Quelle Arrays.java Sprache: JAVA

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* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
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package java.util;

import jdk.internal.util.ArraysSupport;
import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.IntrinsicCandidate;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
import java.util.function.BinaryOperator;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.DoubleBinaryOperator;
import java.util.function.IntBinaryOperator;
import java.util.function.IntFunction;
import java.util.function.IntToDoubleFunction;
import java.util.function.IntToLongFunction;
import java.util.function.IntUnaryOperator;
import java.util.function.LongBinaryOperator;
import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;
import java.util.stream.DoubleStream;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;
import java.util.stream.LongStream;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;

/**
* This class contains various methods for manipulating arrays (such as
* sorting and searching). This class also contains a static factory
* that allows arrays to be viewed as lists.
*
* The methods in this class all throw a {@code NullPointerException},
* if the specified array reference is null, except where noted.
*
* The documentation for the methods contained in this class includes
* brief descriptions of the implementations. Such descriptions should
* be regarded as implementation notes, rather than parts of the
* specification. Implementors should feel free to substitute other
* algorithms, so long as the specification itself is adhered to. (For
* example, the algorithm used by {@code sort(Object[])} does not have to be
* a MergeSort, but it does have to be stable.)
*
* This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/package-summary.html#CollectionsFramework">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @author Neal Gafter
* @author John Rose
* @since 1.2
*/
public class Arrays {

 // Suppresses default constructor, ensuring non-instantiability.
 private Arrays() {}

 /*
 * Sorting methods. Note that all public "sort" methods take the
 * same form: performing argument checks if necessary, and then
 * expanding arguments into those required for the internal
 * implementation methods residing in other package-private
 * classes (except for legacyMergeSort, included in this class).
 */

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 */
 public static void sort(int[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending order. The range
 * to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to
 * the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If {@code fromIndex == toIndex},
 * the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void sort(int[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 */
 public static void sort(long[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending order. The range
 * to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to
 * the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If {@code fromIndex == toIndex},
 * the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void sort(long[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 */
 public static void sort(short[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending order. The range
 * to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to
 * the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If {@code fromIndex == toIndex},
 * the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void sort(short[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 */
 public static void sort(char[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending order. The range
 * to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to
 * the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If {@code fromIndex == toIndex},
 * the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void sort(char[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 */
 public static void sort(byte[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending order. The range
 * to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to
 * the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If {@code fromIndex == toIndex},
 * the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void sort(byte[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * The {@code <} relation does not provide a total order on all float
 * values: {@code -0.0f == 0.0f} is {@code true} and a {@code Float.NaN}
 * value compares neither less than, greater than, nor equal to any value,
 * even itself. This method uses the total order imposed by the method
 * {@link Float#compareTo}: {@code -0.0f} is treated as less than value
 * {@code 0.0f} and {@code Float.NaN} is considered greater than any
 * other value and all {@code Float.NaN} values are considered equal.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 */
 public static void sort(float[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending order. The range
 * to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to
 * the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If {@code fromIndex == toIndex},
 * the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * The {@code <} relation does not provide a total order on all float
 * values: {@code -0.0f == 0.0f} is {@code true} and a {@code Float.NaN}
 * value compares neither less than, greater than, nor equal to any value,
 * even itself. This method uses the total order imposed by the method
 * {@link Float#compareTo}: {@code -0.0f} is treated as less than value
 * {@code 0.0f} and {@code Float.NaN} is considered greater than any
 * other value and all {@code Float.NaN} values are considered equal.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void sort(float[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * The {@code <} relation does not provide a total order on all double
 * values: {@code -0.0d == 0.0d} is {@code true} and a {@code Double.NaN}
 * value compares neither less than, greater than, nor equal to any value,
 * even itself. This method uses the total order imposed by the method
 * {@link Double#compareTo}: {@code -0.0d} is treated as less than value
 * {@code 0.0d} and {@code Double.NaN} is considered greater than any
 * other value and all {@code Double.NaN} values are considered equal.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 */
 public static void sort(double[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending order. The range
 * to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to
 * the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If {@code fromIndex == toIndex},
 * the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * The {@code <} relation does not provide a total order on all double
 * values: {@code -0.0d == 0.0d} is {@code true} and a {@code Double.NaN}
 * value compares neither less than, greater than, nor equal to any value,
 * even itself. This method uses the total order imposed by the method
 * {@link Double#compareTo}: {@code -0.0d} is treated as less than value
 * {@code 0.0d} and {@code Double.NaN} is considered greater than any
 * other value and all {@code Double.NaN} values are considered equal.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
 * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void sort(double[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(byte[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending numerical order.
 * The range to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex},
 * inclusive, to the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If
 * {@code fromIndex == toIndex}, the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(byte[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(char[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending numerical order.
 * The range to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex},
 * inclusive, to the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If
 * {@code fromIndex == toIndex}, the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(char[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(short[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending numerical order.
 * The range to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex},
 * inclusive, to the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If
 * {@code fromIndex == toIndex}, the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(short[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(int[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism(), 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending numerical order.
 * The range to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex},
 * inclusive, to the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If
 * {@code fromIndex == toIndex}, the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(int[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism(), fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(long[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism(), 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending numerical order.
 * The range to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex},
 * inclusive, to the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If
 * {@code fromIndex == toIndex}, the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(long[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism(), fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * The {@code <} relation does not provide a total order on all float
 * values: {@code -0.0f == 0.0f} is {@code true} and a {@code Float.NaN}
 * value compares neither less than, greater than, nor equal to any value,
 * even itself. This method uses the total order imposed by the method
 * {@link Float#compareTo}: {@code -0.0f} is treated as less than value
 * {@code 0.0f} and {@code Float.NaN} is considered greater than any
 * other value and all {@code Float.NaN} values are considered equal.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(float[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism(), 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending numerical order.
 * The range to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex},
 * inclusive, to the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If
 * {@code fromIndex == toIndex}, the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * The {@code <} relation does not provide a total order on all float
 * values: {@code -0.0f == 0.0f} is {@code true} and a {@code Float.NaN}
 * value compares neither less than, greater than, nor equal to any value,
 * even itself. This method uses the total order imposed by the method
 * {@link Float#compareTo}: {@code -0.0f} is treated as less than value
 * {@code 0.0f} and {@code Float.NaN} is considered greater than any
 * other value and all {@code Float.NaN} values are considered equal.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(float[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism(), fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
 *
 * The {@code <} relation does not provide a total order on all double
 * values: {@code -0.0d == 0.0d} is {@code true} and a {@code Double.NaN}
 * value compares neither less than, greater than, nor equal to any value,
 * even itself. This method uses the total order imposed by the method
 * {@link Double#compareTo}: {@code -0.0d} is treated as less than value
 * {@code 0.0d} and {@code Double.NaN} is considered greater than any
 * other value and all {@code Double.NaN} values are considered equal.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(double[] a) {
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism(), 0, a.length);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending numerical order.
 * The range to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex},
 * inclusive, to the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If
 * {@code fromIndex == toIndex}, the range to be sorted is empty.
 *
 * The {@code <} relation does not provide a total order on all double
 * values: {@code -0.0d == 0.0d} is {@code true} and a {@code Double.NaN}
 * value compares neither less than, greater than, nor equal to any value,
 * even itself. This method uses the total order imposed by the method
 * {@link Double#compareTo}: {@code -0.0d} is treated as less than value
 * {@code 0.0d} and {@code Double.NaN} is considered greater than any
 * other value and all {@code Double.NaN} values are considered equal.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort by
 * Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley and Josh Bloch. This algorithm
 * offers O(n log(n)) performance on all data sets, and is typically
 * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
 *
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSort(double[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism(), fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Checks that {@code fromIndex} and {@code toIndex} are in
 * the range and throws an exception if they aren't.
 */
 static void rangeCheck(int arrayLength, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 if (fromIndex > toIndex) {
 throw new IllegalArgumentException(
 "fromIndex(" + fromIndex + ") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")");
 }
 if (fromIndex < 0) {
 throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(fromIndex);
 }
 if (toIndex > arrayLength) {
 throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(toIndex);
 }
 }

 /**
 * A comparator that implements the natural ordering of a group of
 * mutually comparable elements. May be used when a supplied
 * comparator is null. To simplify code-sharing within underlying
 * implementations, the compare method only declares type Object
 * for its second argument.
 *
 * Arrays class implementor's note: It is an empirical matter
 * whether ComparableTimSort offers any performance benefit over
 * TimSort used with this comparator. If not, you are better off
 * deleting or bypassing ComparableTimSort. There is currently no
 * empirical case for separating them for parallel sorting, so all
 * public Object parallelSort methods use the same comparator
 * based implementation.
 */
 static final class NaturalOrder implements Comparator<Object> {
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public int compare(Object first, Object second) {
 return ((Comparable<Object>)first).compareTo(second);
 }
 static final NaturalOrder INSTANCE = new NaturalOrder();
 }

 /**
 * The minimum array length below which a parallel sorting
 * algorithm will not further partition the sorting task. Using
 * smaller sizes typically results in memory contention across
 * tasks that makes parallel speedups unlikely.
 */
 private static final int MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN = 1 << 13;

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array of objects into ascending order, according
 * to the {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} of its elements.
 * All elements in the array must implement the {@link Comparable}
 * interface. Furthermore, all elements in the array must be
 * mutually comparable (that is, {@code e1.compareTo(e2)} must
 * not throw a {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1}
 * and {@code e2} in the array).
 *
 * This sort is guaranteed to be stable: equal elements will
 * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a parallel sort-merge that breaks the
 * array into sub-arrays that are themselves sorted and then merged. When
 * the sub-array length reaches a minimum granularity, the sub-array is
 * sorted using the appropriate {@link Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort}
 * method. If the length of the specified array is less than the minimum
 * granularity, then it is sorted using the appropriate {@link
 * Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort} method. The algorithm requires a
 * working space no greater than the size of the original array. The
 * {@link ForkJoinPool#commonPool() ForkJoin common pool} is used to
 * execute any parallel tasks.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects to be sorted
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 *
 * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are not
 * mutually comparable (for example, strings and integers)
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException (optional) if the natural
 * ordering of the array elements is found to violate the
 * {@link Comparable} contract
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> void parallelSort(T[] a) {
 int n = a.length, p, g;
 if (n <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN ||
 (p = ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism()) == 1)
 TimSort.sort(a, 0, n, NaturalOrder.INSTANCE, null, 0, 0);
 else
 new ArraysParallelSortHelpers.FJObject.Sorter<>
 (null, a,
 (T[])Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), n),
 0, n, 0, ((g = n / (p << 2)) <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN) ?
 MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN : g, NaturalOrder.INSTANCE).invoke();
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the specified array of objects into
 * ascending order, according to the
 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} of its
 * elements. The range to be sorted extends from index
 * {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index {@code toIndex}, exclusive.
 * (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the range to be sorted is empty.) All
 * elements in this range must implement the {@link Comparable}
 * interface. Furthermore, all elements in this range must be mutually
 * comparable (that is, {@code e1.compareTo(e2)} must not throw a
 * {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and
 * {@code e2} in the array).
 *
 * This sort is guaranteed to be stable: equal elements will
 * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a parallel sort-merge that breaks the
 * array into sub-arrays that are themselves sorted and then merged. When
 * the sub-array length reaches a minimum granularity, the sub-array is
 * sorted using the appropriate {@link Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort}
 * method. If the length of the specified array is less than the minimum
 * granularity, then it is sorted using the appropriate {@link
 * Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort} method. The algorithm requires a working
 * space no greater than the size of the specified range of the original
 * array. The {@link ForkJoinPool#commonPool() ForkJoin common pool} is
 * used to execute any parallel tasks.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects to be sorted
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be sorted
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex} or
 * (optional) if the natural ordering of the array elements is
 * found to violate the {@link Comparable} contract
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are
 * not mutually comparable (for example, strings and
 * integers).
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>>
 void parallelSort(T[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 int n = toIndex - fromIndex, p, g;
 if (n <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN ||
 (p = ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism()) == 1)
 TimSort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex, NaturalOrder.INSTANCE, null, 0, 0);
 else
 new ArraysParallelSortHelpers.FJObject.Sorter<>
 (null, a,
 (T[])Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), n),
 fromIndex, n, 0, ((g = n / (p << 2)) <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN) ?
 MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN : g, NaturalOrder.INSTANCE).invoke();
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array of objects according to the order induced by
 * the specified comparator. All elements in the array must be
 * mutually comparable by the specified comparator (that is,
 * {@code c.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException}
 * for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the array).
 *
 * This sort is guaranteed to be stable: equal elements will
 * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a parallel sort-merge that breaks the
 * array into sub-arrays that are themselves sorted and then merged. When
 * the sub-array length reaches a minimum granularity, the sub-array is
 * sorted using the appropriate {@link Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort}
 * method. If the length of the specified array is less than the minimum
 * granularity, then it is sorted using the appropriate {@link
 * Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort} method. The algorithm requires a
 * working space no greater than the size of the original array. The
 * {@link ForkJoinPool#commonPool() ForkJoin common pool} is used to
 * execute any parallel tasks.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects to be sorted
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param cmp the comparator to determine the order of the array. A
 * {@code null} value indicates that the elements'
 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} should be used.
 * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are
 * not mutually comparable using the specified comparator
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException (optional) if the comparator is
 * found to violate the {@link java.util.Comparator} contract
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public static <T> void parallelSort(T[] a, Comparator<? super T> cmp) {
 if (cmp == null)
 cmp = NaturalOrder.INSTANCE;
 int n = a.length, p, g;
 if (n <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN ||
 (p = ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism()) == 1)
 TimSort.sort(a, 0, n, cmp, null, 0, 0);
 else
 new ArraysParallelSortHelpers.FJObject.Sorter<>
 (null, a,
 (T[])Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), n),
 0, n, 0, ((g = n / (p << 2)) <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN) ?
 MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN : g, cmp).invoke();
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the specified array of objects according
 * to the order induced by the specified comparator. The range to be
 * sorted extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
 * {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
 * range to be sorted is empty.) All elements in the range must be
 * mutually comparable by the specified comparator (that is,
 * {@code c.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException}
 * for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the range).
 *
 * This sort is guaranteed to be stable: equal elements will
 * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
 *
 * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a parallel sort-merge that breaks the
 * array into sub-arrays that are themselves sorted and then merged. When
 * the sub-array length reaches a minimum granularity, the sub-array is
 * sorted using the appropriate {@link Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort}
 * method. If the length of the specified array is less than the minimum
 * granularity, then it is sorted using the appropriate {@link
 * Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort} method. The algorithm requires a working
 * space no greater than the size of the specified range of the original
 * array. The {@link ForkJoinPool#commonPool() ForkJoin common pool} is
 * used to execute any parallel tasks.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects to be sorted
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be sorted
 * @param cmp the comparator to determine the order of the array. A
 * {@code null} value indicates that the elements'
 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} should be used.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex} or
 * (optional) if the natural ordering of the array elements is
 * found to violate the {@link Comparable} contract
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are
 * not mutually comparable (for example, strings and
 * integers).
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public static <T> void parallelSort(T[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 Comparator<? super T> cmp) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 if (cmp == null)
 cmp = NaturalOrder.INSTANCE;
 int n = toIndex - fromIndex, p, g;
 if (n <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN ||
 (p = ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism()) == 1)
 TimSort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex, cmp, null, 0, 0);
 else
 new ArraysParallelSortHelpers.FJObject.Sorter<>
 (null, a,
 (T[])Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), n),
 fromIndex, n, 0, ((g = n / (p << 2)) <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN) ?
 MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN : g, cmp).invoke();
 }

