp regarding // the semantics of park-unpark. Put another way, this monitor implementation // depends only on atomic operations and park-unpark. The monitor subsystem // manages all RUNNING->BLOCKED and BLOCKED->READY transitions while the // underlying OS manages the READY<->RUN transitions. // // * Waiting threads reside on the WaitSet list -- wait() puts // the caller onto the WaitSet. // // * notify() or notifyAll() simply transfers threads from the WaitSet to // either the EntryList or cxq. Subsequent exit() operations will // unpark the notifyee. Unparking a notifee in notify() is inefficient - // it's likely the notifyee would simply impale itself on the lock held // by the notifier. // // * An interesting alternative is to encode cxq as (List,LockByte) where // the LockByte is 0 iff the monitor is owned. _owner is simply an auxiliary // variable, like _recursions, in the scheme. The threads or Events that form // the list would have to be aligned in 256-byte addresses. A thread would // try to acquire the lock or enqueue itself with CAS, but exiting threads // could use a 1-0 protocol and simply STB to set the LockByte to 0. // Note that is is *not* word-tearing, but it does presume that full-word // CAS operations are coherent with intermix with STB operations. That's true // on most common processors. // // * See also http://blogs.sun.com/dave
// Check that object() and set_object() are called from the right context: staticvoid check_object_context() { #ifdef ASSERT
Thread* self = Thread::current(); if (self->is_Java_thread()) { // Mostly called from JavaThreads so sanity check the thread state.
JavaThread* jt = JavaThread::cast(self); switch (jt->thread_state()) { case _thread_in_vm: // the usual case case _thread_in_Java: // during deopt break; default:
fatal("called from an unsafe thread state");
}
assert(jt->is_active_Java_thread(), "must be active JavaThread");
} else { // However, ThreadService::get_current_contended_monitor() // can call here via the VMThread so sanity check it.
assert(self->is_VM_thread(), "must be");
} #endif// ASSERT
}
void ObjectMonitor::ExitOnSuspend::operator()(JavaThread* current) { if (current->is_suspended()) {
_om->_recursions = 0;
_om->_succ = NULL; // Don't need a full fence after clearing successor here because of the call to exit().
_om->exit(current, false/* not_suspended */);
_om_exited = true;
current->set_current_pending_monitor(_om);
}
}
void ObjectMonitor::ClearSuccOnSuspend::operator()(JavaThread* current) { if (current->is_suspended()) { if (_om->_succ == current) {
_om->_succ = NULL;
OrderAccess::fence(); // always do a full fence when successor is cleared
}
}
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Enter support
bool ObjectMonitor::enter(JavaThread* current) { // The following code is ordered to check the most common cases first // and to reduce RTS->RTO cache line upgrades on SPARC and IA32 processors.
void* cur = try_set_owner_from(NULL, current); if (cur == NULL) {
assert(_recursions == 0, "invariant"); returntrue;
}
if (cur == current) { // TODO-FIXME: check for integer overflow! BUGID 6557169.
_recursions++; returntrue;
}
if (current->is_lock_owned((address)cur)) {
assert(_recursions == 0, "internal state error");
_recursions = 1;
set_owner_from_BasicLock(cur, current); // Convert from BasicLock* to Thread*. returntrue;
}
// Try one round of spinning *before* enqueueing current // and before going through the awkward and expensive state // transitions. The following spin is strictly optional ... // Note that if we acquire the monitor from an initial spin // we forgo posting JVMTI events and firing DTRACE probes. if (TrySpin(current) > 0) {
assert(owner_raw() == current, "must be current: owner=" INTPTR_FORMAT, p2i(owner_raw()));
assert(_recursions == 0, "must be 0: recursions=" INTX_FORMAT, _recursions);
assert(object()->mark() == markWord::encode(this), "object mark must match encoded this: mark=" INTPTR_FORMAT ", encoded this=" INTPTR_FORMAT, object()->mark().value(),
markWord::encode(this).value());
current->_Stalled = 0; returntrue;
}
// Keep track of contention for JVM/TI and M&M queries.
add_to_contentions(1); if (is_being_async_deflated()) { // Async deflation is in progress and our contentions increment // above lost the race to async deflation. Undo the work and // force the caller to retry. const oop l_object = object(); if (l_object != NULL) { // Attempt to restore the header/dmw to the object's header so that // we only retry once if the deflater thread happens to be slow.
install_displaced_markword_in_object(l_object);
}
current->_Stalled = 0;
add_to_contentions(-1); returnfalse;
}
JFR_ONLY(JfrConditionalFlushWithStacktrace<EventJavaMonitorEnter> flush(current);)
EventJavaMonitorEnter event; if (event.is_started()) {
event.set_monitorClass(object()->klass()); // Set an address that is 'unique enough', such that events close in // time and with the same address are likely (but not guaranteed) to // belong to the same object.
event.set_address((uintptr_t)this);
}
{ // Change java thread status to indicate blocked on monitor enter.
JavaThreadBlockedOnMonitorEnterState jtbmes(current, this);
DTRACE_MONITOR_PROBE(contended__enter, this, object(), current); if (JvmtiExport::should_post_monitor_contended_enter()) {
JvmtiExport::post_monitor_contended_enter(current, this);
// The current thread does not yet own the monitor and does not // yet appear on any queues that would get it made the successor. // This means that the JVMTI_EVENT_MONITOR_CONTENDED_ENTER event // handler cannot accidentally consume an unpark() meant for the // ParkEvent associated with this ObjectMonitor.
}
for (;;) {
ExitOnSuspend eos(this);
{
ThreadBlockInVMPreprocess<ExitOnSuspend> tbivs(current, eos, true/* allow_suspend */);
EnterI(current);
current->set_current_pending_monitor(NULL); // We can go to a safepoint at the end of this block. If we // do a thread dump during that safepoint, then this thread will show // as having "-locked" the monitor, but the OS and java.lang.Thread // states will still report that the thread is blocked trying to // acquire it. // If there is a suspend request, ExitOnSuspend will exit the OM // and set the OM as pending.
} if (!eos.exited()) { // ExitOnSuspend did not exit the OM
assert(owner_raw() == current, "invariant"); break;
}
}
// We've just gotten past the enter-check-for-suspend dance and we now own // the monitor free and clear.
}
add_to_contentions(-1);
assert(contentions() >= 0, "must not be negative: contentions=%d", contentions());
current->_Stalled = 0;
// Must either set _recursions = 0 or ASSERT _recursions == 0.
assert(_recursions == 0, "invariant");
assert(owner_raw() == current, "invariant");
assert(_succ != current, "invariant");
assert(object()->mark() == markWord::encode(this), "invariant");
// The thread -- now the owner -- is back in vm mode. // Report the glorious news via TI,DTrace and jvmstat. // The probe effect is non-trivial. All the reportage occurs // while we hold the monitor, increasing the length of the critical // section. Amdahl's parallel speedup law comes vividly into play. // // Another option might be to aggregate the events (thread local or // per-monitor aggregation) and defer reporting until a more opportune // time -- such as next time some thread encounters contention but has // yet to acquire the lock. While spinning that thread could // spinning we could increment JVMStat counters, etc.
DTRACE_MONITOR_PROBE(contended__entered, this, object(), current); if (JvmtiExport::should_post_monitor_contended_entered()) {
JvmtiExport::post_monitor_contended_entered(current, this);
// The current thread already owns the monitor and is not going to // call park() for the remainder of the monitor enter protocol. So // it doesn't matter if the JVMTI_EVENT_MONITOR_CONTENDED_ENTERED // event handler consumed an unpark() issued by the thread that // just exited the monitor.
