Quelle frame_x86.cpp Sprache: C

/*
* Copyright (c) 1997, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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* questions.
*
*/

#include "precompiled.hpp"
#include "compiler/oopMap.hpp"
#include "interpreter/interpreter.hpp"
#include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
#include "memory/universe.hpp"
#include "oops/markWord.hpp"
#include "oops/method.hpp"
#include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
#include "prims/methodHandles.hpp"
#include "runtime/continuation.hpp"
#include "runtime/frame.inline.hpp"
#include "runtime/handles.inline.hpp"
#include "runtime/javaCalls.hpp"
#include "runtime/monitorChunk.hpp"
#include "runtime/signature.hpp"
#include "runtime/stackWatermarkSet.hpp"
#include "runtime/stubCodeGenerator.hpp"
#include "runtime/stubRoutines.hpp"
#include "vmreg_x86.inline.hpp"
#include "utilities/formatBuffer.hpp"
#ifdef COMPILER1
#include "c1/c1_Runtime1.hpp"
#include "runtime/vframeArray.hpp"
#endif

#ifdef ASSERT
void RegisterMap::check_location_valid() {
}
#endif

// Profiling/safepoint support

bool frame::safe_for_sender(JavaThread *thread) {
  if (is_heap_frame()) {
    return true;
  }
  address   sp = (address)_sp;
  address   fp = (address)_fp;
  address   unextended_sp = (address)_unextended_sp;

  // consider stack guards when trying to determine "safe" stack pointers
  // sp must be within the usable part of the stack (not in guards)
  if (!thread->is_in_usable_stack(sp)) {
    return false;
  }

  // unextended sp must be within the stack and above or equal sp
  if (!thread->is_in_stack_range_incl(unextended_sp, sp)) {
    return false;
  }

  // an fp must be within the stack and above (but not equal) sp
  // second evaluation on fp+ is added to handle situation where fp is -1
  bool fp_safe = thread->is_in_stack_range_excl(fp, sp) &&
                 thread->is_in_full_stack_checked(fp + (return_addr_offset * sizeof(void*)));

  // We know sp/unextended_sp are safe only fp is questionable here

  // If the current frame is known to the code cache then we can attempt to
  // construct the sender and do some validation of it. This goes a long way
  // toward eliminating issues when we get in frame construction code

  if (_cb != NULL ) {

    // First check if frame is complete and tester is reliable
    // Unfortunately we can only check frame complete for runtime stubs and nmethod
    // other generic buffer blobs are more problematic so we just assume they are
    // ok. adapter blobs never have a frame complete and are never ok.

    if (!_cb->is_frame_complete_at(_pc)) {
      if (_cb->is_compiled() || _cb->is_adapter_blob() || _cb->is_runtime_stub()) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    // Could just be some random pointer within the codeBlob
    if (!_cb->code_contains(_pc)) {
      return false;
    }

    // Entry frame checks
    if (is_entry_frame()) {
      // an entry frame must have a valid fp.
      return fp_safe && is_entry_frame_valid(thread);
    } else if (is_upcall_stub_frame()) {
      return fp_safe;
    }

    intptr_t* sender_sp = NULL;
    intptr_t* sender_unextended_sp = NULL;
    address   sender_pc = NULL;
    intptr_t* saved_fp =  NULL;

    if (is_interpreted_frame()) {
      // fp must be safe
      if (!fp_safe) {
        return false;
      }

      sender_pc = (address) this->fp()[return_addr_offset];
      // for interpreted frames, the value below is the sender "raw" sp,
      // which can be different from the sender unextended sp (the sp seen
      // by the sender) because of current frame local variables
      sender_sp = (intptr_t*) addr_at(sender_sp_offset);
      sender_unextended_sp = (intptr_t*) this->fp()[interpreter_frame_sender_sp_offset];
      saved_fp = (intptr_t*) this->fp()[link_offset];

    } else {
      // must be some sort of compiled/runtime frame
      // fp does not have to be safe (although it could be check for c1?)