 /*
 * Sorting of complex type arrays.
 */

 /**
 * Old merge sort implementation can be selected (for
 * compatibility with broken comparators) using a system property.
 * Cannot be a static boolean in the enclosing class due to
 * circular dependencies. To be removed in a future release.
 */
 static final class LegacyMergeSort {
 @SuppressWarnings("removal")
 private static final boolean userRequested =
 java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
 new sun.security.action.GetBooleanAction(
 "java.util.Arrays.useLegacyMergeSort")).booleanValue();
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array of objects into ascending order, according
 * to the {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} of its elements.
 * All elements in the array must implement the {@link Comparable}
 * interface. Furthermore, all elements in the array must be
 * mutually comparable (that is, {@code e1.compareTo(e2)} must
 * not throw a {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1}
 * and {@code e2} in the array).
 *
 * This sort is guaranteed to be stable: equal elements will
 * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
 *
 * Implementation note: This implementation is a stable, adaptive,
 * iterative mergesort that requires far fewer than n lg(n) comparisons
 * when the input array is partially sorted, while offering the
 * performance of a traditional mergesort when the input array is
 * randomly ordered. If the input array is nearly sorted, the
 * implementation requires approximately n comparisons. Temporary
 * storage requirements vary from a small constant for nearly sorted
 * input arrays to n/2 object references for randomly ordered input
 * arrays.
 *
 * The implementation takes equal advantage of ascending and
 * descending order in its input array, and can take advantage of
 * ascending and descending order in different parts of the same
 * input array. It is well-suited to merging two or more sorted arrays:
 * simply concatenate the arrays and sort the resulting array.
 *
 * The implementation was adapted from Tim Peters's list sort for Python
 * (<a href="http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listsort.txt">
 * TimSort</a>). It uses techniques from Peter McIlroy's "Optimistic
 * Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity", in Proceedings of the
 * Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp 467-474,
 * January 1993.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are not
 * mutually comparable (for example, strings and integers)
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException (optional) if the natural
 * ordering of the array elements is found to violate the
 * {@link Comparable} contract
 */
 public static void sort(Object[] a) {
 if (LegacyMergeSort.userRequested)
 legacyMergeSort(a);
 else
 ComparableTimSort.sort(a, 0, a.length, null, 0, 0);
 }

 /** To be removed in a future release. */
 private static void legacyMergeSort(Object[] a) {
 Object[] aux = a.clone();
 mergeSort(aux, a, 0, a.length, 0);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the specified array of objects into
 * ascending order, according to the
 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} of its
 * elements. The range to be sorted extends from index
 * {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index {@code toIndex}, exclusive.
 * (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the range to be sorted is empty.) All
 * elements in this range must implement the {@link Comparable}
 * interface. Furthermore, all elements in this range must be mutually
 * comparable (that is, {@code e1.compareTo(e2)} must not throw a
 * {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and
 * {@code e2} in the array).
 *
 * This sort is guaranteed to be stable: equal elements will
 * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
 *
 * Implementation note: This implementation is a stable, adaptive,
 * iterative mergesort that requires far fewer than n lg(n) comparisons
 * when the input array is partially sorted, while offering the
 * performance of a traditional mergesort when the input array is
 * randomly ordered. If the input array is nearly sorted, the
 * implementation requires approximately n comparisons. Temporary
 * storage requirements vary from a small constant for nearly sorted
 * input arrays to n/2 object references for randomly ordered input
 * arrays.
 *
 * The implementation takes equal advantage of ascending and
 * descending order in its input array, and can take advantage of
 * ascending and descending order in different parts of the same
 * input array. It is well-suited to merging two or more sorted arrays:
 * simply concatenate the arrays and sort the resulting array.
 *
 * The implementation was adapted from Tim Peters's list sort for Python
 * (<a href="http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listsort.txt">
 * TimSort</a>). It uses techniques from Peter McIlroy's "Optimistic
 * Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity", in Proceedings of the
 * Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp 467-474,
 * January 1993.
 *
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be sorted
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex} or
 * (optional) if the natural ordering of the array elements is
 * found to violate the {@link Comparable} contract
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are
 * not mutually comparable (for example, strings and
 * integers).
 */
 public static void sort(Object[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 if (LegacyMergeSort.userRequested)
 legacyMergeSort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
 else
 ComparableTimSort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex, null, 0, 0);
 }

 /** To be removed in a future release. */
 private static void legacyMergeSort(Object[] a,
 int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 Object[] aux = copyOfRange(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
 mergeSort(aux, a, fromIndex, toIndex, -fromIndex);
 }

 /**
 * Tuning parameter: list size at or below which insertion sort will be
 * used in preference to mergesort.
 * To be removed in a future release.
 */
 private static final int INSERTIONSORT_THRESHOLD = 7;

 /**
 * Src is the source array that starts at index 0
 * Dest is the (possibly larger) array destination with a possible offset
 * low is the index in dest to start sorting
 * high is the end index in dest to end sorting
 * off is the offset to generate corresponding low, high in src
 * To be removed in a future release.
 */
 @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
 private static void mergeSort(Object[] src,
 Object[] dest,
 int low,
 int high,
 int off) {
 int length = high - low;

 // Insertion sort on smallest arrays
 if (length < INSERTIONSORT_THRESHOLD) {
 for (int i=low; i<high; i++)
 for (int j=i; j>low &&
 ((Comparable) dest[j-1]).compareTo(dest[j])>0; j--)
 swap(dest, j, j-1);
 return;
 }

 // Recursively sort halves of dest into src
 int destLow = low;
 int destHigh = high;
 low += off;
 high += off;
 int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 mergeSort(dest, src, low, mid, -off);
 mergeSort(dest, src, mid, high, -off);

 // If list is already sorted, just copy from src to dest. This is an
 // optimization that results in faster sorts for nearly ordered lists.
 if (((Comparable)src[mid-1]).compareTo(src[mid]) <= 0) {
 System.arraycopy(src, low, dest, destLow, length);
 return;
 }

 // Merge sorted halves (now in src) into dest
 for(int i = destLow, p = low, q = mid; i < destHigh; i++) {
 if (q >= high || p < mid && ((Comparable)src[p]).compareTo(src[q])<=0)
 dest[i] = src[p++];
 else
 dest[i] = src[q++];
 }
 }

 /**
 * Swaps x[a] with x[b].
 */
 private static void swap(Object[] x, int a, int b) {
 Object t = x[a];
 x[a] = x[b];
 x[b] = t;
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified array of objects according to the order induced by
 * the specified comparator. All elements in the array must be
 * mutually comparable by the specified comparator (that is,
 * {@code c.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException}
 * for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the array).
 *
 * This sort is guaranteed to be stable: equal elements will
 * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
 *
 * Implementation note: This implementation is a stable, adaptive,
 * iterative mergesort that requires far fewer than n lg(n) comparisons
 * when the input array is partially sorted, while offering the
 * performance of a traditional mergesort when the input array is
 * randomly ordered. If the input array is nearly sorted, the
 * implementation requires approximately n comparisons. Temporary
 * storage requirements vary from a small constant for nearly sorted
 * input arrays to n/2 object references for randomly ordered input
 * arrays.
 *
 * The implementation takes equal advantage of ascending and
 * descending order in its input array, and can take advantage of
 * ascending and descending order in different parts of the same
 * input array. It is well-suited to merging two or more sorted arrays:
 * simply concatenate the arrays and sort the resulting array.
 *
 * The implementation was adapted from Tim Peters's list sort for Python
 * (<a href="http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listsort.txt">
 * TimSort</a>). It uses techniques from Peter McIlroy's "Optimistic
 * Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity", in Proceedings of the
 * Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp 467-474,
 * January 1993.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects to be sorted
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param c the comparator to determine the order of the array. A
 * {@code null} value indicates that the elements'
 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} should be used.
 * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are
 * not mutually comparable using the specified comparator
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException (optional) if the comparator is
 * found to violate the {@link Comparator} contract
 */
 public static <T> void sort(T[] a, Comparator<? super T> c) {
 if (c == null) {
 sort(a);
 } else {
 if (LegacyMergeSort.userRequested)
 legacyMergeSort(a, c);
 else
 TimSort.sort(a, 0, a.length, c, null, 0, 0);
 }
 }

 /** To be removed in a future release. */
 private static <T> void legacyMergeSort(T[] a, Comparator<? super T> c) {
 T[] aux = a.clone();
 if (c==null)
 mergeSort(aux, a, 0, a.length, 0);
 else
 mergeSort(aux, a, 0, a.length, 0, c);
 }

 /**
 * Sorts the specified range of the specified array of objects according
 * to the order induced by the specified comparator. The range to be
 * sorted extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
 * {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
 * range to be sorted is empty.) All elements in the range must be
 * mutually comparable by the specified comparator (that is,
 * {@code c.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException}
 * for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the range).
 *
 * This sort is guaranteed to be stable: equal elements will
 * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
 *
 * Implementation note: This implementation is a stable, adaptive,
 * iterative mergesort that requires far fewer than n lg(n) comparisons
 * when the input array is partially sorted, while offering the
 * performance of a traditional mergesort when the input array is
 * randomly ordered. If the input array is nearly sorted, the
 * implementation requires approximately n comparisons. Temporary
 * storage requirements vary from a small constant for nearly sorted
 * input arrays to n/2 object references for randomly ordered input
 * arrays.
 *
 * The implementation takes equal advantage of ascending and
 * descending order in its input array, and can take advantage of
 * ascending and descending order in different parts of the same
 * input array. It is well-suited to merging two or more sorted arrays:
 * simply concatenate the arrays and sort the resulting array.
 *
 * The implementation was adapted from Tim Peters's list sort for Python
 * (<a href="http://svn.python.org/projects/python/trunk/Objects/listsort.txt">
 * TimSort</a>). It uses techniques from Peter McIlroy's "Optimistic
 * Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity", in Proceedings of the
 * Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp 467-474,
 * January 1993.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects to be sorted
 * @param a the array to be sorted
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * sorted
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be sorted
 * @param c the comparator to determine the order of the array. A
 * {@code null} value indicates that the elements'
 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} should be used.
 * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are not
 * mutually comparable using the specified comparator.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex} or
 * (optional) if the comparator is found to violate the
 * {@link Comparator} contract
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static <T> void sort(T[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 Comparator<? super T> c) {
 if (c == null) {
 sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
 } else {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 if (LegacyMergeSort.userRequested)
 legacyMergeSort(a, fromIndex, toIndex, c);
 else
 TimSort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex, c, null, 0, 0);
 }
 }

 /** To be removed in a future release. */
 private static <T> void legacyMergeSort(T[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 Comparator<? super T> c) {
 T[] aux = copyOfRange(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
 if (c==null)
 mergeSort(aux, a, fromIndex, toIndex, -fromIndex);
 else
 mergeSort(aux, a, fromIndex, toIndex, -fromIndex, c);
 }

 /**
 * Src is the source array that starts at index 0
 * Dest is the (possibly larger) array destination with a possible offset
 * low is the index in dest to start sorting
 * high is the end index in dest to end sorting
 * off is the offset into src corresponding to low in dest
 * To be removed in a future release.
 */
 @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
 private static void mergeSort(Object[] src,
 Object[] dest,
 int low, int high, int off,
 Comparator c) {
 int length = high - low;

 // Insertion sort on smallest arrays
 if (length < INSERTIONSORT_THRESHOLD) {
 for (int i=low; i<high; i++)
 for (int j=i; j>low && c.compare(dest[j-1], dest[j])>0; j--)
 swap(dest, j, j-1);
 return;
 }

 // Recursively sort halves of dest into src
 int destLow = low;
 int destHigh = high;
 low += off;
 high += off;
 int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 mergeSort(dest, src, low, mid, -off, c);
 mergeSort(dest, src, mid, high, -off, c);

 // If list is already sorted, just copy from src to dest. This is an
 // optimization that results in faster sorts for nearly ordered lists.
 if (c.compare(src[mid-1], src[mid]) <= 0) {
 System.arraycopy(src, low, dest, destLow, length);
 return;
 }

 // Merge sorted halves (now in src) into dest
 for(int i = destLow, p = low, q = mid; i < destHigh; i++) {
 if (q >= high || p < mid && c.compare(src[p], src[q]) <= 0)
 dest[i] = src[p++];
 else
 dest[i] = src[q++];
 }
 }