} if (event.should_commit()) {
event.set_previousOwner(_previous_owner_tid);
event.commit();
}
OM_PERFDATA_OP(ContendedLockAttempts, inc()); returntrue;
}
// Caveat: TryLock() is not necessarily serializing if it returns failure. // Callers must compensate as needed.
int ObjectMonitor::TryLock(JavaThread* current) { void* own = owner_raw(); if (own != NULL) return 0; if (try_set_owner_from(NULL, current) == NULL) {
assert(_recursions == 0, "invariant"); return 1;
} // The lock had been free momentarily, but we lost the race to the lock. // Interference -- the CAS failed. // We can either return -1 or retry. // Retry doesn't make as much sense because the lock was just acquired. return -1;
}
// Deflate the specified ObjectMonitor if not in-use. Returns true if it // was deflated and false otherwise. // // The async deflation protocol sets owner to DEFLATER_MARKER and // makes contentions negative as signals to contending threads that // an async deflation is in progress. There are a number of checks // as part of the protocol to make sure that the calling thread has // not lost the race to a contending thread. // // The ObjectMonitor has been successfully async deflated when: // (contentions < 0) // Contending threads that see that condition know to retry their operation. // bool ObjectMonitor::deflate_monitor() { if (is_busy()) { // Easy checks are first - the ObjectMonitor is busy so no deflation. returnfalse;
}
if (ObjectSynchronizer::is_final_audit() && owner_is_DEFLATER_MARKER()) { // The final audit can see an already deflated ObjectMonitor on the // in-use list because MonitorList::unlink_deflated() might have // blocked for the final safepoint before unlinking all the deflated // monitors.
assert(contentions() < 0, "must be negative: contentions=%d", contentions()); // Already returned 'true' when it was originally deflated. returnfalse;
}
const oop obj = object_peek();
if (obj == NULL) { // If the object died, we can recycle the monitor without racing with // Java threads. The GC already broke the association with the object.
set_owner_from(NULL, DEFLATER_MARKER);
assert(contentions() >= 0, "must be non-negative: contentions=%d", contentions());
_contentions = INT_MIN; // minimum negative int
} else { // Attempt async deflation protocol.
// Set a NULL owner to DEFLATER_MARKER to force any contending thread // through the slow path. This is just the first part of the async // deflation dance. if (try_set_owner_from(NULL, DEFLATER_MARKER) != NULL) { // The owner field is no longer NULL so we lost the race since the // ObjectMonitor is now busy. returnfalse;
}
if (contentions() > 0 || _waiters != 0) { // Another thread has raced to enter the ObjectMonitor after // is_busy() above or has already entered and waited on // it which makes it busy so no deflation. Restore owner to // NULL if it is still DEFLATER_MARKER. if (try_set_owner_from(DEFLATER_MARKER, NULL) != DEFLATER_MARKER) { // Deferred decrement for the JT EnterI() that cancelled the async deflation.
add_to_contentions(-1);
} returnfalse;
}
// Make a zero contentions field negative to force any contending threads // to retry. This is the second part of the async deflation dance. if (Atomic::cmpxchg(&_contentions, 0, INT_MIN) != 0) { // Contentions was no longer 0 so we lost the race since the // ObjectMonitor is now busy. Restore owner to NULL if it is // still DEFLATER_MARKER: if (try_set_owner_from(DEFLATER_MARKER, NULL) != DEFLATER_MARKER) { // Deferred decrement for the JT EnterI() that cancelled the async deflation.
add_to_contentions(-1);
} returnfalse;
}
}
// Sanity checks for the races:
guarantee(owner_is_DEFLATER_MARKER(), "must be deflater marker");
guarantee(contentions() < 0, "must be negative: contentions=%d",
contentions());
guarantee(_waiters == 0, "must be 0: waiters=%d", _waiters);
guarantee(_cxq == NULL, "must be no contending threads: cxq="
INTPTR_FORMAT, p2i(_cxq));
guarantee(_EntryList == NULL, "must be no entering threads: EntryList=" INTPTR_FORMAT,
p2i(_EntryList));
// Install the old mark word if nobody else has already done it.
install_displaced_markword_in_object(obj);
}
// We leave owner == DEFLATER_MARKER and contentions < 0 // to force any racing threads to retry. returntrue; // Success, ObjectMonitor has been deflated.
}
// Install the displaced mark word (dmw) of a deflating ObjectMonitor // into the header of the object associated with the monitor. This // idempotent method is called by a thread that is deflating a // monitor and by other threads that have detected a race with the // deflation process. void ObjectMonitor::install_displaced_markword_in_object(const oop obj) { // This function must only be called when (owner == DEFLATER_MARKER // && contentions <= 0), but we can't guarantee that here because // those values could change when the ObjectMonitor gets moved from // the global free list to a per-thread free list.
guarantee(obj != NULL, "must be non-NULL");
// Separate loads in is_being_async_deflated(), which is almost always // called before this function, from the load of dmw/header below.
// _contentions and dmw/header may get written by different threads. // Make sure to observe them in the same order when having several observers.
OrderAccess::loadload_for_IRIW();
const oop l_object = object_peek(); if (l_object == NULL) { // ObjectMonitor's object ref has already been cleared by async // deflation or GC so we're done here. return;
}
assert(l_object == obj, "object=" INTPTR_FORMAT " must equal obj="
INTPTR_FORMAT, p2i(l_object), p2i(obj));
markWord dmw = header(); // The dmw has to be neutral (not NULL, not locked and not marked).
assert(dmw.is_neutral(), "must be neutral: dmw=" INTPTR_FORMAT, dmw.value());
// Install displaced mark word if the object's header still points // to this ObjectMonitor. More than one racing caller to this function // can rarely reach this point, but only one can win.
markWord res = obj->cas_set_mark(dmw, markWord::encode(this)); if (res != markWord::encode(this)) { // This should be rare so log at the Info level when it happens.
log_info(monitorinflation)("install_displaced_markword_in_object: " "failed cas_set_mark: new_mark=" INTPTR_FORMAT ", old_mark=" INTPTR_FORMAT ", res=" INTPTR_FORMAT,
dmw.value(), markWord::encode(this).value(),
res.value());
}
// Note: It does not matter which thread restored the header/dmw // into the object's header. The thread deflating the monitor just // wanted the object's header restored and it is. The threads that // detected a race with the deflation process also wanted the // object's header restored before they retry their operation and // because it is restored they will only retry once.
}
// Convert the fields used by is_busy() to a string that can be // used for diagnostic output. constchar* ObjectMonitor::is_busy_to_string(stringStream* ss) {
ss->print("is_busy: waiters=%d, ", _waiters); if (contentions() > 0) {
ss->print("contentions=%d, ", contentions());
} else {
ss->print("contentions=0");
} if (!owner_is_DEFLATER_MARKER()) {
ss->print("owner=" INTPTR_FORMAT, p2i(owner_raw()));
} else { // We report NULL instead of DEFLATER_MARKER here because is_busy() // ignores DEFLATER_MARKER values.
ss->print("owner=" INTPTR_FORMAT, NULL_WORD);
}
ss->print(", cxq=" INTPTR_FORMAT ", EntryList=" INTPTR_FORMAT, p2i(_cxq),
p2i(_EntryList)); return ss->base();
}
if (try_set_owner_from(DEFLATER_MARKER, current) == DEFLATER_MARKER) { // Cancelled the in-progress async deflation by changing owner from // DEFLATER_MARKER to current. As part of the contended enter protocol, // contentions was incremented to a positive value before EnterI() // was called and that prevents the deflater thread from winning the // last part of the 2-part async deflation protocol. After EnterI() // returns to enter(), contentions is decremented because the caller // now owns the monitor. We bump contentions an extra time here to // prevent the deflater thread from winning the last part of the // 2-part async deflation protocol after the regular decrement // occurs in enter(). The deflater thread will decrement contentions // after it recognizes that the async deflation was cancelled.
add_to_contentions(1);
assert(_succ != current, "invariant");
assert(_Responsible != current, "invariant"); return;
}
assert(InitDone, "Unexpectedly not initialized");
// We try one round of spinning *before* enqueueing current. // // If the _owner is ready but OFFPROC we could use a YieldTo() // operation to donate the remainder of this thread's quantum // to the owner. This has subtle but beneficial affinity // effects.