      // check for a valid frame_size, otherwise we are unlikely to get a valid sender_pc
      if (_cb->frame_size() <= 0) {
        return false;
      }

      sender_sp = _unextended_sp + _cb->frame_size();
      // Is sender_sp safe?
      if (!thread->is_in_full_stack_checked((address)sender_sp)) {
        return false;
      }
      sender_unextended_sp = sender_sp;
      // On Intel the return_address is always the word on the stack
      sender_pc = (address) *(sender_sp-1);
      // Note: frame::sender_sp_offset is only valid for compiled frame
      saved_fp = (intptr_t*) *(sender_sp - frame::sender_sp_offset);
    }

    if (Continuation::is_return_barrier_entry(sender_pc)) {
      // If our sender_pc is the return barrier, then our "real" sender is the continuation entry
      frame s = Continuation::continuation_bottom_sender(thread, *this, sender_sp);
      sender_sp = s.sp();
      sender_pc = s.pc();
    }

    // If the potential sender is the interpreter then we can do some more checking
    if (Interpreter::contains(sender_pc)) {

      // ebp is always saved in a recognizable place in any code we generate. However
      // only if the sender is interpreted/call_stub (c1 too?) are we certain that the saved ebp
      // is really a frame pointer.

      if (!thread->is_in_stack_range_excl((address)saved_fp, (address)sender_sp)) {
        return false;
      }

      // construct the potential sender

      frame sender(sender_sp, sender_unextended_sp, saved_fp, sender_pc);

      return sender.is_interpreted_frame_valid(thread);

    }

    // We must always be able to find a recognizable pc
    CodeBlob* sender_blob = CodeCache::find_blob(sender_pc);
    if (sender_pc == NULL ||  sender_blob == NULL) {
      return false;
    }

    // Could just be some random pointer within the codeBlob
    if (!sender_blob->code_contains(sender_pc)) {
      return false;
    }

    // We should never be able to see an adapter if the current frame is something from code cache
    if (sender_blob->is_adapter_blob()) {
      return false;
    }

    // Could be the call_stub
    if (StubRoutines::returns_to_call_stub(sender_pc)) {
      if (!thread->is_in_stack_range_excl((address)saved_fp, (address)sender_sp)) {
        return false;
      }

      // construct the potential sender

      frame sender(sender_sp, sender_unextended_sp, saved_fp, sender_pc);

      // Validate the JavaCallWrapper an entry frame must have
      address jcw = (address)sender.entry_frame_call_wrapper();

      return thread->is_in_stack_range_excl(jcw, (address)sender.fp());
    } else if (sender_blob->is_upcall_stub()) {
      return false;
    }

    CompiledMethod* nm = sender_blob->as_compiled_method_or_null();
    if (nm != NULL) {
        if (nm->is_deopt_mh_entry(sender_pc) || nm->is_deopt_entry(sender_pc) ||
            nm->method()->is_method_handle_intrinsic()) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    // If the frame size is 0 something (or less) is bad because every nmethod has a non-zero frame size
    // because the return address counts against the callee's frame.

    if (sender_blob->frame_size() <= 0) {
      assert(!sender_blob->is_compiled(), "should count return address at least");
      return false;
    }

    // We should never be able to see anything here except an nmethod. If something in the
    // code cache (current frame) is called by an entity within the code cache that entity
    // should not be anything but the call stub (already covered), the interpreter (already covered)
    // or an nmethod.

    if (!sender_blob->is_compiled()) {
        return false;
    }

    // Could put some more validation for the potential non-interpreted sender
    // frame we'd create by calling sender if I could think of any. Wait for next crash in forte...

    // One idea is seeing if the sender_pc we have is one that we'd expect to call to current cb

    // We've validated the potential sender that would be created
    return true;
  }

  // Must be native-compiled frame. Since sender will try and use fp to find
  // linkages it must be safe

  if (!fp_safe) {
    return false;
  }

  // Will the pc we fetch be non-zero (which we'll find at the oldest frame)

  if ( (address) this->fp()[return_addr_offset] == NULL) return false;

  // could try and do some more potential verification of native frame if we could think of some...

  return true;