 // Parallel prefix

 /**
 * Cumulates, in parallel, each element of the given array in place,
 * using the supplied function. For example if the array initially
 * holds {@code [2, 1, 0, 3]} and the operation performs addition,
 * then upon return the array holds {@code [2, 3, 3, 6]}.
 * Parallel prefix computation is usually more efficient than
 * sequential loops for large arrays.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects in the array
 * @param array the array, which is modified in-place by this method
 * @param op a side-effect-free, associative function to perform the
 * cumulation
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array or function is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static <T> void parallelPrefix(T[] array, BinaryOperator<T> op) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(op);
 if (array.length > 0)
 new ArrayPrefixHelpers.CumulateTask<>
 (null, op, array, 0, array.length).invoke();
 }

 /**
 * Performs {@link #parallelPrefix(Object[], BinaryOperator)}
 * for the given subrange of the array.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects in the array
 * @param array the array
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive
 * @param op a side-effect-free, associative function to perform the
 * cumulation
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > array.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array or function is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static <T> void parallelPrefix(T[] array, int fromIndex,
 int toIndex, BinaryOperator<T> op) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(op);
 rangeCheck(array.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 if (fromIndex < toIndex)
 new ArrayPrefixHelpers.CumulateTask<>
 (null, op, array, fromIndex, toIndex).invoke();
 }

 /**
 * Cumulates, in parallel, each element of the given array in place,
 * using the supplied function. For example if the array initially
 * holds {@code [2, 1, 0, 3]} and the operation performs addition,
 * then upon return the array holds {@code [2, 3, 3, 6]}.
 * Parallel prefix computation is usually more efficient than
 * sequential loops for large arrays.
 *
 * @param array the array, which is modified in-place by this method
 * @param op a side-effect-free, associative function to perform the
 * cumulation
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array or function is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelPrefix(long[] array, LongBinaryOperator op) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(op);
 if (array.length > 0)
 new ArrayPrefixHelpers.LongCumulateTask
 (null, op, array, 0, array.length).invoke();
 }

 /**
 * Performs {@link #parallelPrefix(long[], LongBinaryOperator)}
 * for the given subrange of the array.
 *
 * @param array the array
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive
 * @param op a side-effect-free, associative function to perform the
 * cumulation
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > array.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array or function is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelPrefix(long[] array, int fromIndex,
 int toIndex, LongBinaryOperator op) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(op);
 rangeCheck(array.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 if (fromIndex < toIndex)
 new ArrayPrefixHelpers.LongCumulateTask
 (null, op, array, fromIndex, toIndex).invoke();
 }

 /**
 * Cumulates, in parallel, each element of the given array in place,
 * using the supplied function. For example if the array initially
 * holds {@code [2.0, 1.0, 0.0, 3.0]} and the operation performs addition,
 * then upon return the array holds {@code [2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 6.0]}.
 * Parallel prefix computation is usually more efficient than
 * sequential loops for large arrays.
 *
 * Because floating-point operations may not be strictly associative,
 * the returned result may not be identical to the value that would be
 * obtained if the operation was performed sequentially.
 *
 * @param array the array, which is modified in-place by this method
 * @param op a side-effect-free function to perform the cumulation
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array or function is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelPrefix(double[] array, DoubleBinaryOperator op) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(op);
 if (array.length > 0)
 new ArrayPrefixHelpers.DoubleCumulateTask
 (null, op, array, 0, array.length).invoke();
 }

 /**
 * Performs {@link #parallelPrefix(double[], DoubleBinaryOperator)}
 * for the given subrange of the array.
 *
 * @param array the array
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive
 * @param op a side-effect-free, associative function to perform the
 * cumulation
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > array.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array or function is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelPrefix(double[] array, int fromIndex,
 int toIndex, DoubleBinaryOperator op) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(op);
 rangeCheck(array.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 if (fromIndex < toIndex)
 new ArrayPrefixHelpers.DoubleCumulateTask
 (null, op, array, fromIndex, toIndex).invoke();
 }

 /**
 * Cumulates, in parallel, each element of the given array in place,
 * using the supplied function. For example if the array initially
 * holds {@code [2, 1, 0, 3]} and the operation performs addition,
 * then upon return the array holds {@code [2, 3, 3, 6]}.
 * Parallel prefix computation is usually more efficient than
 * sequential loops for large arrays.
 *
 * @param array the array, which is modified in-place by this method
 * @param op a side-effect-free, associative function to perform the
 * cumulation
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array or function is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelPrefix(int[] array, IntBinaryOperator op) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(op);
 if (array.length > 0)
 new ArrayPrefixHelpers.IntCumulateTask
 (null, op, array, 0, array.length).invoke();
 }

 /**
 * Performs {@link #parallelPrefix(int[], IntBinaryOperator)}
 * for the given subrange of the array.
 *
 * @param array the array
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive
 * @param op a side-effect-free, associative function to perform the
 * cumulation
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > array.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array or function is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelPrefix(int[] array, int fromIndex,
 int toIndex, IntBinaryOperator op) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(op);
 rangeCheck(array.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 if (fromIndex < toIndex)
 new ArrayPrefixHelpers.IntCumulateTask
 (null, op, array, fromIndex, toIndex).invoke();
 }

 // Searching

 /**
 * Searches the specified array of longs for the specified value using the
 * binary search algorithm. The array must be sorted (as
 * by the {@link #sort(long[])} method) prior to making this call. If it
 * is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the array contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element greater than the key, or {@code a.length} if all
 * elements in the array are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 */
 public static int binarySearch(long[] a, long key) {
 return binarySearch0(a, 0, a.length, key);
 }

 /**
 * Searches a range of
 * the specified array of longs for the specified value using the
 * binary search algorithm.
 * The range must be sorted (as
 * by the {@link #sort(long[], int, int)} method)
 * prior to making this call. If it
 * is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the range contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * searched
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array
 * within the specified range;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element in the range greater than the key,
 * or {@code toIndex} if all
 * elements in the range are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0 or toIndex > a.length}
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static int binarySearch(long[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 long key) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 return binarySearch0(a, fromIndex, toIndex, key);
 }

 // Like public version, but without range checks.
 private static int binarySearch0(long[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 long key) {
 int low = fromIndex;
 int high = toIndex - 1;

 while (low <= high) {
 int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 long midVal = a[mid];

 if (midVal < key)
 low = mid + 1;
 else if (midVal > key)
 high = mid - 1;
 else
 return mid; // key found
 }
 return -(low + 1); // key not found.
 }

 /**
 * Searches the specified array of ints for the specified value using the
 * binary search algorithm. The array must be sorted (as
 * by the {@link #sort(int[])} method) prior to making this call. If it
 * is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the array contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element greater than the key, or {@code a.length} if all
 * elements in the array are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 */
 public static int binarySearch(int[] a, int key) {
 return binarySearch0(a, 0, a.length, key);
 }

 /**
 * Searches a range of
 * the specified array of ints for the specified value using the
 * binary search algorithm.
 * The range must be sorted (as
 * by the {@link #sort(int[], int, int)} method)
 * prior to making this call. If it
 * is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the range contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * searched
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array
 * within the specified range;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element in the range greater than the key,
 * or {@code toIndex} if all
 * elements in the range are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0 or toIndex > a.length}
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static int binarySearch(int[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 int key) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 return binarySearch0(a, fromIndex, toIndex, key);
 }

 // Like public version, but without range checks.
 private static int binarySearch0(int[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 int key) {
 int low = fromIndex;
 int high = toIndex - 1;

 while (low <= high) {
 int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 int midVal = a[mid];

 if (midVal < key)
 low = mid + 1;
 else if (midVal > key)
 high = mid - 1;
 else
 return mid; // key found
 }
 return -(low + 1); // key not found.
 }

 /**
 * Searches the specified array of shorts for the specified value using
 * the binary search algorithm. The array must be sorted
 * (as by the {@link #sort(short[])} method) prior to making this call. If
 * it is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the array contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element greater than the key, or {@code a.length} if all
 * elements in the array are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 */
 public static int binarySearch(short[] a, short key) {
 return binarySearch0(a, 0, a.length, key);
 }

 /**
 * Searches a range of
 * the specified array of shorts for the specified value using
 * the binary search algorithm.
 * The range must be sorted
 * (as by the {@link #sort(short[], int, int)} method)
 * prior to making this call. If
 * it is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the range contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * searched
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array
 * within the specified range;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element in the range greater than the key,
 * or {@code toIndex} if all
 * elements in the range are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0 or toIndex > a.length}
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static int binarySearch(short[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 short key) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 return binarySearch0(a, fromIndex, toIndex, key);
 }

 // Like public version, but without range checks.
 private static int binarySearch0(short[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 short key) {
 int low = fromIndex;
 int high = toIndex - 1;

 while (low <= high) {
 int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 short midVal = a[mid];

 if (midVal < key)
 low = mid + 1;
 else if (midVal > key)
 high = mid - 1;
 else
 return mid; // key found
 }
 return -(low + 1); // key not found.
 }

 /**
 * Searches the specified array of chars for the specified value using the
 * binary search algorithm. The array must be sorted (as
 * by the {@link #sort(char[])} method) prior to making this call. If it
 * is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the array contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element greater than the key, or {@code a.length} if all
 * elements in the array are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 */
 public static int binarySearch(char[] a, char key) {
 return binarySearch0(a, 0, a.length, key);
 }

 /**
 * Searches a range of
 * the specified array of chars for the specified value using the
 * binary search algorithm.
 * The range must be sorted (as
 * by the {@link #sort(char[], int, int)} method)
 * prior to making this call. If it
 * is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the range contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * searched
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array
 * within the specified range;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element in the range greater than the key,
 * or {@code toIndex} if all
 * elements in the range are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0 or toIndex > a.length}
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static int binarySearch(char[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 char key) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 return binarySearch0(a, fromIndex, toIndex, key);
 }

 // Like public version, but without range checks.
 private static int binarySearch0(char[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 char key) {
 int low = fromIndex;
 int high = toIndex - 1;

 while (low <= high) {
 int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 char midVal = a[mid];

 if (midVal < key)
 low = mid + 1;
 else if (midVal > key)
 high = mid - 1;
 else
 return mid; // key found
 }
 return -(low + 1); // key not found.
 }

 /**
 * Searches the specified array of bytes for the specified value using the
 * binary search algorithm. The array must be sorted (as
 * by the {@link #sort(byte[])} method) prior to making this call. If it
 * is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the array contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element greater than the key, or {@code a.length} if all
 * elements in the array are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 */
 public static int binarySearch(byte[] a, byte key) {
 return binarySearch0(a, 0, a.length, key);
 }

 /**
 * Searches a range of
 * the specified array of bytes for the specified value using the
 * binary search algorithm.
 * The range must be sorted (as
 * by the {@link #sort(byte[], int, int)} method)
 * prior to making this call. If it
 * is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the range contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * searched
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array
 * within the specified range;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element in the range greater than the key,
 * or {@code toIndex} if all
 * elements in the range are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0 or toIndex > a.length}
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static int binarySearch(byte[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 byte key) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 return binarySearch0(a, fromIndex, toIndex, key);
 }

 // Like public version, but without range checks.
 private static int binarySearch0(byte[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 byte key) {
 int low = fromIndex;
 int high = toIndex - 1;

 while (low <= high) {
 int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 byte midVal = a[mid];

 if (midVal < key)
 low = mid + 1;
 else if (midVal > key)
 high = mid - 1;
 else
 return mid; // key found
 }
 return -(low + 1); // key not found.
 }

 /**
 * Searches the specified array of doubles for the specified value using
 * the binary search algorithm. The array must be sorted
 * (as by the {@link #sort(double[])} method) prior to making this call.
 * If it is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the array contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found. This method considers all NaN values to be
 * equivalent and equal.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element greater than the key, or {@code a.length} if all
 * elements in the array are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 */
 public static int binarySearch(double[] a, double key) {
 return binarySearch0(a, 0, a.length, key);
 }

 /**
 * Searches a range of
 * the specified array of doubles for the specified value using
 * the binary search algorithm.
 * The range must be sorted
 * (as by the {@link #sort(double[], int, int)} method)
 * prior to making this call.
 * If it is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the range contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found. This method considers all NaN values to be
 * equivalent and equal.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * searched
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array
 * within the specified range;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element in the range greater than the key,
 * or {@code toIndex} if all
 * elements in the range are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0 or toIndex > a.length}
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static int binarySearch(double[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 double key) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 return binarySearch0(a, fromIndex, toIndex, key);
 }

 // Like public version, but without range checks.
 private static int binarySearch0(double[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 double key) {
 int low = fromIndex;
 int high = toIndex - 1;

 while (low <= high) {
 int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 double midVal = a[mid];

 if (midVal < key)
 low = mid + 1; // Neither val is NaN, thisVal is smaller
 else if (midVal > key)
 high = mid - 1; // Neither val is NaN, thisVal is larger
 else {
 long midBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(midVal);
 long keyBits = Double.doubleToLongBits(key);
 if (midBits == keyBits) // Values are equal
 return mid; // Key found
 else if (midBits < keyBits) // (-0.0, 0.0) or (!NaN, NaN)
 low = mid + 1;
 else // (0.0, -0.0) or (NaN, !NaN)
 high = mid - 1;
 }
 }
 return -(low + 1); // key not found.
 }

 /**
 * Searches the specified array of floats for the specified value using
 * the binary search algorithm. The array must be sorted
 * (as by the {@link #sort(float[])} method) prior to making this call. If
 * it is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the array contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found. This method considers all NaN values to be
 * equivalent and equal.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element greater than the key, or {@code a.length} if all
 * elements in the array are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 */
 public static int binarySearch(float[] a, float key) {
 return binarySearch0(a, 0, a.length, key);
 }

 /**
 * Searches a range of
 * the specified array of floats for the specified value using
 * the binary search algorithm.
 * The range must be sorted
 * (as by the {@link #sort(float[], int, int)} method)
 * prior to making this call. If
 * it is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the range contains
 * multiple elements with the specified value, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found. This method considers all NaN values to be
 * equivalent and equal.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * searched
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array
 * within the specified range;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element in the range greater than the key,
 * or {@code toIndex} if all
 * elements in the range are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0 or toIndex > a.length}
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static int binarySearch(float[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 float key) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 return binarySearch0(a, fromIndex, toIndex, key);
 }