// The Spin failed -- Enqueue and park the thread ...
assert(_succ != current, "invariant");
assert(owner_raw() != current, "invariant");
assert(_Responsible != current, "invariant");
// Enqueue "current" on ObjectMonitor's _cxq. // // Node acts as a proxy for current. // As an aside, if were to ever rewrite the synchronization code mostly // in Java, WaitNodes, ObjectMonitors, and Events would become 1st-class // Java objects. This would avoid awkward lifecycle and liveness issues, // as well as eliminate a subset of ABA issues. // TODO: eliminate ObjectWaiter and enqueue either Threads or Events.
// Push "current" onto the front of the _cxq. // Once on cxq/EntryList, current stays on-queue until it acquires the lock. // Note that spinning tends to reduce the rate at which threads // enqueue and dequeue on EntryList|cxq.
ObjectWaiter* nxt; for (;;) {
node._next = nxt = _cxq; if (Atomic::cmpxchg(&_cxq, nxt, &node) == nxt) break;
// Interference - the CAS failed because _cxq changed. Just retry. // As an optional optimization we retry the lock. if (TryLock (current) > 0) {
assert(_succ != current, "invariant");
assert(owner_raw() == current, "invariant");
assert(_Responsible != current, "invariant"); return;
}
}
// Check for cxq|EntryList edge transition to non-null. This indicates // the onset of contention. While contention persists exiting threads // will use a ST:MEMBAR:LD 1-1 exit protocol. When contention abates exit // operations revert to the faster 1-0 mode. This enter operation may interleave // (race) a concurrent 1-0 exit operation, resulting in stranding, so we // arrange for one of the contending thread to use a timed park() operations // to detect and recover from the race. (Stranding is form of progress failure // where the monitor is unlocked but all the contending threads remain parked). // That is, at least one of the contended threads will periodically poll _owner. // One of the contending threads will become the designated "Responsible" thread. // The Responsible thread uses a timed park instead of a normal indefinite park // operation -- it periodically wakes and checks for and recovers from potential // strandings admitted by 1-0 exit operations. We need at most one Responsible // thread per-monitor at any given moment. Only threads on cxq|EntryList may // be responsible for a monitor. // // Currently, one of the contended threads takes on the added role of "Responsible". // A viable alternative would be to use a dedicated "stranding checker" thread // that periodically iterated over all the threads (or active monitors) and unparked // successors where there was risk of stranding. This would help eliminate the // timer scalability issues we see on some platforms as we'd only have one thread // -- the checker -- parked on a timer.
if (nxt == NULL && _EntryList == NULL) { // Try to assume the role of responsible thread for the monitor. // CONSIDER: ST vs CAS vs { if (Responsible==null) Responsible=current }
Atomic::replace_if_null(&_Responsible, current);
}
// The lock might have been released while this thread was occupied queueing // itself onto _cxq. To close the race and avoid "stranding" and // progress-liveness failure we must resample-retry _owner before parking. // Note the Dekker/Lamport duality: ST cxq; MEMBAR; LD Owner. // In this case the ST-MEMBAR is accomplished with CAS(). // // TODO: Defer all thread state transitions until park-time. // Since state transitions are heavy and inefficient we'd like // to defer the state transitions until absolutely necessary, // and in doing so avoid some transitions ...
int nWakeups = 0; int recheckInterval = 1;
for (;;) {
if (TryLock(current) > 0) break;
assert(owner_raw() != current, "invariant");
// park self if (_Responsible == current) {
current->_ParkEvent->park((jlong) recheckInterval); // Increase the recheckInterval, but clamp the value.
recheckInterval *= 8; if (recheckInterval > MAX_RECHECK_INTERVAL) {
recheckInterval = MAX_RECHECK_INTERVAL;
}
} else {
current->_ParkEvent->park();
}
if (TryLock(current) > 0) break;
if (try_set_owner_from(DEFLATER_MARKER, current) == DEFLATER_MARKER) { // Cancelled the in-progress async deflation by changing owner from // DEFLATER_MARKER to current. As part of the contended enter protocol, // contentions was incremented to a positive value before EnterI() // was called and that prevents the deflater thread from winning the // last part of the 2-part async deflation protocol. After EnterI() // returns to enter(), contentions is decremented because the caller // now owns the monitor. We bump contentions an extra time here to // prevent the deflater thread from winning the last part of the // 2-part async deflation protocol after the regular decrement // occurs in enter(). The deflater thread will decrement contentions // after it recognizes that the async deflation was cancelled.
add_to_contentions(1); break;
}
// The lock is still contested. // Keep a tally of the # of futile wakeups. // Note that the counter is not protected by a lock or updated by atomics. // That is by design - we trade "lossy" counters which are exposed to // races during updates for a lower probe effect.
// This PerfData object can be used in parallel with a safepoint. // See the work around in PerfDataManager::destroy().
OM_PERFDATA_OP(FutileWakeups, inc());
++nWakeups;
// Assuming this is not a spurious wakeup we'll normally find _succ == current. // We can defer clearing _succ until after the spin completes // TrySpin() must tolerate being called with _succ == current. // Try yet another round of adaptive spinning. if (TrySpin(current) > 0) break;
// We can find that we were unpark()ed and redesignated _succ while // we were spinning. That's harmless. If we iterate and call park(), // park() will consume the event and return immediately and we'll // just spin again. This pattern can repeat, leaving _succ to simply // spin on a CPU.
if (_succ == current) _succ = NULL;
// Invariant: after clearing _succ a thread *must* retry _owner before parking.
OrderAccess::fence();
}
// Egress : // current has acquired the lock -- Unlink current from the cxq or EntryList. // Normally we'll find current on the EntryList . // From the perspective of the lock owner (this thread), the // EntryList is stable and cxq is prepend-only. // The head of cxq is volatile but the interior is stable. // In addition, current.TState is stable.
assert(owner_raw() == current, "invariant");
UnlinkAfterAcquire(current, &node); if (_succ == current) _succ = NULL;
// We may leave threads on cxq|EntryList without a designated // "Responsible" thread. This is benign. When this thread subsequently // exits the monitor it can "see" such preexisting "old" threads -- // threads that arrived on the cxq|EntryList before the fence, above -- // by LDing cxq|EntryList. Newly arrived threads -- that is, threads // that arrive on cxq after the ST:MEMBAR, above -- will set Responsible // non-null and elect a new "Responsible" timer thread. // // This thread executes: // ST Responsible=null; MEMBAR (in enter epilogue - here) // LD cxq|EntryList (in subsequent exit) // // Entering threads in the slow/contended path execute: // ST cxq=nonnull; MEMBAR; LD Responsible (in enter prolog) // The (ST cxq; MEMBAR) is accomplished with CAS(). // // The MEMBAR, above, prevents the LD of cxq|EntryList in the subsequent // exit operation from floating above the ST Responsible=null.