}

void frame::patch_pc(Thread* thread, address pc) {
  assert(_cb == CodeCache::find_blob(pc), "unexpected pc");
  address* pc_addr = &(((address*) sp())[-1]);

  if (TracePcPatching) {
    tty->print_cr("patch_pc at address " INTPTR_FORMAT " [" INTPTR_FORMAT " -> " INTPTR_FORMAT "]",
                  p2i(pc_addr), p2i(*pc_addr), p2i(pc));
  }
  // Either the return address is the original one or we are going to
  // patch in the same address that's already there.

  assert(!Continuation::is_return_barrier_entry(*pc_addr), "return barrier");

  assert(_pc == *pc_addr || pc == *pc_addr || *pc_addr == 0, "");
  DEBUG_ONLY(address old_pc = _pc;)
  *pc_addr = pc;
  _pc = pc; // must be set before call to get_deopt_original_pc
  address original_pc = CompiledMethod::get_deopt_original_pc(this);
  if (original_pc != NULL) {
    assert(original_pc == old_pc, "expected original PC to be stored before patching");
    _deopt_state = is_deoptimized;
    _pc = original_pc;
  } else {
    _deopt_state = not_deoptimized;
  }
  assert(!is_compiled_frame() || !_cb->as_compiled_method()->is_deopt_entry(_pc), "must be");

#ifdef ASSERT
  {
    frame f(this->sp(), this->unextended_sp(), this->fp(), pc);
    assert(f.is_deoptimized_frame() == this->is_deoptimized_frame() && f.pc() == this->pc() && f.raw_pc() == this->raw_pc(),
      "must be (f.is_deoptimized_frame(): %d this->is_deoptimized_frame(): %d "
      "f.pc(): " INTPTR_FORMAT " this->pc(): " INTPTR_FORMAT " f.raw_pc(): " INTPTR_FORMAT " this->raw_pc(): " INTPTR_FORMAT ")",
      f.is_deoptimized_frame(), this->is_deoptimized_frame(), p2i(f.pc()), p2i(this->pc()), p2i(f.raw_pc()), p2i(this->raw_pc()));
  }
#endif
}

intptr_t* frame::entry_frame_argument_at(int offset) const {
  // convert offset to index to deal with tsi
  int index = (Interpreter::expr_offset_in_bytes(offset)/wordSize);
  // Entry frame's arguments are always in relation to unextended_sp()
  return &unextended_sp()[index];
}

// sender_sp

intptr_t* frame::interpreter_frame_sender_sp() const {
  assert(is_interpreted_frame(), "interpreted frame expected");
  return (intptr_t*) at(interpreter_frame_sender_sp_offset);
}

void frame::set_interpreter_frame_sender_sp(intptr_t* sender_sp) {
  assert(is_interpreted_frame(), "interpreted frame expected");
  ptr_at_put(interpreter_frame_sender_sp_offset, (intptr_t) sender_sp);
}

// monitor elements

BasicObjectLock* frame::interpreter_frame_monitor_begin() const {
  return (BasicObjectLock*) addr_at(interpreter_frame_monitor_block_bottom_offset);
}

BasicObjectLock* frame::interpreter_frame_monitor_end() const {
  BasicObjectLock* result = (BasicObjectLock*) at(interpreter_frame_monitor_block_top_offset);
  // make sure the pointer points inside the frame
  assert(sp() <= (intptr_t*) result, "monitor end should be above the stack pointer");
  assert((intptr_t*) result < fp(),  "monitor end should be strictly below the frame pointer: result: " INTPTR_FORMAT " fp: " INTPTR_FORMAT, p2i(result), p2i(fp()));
  return result;
}

void frame::interpreter_frame_set_monitor_end(BasicObjectLock* value) {
  *((BasicObjectLock**)addr_at(interpreter_frame_monitor_block_top_offset)) = value;
}