 // Like public version, but without range checks.
 private static int binarySearch0(float[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 float key) {
 int low = fromIndex;
 int high = toIndex - 1;

 while (low <= high) {
 int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 float midVal = a[mid];

 if (midVal < key)
 low = mid + 1; // Neither val is NaN, thisVal is smaller
 else if (midVal > key)
 high = mid - 1; // Neither val is NaN, thisVal is larger
 else {
 int midBits = Float.floatToIntBits(midVal);
 int keyBits = Float.floatToIntBits(key);
 if (midBits == keyBits) // Values are equal
 return mid; // Key found
 else if (midBits < keyBits) // (-0.0, 0.0) or (!NaN, NaN)
 low = mid + 1;
 else // (0.0, -0.0) or (NaN, !NaN)
 high = mid - 1;
 }
 }
 return -(low + 1); // key not found.
 }

 /**
 * Searches the specified array for the specified object using the binary
 * search algorithm. The array must be sorted into ascending order
 * according to the
 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering}
 * of its elements (as by the
 * {@link #sort(Object[])} method) prior to making this call.
 * If it is not sorted, the results are undefined.
 * (If the array contains elements that are not mutually comparable (for
 * example, strings and integers), it cannot be sorted according
 * to the natural ordering of its elements, hence results are undefined.)
 * If the array contains multiple
 * elements equal to the specified object, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element greater than the key, or {@code a.length} if all
 * elements in the array are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 * @throws ClassCastException if the search key is not comparable to the
 * elements of the array.
 */
 public static int binarySearch(Object[] a, Object key) {
 return binarySearch0(a, 0, a.length, key);
 }

 /**
 * Searches a range of
 * the specified array for the specified object using the binary
 * search algorithm.
 * The range must be sorted into ascending order
 * according to the
 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering}
 * of its elements (as by the
 * {@link #sort(Object[], int, int)} method) prior to making this
 * call. If it is not sorted, the results are undefined.
 * (If the range contains elements that are not mutually comparable (for
 * example, strings and integers), it cannot be sorted according
 * to the natural ordering of its elements, hence results are undefined.)
 * If the range contains multiple
 * elements equal to the specified object, there is no guarantee which
 * one will be found.
 *
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * searched
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array
 * within the specified range;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element in the range greater than the key,
 * or {@code toIndex} if all
 * elements in the range are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 * @throws ClassCastException if the search key is not comparable to the
 * elements of the array within the specified range.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0 or toIndex > a.length}
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static int binarySearch(Object[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 Object key) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 return binarySearch0(a, fromIndex, toIndex, key);
 }

 // Like public version, but without range checks.
 private static int binarySearch0(Object[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 Object key) {
 int low = fromIndex;
 int high = toIndex - 1;

 while (low <= high) {
 int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 Comparable midVal = (Comparable)a[mid];
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 int cmp = midVal.compareTo(key);

 if (cmp < 0)
 low = mid + 1;
 else if (cmp > 0)
 high = mid - 1;
 else
 return mid; // key found
 }
 return -(low + 1); // key not found.
 }

 /**
 * Searches the specified array for the specified object using the binary
 * search algorithm. The array must be sorted into ascending order
 * according to the specified comparator (as by the
 * {@link #sort(Object[], Comparator) sort(T[], Comparator)}
 * method) prior to making this call. If it is
 * not sorted, the results are undefined.
 * If the array contains multiple
 * elements equal to the specified object, there is no guarantee which one
 * will be found.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects in the array
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @param c the comparator by which the array is ordered. A
 * {@code null} value indicates that the elements'
 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} should be used.
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element greater than the key, or {@code a.length} if all
 * elements in the array are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are not
 * mutually comparable using the specified comparator,
 * or the search key is not comparable to the
 * elements of the array using this comparator.
 */
 public static <T> int binarySearch(T[] a, T key, Comparator<? super T> c) {
 return binarySearch0(a, 0, a.length, key, c);
 }

 /**
 * Searches a range of
 * the specified array for the specified object using the binary
 * search algorithm.
 * The range must be sorted into ascending order
 * according to the specified comparator (as by the
 * {@link #sort(Object[], int, int, Comparator)
 * sort(T[], int, int, Comparator)}
 * method) prior to making this call.
 * If it is not sorted, the results are undefined.
 * If the range contains multiple elements equal to the specified object,
 * there is no guarantee which one will be found.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects in the array
 * @param a the array to be searched
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * searched
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be searched
 * @param key the value to be searched for
 * @param c the comparator by which the array is ordered. A
 * {@code null} value indicates that the elements'
 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} should be used.
 * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array
 * within the specified range;
 * otherwise, <code>(-(insertion point) - 1)</code>. The
 * insertion point is defined as the point at which the
 * key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
 * element in the range greater than the key,
 * or {@code toIndex} if all
 * elements in the range are less than the specified key. Note
 * that this guarantees that the return value will be >= 0 if
 * and only if the key is found.
 * @throws ClassCastException if the range contains elements that are not
 * mutually comparable using the specified comparator,
 * or the search key is not comparable to the
 * elements in the range using this comparator.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code fromIndex < 0 or toIndex > a.length}
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static <T> int binarySearch(T[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 T key, Comparator<? super T> c) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 return binarySearch0(a, fromIndex, toIndex, key, c);
 }

 // Like public version, but without range checks.
 private static <T> int binarySearch0(T[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 T key, Comparator<? super T> c) {
 if (c == null) {
 return binarySearch0(a, fromIndex, toIndex, key);
 }
 int low = fromIndex;
 int high = toIndex - 1;

 while (low <= high) {
 int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 T midVal = a[mid];
 int cmp = c.compare(midVal, key);
 if (cmp < 0)
 low = mid + 1;
 else if (cmp > 0)
 high = mid - 1;
 else
 return mid; // key found
 }
 return -(low + 1); // key not found.
 }

 // Equality Testing

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if the two specified arrays of longs are
 * equal to one another. Two arrays are considered equal if both
 * arrays contain the same number of elements, and all corresponding pairs
 * of elements in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain the same elements in the same order. Also,
 * two array references are considered equal if both are {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a one array to be tested for equality
 * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays are equal
 */
 public static boolean equals(long[] a, long[] a2) {
 if (a==a2)
 return true;
 if (a==null || a2==null)
 return false;

 int length = a.length;
 if (a2.length != length)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, a2, length) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns true if the two specified arrays of longs, over the specified
 * ranges, are equal to one another.
 *
 * Two arrays are considered equal if the number of elements covered by
 * each range is the same, and all corresponding pairs of elements over the
 * specified ranges in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain, over the specified ranges, the same elements
 * in the same order.
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for equality
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for equality
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays, over the specified ranges, are
 * equal
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static boolean equals(long[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 long[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 if (aLength != bLength)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 aLength) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if the two specified arrays of ints are
 * equal to one another. Two arrays are considered equal if both
 * arrays contain the same number of elements, and all corresponding pairs
 * of elements in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain the same elements in the same order. Also,
 * two array references are considered equal if both are {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a one array to be tested for equality
 * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays are equal
 */
 public static boolean equals(int[] a, int[] a2) {
 if (a==a2)
 return true;
 if (a==null || a2==null)
 return false;

 int length = a.length;
 if (a2.length != length)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, a2, length) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns true if the two specified arrays of ints, over the specified
 * ranges, are equal to one another.
 *
 * Two arrays are considered equal if the number of elements covered by
 * each range is the same, and all corresponding pairs of elements over the
 * specified ranges in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain, over the specified ranges, the same elements
 * in the same order.
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for equality
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for equality
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays, over the specified ranges, are
 * equal
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static boolean equals(int[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 int[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 if (aLength != bLength)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 aLength) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if the two specified arrays of shorts are
 * equal to one another. Two arrays are considered equal if both
 * arrays contain the same number of elements, and all corresponding pairs
 * of elements in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain the same elements in the same order. Also,
 * two array references are considered equal if both are {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a one array to be tested for equality
 * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays are equal
 */
 public static boolean equals(short[] a, short a2[]) {
 if (a==a2)
 return true;
 if (a==null || a2==null)
 return false;

 int length = a.length;
 if (a2.length != length)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, a2, length) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns true if the two specified arrays of shorts, over the specified
 * ranges, are equal to one another.
 *
 * Two arrays are considered equal if the number of elements covered by
 * each range is the same, and all corresponding pairs of elements over the
 * specified ranges in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain, over the specified ranges, the same elements
 * in the same order.
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for equality
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for equality
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays, over the specified ranges, are
 * equal
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static boolean equals(short[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 short[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 if (aLength != bLength)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 aLength) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if the two specified arrays of chars are
 * equal to one another. Two arrays are considered equal if both
 * arrays contain the same number of elements, and all corresponding pairs
 * of elements in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain the same elements in the same order. Also,
 * two array references are considered equal if both are {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a one array to be tested for equality
 * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays are equal
 */
 @IntrinsicCandidate
 public static boolean equals(char[] a, char[] a2) {
 if (a==a2)
 return true;
 if (a==null || a2==null)
 return false;

 int length = a.length;
 if (a2.length != length)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, a2, length) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns true if the two specified arrays of chars, over the specified
 * ranges, are equal to one another.
 *
 * Two arrays are considered equal if the number of elements covered by
 * each range is the same, and all corresponding pairs of elements over the
 * specified ranges in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain, over the specified ranges, the same elements
 * in the same order.
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for equality
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for equality
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays, over the specified ranges, are
 * equal
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static boolean equals(char[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 char[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 if (aLength != bLength)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 aLength) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if the two specified arrays of bytes are
 * equal to one another. Two arrays are considered equal if both
 * arrays contain the same number of elements, and all corresponding pairs
 * of elements in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain the same elements in the same order. Also,
 * two array references are considered equal if both are {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a one array to be tested for equality
 * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays are equal
 */
 @IntrinsicCandidate
 public static boolean equals(byte[] a, byte[] a2) {
 if (a==a2)
 return true;
 if (a==null || a2==null)
 return false;

 int length = a.length;
 if (a2.length != length)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, a2, length) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns true if the two specified arrays of bytes, over the specified
 * ranges, are equal to one another.
 *
 * Two arrays are considered equal if the number of elements covered by
 * each range is the same, and all corresponding pairs of elements over the
 * specified ranges in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain, over the specified ranges, the same elements
 * in the same order.
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for equality
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for equality
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays, over the specified ranges, are
 * equal
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static boolean equals(byte[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 byte[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 if (aLength != bLength)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 aLength) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if the two specified arrays of booleans are
 * equal to one another. Two arrays are considered equal if both
 * arrays contain the same number of elements, and all corresponding pairs
 * of elements in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain the same elements in the same order. Also,
 * two array references are considered equal if both are {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a one array to be tested for equality
 * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays are equal
 */
 public static boolean equals(boolean[] a, boolean[] a2) {
 if (a==a2)
 return true;
 if (a==null || a2==null)
 return false;

 int length = a.length;
 if (a2.length != length)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, a2, length) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns true if the two specified arrays of booleans, over the specified
 * ranges, are equal to one another.
 *
 * Two arrays are considered equal if the number of elements covered by
 * each range is the same, and all corresponding pairs of elements over the
 * specified ranges in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain, over the specified ranges, the same elements
 * in the same order.
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for equality
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for equality
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays, over the specified ranges, are
 * equal
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static boolean equals(boolean[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 boolean[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 if (aLength != bLength)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 aLength) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if the two specified arrays of doubles are
 * equal to one another. Two arrays are considered equal if both
 * arrays contain the same number of elements, and all corresponding pairs
 * of elements in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain the same elements in the same order. Also,
 * two array references are considered equal if both are {@code null}.
 *
 * Two doubles {@code d1} and {@code d2} are considered equal if:
 * <pre> {@code Double.valueOf(d1).equals(Double.valueOf(d2))}</pre>
 * (Unlike the {@code ==} operator, this method considers
 * {@code NaN} equal to itself, and 0.0d unequal to -0.0d.)
 *
 * @param a one array to be tested for equality
 * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays are equal
 * @see Double#equals(Object)
 */
 public static boolean equals(double[] a, double[] a2) {
 if (a==a2)
 return true;
 if (a==null || a2==null)
 return false;

 int length = a.length;
 if (a2.length != length)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, a2, length) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns true if the two specified arrays of doubles, over the specified
 * ranges, are equal to one another.
 *
 * Two arrays are considered equal if the number of elements covered by
 * each range is the same, and all corresponding pairs of elements over the
 * specified ranges in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain, over the specified ranges, the same elements
 * in the same order.
 *
 * Two doubles {@code d1} and {@code d2} are considered equal if:
 * <pre> {@code Double.valueOf(d1).equals(Double.valueOf(d2))}</pre>
 * (Unlike the {@code ==} operator, this method considers
 * {@code NaN} equal to itself, and 0.0d unequal to -0.0d.)
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for equality
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for equality
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays, over the specified ranges, are
 * equal
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @see Double#equals(Object)
 * @since 9
 */
 public static boolean equals(double[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 double[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 if (aLength != bLength)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex, aLength) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if the two specified arrays of floats are
 * equal to one another. Two arrays are considered equal if both
 * arrays contain the same number of elements, and all corresponding pairs
 * of elements in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain the same elements in the same order. Also,
 * two array references are considered equal if both are {@code null}.
 *
 * Two floats {@code f1} and {@code f2} are considered equal if:
 * <pre> {@code Float.valueOf(f1).equals(Float.valueOf(f2))}</pre>
 * (Unlike the {@code ==} operator, this method considers
 * {@code NaN} equal to itself, and 0.0f unequal to -0.0f.)
 *
 * @param a one array to be tested for equality
 * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays are equal
 * @see Float#equals(Object)
 */
 public static boolean equals(float[] a, float[] a2) {
 if (a==a2)
 return true;
 if (a==null || a2==null)
 return false;