}
// We've acquired ownership with CAS(). // CAS is serializing -- it has MEMBAR/FENCE-equivalent semantics. // But since the CAS() this thread may have also stored into _succ, // EntryList, cxq or Responsible. These meta-data updates must be // visible __before this thread subsequently drops the lock. // Consider what could occur if we didn't enforce this constraint -- // STs to monitor meta-data and user-data could reorder with (become // visible after) the ST in exit that drops ownership of the lock. // Some other thread could then acquire the lock, but observe inconsistent // or old monitor meta-data and heap data. That violates the JMM. // To that end, the 1-0 exit() operation must have at least STST|LDST // "release" barrier semantics. Specifically, there must be at least a // STST|LDST barrier in exit() before the ST of null into _owner that drops // the lock. The barrier ensures that changes to monitor meta-data and data // protected by the lock will be visible before we release the lock, and // therefore before some other thread (CPU) has a chance to acquire the lock. // See also: http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/jmm/cookbook.html. // // Critically, any prior STs to _succ or EntryList must be visible before // the ST of null into _owner in the *subsequent* (following) corresponding // monitorexit. Recall too, that in 1-0 mode monitorexit does not necessarily // execute a serializing instruction.
return;
}
// ReenterI() is a specialized inline form of the latter half of the // contended slow-path from EnterI(). We use ReenterI() only for // monitor reentry in wait(). // // In the future we should reconcile EnterI() and ReenterI().
// Try again, but just so we distinguish between futile wakeups and // successful wakeups. The following test isn't algorithmically // necessary, but it helps us maintain sensible statistics. if (TryLock(current) > 0) break;
// The lock is still contested. // Keep a tally of the # of futile wakeups. // Note that the counter is not protected by a lock or updated by atomics. // That is by design - we trade "lossy" counters which are exposed to // races during updates for a lower probe effect.
++nWakeups;
// Assuming this is not a spurious wakeup we'll normally // find that _succ == current. if (_succ == current) _succ = NULL;
// Invariant: after clearing _succ a contending thread // *must* retry _owner before parking.
OrderAccess::fence();
// This PerfData object can be used in parallel with a safepoint. // See the work around in PerfDataManager::destroy().
OM_PERFDATA_OP(FutileWakeups, inc());
}
// current has acquired the lock -- Unlink current from the cxq or EntryList . // Normally we'll find current on the EntryList. // Unlinking from the EntryList is constant-time and atomic-free. // From the perspective of the lock owner (this thread), the // EntryList is stable and cxq is prepend-only. // The head of cxq is volatile but the interior is stable. // In addition, current.TState is stable.
assert(owner_raw() == current, "invariant");
assert(object()->mark() == markWord::encode(this), "invariant");
UnlinkAfterAcquire(current, currentNode); if (_succ == current) _succ = NULL;
assert(_succ != current, "invariant");
currentNode->TState = ObjectWaiter::TS_RUN;
OrderAccess::fence(); // see comments at the end of EnterI()
}
// By convention we unlink a contending thread from EntryList|cxq immediately // after the thread acquires the lock in ::enter(). Equally, we could defer // unlinking the thread until ::exit()-time.
if (currentNode->TState == ObjectWaiter::TS_ENTER) { // Normal case: remove current from the DLL EntryList . // This is a constant-time operation.
ObjectWaiter* nxt = currentNode->_next;
ObjectWaiter* prv = currentNode->_prev; if (nxt != NULL) nxt->_prev = prv; if (prv != NULL) prv->_next = nxt; if (currentNode == _EntryList) _EntryList = nxt;
assert(nxt == NULL || nxt->TState == ObjectWaiter::TS_ENTER, "invariant");
assert(prv == NULL || prv->TState == ObjectWaiter::TS_ENTER, "invariant");
} else {
assert(currentNode->TState == ObjectWaiter::TS_CXQ, "invariant"); // Inopportune interleaving -- current is still on the cxq. // This usually means the enqueue of self raced an exiting thread. // Normally we'll find current near the front of the cxq, so // dequeueing is typically fast. If needbe we can accelerate // this with some MCS/CHL-like bidirectional list hints and advisory // back-links so dequeueing from the interior will normally operate // in constant-time. // Dequeue current from either the head (with CAS) or from the interior // with a linear-time scan and normal non-atomic memory operations. // CONSIDER: if current is on the cxq then simply drain cxq into EntryList // and then unlink current from EntryList. We have to drain eventually, // so it might as well be now.
ObjectWaiter* v = _cxq;
assert(v != NULL, "invariant"); if (v != currentNode || Atomic::cmpxchg(&_cxq, v, currentNode->_next) != v) { // The CAS above can fail from interference IFF a "RAT" arrived. // In that case current must be in the interior and can no longer be // at the head of cxq. if (v == currentNode) {
assert(_cxq != v, "invariant");
v = _cxq; // CAS above failed - start scan at head of list
}
ObjectWaiter* p;
ObjectWaiter* q = NULL; for (p = v; p != NULL && p != currentNode; p = p->_next) {
q = p;
assert(p->TState == ObjectWaiter::TS_CXQ, "invariant");
}
assert(v != currentNode, "invariant");
assert(p == currentNode, "Node not found on cxq");
assert(p != _cxq, "invariant");
assert(q != NULL, "invariant");
assert(q->_next == p, "invariant");
q->_next = p->_next;
}
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Exit support // // exit() // ~~~~~~ // Note that the collector can't reclaim the objectMonitor or deflate // the object out from underneath the thread calling ::exit() as the // thread calling ::exit() never transitions to a stable state. // This inhibits GC, which in turn inhibits asynchronous (and // inopportune) reclamation of "this". // // We'd like to assert that: (THREAD->thread_state() != _thread_blocked) ; // There's one exception to the claim above, however. EnterI() can call // exit() to drop a lock if the acquirer has been externally suspended. // In that case exit() is called with _thread_state == _thread_blocked, // but the monitor's _contentions field is > 0, which inhibits reclamation. // // 1-0 exit // ~~~~~~~~ // ::exit() uses a canonical 1-1 idiom with a MEMBAR although some of // the fast-path operators have been optimized so the common ::exit() // operation is 1-0, e.g., see macroAssembler_x86.cpp: fast_unlock(). // The code emitted by fast_unlock() elides the usual MEMBAR. This // greatly improves latency -- MEMBAR and CAS having considerable local // latency on modern processors -- but at the cost of "stranding". Absent the // MEMBAR, a thread in fast_unlock() can race a thread in the slow // ::enter() path, resulting in the entering thread being stranding // and a progress-liveness failure. Stranding is extremely rare. // We use timers (timed park operations) & periodic polling to detect // and recover from stranding. Potentially stranded threads periodically // wake up and poll the lock. See the usage of the _Responsible variable. // // The CAS() in enter provides for safety and exclusion, while the CAS or // MEMBAR in exit provides for progress and avoids stranding. 1-0 locking // eliminates the CAS/MEMBAR from the exit path, but it admits stranding. // We detect and recover from stranding with timers. // // If a thread transiently strands it'll park until (a) another // thread acquires the lock and then drops the lock, at which time the // exiting thread will notice and unpark the stranded thread, or, (b) // the timer expires. If the lock is high traffic then the stranding latency // will be low due to (a). If the lock is low traffic then the odds of // stranding are lower, although the worst-case stranding latency // is longer. Critically, we don't want to put excessive load in the // platform's timer subsystem. We want to minimize both the timer injection // rate (timers created/sec) as well as the number of timers active at // any one time. (more precisely, we want to minimize timer-seconds, which is // the integral of the # of active timers at any instant over time). // Both impinge on OS scalability. Given that, at most one thread parked on // a monitor will use a timer. // // There is also the risk of a futile wake-up. If we drop the lock // another thread can reacquire the lock immediately, and we can // then wake a thread unnecessarily. This is benign, and we've // structured the code so the windows are short and the frequency // of such futile wakups is low.
void ObjectMonitor::exit(JavaThread* current, bool not_suspended) { void* cur = owner_raw(); if (current != cur) { if (current->is_lock_owned((address)cur)) {
assert(_recursions == 0, "invariant");
set_owner_from_BasicLock(cur, current); // Convert from BasicLock* to Thread*.