// Used by template based interpreter deoptimization
void frame::interpreter_frame_set_last_sp(intptr_t* sp) {
    *((intptr_t**)addr_at(interpreter_frame_last_sp_offset)) = sp;
}

frame frame::sender_for_entry_frame(RegisterMap* map) const {
  assert(map != NULL, "map must be set");
  // Java frame called from C; skip all C frames and return top C
  // frame of that chunk as the sender
  JavaFrameAnchor* jfa = entry_frame_call_wrapper()->anchor();
  assert(!entry_frame_is_first(), "next Java fp must be non zero");
  assert(jfa->last_Java_sp() > sp(), "must be above this frame on stack");
  // Since we are walking the stack now this nested anchor is obviously walkable
  // even if it wasn't when it was stacked.
  jfa->make_walkable();
  map->clear();
  assert(map->include_argument_oops(), "should be set by clear");
  frame fr(jfa->last_Java_sp(), jfa->last_Java_fp(), jfa->last_Java_pc());

  return fr;
}

UpcallStub::FrameData* UpcallStub::frame_data_for_frame(const frame& frame) const {
  assert(frame.is_upcall_stub_frame(), "wrong frame");
  // need unextended_sp here, since normal sp is wrong for interpreter callees
  return reinterpret_cast<UpcallStub::FrameData*>(
    reinterpret_cast<address>(frame.unextended_sp()) + in_bytes(_frame_data_offset));
}

bool frame::upcall_stub_frame_is_first() const {
  assert(is_upcall_stub_frame(), "must be optimzed entry frame");
  UpcallStub* blob = _cb->as_upcall_stub();
  JavaFrameAnchor* jfa = blob->jfa_for_frame(*this);
  return jfa->last_Java_sp() == NULL;
}

frame frame::sender_for_upcall_stub_frame(RegisterMap* map) const {
  assert(map != NULL, "map must be set");
  UpcallStub* blob = _cb->as_upcall_stub();
  // Java frame called from C; skip all C frames and return top C
  // frame of that chunk as the sender
  JavaFrameAnchor* jfa = blob->jfa_for_frame(*this);
  assert(!upcall_stub_frame_is_first(), "must have a frame anchor to go back to");
  assert(jfa->last_Java_sp() > sp(), "must be above this frame on stack");
  // Since we are walking the stack now this nested anchor is obviously walkable
  // even if it wasn't when it was stacked.
  jfa->make_walkable();
  map->clear();
  assert(map->include_argument_oops(), "should be set by clear");
  frame fr(jfa->last_Java_sp(), jfa->last_Java_fp(), jfa->last_Java_pc());

  return fr;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// frame::verify_deopt_original_pc
//
// Verifies the calculated original PC of a deoptimization PC for the
// given unextended SP.
#ifdef ASSERT
void frame::verify_deopt_original_pc(CompiledMethod* nm, intptr_t* unextended_sp) {
  frame fr;

  // This is ugly but it's better than to change {get,set}_original_pc
  // to take an SP value as argument.  And it's only a debugging
  // method anyway.
  fr._unextended_sp = unextended_sp;

  address original_pc = nm->get_original_pc(&fr);
  assert(nm->insts_contains_inclusive(original_pc),
         "original PC must be in the main code section of the compiled method (or must be immediately following it) original_pc: " INTPTR_FORMAT " unextended_sp: " INTPTR_FORMAT " name: %s", p2i(original_pc), p2i(unextended_sp), nm->name());
}
#endif

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// frame::adjust_unextended_sp
#ifdef ASSERT
void frame::adjust_unextended_sp() {
  // On x86, sites calling method handle intrinsics and lambda forms are treated
  // as any other call site. Therefore, no special action is needed when we are
  // returning to any of these call sites.

  if (_cb != NULL) {
    CompiledMethod* sender_cm = _cb->as_compiled_method_or_null();
    if (sender_cm != NULL) {
      // If the sender PC is a deoptimization point, get the original PC.
      if (sender_cm->is_deopt_entry(_pc) ||
          sender_cm->is_deopt_mh_entry(_pc)) {
        verify_deopt_original_pc(sender_cm, _unextended_sp);
      }
    }
  }
}
#endif

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// frame::sender_for_interpreter_frame
frame frame::sender_for_interpreter_frame(RegisterMap* map) const {
  // SP is the raw SP from the sender after adapter or interpreter
  // extension.
  intptr_t* sender_sp = this->sender_sp();