 int length = a.length;
 if (a2.length != length)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, a2, length) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns true if the two specified arrays of floats, over the specified
 * ranges, are equal to one another.
 *
 * Two arrays are considered equal if the number of elements covered by
 * each range is the same, and all corresponding pairs of elements over the
 * specified ranges in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain, over the specified ranges, the same elements
 * in the same order.
 *
 * Two floats {@code f1} and {@code f2} are considered equal if:
 * <pre> {@code Float.valueOf(f1).equals(Float.valueOf(f2))}</pre>
 * (Unlike the {@code ==} operator, this method considers
 * {@code NaN} equal to itself, and 0.0f unequal to -0.0f.)
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for equality
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for equality
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays, over the specified ranges, are
 * equal
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @see Float#equals(Object)
 * @since 9
 */
 public static boolean equals(float[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 float[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 if (aLength != bLength)
 return false;

 return ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex, aLength) < 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if the two specified arrays of Objects are
 * equal to one another. The two arrays are considered equal if
 * both arrays contain the same number of elements, and all corresponding
 * pairs of elements in the two arrays are equal. Two objects {@code e1}
 * and {@code e2} are considered equal if
 * {@code Objects.equals(e1, e2)}.
 * In other words, the two arrays are equal if
 * they contain the same elements in the same order. Also, two array
 * references are considered equal if both are {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a one array to be tested for equality
 * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays are equal
 */
 public static boolean equals(Object[] a, Object[] a2) {
 if (a==a2)
 return true;
 if (a==null || a2==null)
 return false;

 int length = a.length;
 if (a2.length != length)
 return false;

 for (int i=0; i<length; i++) {
 if (!Objects.equals(a[i], a2[i]))
 return false;
 }

 return true;
 }

 /**
 * Returns true if the two specified arrays of Objects, over the specified
 * ranges, are equal to one another.
 *
 * Two arrays are considered equal if the number of elements covered by
 * each range is the same, and all corresponding pairs of elements over the
 * specified ranges in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain, over the specified ranges, the same elements
 * in the same order.
 *
 * Two objects {@code e1} and {@code e2} are considered equal if
 * {@code Objects.equals(e1, e2)}.
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for equality
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for equality
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays, over the specified ranges, are
 * equal
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static boolean equals(Object[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 Object[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 if (aLength != bLength)
 return false;

 for (int i = 0; i < aLength; i++) {
 if (!Objects.equals(a[aFromIndex++], b[bFromIndex++]))
 return false;
 }

 return true;
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if the two specified arrays of Objects are
 * equal to one another.
 *
 * Two arrays are considered equal if both arrays contain the same number
 * of elements, and all corresponding pairs of elements in the two arrays
 * are equal. In other words, the two arrays are equal if they contain the
 * same elements in the same order. Also, two array references are
 * considered equal if both are {@code null}.
 *
 * Two objects {@code e1} and {@code e2} are considered equal if,
 * given the specified comparator, {@code cmp.compare(e1, e2) == 0}.
 *
 * @param a one array to be tested for equality
 * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
 * @param cmp the comparator to compare array elements
 * @param <T> the type of array elements
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays are equal
 * @throws NullPointerException if the comparator is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static <T> boolean equals(T[] a, T[] a2, Comparator<? super T> cmp) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(cmp);
 if (a==a2)
 return true;
 if (a==null || a2==null)
 return false;

 int length = a.length;
 if (a2.length != length)
 return false;

 for (int i=0; i<length; i++) {
 if (cmp.compare(a[i], a2[i]) != 0)
 return false;
 }

 return true;
 }

 /**
 * Returns true if the two specified arrays of Objects, over the specified
 * ranges, are equal to one another.
 *
 * Two arrays are considered equal if the number of elements covered by
 * each range is the same, and all corresponding pairs of elements over the
 * specified ranges in the two arrays are equal. In other words, two arrays
 * are equal if they contain, over the specified ranges, the same elements
 * in the same order.
 *
 * Two objects {@code e1} and {@code e2} are considered equal if,
 * given the specified comparator, {@code cmp.compare(e1, e2) == 0}.
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for equality
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for equality
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param cmp the comparator to compare array elements
 * @param <T> the type of array elements
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays, over the specified ranges, are
 * equal
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array or the comparator is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static <T> boolean equals(T[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 T[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex,
 Comparator<? super T> cmp) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(cmp);
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 if (aLength != bLength)
 return false;

 for (int i = 0; i < aLength; i++) {
 if (cmp.compare(a[aFromIndex++], b[bFromIndex++]) != 0)
 return false;
 }

 return true;
 }

 // Filling

 /**
 * Assigns the specified long value to each element of the specified array
 * of longs.
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 */
 public static void fill(long[] a, long val) {
 for (int i = 0, len = a.length; i < len; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified long value to each element of the specified
 * range of the specified array of longs. The range to be filled
 * extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
 * {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
 * range to be filled is empty.)
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void fill(long[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, long val) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified int value to each element of the specified array
 * of ints.
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 */
 public static void fill(int[] a, int val) {
 for (int i = 0, len = a.length; i < len; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified int value to each element of the specified
 * range of the specified array of ints. The range to be filled
 * extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
 * {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
 * range to be filled is empty.)
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void fill(int[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int val) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified short value to each element of the specified array
 * of shorts.
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 */
 public static void fill(short[] a, short val) {
 for (int i = 0, len = a.length; i < len; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified short value to each element of the specified
 * range of the specified array of shorts. The range to be filled
 * extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
 * {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
 * range to be filled is empty.)
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void fill(short[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, short val) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified char value to each element of the specified array
 * of chars.
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 */
 public static void fill(char[] a, char val) {
 for (int i = 0, len = a.length; i < len; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified char value to each element of the specified
 * range of the specified array of chars. The range to be filled
 * extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
 * {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
 * range to be filled is empty.)
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void fill(char[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, char val) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified byte value to each element of the specified array
 * of bytes.
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 */
 public static void fill(byte[] a, byte val) {
 for (int i = 0, len = a.length; i < len; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified byte value to each element of the specified
 * range of the specified array of bytes. The range to be filled
 * extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
 * {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
 * range to be filled is empty.)
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void fill(byte[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, byte val) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified boolean value to each element of the specified
 * array of booleans.
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 */
 public static void fill(boolean[] a, boolean val) {
 for (int i = 0, len = a.length; i < len; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified boolean value to each element of the specified
 * range of the specified array of booleans. The range to be filled
 * extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
 * {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
 * range to be filled is empty.)
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void fill(boolean[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
 boolean val) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified double value to each element of the specified
 * array of doubles.
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 */
 public static void fill(double[] a, double val) {
 for (int i = 0, len = a.length; i < len; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified double value to each element of the specified
 * range of the specified array of doubles. The range to be filled
 * extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
 * {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
 * range to be filled is empty.)
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void fill(double[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,double val){
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified float value to each element of the specified array
 * of floats.
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 */
 public static void fill(float[] a, float val) {
 for (int i = 0, len = a.length; i < len; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified float value to each element of the specified
 * range of the specified array of floats. The range to be filled
 * extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
 * {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
 * range to be filled is empty.)
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 */
 public static void fill(float[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, float val) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified Object reference to each element of the specified
 * array of Objects.
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 * @throws ArrayStoreException if the specified value is not of a
 * runtime type that can be stored in the specified array
 */
 public static void fill(Object[] a, Object val) {
 for (int i = 0, len = a.length; i < len; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 /**
 * Assigns the specified Object reference to each element of the specified
 * range of the specified array of Objects. The range to be filled
 * extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
 * {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
 * range to be filled is empty.)
 *
 * @param a the array to be filled
 * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be
 * filled with the specified value
 * @param val the value to be stored in all elements of the array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
 * {@code toIndex > a.length}
 * @throws ArrayStoreException if the specified value is not of a
 * runtime type that can be stored in the specified array
 */
 public static void fill(Object[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, Object val) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
 for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++)
 a[i] = val;
 }