_recursions = 0;
} else { // Apparent unbalanced locking ... // Naively we'd like to throw IllegalMonitorStateException. // As a practical matter we can neither allocate nor throw an // exception as ::exit() can be called from leaf routines. // see x86_32.ad Fast_Unlock() and the I1 and I2 properties. // Upon deeper reflection, however, in a properly run JVM the only // way we should encounter this situation is in the presence of // unbalanced JNI locking. TODO: CheckJNICalls. // See also: CR4414101 #ifdef ASSERT
LogStreamHandle(Error, monitorinflation) lsh;
lsh.print_cr("ERROR: ObjectMonitor::exit(): thread=" INTPTR_FORMAT " is exiting an ObjectMonitor it does not own.", p2i(current));
lsh.print_cr("The imbalance is possibly caused by JNI locking.");
print_debug_style_on(&lsh);
assert(false, "Non-balanced monitor enter/exit!"); #endif return;
}
}
if (_recursions != 0) {
_recursions--; // this is simple recursive enter return;
}
// Invariant: after setting Responsible=null an thread must execute // a MEMBAR or other serializing instruction before fetching EntryList|cxq.
_Responsible = NULL;
#if INCLUDE_JFR // get the owner's thread id for the MonitorEnter event // if it is enabled and the thread isn't suspended if (not_suspended && EventJavaMonitorEnter::is_enabled()) {
_previous_owner_tid = JFR_THREAD_ID(current);
} #endif
for (;;) {
assert(current == owner_raw(), "invariant");
// Drop the lock. // release semantics: prior loads and stores from within the critical section // must not float (reorder) past the following store that drops the lock. // Uses a storeload to separate release_store(owner) from the // successor check. The try_set_owner() below uses cmpxchg() so // we get the fence down there.
release_clear_owner(current);
OrderAccess::storeload();
if ((intptr_t(_EntryList)|intptr_t(_cxq)) == 0 || _succ != NULL) { return;
} // Other threads are blocked trying to acquire the lock.
// Normally the exiting thread is responsible for ensuring succession, // but if other successors are ready or other entering threads are spinning // then this thread can simply store NULL into _owner and exit without // waking a successor. The existence of spinners or ready successors // guarantees proper succession (liveness). Responsibility passes to the // ready or running successors. The exiting thread delegates the duty. // More precisely, if a successor already exists this thread is absolved // of the responsibility of waking (unparking) one. // // The _succ variable is critical to reducing futile wakeup frequency. // _succ identifies the "heir presumptive" thread that has been made // ready (unparked) but that has not yet run. We need only one such // successor thread to guarantee progress. // See http://www.usenix.org/events/jvm01/full_papers/dice/dice.pdf // section 3.3 "Futile Wakeup Throttling" for details. // // Note that spinners in Enter() also set _succ non-null. // In the current implementation spinners opportunistically set // _succ so that exiting threads might avoid waking a successor. // Another less appealing alternative would be for the exiting thread // to drop the lock and then spin briefly to see if a spinner managed // to acquire the lock. If so, the exiting thread could exit // immediately without waking a successor, otherwise the exiting // thread would need to dequeue and wake a successor. // (Note that we'd need to make the post-drop spin short, but no // shorter than the worst-case round-trip cache-line migration time. // The dropped lock needs to become visible to the spinner, and then // the acquisition of the lock by the spinner must become visible to // the exiting thread).
// It appears that an heir-presumptive (successor) must be made ready. // Only the current lock owner can manipulate the EntryList or // drain _cxq, so we need to reacquire the lock. If we fail // to reacquire the lock the responsibility for ensuring succession // falls to the new owner. // if (try_set_owner_from(NULL, current) != NULL) { return;
}
guarantee(owner_raw() == current, "invariant");
ObjectWaiter* w = NULL;
w = _EntryList; if (w != NULL) { // I'd like to write: guarantee (w->_thread != current). // But in practice an exiting thread may find itself on the EntryList. // Let's say thread T1 calls O.wait(). Wait() enqueues T1 on O's waitset and // then calls exit(). Exit release the lock by setting O._owner to NULL. // Let's say T1 then stalls. T2 acquires O and calls O.notify(). The // notify() operation moves T1 from O's waitset to O's EntryList. T2 then // release the lock "O". T2 resumes immediately after the ST of null into // _owner, above. T2 notices that the EntryList is populated, so it // reacquires the lock and then finds itself on the EntryList. // Given all that, we have to tolerate the circumstance where "w" is // associated with current.
assert(w->TState == ObjectWaiter::TS_ENTER, "invariant");
ExitEpilog(current, w); return;
}
// If we find that both _cxq and EntryList are null then just // re-run the exit protocol from the top.
w = _cxq; if (w == NULL) continue;
// Drain _cxq into EntryList - bulk transfer. // First, detach _cxq. // The following loop is tantamount to: w = swap(&cxq, NULL) for (;;) {
assert(w != NULL, "Invariant");
ObjectWaiter* u = Atomic::cmpxchg(&_cxq, w, (ObjectWaiter*)NULL); if (u == w) break;
w = u;
}
// Convert the LIFO SLL anchored by _cxq into a DLL. // The list reorganization step operates in O(LENGTH(w)) time. // It's critical that this step operate quickly as // "current" still holds the outer-lock, restricting parallelism // and effectively lengthening the critical section. // Invariant: s chases t chases u. // TODO-FIXME: consider changing EntryList from a DLL to a CDLL so // we have faster access to the tail.
// In 1-0 mode we need: ST EntryList; MEMBAR #storestore; ST _owner = NULL // The MEMBAR is satisfied by the release_store() operation in ExitEpilog().
// See if we can abdicate to a spinner instead of waking a thread. // A primary goal of the implementation is to reduce the // context-switch rate. if (_succ != NULL) continue;
w = _EntryList; if (w != NULL) {
guarantee(w->TState == ObjectWaiter::TS_ENTER, "invariant");
ExitEpilog(current, w); return;
}
}
}
// Hygiene -- once we've set _owner = NULL we can't safely dereference Wakee again. // The thread associated with Wakee may have grabbed the lock and "Wakee" may be // out-of-scope (non-extant).
Wakee = NULL;
// Drop the lock. // Uses a fence to separate release_store(owner) from the LD in unpark().
release_clear_owner(current);
OrderAccess::fence();
// Maintain stats and report events to JVMTI
OM_PERFDATA_OP(Parks, inc());
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Class Loader deadlock handling. // // complete_exit exits a lock returning recursion count // complete_exit/reenter operate as a wait without waiting // complete_exit requires an inflated monitor // The _owner field is not always the Thread addr even with an // inflated monitor, e.g. the monitor can be inflated by a non-owning // thread due to contention.
intx ObjectMonitor::complete_exit(JavaThread* current) {
assert(InitDone, "Unexpectedly not initialized");
void* cur = owner_raw(); if (current != cur) { if (current->is_lock_owned((address)cur)) {
assert(_recursions == 0, "internal state error");
set_owner_from_BasicLock(cur, current); // Convert from BasicLock* to Thread*.