  // This is the sp before any possible extension (adapter/locals).
  intptr_t* unextended_sp = interpreter_frame_sender_sp();
  intptr_t* sender_fp = link();

#if COMPILER2_OR_JVMCI
  if (map->update_map()) {
    update_map_with_saved_link(map, (intptr_t**) addr_at(link_offset));
  }
#endif // COMPILER2_OR_JVMCI

  address sender_pc = this->sender_pc();

  if (Continuation::is_return_barrier_entry(sender_pc)) {
    if (map->walk_cont()) { // about to walk into an h-stack
      return Continuation::top_frame(*this, map);
    } else {
      return Continuation::continuation_bottom_sender(map->thread(), *this, sender_sp);
    }
  }

  return frame(sender_sp, unextended_sp, sender_fp, sender_pc);
}

bool frame::is_interpreted_frame_valid(JavaThread* thread) const {
  assert(is_interpreted_frame(), "Not an interpreted frame");
  // These are reasonable sanity checks
  if (fp() == 0 || (intptr_t(fp()) & (wordSize-1)) != 0) {
    return false;
  }
  if (sp() == 0 || (intptr_t(sp()) & (wordSize-1)) != 0) {
    return false;
  }
  if (fp() + interpreter_frame_initial_sp_offset < sp()) {
    return false;
  }
  // These are hacks to keep us out of trouble.
  // The problem with these is that they mask other problems
  if (fp() <= sp()) {        // this attempts to deal with unsigned comparison above
    return false;
  }

  // do some validation of frame elements
  // first the method

  Method* m = *interpreter_frame_method_addr();

  // validate the method we'd find in this potential sender
  if (!Method::is_valid_method(m)) return false;

  // stack frames shouldn't be much larger than max_stack elements
  // this test requires the use the unextended_sp which is the sp as seen by
  // the current frame, and not sp which is the "raw" pc which could point
  // further because of local variables of the callee method inserted after
  // method arguments
  if (fp() - unextended_sp() > 1024 + m->max_stack()*Interpreter::stackElementSize) {
    return false;
  }

  // validate bci/bcp

  address bcp = interpreter_frame_bcp();
  if (m->validate_bci_from_bcp(bcp) < 0) {
    return false;
  }

  // validate ConstantPoolCache*
  ConstantPoolCache* cp = *interpreter_frame_cache_addr();
  if (MetaspaceObj::is_valid(cp) == false) return false;

  // validate locals

  address locals =  (address) *interpreter_frame_locals_addr();
  return thread->is_in_stack_range_incl(locals, (address)fp());
}

BasicType frame::interpreter_frame_result(oop* oop_result, jvalue* value_result) {
  assert(is_interpreted_frame(), "interpreted frame expected");
  Method* method = interpreter_frame_method();
  BasicType type = method->result_type();

  intptr_t* tos_addr;
  if (method->is_native()) {
    // Prior to calling into the runtime to report the method_exit the possible
    // return value is pushed to the native stack. If the result is a jfloat/jdouble
    // then ST0 is saved before EAX/EDX. See the note in generate_native_result
    tos_addr = (intptr_t*)sp();
    if (type == T_FLOAT || type == T_DOUBLE) {
    // QQQ seems like this code is equivalent on the two platforms
#ifdef AMD64
      // This is times two because we do a push(ltos) after pushing XMM0
      // and that takes two interpreter stack slots.
      tos_addr += 2 * Interpreter::stackElementWords;
#else
      tos_addr += 2;
#endif // AMD64
    }
  } else {
    tos_addr = (intptr_t*)interpreter_frame_tos_address();
  }