 // Cloning

 /**
 * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with nulls (if necessary)
 * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are
 * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
 * contain identical values. For any indices that are valid in the
 * copy but not the original, the copy will contain {@code null}.
 * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
 * is greater than that of the original array.
 * The resulting array is of exactly the same class as the original array.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects in the array
 * @param original the array to be copied
 * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
 * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with nulls
 * to obtain the specified length
 * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if {@code newLength} is negative
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public static <T> T[] copyOf(T[] original, int newLength) {
 return (T[]) copyOf(original, newLength, original.getClass());
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with nulls (if necessary)
 * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are
 * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
 * contain identical values. For any indices that are valid in the
 * copy but not the original, the copy will contain {@code null}.
 * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
 * is greater than that of the original array.
 * The resulting array is of the class {@code newType}.
 *
 * @param the class of the objects in the original array
 * @param <T> the class of the objects in the returned array
 * @param original the array to be copied
 * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
 * @param newType the class of the copy to be returned
 * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with nulls
 * to obtain the specified length
 * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if {@code newLength} is negative
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @throws ArrayStoreException if an element copied from
 * {@code original} is not of a runtime type that can be stored in
 * an array of class {@code newType}
 * @since 1.6
 */
 @IntrinsicCandidate
 public static <T,U> T[] copyOf(U[] original, int newLength, Class<? extends T[]> newType) {
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 T[] copy = ((Object)newType == (Object)Object[].class)
 ? (T[]) new Object[newLength]
 : (T[]) Array.newInstance(newType.getComponentType(), newLength);
 System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with zeros (if necessary)
 * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are
 * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
 * contain identical values. For any indices that are valid in the
 * copy but not the original, the copy will contain {@code (byte)0}.
 * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
 * is greater than that of the original array.
 *
 * @param original the array to be copied
 * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
 * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with zeros
 * to obtain the specified length
 * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if {@code newLength} is negative
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static byte[] copyOf(byte[] original, int newLength) {
 byte[] copy = new byte[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with zeros (if necessary)
 * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are
 * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
 * contain identical values. For any indices that are valid in the
 * copy but not the original, the copy will contain {@code (short)0}.
 * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
 * is greater than that of the original array.
 *
 * @param original the array to be copied
 * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
 * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with zeros
 * to obtain the specified length
 * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if {@code newLength} is negative
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static short[] copyOf(short[] original, int newLength) {
 short[] copy = new short[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with zeros (if necessary)
 * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are
 * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
 * contain identical values. For any indices that are valid in the
 * copy but not the original, the copy will contain {@code 0}.
 * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
 * is greater than that of the original array.
 *
 * @param original the array to be copied
 * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
 * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with zeros
 * to obtain the specified length
 * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if {@code newLength} is negative
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static int[] copyOf(int[] original, int newLength) {
 int[] copy = new int[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with zeros (if necessary)
 * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are
 * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
 * contain identical values. For any indices that are valid in the
 * copy but not the original, the copy will contain {@code 0L}.
 * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
 * is greater than that of the original array.
 *
 * @param original the array to be copied
 * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
 * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with zeros
 * to obtain the specified length
 * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if {@code newLength} is negative
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static long[] copyOf(long[] original, int newLength) {
 long[] copy = new long[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with null characters (if necessary)
 * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are valid
 * in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will contain
 * identical values. For any indices that are valid in the copy but not
 * the original, the copy will contain {@code '\u005cu0000'}. Such indices
 * will exist if and only if the specified length is greater than that of
 * the original array.
 *
 * @param original the array to be copied
 * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
 * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with null characters
 * to obtain the specified length
 * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if {@code newLength} is negative
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static char[] copyOf(char[] original, int newLength) {
 char[] copy = new char[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with zeros (if necessary)
 * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are
 * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
 * contain identical values. For any indices that are valid in the
 * copy but not the original, the copy will contain {@code 0f}.
 * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
 * is greater than that of the original array.
 *
 * @param original the array to be copied
 * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
 * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with zeros
 * to obtain the specified length
 * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if {@code newLength} is negative
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static float[] copyOf(float[] original, int newLength) {
 float[] copy = new float[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with zeros (if necessary)
 * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are
 * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
 * contain identical values. For any indices that are valid in the
 * copy but not the original, the copy will contain {@code 0d}.
 * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
 * is greater than that of the original array.
 *
 * @param original the array to be copied
 * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
 * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with zeros
 * to obtain the specified length
 * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if {@code newLength} is negative
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static double[] copyOf(double[] original, int newLength) {
 double[] copy = new double[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with {@code false} (if necessary)
 * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are
 * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
 * contain identical values. For any indices that are valid in the
 * copy but not the original, the copy will contain {@code false}.
 * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
 * is greater than that of the original array.
 *
 * @param original the array to be copied
 * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
 * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with false elements
 * to obtain the specified length
 * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if {@code newLength} is negative
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static boolean[] copyOf(boolean[] original, int newLength) {
 boolean[] copy = new boolean[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified range of the specified array into a new array.
 * The initial index of the range ({@code from}) must lie between zero
 * and {@code original.length}, inclusive. The value at
 * {@code original[from]} is placed into the initial element of the copy
 * (unless {@code from == original.length} or {@code from == to}).
 * Values from subsequent elements in the original array are placed into
 * subsequent elements in the copy. The final index of the range
 * ({@code to}), which must be greater than or equal to {@code from},
 * may be greater than {@code original.length}, in which case
 * {@code null} is placed in all elements of the copy whose index is
 * greater than or equal to {@code original.length - from}. The length
 * of the returned array will be {@code to - from}.
 * 
 * The resulting array is of exactly the same class as the original array.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects in the array
 * @param original the array from which a range is to be copied
 * @param from the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive
 * @param to the final index of the range to be copied, exclusive.
 * (This index may lie outside the array.)
 * @return a new array containing the specified range from the original array,
 * truncated or padded with nulls to obtain the required length
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code from < 0}
 * or {@code from > original.length}
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code from > to}
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public static <T> T[] copyOfRange(T[] original, int from, int to) {
 return copyOfRange(original, from, to, (Class<? extends T[]>) original.getClass());
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified range of the specified array into a new array.
 * The initial index of the range ({@code from}) must lie between zero
 * and {@code original.length}, inclusive. The value at
 * {@code original[from]} is placed into the initial element of the copy
 * (unless {@code from == original.length} or {@code from == to}).
 * Values from subsequent elements in the original array are placed into
 * subsequent elements in the copy. The final index of the range
 * ({@code to}), which must be greater than or equal to {@code from},
 * may be greater than {@code original.length}, in which case
 * {@code null} is placed in all elements of the copy whose index is
 * greater than or equal to {@code original.length - from}. The length
 * of the returned array will be {@code to - from}.
 * The resulting array is of the class {@code newType}.
 *
 * @param the class of the objects in the original array
 * @param <T> the class of the objects in the returned array
 * @param original the array from which a range is to be copied
 * @param from the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive
 * @param to the final index of the range to be copied, exclusive.
 * (This index may lie outside the array.)
 * @param newType the class of the copy to be returned
 * @return a new array containing the specified range from the original array,
 * truncated or padded with nulls to obtain the required length
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code from < 0}
 * or {@code from > original.length}
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code from > to}
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @throws ArrayStoreException if an element copied from
 * {@code original} is not of a runtime type that can be stored in
 * an array of class {@code newType}.
 * @since 1.6
 */
 @IntrinsicCandidate
 public static <T,U> T[] copyOfRange(U[] original, int from, int to, Class<? extends T[]> newType) {
 int newLength = to - from;
 if (newLength < 0)
 throw new IllegalArgumentException(from + " > " + to);
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 T[] copy = ((Object)newType == (Object)Object[].class)
 ? (T[]) new Object[newLength]
 : (T[]) Array.newInstance(newType.getComponentType(), newLength);
 System.arraycopy(original, from, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length - from, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified range of the specified array into a new array.
 * The initial index of the range ({@code from}) must lie between zero
 * and {@code original.length}, inclusive. The value at
 * {@code original[from]} is placed into the initial element of the copy
 * (unless {@code from == original.length} or {@code from == to}).
 * Values from subsequent elements in the original array are placed into
 * subsequent elements in the copy. The final index of the range
 * ({@code to}), which must be greater than or equal to {@code from},
 * may be greater than {@code original.length}, in which case
 * {@code (byte)0} is placed in all elements of the copy whose index is
 * greater than or equal to {@code original.length - from}. The length
 * of the returned array will be {@code to - from}.
 *
 * @param original the array from which a range is to be copied
 * @param from the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive
 * @param to the final index of the range to be copied, exclusive.
 * (This index may lie outside the array.)
 * @return a new array containing the specified range from the original array,
 * truncated or padded with zeros to obtain the required length
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code from < 0}
 * or {@code from > original.length}
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code from > to}
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static byte[] copyOfRange(byte[] original, int from, int to) {
 int newLength = to - from;
 if (newLength < 0)
 throw new IllegalArgumentException(from + " > " + to);
 byte[] copy = new byte[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, from, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length - from, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified range of the specified array into a new array.
 * The initial index of the range ({@code from}) must lie between zero
 * and {@code original.length}, inclusive. The value at
 * {@code original[from]} is placed into the initial element of the copy
 * (unless {@code from == original.length} or {@code from == to}).
 * Values from subsequent elements in the original array are placed into
 * subsequent elements in the copy. The final index of the range
 * ({@code to}), which must be greater than or equal to {@code from},
 * may be greater than {@code original.length}, in which case
 * {@code (short)0} is placed in all elements of the copy whose index is
 * greater than or equal to {@code original.length - from}. The length
 * of the returned array will be {@code to - from}.
 *
 * @param original the array from which a range is to be copied
 * @param from the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive
 * @param to the final index of the range to be copied, exclusive.
 * (This index may lie outside the array.)
 * @return a new array containing the specified range from the original array,
 * truncated or padded with zeros to obtain the required length
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code from < 0}
 * or {@code from > original.length}
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code from > to}
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static short[] copyOfRange(short[] original, int from, int to) {
 int newLength = to - from;
 if (newLength < 0)
 throw new IllegalArgumentException(from + " > " + to);
 short[] copy = new short[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, from, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length - from, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified range of the specified array into a new array.
 * The initial index of the range ({@code from}) must lie between zero
 * and {@code original.length}, inclusive. The value at
 * {@code original[from]} is placed into the initial element of the copy
 * (unless {@code from == original.length} or {@code from == to}).
 * Values from subsequent elements in the original array are placed into
 * subsequent elements in the copy. The final index of the range
 * ({@code to}), which must be greater than or equal to {@code from},
 * may be greater than {@code original.length}, in which case
 * {@code 0} is placed in all elements of the copy whose index is
 * greater than or equal to {@code original.length - from}. The length
 * of the returned array will be {@code to - from}.
 *
 * @param original the array from which a range is to be copied
 * @param from the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive
 * @param to the final index of the range to be copied, exclusive.
 * (This index may lie outside the array.)
 * @return a new array containing the specified range from the original array,
 * truncated or padded with zeros to obtain the required length
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code from < 0}
 * or {@code from > original.length}
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code from > to}
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static int[] copyOfRange(int[] original, int from, int to) {
 int newLength = to - from;
 if (newLength < 0)
 throw new IllegalArgumentException(from + " > " + to);
 int[] copy = new int[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, from, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length - from, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified range of the specified array into a new array.
 * The initial index of the range ({@code from}) must lie between zero
 * and {@code original.length}, inclusive. The value at
 * {@code original[from]} is placed into the initial element of the copy
 * (unless {@code from == original.length} or {@code from == to}).
 * Values from subsequent elements in the original array are placed into
 * subsequent elements in the copy. The final index of the range
 * ({@code to}), which must be greater than or equal to {@code from},
 * may be greater than {@code original.length}, in which case
 * {@code 0L} is placed in all elements of the copy whose index is
 * greater than or equal to {@code original.length - from}. The length
 * of the returned array will be {@code to - from}.
 *
 * @param original the array from which a range is to be copied
 * @param from the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive
 * @param to the final index of the range to be copied, exclusive.
 * (This index may lie outside the array.)
 * @return a new array containing the specified range from the original array,
 * truncated or padded with zeros to obtain the required length
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code from < 0}
 * or {@code from > original.length}
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code from > to}
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static long[] copyOfRange(long[] original, int from, int to) {
 int newLength = to - from;
 if (newLength < 0)
 throw new IllegalArgumentException(from + " > " + to);
 long[] copy = new long[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, from, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length - from, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified range of the specified array into a new array.
 * The initial index of the range ({@code from}) must lie between zero
 * and {@code original.length}, inclusive. The value at
 * {@code original[from]} is placed into the initial element of the copy
 * (unless {@code from == original.length} or {@code from == to}).
 * Values from subsequent elements in the original array are placed into
 * subsequent elements in the copy. The final index of the range
 * ({@code to}), which must be greater than or equal to {@code from},
 * may be greater than {@code original.length}, in which case
 * {@code '\u005cu0000'} is placed in all elements of the copy whose index is
 * greater than or equal to {@code original.length - from}. The length
 * of the returned array will be {@code to - from}.
 *
 * @param original the array from which a range is to be copied
 * @param from the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive
 * @param to the final index of the range to be copied, exclusive.
 * (This index may lie outside the array.)
 * @return a new array containing the specified range from the original array,
 * truncated or padded with null characters to obtain the required length
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code from < 0}
 * or {@code from > original.length}
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code from > to}
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static char[] copyOfRange(char[] original, int from, int to) {
 int newLength = to - from;
 if (newLength < 0)
 throw new IllegalArgumentException(from + " > " + to);
 char[] copy = new char[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, from, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length - from, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified range of the specified array into a new array.
 * The initial index of the range ({@code from}) must lie between zero
 * and {@code original.length}, inclusive. The value at
 * {@code original[from]} is placed into the initial element of the copy
 * (unless {@code from == original.length} or {@code from == to}).
 * Values from subsequent elements in the original array are placed into
 * subsequent elements in the copy. The final index of the range
 * ({@code to}), which must be greater than or equal to {@code from},
 * may be greater than {@code original.length}, in which case
 * {@code 0f} is placed in all elements of the copy whose index is
 * greater than or equal to {@code original.length - from}. The length
 * of the returned array will be {@code to - from}.
 *
 * @param original the array from which a range is to be copied
 * @param from the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive
 * @param to the final index of the range to be copied, exclusive.
 * (This index may lie outside the array.)
 * @return a new array containing the specified range from the original array,
 * truncated or padded with zeros to obtain the required length
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code from < 0}
 * or {@code from > original.length}
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code from > to}
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static float[] copyOfRange(float[] original, int from, int to) {
 int newLength = to - from;
 if (newLength < 0)
 throw new IllegalArgumentException(from + " > " + to);
 float[] copy = new float[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, from, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length - from, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified range of the specified array into a new array.
 * The initial index of the range ({@code from}) must lie between zero
 * and {@code original.length}, inclusive. The value at
 * {@code original[from]} is placed into the initial element of the copy
 * (unless {@code from == original.length} or {@code from == to}).
 * Values from subsequent elements in the original array are placed into
 * subsequent elements in the copy. The final index of the range
 * ({@code to}), which must be greater than or equal to {@code from},
 * may be greater than {@code original.length}, in which case
 * {@code 0d} is placed in all elements of the copy whose index is
 * greater than or equal to {@code original.length - from}. The length
 * of the returned array will be {@code to - from}.
 *
 * @param original the array from which a range is to be copied
 * @param from the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive
 * @param to the final index of the range to be copied, exclusive.
 * (This index may lie outside the array.)
 * @return a new array containing the specified range from the original array,
 * truncated or padded with zeros to obtain the required length
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code from < 0}
 * or {@code from > original.length}
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code from > to}
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static double[] copyOfRange(double[] original, int from, int to) {
 int newLength = to - from;
 if (newLength < 0)
 throw new IllegalArgumentException(from + " > " + to);
 double[] copy = new double[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, from, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length - from, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 /**
 * Copies the specified range of the specified array into a new array.
 * The initial index of the range ({@code from}) must lie between zero
 * and {@code original.length}, inclusive. The value at
 * {@code original[from]} is placed into the initial element of the copy
 * (unless {@code from == original.length} or {@code from == to}).
 * Values from subsequent elements in the original array are placed into
 * subsequent elements in the copy. The final index of the range
 * ({@code to}), which must be greater than or equal to {@code from},
 * may be greater than {@code original.length}, in which case
 * {@code false} is placed in all elements of the copy whose index is
 * greater than or equal to {@code original.length - from}. The length
 * of the returned array will be {@code to - from}.
 *
 * @param original the array from which a range is to be copied
 * @param from the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive
 * @param to the final index of the range to be copied, exclusive.
 * (This index may lie outside the array.)
 * @return a new array containing the specified range from the original array,
 * truncated or padded with false elements to obtain the required length
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code from < 0}
 * or {@code from > original.length}
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code from > to}
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code original} is null
 * @since 1.6
 */
 public static boolean[] copyOfRange(boolean[] original, int from, int to) {
 int newLength = to - from;
 if (newLength < 0)
 throw new IllegalArgumentException(from + " > " + to);
 boolean[] copy = new boolean[newLength];
 System.arraycopy(original, from, copy, 0,
 Math.min(original.length - from, newLength));
 return copy;
 }

 // Misc

 /**
 * Returns a fixed-size list backed by the specified array. Changes made to
 * the array will be visible in the returned list, and changes made to the
 * list will be visible in the array. The returned list is
 * {@link Serializable} and implements {@link RandomAccess}.
 *
 * The returned list implements the optional {@code Collection} methods, except
 * those that would change the size of the returned list. Those methods leave
 * the list unchanged and throw {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
 * APIs, in combination with {@link Collection#toArray}.
 *
 * This method provides a way to wrap an existing array:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Integer[] numbers = ...
 * ...
 * List<Integer> values = Arrays.asList(numbers);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * This method also provides a convenient way to create a fixed-size
 * list initialized to contain several elements:
 * <pre>{@code
 * List<String> stooges = Arrays.asList("Larry", "Moe", "Curly");
 * }</pre>
 *
 * The list returned by this method is modifiable.
 * To create an unmodifiable list, use
 * {@link Collections#unmodifiableList Collections.unmodifiableList}
 * or <a href="List.html#unmodifiable">Unmodifiable Lists</a>.
 *
 * @param <T> the class of the objects in the array
 * @param a the array by which the list will be backed
 * @return a list view of the specified array
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is {@code null}
 */
 @SafeVarargs
 @SuppressWarnings("varargs")
 public static <T> List<T> asList(T... a) {
 return new ArrayList<>(a);
 }

 /**
 * @serial include
 */
 private static class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
 implements RandomAccess, java.io.Serializable
 {
 @java.io.Serial
 private static final long serialVersionUID = -2764017481108945198L;
 @SuppressWarnings("serial") // Conditionally serializable
 private final E[] a;

 ArrayList(E[] array) {
 a = Objects.requireNonNull(array);
 }

 @Override
 public int size() {
 return a.length;
 }

 @Override
 public Object[] toArray() {
 return Arrays.copyOf(a, a.length, Object[].class);
 }

 @Override
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
 int size = size();
 if (a.length < size)
 return Arrays.copyOf(this.a, size,
 (Class<? extends T[]>) a.getClass());
 System.arraycopy(this.a, 0, a, 0, size);
 if (a.length > size)
 a[size] = null;
 return a;
 }

 @Override
 public E get(int index) {
 return a[index];
 }

 @Override
 public E set(int index, E element) {
 E oldValue = a[index];
 a[index] = element;
 return oldValue;
 }

 @Override
 public int indexOf(Object o) {
 E[] a = this.a;
 if (o == null) {
 for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
 if (a[i] == null)
 return i;
 } else {
 for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
 if (o.equals(a[i]))
 return i;
 }
 return -1;
 }

 @Override
 public boolean contains(Object o) {
 return indexOf(o) >= 0;
 }

 @Override
 public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
 return Spliterators.spliterator(a, Spliterator.ORDERED);
 }

 @Override
 public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(action);
 for (E e : a) {
 action.accept(e);
 }
 }

 @Override
 public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(operator);
 E[] a = this.a;
 for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
 a[i] = operator.apply(a[i]);
 }
 }

 @Override
 public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
 Arrays.sort(a, c);
 }

 @Override
 public Iterator<E> iterator() {
 return new ArrayItr<>(a);
 }
 }

 private static class ArrayItr<E> implements Iterator<E> {
 private int cursor;
 private final E[] a;