_recursions = 0;
}
}
guarantee(current == owner_raw(), "complete_exit not owner");
intx save = _recursions; // record the old recursion count
_recursions = 0; // set the recursion level to be 0 exit(current); // exit the monitor
guarantee(owner_raw() != current, "invariant"); return save;
}
// reenter() enters a lock and sets recursion count // complete_exit/reenter operate as a wait without waiting bool ObjectMonitor::reenter(intx recursions, JavaThread* current) {
// Checks that the current THREAD owns this monitor and causes an // immediate return if it doesn't. We don't use the CHECK macro // because we want the IMSE to be the only exception that is thrown // from the call site when false is returned. Any other pending // exception is ignored. #define CHECK_OWNER() \ do { \ if (!check_owner(THREAD)) { \
assert(HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION, "expected a pending IMSE here."); \ return; \
} \
} while (false)
// Returns true if the specified thread owns the ObjectMonitor. // Otherwise returns false and throws IllegalMonitorStateException // (IMSE). If there is a pending exception and the specified thread // is not the owner, that exception will be replaced by the IMSE. bool ObjectMonitor::check_owner(TRAPS) {
JavaThread* current = THREAD; void* cur = owner_raw(); if (cur == current) { returntrue;
} if (current->is_lock_owned((address)cur)) {
set_owner_from_BasicLock(cur, current); // Convert from BasicLock* to Thread*.
_recursions = 0; returntrue;
}
THROW_MSG_(vmSymbols::java_lang_IllegalMonitorStateException(), "current thread is not owner", false);
}
staticvoid post_monitor_wait_event(EventJavaMonitorWait* event,
ObjectMonitor* monitor,
uint64_t notifier_tid,
jlong timeout, bool timedout) {
assert(event != NULL, "invariant");
assert(monitor != NULL, "invariant"); const Klass* monitor_klass = monitor->object()->klass(); if (is_excluded(monitor_klass)) { return;
}
event->set_monitorClass(monitor_klass);
event->set_timeout(timeout); // Set an address that is 'unique enough', such that events close in // time and with the same address are likely (but not guaranteed) to // belong to the same object.
event->set_address((uintptr_t)monitor);
event->set_notifier(notifier_tid);
event->set_timedOut(timedout);
event->commit();
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Wait/Notify/NotifyAll // // Note: a subset of changes to ObjectMonitor::wait() // will need to be replicated in complete_exit void ObjectMonitor::wait(jlong millis, bool interruptible, TRAPS) {
JavaThread* current = THREAD;
assert(InitDone, "Unexpectedly not initialized");
CHECK_OWNER(); // Throws IMSE if not owner.
EventJavaMonitorWait event;
// check for a pending interrupt if (interruptible && current->is_interrupted(true) && !HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) { // post monitor waited event. Note that this is past-tense, we are done waiting. if (JvmtiExport::should_post_monitor_waited()) { // Note: 'false' parameter is passed here because the // wait was not timed out due to thread interrupt.
JvmtiExport::post_monitor_waited(current, this, false);
// In this short circuit of the monitor wait protocol, the // current thread never drops ownership of the monitor and // never gets added to the wait queue so the current thread // cannot be made the successor. This means that the // JVMTI_EVENT_MONITOR_WAITED event handler cannot accidentally // consume an unpark() meant for the ParkEvent associated with // this ObjectMonitor.
} if (event.should_commit()) {
post_monitor_wait_event(&event, this, 0, millis, false);
} THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_InterruptedException()); return;
}
// create a node to be put into the queue // Critically, after we reset() the event but prior to park(), we must check // for a pending interrupt.
ObjectWaiter node(current);
node.TState = ObjectWaiter::TS_WAIT;
current->_ParkEvent->reset();
OrderAccess::fence(); // ST into Event; membar ; LD interrupted-flag
// Enter the waiting queue, which is a circular doubly linked list in this case // but it could be a priority queue or any data structure. // _WaitSetLock protects the wait queue. Normally the wait queue is accessed only // by the owner of the monitor *except* in the case where park() // returns because of a timeout of interrupt. Contention is exceptionally rare // so we use a simple spin-lock instead of a heavier-weight blocking lock.
intx save = _recursions; // record the old recursion count
_waiters++; // increment the number of waiters
_recursions = 0; // set the recursion level to be 1 exit(current); // exit the monitor
guarantee(owner_raw() != current, "invariant");
// The thread is on the WaitSet list - now park() it. // On MP systems it's conceivable that a brief spin before we park // could be profitable. // // TODO-FIXME: change the following logic to a loop of the form // while (!timeout && !interrupted && _notified == 0) park()
int ret = OS_OK; int WasNotified = 0;
// Need to check interrupt state whilst still _thread_in_vm bool interrupted = interruptible && current->is_interrupted(false);
// Node may be on the WaitSet, the EntryList (or cxq), or in transition // from the WaitSet to the EntryList. // See if we need to remove Node from the WaitSet. // We use double-checked locking to avoid grabbing _WaitSetLock // if the thread is not on the wait queue. // // Note that we don't need a fence before the fetch of TState. // In the worst case we'll fetch a old-stale value of TS_WAIT previously // written by the is thread. (perhaps the fetch might even be satisfied // by a look-aside into the processor's own store buffer, although given // the length of the code path between the prior ST and this load that's // highly unlikely). If the following LD fetches a stale TS_WAIT value // then we'll acquire the lock and then re-fetch a fresh TState value. // That is, we fail toward safety.
if (node.TState == ObjectWaiter::TS_WAIT) {
Thread::SpinAcquire(&_WaitSetLock, "WaitSet - unlink"); if (node.TState == ObjectWaiter::TS_WAIT) {
DequeueSpecificWaiter(&node); // unlink from WaitSet
assert(node._notified == 0, "invariant");
node.TState = ObjectWaiter::TS_RUN;
}
Thread::SpinRelease(&_WaitSetLock);
}
// The thread is now either on off-list (TS_RUN), // on the EntryList (TS_ENTER), or on the cxq (TS_CXQ). // The Node's TState variable is stable from the perspective of this thread. // No other threads will asynchronously modify TState.
guarantee(node.TState != ObjectWaiter::TS_WAIT, "invariant");
OrderAccess::loadload(); if (_succ == current) _succ = NULL;
WasNotified = node._notified;
// Reentry phase -- reacquire the monitor. // re-enter contended monitor after object.wait(). // retain OBJECT_WAIT state until re-enter successfully completes // Thread state is thread_in_vm and oop access is again safe, // although the raw address of the object may have changed. // (Don't cache naked oops over safepoints, of course).
// post monitor waited event. Note that this is past-tense, we are done waiting. if (JvmtiExport::should_post_monitor_waited()) {
JvmtiExport::post_monitor_waited(current, this, ret == OS_TIMEOUT);
if (node._notified != 0 && _succ == current) { // In this part of the monitor wait-notify-reenter protocol it // is possible (and normal) for another thread to do a fastpath // monitor enter-exit while this thread is still trying to get // to the reenter portion of the protocol. // // The ObjectMonitor was notified and the current thread is // the successor which also means that an unpark() has already // been done. The JVMTI_EVENT_MONITOR_WAITED event handler can // consume the unpark() that was done when the successor was // set because the same ParkEvent is shared between Java // monitors and JVM/TI RawMonitors (for now). // // We redo the unpark() to ensure forward progress, i.e., we // don't want all pending threads hanging (parked) with none // entering the unlocked monitor.
node._event->unpark();
}
}
if (event.should_commit()) {
post_monitor_wait_event(&event, this, node._notifier_tid, millis, ret == OS_TIMEOUT);
}
assert(owner_raw() != current, "invariant");
ObjectWaiter::TStates v = node.TState; if (v == ObjectWaiter::TS_RUN) {
enter(current);
} else {
guarantee(v == ObjectWaiter::TS_ENTER || v == ObjectWaiter::TS_CXQ, "invariant");
ReenterI(current, &node);
node.wait_reenter_end(this);
}
// current has reacquired the lock. // Lifecycle - the node representing current must not appear on any queues. // Node is about to go out-of-scope, but even if it were immortal we wouldn't // want residual elements associated with this thread left on any lists.
guarantee(node.TState == ObjectWaiter::TS_RUN, "invariant");
assert(owner_raw() == current, "invariant");
assert(_succ != current, "invariant");
} // OSThreadWaitState()
current->set_current_waiting_monitor(NULL);
guarantee(_recursions == 0, "invariant"); int relock_count = JvmtiDeferredUpdates::get_and_reset_relock_count_after_wait(current);
_recursions = save // restore the old recursion count
+ relock_count; // increased by the deferred relock count
current->inc_held_monitor_count(relock_count); // Deopt never entered these counts.