  switch (type) {
    case T_OBJECT  :
    case T_ARRAY   : {
      oop obj;
      if (method->is_native()) {
        obj = cast_to_oop(at(interpreter_frame_oop_temp_offset));
      } else {
        oop* obj_p = (oop*)tos_addr;
        obj = (obj_p == NULL) ? (oop)NULL : *obj_p;
      }
      assert(Universe::is_in_heap_or_null(obj), "sanity check");
      *oop_result = obj;
      break;
    }
    case T_BOOLEAN : value_result->z = *(jboolean*)tos_addr; break;
    case T_BYTE    : value_result->b = *(jbyte*)tos_addr; break;
    case T_CHAR    : value_result->c = *(jchar*)tos_addr; break;
    case T_SHORT   : value_result->s = *(jshort*)tos_addr; break;
    case T_INT     : value_result->i = *(jint*)tos_addr; break;
    case T_LONG    : value_result->j = *(jlong*)tos_addr; break;
    case T_FLOAT   : {
#ifdef AMD64
        value_result->f = *(jfloat*)tos_addr;
#else
      if (method->is_native()) {
        jdouble d = *(jdouble*)tos_addr;  // Result was in ST0 so need to convert to jfloat
        value_result->f = (jfloat)d;
      } else {
        value_result->f = *(jfloat*)tos_addr;
      }
#endif // AMD64
      break;
    }
    case T_DOUBLE  : value_result->d = *(jdouble*)tos_addr; break;
    case T_VOID    : /* Nothing to do */ break;
    default        : ShouldNotReachHere();
  }

  return type;
}

intptr_t* frame::interpreter_frame_tos_at(jint offset) const {
  int index = (Interpreter::expr_offset_in_bytes(offset)/wordSize);
  return &interpreter_frame_tos_address()[index];
}

#ifndef PRODUCT

#define DESCRIBE_FP_OFFSET(name) \
  values.describe(frame_no, fp() + frame::name##_offset, #name, 1)

void frame::describe_pd(FrameValues& values, int frame_no) {
  if (is_interpreted_frame()) {
    DESCRIBE_FP_OFFSET(interpreter_frame_sender_sp);
    DESCRIBE_FP_OFFSET(interpreter_frame_last_sp);
    DESCRIBE_FP_OFFSET(interpreter_frame_method);
    DESCRIBE_FP_OFFSET(interpreter_frame_mirror);
    DESCRIBE_FP_OFFSET(interpreter_frame_mdp);
    DESCRIBE_FP_OFFSET(interpreter_frame_cache);
    DESCRIBE_FP_OFFSET(interpreter_frame_locals);
    DESCRIBE_FP_OFFSET(interpreter_frame_bcp);
    DESCRIBE_FP_OFFSET(interpreter_frame_initial_sp);
#ifdef AMD64
  } else if (is_entry_frame()) {
    // This could be more descriptive if we use the enum in
    // stubGenerator to map to real names but it's most important to
    // claim these frame slots so the error checking works.
    for (int i = 0; i < entry_frame_after_call_words; i++) {
      values.describe(frame_no, fp() - i, err_msg("call_stub word fp - %d", i));
    }
#endif // AMD64
  }

  if (is_java_frame() || Continuation::is_continuation_enterSpecial(*this)) {
    intptr_t* ret_pc_loc;
    intptr_t* fp_loc;
    if (is_interpreted_frame()) {
      ret_pc_loc = fp() + return_addr_offset;
      fp_loc = fp();
    } else {
      ret_pc_loc = real_fp() - return_addr_offset;
      fp_loc = real_fp() - sender_sp_offset;
    }
    address ret_pc = *(address*)ret_pc_loc;
    values.describe(frame_no, ret_pc_loc,
      Continuation::is_return_barrier_entry(ret_pc) ? "return address (return barrier)" : "return address");
    values.describe(-1, fp_loc, "saved fp", 0); // "unowned" as value belongs to sender
  }
}

#endif // !PRODUCT

intptr_t *frame::initial_deoptimization_info() {
  // used to reset the saved FP
  return fp();
}

#ifndef PRODUCT
// This is a generic constructor which is only used by pns() in debug.cpp.
frame::frame(void* sp, void* fp, void* pc) {
  init((intptr_t*)sp, (intptr_t*)fp, (address)pc);
}

#endif

void JavaFrameAnchor::make_walkable() {
  // last frame set?
  if (last_Java_sp() == NULL) return;
  // already walkable?
  if (walkable()) return;
  vmassert(last_Java_pc() == NULL, "already walkable");
  _last_Java_pc = (address)_last_Java_sp[-1];
  vmassert(walkable(), "something went wrong");
}

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