_waiters--; // decrement the number of waiters
// Verify a few postconditions
assert(owner_raw() == current, "invariant");
assert(_succ != current, "invariant");
assert(object()->mark() == markWord::encode(this), "invariant");
// check if the notification happened if (!WasNotified) { // no, it could be timeout or Thread.interrupt() or both // check for interrupt event, otherwise it is timeout if (interruptible && current->is_interrupted(true) && !HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) { THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_InterruptedException());
}
}
// NOTE: Spurious wake up will be consider as timeout. // Monitor notify has precedence over thread interrupt.
}
// Consider: // If the lock is cool (cxq == null && succ == null) and we're on an MP system // then instead of transferring a thread from the WaitSet to the EntryList // we might just dequeue a thread from the WaitSet and directly unpark() it.
void ObjectMonitor::INotify(JavaThread* current) {
Thread::SpinAcquire(&_WaitSetLock, "WaitSet - notify");
ObjectWaiter* iterator = DequeueWaiter(); if (iterator != NULL) {
guarantee(iterator->TState == ObjectWaiter::TS_WAIT, "invariant");
guarantee(iterator->_notified == 0, "invariant"); // Disposition - what might we do with iterator ? // a. add it directly to the EntryList - either tail (policy == 1) // or head (policy == 0). // b. push it onto the front of the _cxq (policy == 2). // For now we use (b).
// prepend to cxq if (list == NULL) {
iterator->_next = iterator->_prev = NULL;
_EntryList = iterator;
} else {
iterator->TState = ObjectWaiter::TS_CXQ; for (;;) {
ObjectWaiter* front = _cxq;
iterator->_next = front; if (Atomic::cmpxchg(&_cxq, front, iterator) == front) { break;
}
}
}
// _WaitSetLock protects the wait queue, not the EntryList. We could // move the add-to-EntryList operation, above, outside the critical section // protected by _WaitSetLock. In practice that's not useful. With the // exception of wait() timeouts and interrupts the monitor owner // is the only thread that grabs _WaitSetLock. There's almost no contention // on _WaitSetLock so it's not profitable to reduce the length of the // critical section.
// Consider: a not-uncommon synchronization bug is to use notify() when // notifyAll() is more appropriate, potentially resulting in stranded // threads; this is one example of a lost wakeup. A useful diagnostic // option is to force all notify() operations to behave as notifyAll(). // // Note: We can also detect many such problems with a "minimum wait". // When the "minimum wait" is set to a small non-zero timeout value // and the program does not hang whereas it did absent "minimum wait", // that suggests a lost wakeup bug.
void ObjectMonitor::notify(TRAPS) {
JavaThread* current = THREAD;
CHECK_OWNER(); // Throws IMSE if not owner. if (_WaitSet == NULL) { return;
}
DTRACE_MONITOR_PROBE(notify, this, object(), current);
INotify(current);
OM_PERFDATA_OP(Notifications, inc(1));
}
// The current implementation of notifyAll() transfers the waiters one-at-a-time // from the waitset to the EntryList. This could be done more efficiently with a // single bulk transfer but in practice it's not time-critical. Beware too, // that in prepend-mode we invert the order of the waiters. Let's say that the // waitset is "ABCD" and the EntryList is "XYZ". After a notifyAll() in prepend // mode the waitset will be empty and the EntryList will be "DCBAXYZ".
void ObjectMonitor::notifyAll(TRAPS) {
JavaThread* current = THREAD;
CHECK_OWNER(); // Throws IMSE if not owner. if (_WaitSet == NULL) { return;
}
DTRACE_MONITOR_PROBE(notifyAll, this, object(), current); int tally = 0; while (_WaitSet != NULL) {
tally++;
INotify(current);
}
OM_PERFDATA_OP(Notifications, inc(tally));
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Adaptive Spinning Support // // Adaptive spin-then-block - rational spinning // // Note that we spin "globally" on _owner with a classic SMP-polite TATAS // algorithm. On high order SMP systems it would be better to start with // a brief global spin and then revert to spinning locally. In the spirit of MCS/CLH, // a contending thread could enqueue itself on the cxq and then spin locally // on a thread-specific variable such as its ParkEvent._Event flag. // That's left as an exercise for the reader. Note that global spinning is // not problematic on Niagara, as the L2 cache serves the interconnect and // has both low latency and massive bandwidth. // // Broadly, we can fix the spin frequency -- that is, the % of contended lock // acquisition attempts where we opt to spin -- at 100% and vary the spin count // (duration) or we can fix the count at approximately the duration of // a context switch and vary the frequency. Of course we could also // vary both satisfying K == Frequency * Duration, where K is adaptive by monitor. // For a description of 'Adaptive spin-then-block mutual exclusion in // multi-threaded processing,' see U.S. Pat. No. 8046758. // // This implementation varies the duration "D", where D varies with // the success rate of recent spin attempts. (D is capped at approximately // length of a round-trip context switch). The success rate for recent // spin attempts is a good predictor of the success rate of future spin // attempts. The mechanism adapts automatically to varying critical // section length (lock modality), system load and degree of parallelism. // D is maintained per-monitor in _SpinDuration and is initialized // optimistically. Spin frequency is fixed at 100%. // // Note that _SpinDuration is volatile, but we update it without locks // or atomics. The code is designed so that _SpinDuration stays within // a reasonable range even in the presence of races. The arithmetic // operations on _SpinDuration are closed over the domain of legal values, // so at worst a race will install and older but still legal value. // At the very worst this introduces some apparent non-determinism. // We might spin when we shouldn't or vice-versa, but since the spin // count are relatively short, even in the worst case, the effect is harmless. // // Care must be taken that a low "D" value does not become an // an absorbing state. Transient spinning failures -- when spinning // is overall profitable -- should not cause the system to converge // on low "D" values. We want spinning to be stable and predictable // and fairly responsive to change and at the same time we don't want // it to oscillate, become metastable, be "too" non-deterministic, // or converge on or enter undesirable stable absorbing states. // // We implement a feedback-based control system -- using past behavior // to predict future behavior. We face two issues: (a) if the // input signal is random then the spin predictor won't provide optimal // results, and (b) if the signal frequency is too high then the control // system, which has some natural response lag, will "chase" the signal. // (b) can arise from multimodal lock hold times. Transient preemption // can also result in apparent bimodal lock hold times. // Although sub-optimal, neither condition is particularly harmful, as // in the worst-case we'll spin when we shouldn't or vice-versa. // The maximum spin duration is rather short so the failure modes aren't bad. // To be conservative, I've tuned the gain in system to bias toward // _not spinning. Relatedly, the system can sometimes enter a mode where it // "rings" or oscillates between spinning and not spinning. This happens // when spinning is just on the cusp of profitability, however, so the // situation is not dire. The state is benign -- there's no need to add // hysteresis control to damp the transition rate between spinning and // not spinning.
// Spinning: Fixed frequency (100%), vary duration int ObjectMonitor::TrySpin(JavaThread* current) { // Dumb, brutal spin. Good for comparative measurements against adaptive spinning. int ctr = Knob_FixedSpin; if (ctr != 0) { while (--ctr >= 0) { if (TryLock(current) > 0) return 1;
SpinPause();
} return 0;
}
for (ctr = Knob_PreSpin + 1; --ctr >= 0;) { if (TryLock(current) > 0) { // Increase _SpinDuration ... // Note that we don't clamp SpinDuration precisely at SpinLimit. // Raising _SpurDuration to the poverty line is key. int x = _SpinDuration; if (x < Knob_SpinLimit) { if (x < Knob_Poverty) x = Knob_Poverty;
_SpinDuration = x + Knob_BonusB;
} return 1;
}
SpinPause();
}
// Admission control - verify preconditions for spinning // // We always spin a little bit, just to prevent _SpinDuration == 0 from // becoming an absorbing state. Put another way, we spin briefly to // sample, just in case the system load, parallelism, contention, or lock // modality changed. // // Consider the following alternative: // Periodically set _SpinDuration = _SpinLimit and try a long/full // spin attempt. "Periodically" might mean after a tally of // the # of failed spin attempts (or iterations) reaches some threshold. // This takes us into the realm of 1-out-of-N spinning, where we // hold the duration constant but vary the frequency.
ctr = _SpinDuration; if (ctr <= 0) return 0;
if (NotRunnable(current, (JavaThread*) owner_raw())) { return 0;
}
// We're good to spin ... spin ingress. // CONSIDER: use Prefetch::write() to avoid RTS->RTO upgrades // when preparing to LD...CAS _owner, etc and the CAS is likely // to succeed. if (_succ == NULL) {
_succ = current;
}
Thread* prv = NULL;
// There are three ways to exit the following loop: // 1. A successful spin where this thread has acquired the lock. // 2. Spin failure with prejudice // 3. Spin failure without prejudice
while (--ctr >= 0) {
// Periodic polling -- Check for pending GC // Threads may spin while they're unsafe. // We don't want spinning threads to delay the JVM from reaching // a stop-the-world safepoint or to steal cycles from GC. // If we detect a pending safepoint we abort in order that // (a) this thread, if unsafe, doesn't delay the safepoint, and (b) // this thread, if safe, doesn't steal cycles from GC. // This is in keeping with the "no loitering in runtime" rule. // We periodically check to see if there's a safepoint pending. if ((ctr & 0xFF) == 0) { // Can't call SafepointMechanism::should_process() since that // might update the poll values and we could be in a thread_blocked // state here which is not allowed so just check the poll. if (SafepointMechanism::local_poll_armed(current)) { goto Abort; // abrupt spin egress
}
SpinPause();
}
// Probe _owner with TATAS // If this thread observes the monitor transition or flicker // from locked to unlocked to locked, then the odds that this // thread will acquire the lock in this spin attempt go down // considerably. The same argument applies if the CAS fails // or if we observe _owner change from one non-null value to // another non-null value. In such cases we might abort // the spin without prejudice or apply a "penalty" to the // spin count-down variable "ctr", reducing it by 100, say.
JavaThread* ox = (JavaThread*) owner_raw(); if (ox == NULL) {
ox = (JavaThread*)try_set_owner_from(NULL, current); if (ox == NULL) { // The CAS succeeded -- this thread acquired ownership // Take care of some bookkeeping to exit spin state. if (_succ == current) {
_succ = NULL;
}
// Increase _SpinDuration : // The spin was successful (profitable) so we tend toward // longer spin attempts in the future. // CONSIDER: factor "ctr" into the _SpinDuration adjustment. // If we acquired the lock early in the spin cycle it // makes sense to increase _SpinDuration proportionally. // Note that we don't clamp SpinDuration precisely at SpinLimit. int x = _SpinDuration; if (x < Knob_SpinLimit) { if (x < Knob_Poverty) x = Knob_Poverty;
_SpinDuration = x + Knob_Bonus;
} return 1;
}
// The CAS failed ... we can take any of the following actions: // * penalize: ctr -= CASPenalty // * exit spin with prejudice -- goto Abort; // * exit spin without prejudice. // * Since CAS is high-latency, retry again immediately.
prv = ox; goto Abort;
}
// Abort the spin if the owner is not executing. // The owner must be executing in order to drop the lock. // Spinning while the owner is OFFPROC is idiocy. // Consider: ctr -= RunnablePenalty ; if (NotRunnable(current, ox)) { goto Abort;
} if (_succ == NULL) {
_succ = current;
}
}
// Spin failed with prejudice -- reduce _SpinDuration. // TODO: Use an AIMD-like policy to adjust _SpinDuration. // AIMD is globally stable.
{ int x = _SpinDuration; if (x > 0) { // Consider an AIMD scheme like: x -= (x >> 3) + 100 // This is globally sample and tends to damp the response.
x -= Knob_Penalty; if (x < 0) x = 0;
_SpinDuration = x;
}
}
Abort: if (_succ == current) {
_succ = NULL; // Invariant: after setting succ=null a contending thread // must recheck-retry _owner before parking. This usually happens // in the normal usage of TrySpin(), but it's safest // to make TrySpin() as foolproof as possible.
OrderAccess::fence(); if (TryLock(current) > 0) return 1;
} return 0;
}
// NotRunnable() -- informed spinning // // Don't bother spinning if the owner is not eligible to drop the lock. // Spin only if the owner thread is _thread_in_Java or _thread_in_vm. // The thread must be runnable in order to drop the lock in timely fashion. // If the _owner is not runnable then spinning will not likely be // successful (profitable). // // Beware -- the thread referenced by _owner could have died // so a simply fetch from _owner->_thread_state might trap. // Instead, we use SafeFetchXX() to safely LD _owner->_thread_state. // Because of the lifecycle issues, the _thread_state values // observed by NotRunnable() might be garbage. NotRunnable must // tolerate this and consider the observed _thread_state value // as advisory. // // Beware too, that _owner is sometimes a BasicLock address and sometimes // a thread pointer. // Alternately, we might tag the type (thread pointer vs basiclock pointer) // with the LSB of _owner. Another option would be to probabilistically probe // the putative _owner->TypeTag value. // // Checking _thread_state isn't perfect. Even if the thread is // in_java it might be blocked on a page-fault or have been preempted // and sitting on a ready/dispatch queue. // // The return value from NotRunnable() is *advisory* -- the // result is based on sampling and is not necessarily coherent. // The caller must tolerate false-negative and false-positive errors. // Spinning, in general, is probabilistic anyway.
int ObjectMonitor::NotRunnable(JavaThread* current, JavaThread* ox) { // Check ox->TypeTag == 2BAD. if (ox == NULL) return 0;
// Avoid transitive spinning ... // Say T1 spins or blocks trying to acquire L. T1._Stalled is set to L. // Immediately after T1 acquires L it's possible that T2, also // spinning on L, will see L.Owner=T1 and T1._Stalled=L. // This occurs transiently after T1 acquired L but before // T1 managed to clear T1.Stalled. T2 does not need to abort // its spin in this circumstance.
intptr_t BlockedOn = SafeFetchN((intptr_t *) &ox->_Stalled, intptr_t(1));
if (BlockedOn == 1) return 1; if (BlockedOn != 0) { return BlockedOn != intptr_t(this) && owner_raw() == ox;
}
// One-shot global initialization for the sync subsystem. // We could also defer initialization and initialize on-demand // the first time we call ObjectSynchronizer::inflate(). // Initialization would be protected - like so many things - by // the MonitorCache_lock.
void ObjectMonitor::print_on(outputStream* st) const { // The minimal things to print for markWord printing, more can be added for debugging and logging.
st->print("{contentions=0x%08x,waiters=0x%08x" ",recursions=" INTX_FORMAT ",owner=" INTPTR_FORMAT "}",
contentions(), waiters(), recursions(),
p2i(owner()));
} void ObjectMonitor::print() const { print_on(tty); }
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