 ArrayItr(E[] a) {
 this.a = a;
 }

 @Override
 public boolean hasNext() {
 return cursor < a.length;
 }

 @Override
 public E next() {
 int i = cursor;
 if (i >= a.length) {
 throw new NoSuchElementException();
 }
 cursor = i + 1;
 return a[i];
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a hash code based on the contents of the specified array.
 * For any two {@code long} arrays {@code a} and {@code b}
 * such that {@code Arrays.equals(a, b)}, it is also the case that
 * {@code Arrays.hashCode(a) == Arrays.hashCode(b)}.
 *
 * The value returned by this method is the same value that would be
 * obtained by invoking the {@link List#hashCode() hashCode}
 * method on a {@link List} containing a sequence of {@link Long}
 * instances representing the elements of {@code a} in the same order.
 * If {@code a} is {@code null}, this method returns 0.
 *
 * @param a the array whose hash value to compute
 * @return a content-based hash code for {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static int hashCode(long[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return 0;

 int result = 1;
 for (long element : a) {
 int elementHash = (int)(element ^ (element >>> 32));
 result = 31 * result + elementHash;
 }

 return result;
 }

 /**
 * Returns a hash code based on the contents of the specified array.
 * For any two non-null {@code int} arrays {@code a} and {@code b}
 * such that {@code Arrays.equals(a, b)}, it is also the case that
 * {@code Arrays.hashCode(a) == Arrays.hashCode(b)}.
 *
 * The value returned by this method is the same value that would be
 * obtained by invoking the {@link List#hashCode() hashCode}
 * method on a {@link List} containing a sequence of {@link Integer}
 * instances representing the elements of {@code a} in the same order.
 * If {@code a} is {@code null}, this method returns 0.
 *
 * @param a the array whose hash value to compute
 * @return a content-based hash code for {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static int hashCode(int[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return 0;

 int result = 1;
 for (int element : a)
 result = 31 * result + element;

 return result;
 }

 /**
 * Returns a hash code based on the contents of the specified array.
 * For any two {@code short} arrays {@code a} and {@code b}
 * such that {@code Arrays.equals(a, b)}, it is also the case that
 * {@code Arrays.hashCode(a) == Arrays.hashCode(b)}.
 *
 * The value returned by this method is the same value that would be
 * obtained by invoking the {@link List#hashCode() hashCode}
 * method on a {@link List} containing a sequence of {@link Short}
 * instances representing the elements of {@code a} in the same order.
 * If {@code a} is {@code null}, this method returns 0.
 *
 * @param a the array whose hash value to compute
 * @return a content-based hash code for {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static int hashCode(short[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return 0;

 int result = 1;
 for (short element : a)
 result = 31 * result + element;

 return result;
 }

 /**
 * Returns a hash code based on the contents of the specified array.
 * For any two {@code char} arrays {@code a} and {@code b}
 * such that {@code Arrays.equals(a, b)}, it is also the case that
 * {@code Arrays.hashCode(a) == Arrays.hashCode(b)}.
 *
 * The value returned by this method is the same value that would be
 * obtained by invoking the {@link List#hashCode() hashCode}
 * method on a {@link List} containing a sequence of {@link Character}
 * instances representing the elements of {@code a} in the same order.
 * If {@code a} is {@code null}, this method returns 0.
 *
 * @param a the array whose hash value to compute
 * @return a content-based hash code for {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static int hashCode(char[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return 0;

 int result = 1;
 for (char element : a)
 result = 31 * result + element;

 return result;
 }

 /**
 * Returns a hash code based on the contents of the specified array.
 * For any two {@code byte} arrays {@code a} and {@code b}
 * such that {@code Arrays.equals(a, b)}, it is also the case that
 * {@code Arrays.hashCode(a) == Arrays.hashCode(b)}.
 *
 * The value returned by this method is the same value that would be
 * obtained by invoking the {@link List#hashCode() hashCode}
 * method on a {@link List} containing a sequence of {@link Byte}
 * instances representing the elements of {@code a} in the same order.
 * If {@code a} is {@code null}, this method returns 0.
 *
 * @param a the array whose hash value to compute
 * @return a content-based hash code for {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static int hashCode(byte[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return 0;

 int result = 1;
 for (byte element : a)
 result = 31 * result + element;

 return result;
 }

 /**
 * Returns a hash code based on the contents of the specified array.
 * For any two {@code boolean} arrays {@code a} and {@code b}
 * such that {@code Arrays.equals(a, b)}, it is also the case that
 * {@code Arrays.hashCode(a) == Arrays.hashCode(b)}.
 *
 * The value returned by this method is the same value that would be
 * obtained by invoking the {@link List#hashCode() hashCode}
 * method on a {@link List} containing a sequence of {@link Boolean}
 * instances representing the elements of {@code a} in the same order.
 * If {@code a} is {@code null}, this method returns 0.
 *
 * @param a the array whose hash value to compute
 * @return a content-based hash code for {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static int hashCode(boolean[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return 0;

 int result = 1;
 for (boolean element : a)
 result = 31 * result + (element ? 1231 : 1237);

 return result;
 }

 /**
 * Returns a hash code based on the contents of the specified array.
 * For any two {@code float} arrays {@code a} and {@code b}
 * such that {@code Arrays.equals(a, b)}, it is also the case that
 * {@code Arrays.hashCode(a) == Arrays.hashCode(b)}.
 *
 * The value returned by this method is the same value that would be
 * obtained by invoking the {@link List#hashCode() hashCode}
 * method on a {@link List} containing a sequence of {@link Float}
 * instances representing the elements of {@code a} in the same order.
 * If {@code a} is {@code null}, this method returns 0.
 *
 * @param a the array whose hash value to compute
 * @return a content-based hash code for {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static int hashCode(float[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return 0;

 int result = 1;
 for (float element : a)
 result = 31 * result + Float.floatToIntBits(element);

 return result;
 }

 /**
 * Returns a hash code based on the contents of the specified array.
 * For any two {@code double} arrays {@code a} and {@code b}
 * such that {@code Arrays.equals(a, b)}, it is also the case that
 * {@code Arrays.hashCode(a) == Arrays.hashCode(b)}.
 *
 * The value returned by this method is the same value that would be
 * obtained by invoking the {@link List#hashCode() hashCode}
 * method on a {@link List} containing a sequence of {@link Double}
 * instances representing the elements of {@code a} in the same order.
 * If {@code a} is {@code null}, this method returns 0.
 *
 * @param a the array whose hash value to compute
 * @return a content-based hash code for {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static int hashCode(double[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return 0;

 int result = 1;
 for (double element : a) {
 long bits = Double.doubleToLongBits(element);
 result = 31 * result + (int)(bits ^ (bits >>> 32));
 }
 return result;
 }

 /**
 * Returns a hash code based on the contents of the specified array. If
 * the array contains other arrays as elements, the hash code is based on
 * their identities rather than their contents. It is therefore
 * acceptable to invoke this method on an array that contains itself as an
 * element, either directly or indirectly through one or more levels of
 * arrays.
 *
 * For any two arrays {@code a} and {@code b} such that
 * {@code Arrays.equals(a, b)}, it is also the case that
 * {@code Arrays.hashCode(a) == Arrays.hashCode(b)}.
 *
 * The value returned by this method is equal to the value that would
 * be returned by {@code Arrays.asList(a).hashCode()}, unless {@code a}
 * is {@code null}, in which case {@code 0} is returned.
 *
 * @param a the array whose content-based hash code to compute
 * @return a content-based hash code for {@code a}
 * @see #deepHashCode(Object[])
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static int hashCode(Object[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return 0;

 int result = 1;

 for (Object element : a)
 result = 31 * result + (element == null ? 0 : element.hashCode());

 return result;
 }

 /**
 * Returns a hash code based on the "deep contents" of the specified
 * array. If the array contains other arrays as elements, the
 * hash code is based on their contents and so on, ad infinitum.
 * It is therefore unacceptable to invoke this method on an array that
 * contains itself as an element, either directly or indirectly through
 * one or more levels of arrays. The behavior of such an invocation is
 * undefined.
 *
 * For any two arrays {@code a} and {@code b} such that
 * {@code Arrays.deepEquals(a, b)}, it is also the case that
 * {@code Arrays.deepHashCode(a) == Arrays.deepHashCode(b)}.
 *
 * The computation of the value returned by this method is similar to
 * that of the value returned by {@link List#hashCode()} on a list
 * containing the same elements as {@code a} in the same order, with one
 * difference: If an element {@code e} of {@code a} is itself an array,
 * its hash code is computed not by calling {@code e.hashCode()}, but as
 * by calling the appropriate overloading of {@code Arrays.hashCode(e)}
 * if {@code e} is an array of a primitive type, or as by calling
 * {@code Arrays.deepHashCode(e)} recursively if {@code e} is an array
 * of a reference type. If {@code a} is {@code null}, this method
 * returns 0.
 *
 * @param a the array whose deep-content-based hash code to compute
 * @return a deep-content-based hash code for {@code a}
 * @see #hashCode(Object[])
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static int deepHashCode(Object[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return 0;

 int result = 1;

 for (Object element : a) {
 final int elementHash;
 final Class<?> cl;
 if (element == null)
 elementHash = 0;
 else if ((cl = element.getClass().getComponentType()) == null)
 elementHash = element.hashCode();
 else if (element instanceof Object[])
 elementHash = deepHashCode((Object[]) element);
 else
 elementHash = primitiveArrayHashCode(element, cl);

 result = 31 * result + elementHash;
 }

 return result;
 }

 private static int primitiveArrayHashCode(Object a, Class<?> cl) {
 return
 (cl == byte.class) ? hashCode((byte[]) a) :
 (cl == int.class) ? hashCode((int[]) a) :
 (cl == long.class) ? hashCode((long[]) a) :
 (cl == char.class) ? hashCode((char[]) a) :
 (cl == short.class) ? hashCode((short[]) a) :
 (cl == boolean.class) ? hashCode((boolean[]) a) :
 (cl == double.class) ? hashCode((double[]) a) :
 // If new primitive types are ever added, this method must be
 // expanded or we will fail here with ClassCastException.
 hashCode((float[]) a);
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if the two specified arrays are deeply
 * equal to one another. Unlike the {@link #equals(Object[],Object[])}
 * method, this method is appropriate for use with nested arrays of
 * arbitrary depth.
 *
 * Two array references are considered deeply equal if both
 * are {@code null}, or if they refer to arrays that contain the same
 * number of elements and all corresponding pairs of elements in the two
 * arrays are deeply equal.
 *
 * Two possibly {@code null} elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} are
 * deeply equal if any of the following conditions hold:
 * <ul>
 * <li> {@code e1} and {@code e2} are both arrays of object reference
 * types, and {@code Arrays.deepEquals(e1, e2) would return true}
 * <li> {@code e1} and {@code e2} are arrays of the same primitive
 * type, and the appropriate overloading of
 * {@code Arrays.equals(e1, e2)} would return true.
 * <li> {@code e1 == e2}
 * <li> {@code e1.equals(e2)} would return true.
 * </ul>
 * Note that this definition permits {@code null} elements at any depth.
 *
 * If either of the specified arrays contain themselves as elements
 * either directly or indirectly through one or more levels of arrays,
 * the behavior of this method is undefined.
 *
 * @param a1 one array to be tested for equality
 * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
 * @return {@code true} if the two arrays are equal
 * @see #equals(Object[],Object[])
 * @see Objects#deepEquals(Object, Object)
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static boolean deepEquals(Object[] a1, Object[] a2) {
 if (a1 == a2)
 return true;
 if (a1 == null || a2==null)
 return false;
 int length = a1.length;
 if (a2.length != length)
 return false;

 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
 Object e1 = a1[i];
 Object e2 = a2[i];

 if (e1 == e2)
 continue;
 if (e1 == null)
 return false;

 // Figure out whether the two elements are equal
 boolean eq = deepEquals0(e1, e2);

 if (!eq)
 return false;
 }
 return true;
 }

 static boolean deepEquals0(Object e1, Object e2) {
 assert e1 != null;
 boolean eq;
 if (e1 instanceof Object[] && e2 instanceof Object[])
 eq = deepEquals ((Object[]) e1, (Object[]) e2);
 else if (e1 instanceof byte[] && e2 instanceof byte[])
 eq = equals((byte[]) e1, (byte[]) e2);
 else if (e1 instanceof short[] && e2 instanceof short[])
 eq = equals((short[]) e1, (short[]) e2);
 else if (e1 instanceof int[] && e2 instanceof int[])
 eq = equals((int[]) e1, (int[]) e2);
 else if (e1 instanceof long[] && e2 instanceof long[])
 eq = equals((long[]) e1, (long[]) e2);
 else if (e1 instanceof char[] && e2 instanceof char[])
 eq = equals((char[]) e1, (char[]) e2);
 else if (e1 instanceof float[] && e2 instanceof float[])
 eq = equals((float[]) e1, (float[]) e2);
 else if (e1 instanceof double[] && e2 instanceof double[])
 eq = equals((double[]) e1, (double[]) e2);
 else if (e1 instanceof boolean[] && e2 instanceof boolean[])
 eq = equals((boolean[]) e1, (boolean[]) e2);
 else
 eq = e1.equals(e2);
 return eq;
 }

 /**
 * Returns a string representation of the contents of the specified array.
 * The string representation consists of a list of the array's elements,
 * enclosed in square brackets ({@code "[]"}). Adjacent elements are
 * separated by the characters {@code ", "} (a comma followed by a
 * space). Elements are converted to strings as by
 * {@code String.valueOf(long)}. Returns {@code "null"} if {@code a}
 * is {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a the array whose string representation to return
 * @return a string representation of {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static String toString(long[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return "null";
 int iMax = a.length - 1;
 if (iMax == -1)
 return "[]";

 StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
 b.append('[');
 for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
 b.append(a[i]);
 if (i == iMax)
 return b.append(']').toString();
 b.append(", ");
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a string representation of the contents of the specified array.
 * The string representation consists of a list of the array's elements,
 * enclosed in square brackets ({@code "[]"}). Adjacent elements are
 * separated by the characters {@code ", "} (a comma followed by a
 * space). Elements are converted to strings as by
 * {@code String.valueOf(int)}. Returns {@code "null"} if {@code a} is
 * {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a the array whose string representation to return
 * @return a string representation of {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static String toString(int[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return "null";
 int iMax = a.length - 1;
 if (iMax == -1)
 return "[]";

 StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
 b.append('[');
 for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
 b.append(a[i]);
 if (i == iMax)
 return b.append(']').toString();
 b.append(", ");
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a string representation of the contents of the specified array.
 * The string representation consists of a list of the array's elements,
 * enclosed in square brackets ({@code "[]"}). Adjacent elements are
 * separated by the characters {@code ", "} (a comma followed by a
 * space). Elements are converted to strings as by
 * {@code String.valueOf(short)}. Returns {@code "null"} if {@code a}
 * is {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a the array whose string representation to return
 * @return a string representation of {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static String toString(short[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return "null";
 int iMax = a.length - 1;
 if (iMax == -1)
 return "[]";

 StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
 b.append('[');
 for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
 b.append(a[i]);
 if (i == iMax)
 return b.append(']').toString();
 b.append(", ");
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a string representation of the contents of the specified array.
 * The string representation consists of a list of the array's elements,
 * enclosed in square brackets ({@code "[]"}). Adjacent elements are
 * separated by the characters {@code ", "} (a comma followed by a
 * space). Elements are converted to strings as by
 * {@code String.valueOf(char)}. Returns {@code "null"} if {@code a}
 * is {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a the array whose string representation to return
 * @return a string representation of {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static String toString(char[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return "null";
 int iMax = a.length - 1;
 if (iMax == -1)
 return "[]";

 StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
 b.append('[');
 for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
 b.append(a[i]);
 if (i == iMax)
 return b.append(']').toString();
 b.append(", ");
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a string representation of the contents of the specified array.
 * The string representation consists of a list of the array's elements,
 * enclosed in square brackets ({@code "[]"}). Adjacent elements
 * are separated by the characters {@code ", "} (a comma followed
 * by a space). Elements are converted to strings as by
 * {@code String.valueOf(byte)}. Returns {@code "null"} if
 * {@code a} is {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a the array whose string representation to return
 * @return a string representation of {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static String toString(byte[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return "null";
 int iMax = a.length - 1;
 if (iMax == -1)
 return "[]";

 StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
 b.append('[');
 for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
 b.append(a[i]);
 if (i == iMax)
 return b.append(']').toString();
 b.append(", ");
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a string representation of the contents of the specified array.
 * The string representation consists of a list of the array's elements,
 * enclosed in square brackets ({@code "[]"}). Adjacent elements are
 * separated by the characters {@code ", "} (a comma followed by a
 * space). Elements are converted to strings as by
 * {@code String.valueOf(boolean)}. Returns {@code "null"} if
 * {@code a} is {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a the array whose string representation to return
 * @return a string representation of {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static String toString(boolean[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return "null";
 int iMax = a.length - 1;
 if (iMax == -1)
 return "[]";

 StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
 b.append('[');
 for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
 b.append(a[i]);
 if (i == iMax)
 return b.append(']').toString();
 b.append(", ");
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a string representation of the contents of the specified array.
 * The string representation consists of a list of the array's elements,
 * enclosed in square brackets ({@code "[]"}). Adjacent elements are
 * separated by the characters {@code ", "} (a comma followed by a
 * space). Elements are converted to strings as by
 * {@code String.valueOf(float)}. Returns {@code "null"} if {@code a}
 * is {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a the array whose string representation to return
 * @return a string representation of {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static String toString(float[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return "null";

 int iMax = a.length - 1;
 if (iMax == -1)
 return "[]";

 StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
 b.append('[');
 for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
 b.append(a[i]);
 if (i == iMax)
 return b.append(']').toString();
 b.append(", ");
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a string representation of the contents of the specified array.
 * The string representation consists of a list of the array's elements,
 * enclosed in square brackets ({@code "[]"}). Adjacent elements are
 * separated by the characters {@code ", "} (a comma followed by a
 * space). Elements are converted to strings as by
 * {@code String.valueOf(double)}. Returns {@code "null"} if {@code a}
 * is {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a the array whose string representation to return
 * @return a string representation of {@code a}
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static String toString(double[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return "null";
 int iMax = a.length - 1;
 if (iMax == -1)
 return "[]";

 StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
 b.append('[');
 for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
 b.append(a[i]);
 if (i == iMax)
 return b.append(']').toString();
 b.append(", ");
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a string representation of the contents of the specified array.
 * If the array contains other arrays as elements, they are converted to
 * strings by the {@link Object#toString} method inherited from
 * {@code Object}, which describes their identities rather than
 * their contents.
 *
 * The value returned by this method is equal to the value that would
 * be returned by {@code Arrays.asList(a).toString()}, unless {@code a}
 * is {@code null}, in which case {@code "null"} is returned.
 *
 * @param a the array whose string representation to return
 * @return a string representation of {@code a}
 * @see #deepToString(Object[])
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static String toString(Object[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return "null";

 int iMax = a.length - 1;
 if (iMax == -1)
 return "[]";

 StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
 b.append('[');
 for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
 b.append(String.valueOf(a[i]));
 if (i == iMax)
 return b.append(']').toString();
 b.append(", ");
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a string representation of the "deep contents" of the specified
 * array. If the array contains other arrays as elements, the string
 * representation contains their contents and so on. This method is
 * designed for converting multidimensional arrays to strings.
 *
 * The string representation consists of a list of the array's
 * elements, enclosed in square brackets ({@code "[]"}). Adjacent
 * elements are separated by the characters {@code ", "} (a comma
 * followed by a space). Elements are converted to strings as by
 * {@code String.valueOf(Object)}, unless they are themselves
 * arrays.
 *
 * If an element {@code e} is an array of a primitive type, it is
 * converted to a string as by invoking the appropriate overloading of
 * {@code Arrays.toString(e)}. If an element {@code e} is an array of a
 * reference type, it is converted to a string as by invoking
 * this method recursively.
 *
 * To avoid infinite recursion, if the specified array contains itself
 * as an element, or contains an indirect reference to itself through one
 * or more levels of arrays, the self-reference is converted to the string
 * {@code "[...]"}. For example, an array containing only a reference
 * to itself would be rendered as {@code "[[...]]"}.
 *
 * This method returns {@code "null"} if the specified array
 * is {@code null}.
 *
 * @param a the array whose string representation to return
 * @return a string representation of {@code a}
 * @see #toString(Object[])
 * @since 1.5
 */
 public static String deepToString(Object[] a) {
 if (a == null)
 return "null";

 int bufLen = 20 * a.length;
 if (a.length != 0 && bufLen <= 0)
 bufLen = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
 StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(bufLen);
 deepToString(a, buf, new HashSet<>());
 return buf.toString();
 }

 private static void deepToString(Object[] a, StringBuilder buf,
 Set<Object[]> dejaVu) {
 if (a == null) {
 buf.append("null");
 return;
 }
 int iMax = a.length - 1;
 if (iMax == -1) {
 buf.append("[]");
 return;
 }

 dejaVu.add(a);
 buf.append('[');
 for (int i = 0; ; i++) {

 Object element = a[i];
 if (element == null) {
 buf.append("null");
 } else {
 Class<?> eClass = element.getClass();

 if (eClass.isArray()) {
 if (eClass == byte[].class)
 buf.append(toString((byte[]) element));
 else if (eClass == short[].class)
 buf.append(toString((short[]) element));
 else if (eClass == int[].class)
 buf.append(toString((int[]) element));
 else if (eClass == long[].class)
 buf.append(toString((long[]) element));
 else if (eClass == char[].class)
 buf.append(toString((char[]) element));
 else if (eClass == float[].class)
 buf.append(toString((float[]) element));
 else if (eClass == double[].class)
 buf.append(toString((double[]) element));
 else if (eClass == boolean[].class)
 buf.append(toString((boolean[]) element));
 else { // element is an array of object references
 if (dejaVu.contains(element))
 buf.append("[...]");
 else
 deepToString((Object[])element, buf, dejaVu);
 }
 } else { // element is non-null and not an array
 buf.append(element.toString());
 }
 }
 if (i == iMax)
 break;
 buf.append(", ");
 }
 buf.append(']');
 dejaVu.remove(a);
 }

 /**
 * Set all elements of the specified array, using the provided
 * generator function to compute each element.
 *
 * If the generator function throws an exception, it is relayed to
 * the caller and the array is left in an indeterminate state.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * Setting a subrange of an array, using a generator function to compute
 * each element, can be written as follows:
 * <pre>{@code
 * IntStream.range(startInclusive, endExclusive)
 * .forEach(i -> array[i] = generator.apply(i));
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param <T> type of elements of the array
 * @param array array to be initialized
 * @param generator a function accepting an index and producing the desired
 * value for that position
 * @throws NullPointerException if the generator is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static <T> void setAll(T[] array, IntFunction<? extends T> generator) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(generator);
 for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
 array[i] = generator.apply(i);
 }

 /**
 * Set all elements of the specified array, in parallel, using the
 * provided generator function to compute each element.
 *
 * If the generator function throws an exception, an unchecked exception
 * is thrown from {@code parallelSetAll} and the array is left in an
 * indeterminate state.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * Setting a subrange of an array, in parallel, using a generator function
 * to compute each element, can be written as follows:
 * <pre>{@code
 * IntStream.range(startInclusive, endExclusive)
 * .parallel()
 * .forEach(i -> array[i] = generator.apply(i));
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param <T> type of elements of the array
 * @param array array to be initialized
 * @param generator a function accepting an index and producing the desired
 * value for that position
 * @throws NullPointerException if the generator is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static <T> void parallelSetAll(T[] array, IntFunction<? extends T> generator) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(generator);
 IntStream.range(0, array.length).parallel().forEach(i -> { array[i] = generator.apply(i); });
 }

 /**
 * Set all elements of the specified array, using the provided
 * generator function to compute each element.
 *
 * If the generator function throws an exception, it is relayed to
 * the caller and the array is left in an indeterminate state.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * Setting a subrange of an array, using a generator function to compute
 * each element, can be written as follows:
 * <pre>{@code
 * IntStream.range(startInclusive, endExclusive)
 * .forEach(i -> array[i] = generator.applyAsInt(i));
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param array array to be initialized
 * @param generator a function accepting an index and producing the desired
 * value for that position
 * @throws NullPointerException if the generator is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void setAll(int[] array, IntUnaryOperator generator) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(generator);
 for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
 array[i] = generator.applyAsInt(i);
 }

 /**
 * Set all elements of the specified array, in parallel, using the
 * provided generator function to compute each element.
 *
 * If the generator function throws an exception, an unchecked exception
 * is thrown from {@code parallelSetAll} and the array is left in an
 * indeterminate state.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * Setting a subrange of an array, in parallel, using a generator function
 * to compute each element, can be written as follows:
 * <pre>{@code
 * IntStream.range(startInclusive, endExclusive)
 * .parallel()
 * .forEach(i -> array[i] = generator.applyAsInt(i));
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param array array to be initialized
 * @param generator a function accepting an index and producing the desired
 * value for that position
 * @throws NullPointerException if the generator is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSetAll(int[] array, IntUnaryOperator generator) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(generator);
 IntStream.range(0, array.length).parallel().forEach(i -> { array[i] = generator.applyAsInt(i); });
 }

 /**
 * Set all elements of the specified array, using the provided
 * generator function to compute each element.
 *
 * If the generator function throws an exception, it is relayed to
 * the caller and the array is left in an indeterminate state.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * Setting a subrange of an array, using a generator function to compute
 * each element, can be written as follows:
 * <pre>{@code
 * IntStream.range(startInclusive, endExclusive)
 * .forEach(i -> array[i] = generator.applyAsLong(i));
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param array array to be initialized
 * @param generator a function accepting an index and producing the desired
 * value for that position
 * @throws NullPointerException if the generator is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void setAll(long[] array, IntToLongFunction generator) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(generator);
 for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
 array[i] = generator.applyAsLong(i);
 }

 /**
 * Set all elements of the specified array, in parallel, using the
 * provided generator function to compute each element.
 *
 * If the generator function throws an exception, an unchecked exception
 * is thrown from {@code parallelSetAll} and the array is left in an
 * indeterminate state.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * Setting a subrange of an array, in parallel, using a generator function
 * to compute each element, can be written as follows:
 * <pre>{@code
 * IntStream.range(startInclusive, endExclusive)
 * .parallel()
 * .forEach(i -> array[i] = generator.applyAsLong(i));
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param array array to be initialized
 * @param generator a function accepting an index and producing the desired
 * value for that position
 * @throws NullPointerException if the generator is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSetAll(long[] array, IntToLongFunction generator) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(generator);
 IntStream.range(0, array.length).parallel().forEach(i -> { array[i] = generator.applyAsLong(i); });
 }

 /**
 * Set all elements of the specified array, using the provided
 * generator function to compute each element.
 *
 * If the generator function throws an exception, it is relayed to
 * the caller and the array is left in an indeterminate state.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * Setting a subrange of an array, using a generator function to compute
 * each element, can be written as follows:
 * <pre>{@code
 * IntStream.range(startInclusive, endExclusive)
 * .forEach(i -> array[i] = generator.applyAsDouble(i));
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param array array to be initialized
 * @param generator a function accepting an index and producing the desired
 * value for that position
 * @throws NullPointerException if the generator is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void setAll(double[] array, IntToDoubleFunction generator) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(generator);
 for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
 array[i] = generator.applyAsDouble(i);
 }

 /**
 * Set all elements of the specified array, in parallel, using the
 * provided generator function to compute each element.
 *
 * If the generator function throws an exception, an unchecked exception
 * is thrown from {@code parallelSetAll} and the array is left in an
 * indeterminate state.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * Setting a subrange of an array, in parallel, using a generator function
 * to compute each element, can be written as follows:
 * <pre>{@code
 * IntStream.range(startInclusive, endExclusive)
 * .parallel()
 * .forEach(i -> array[i] = generator.applyAsDouble(i));
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param array array to be initialized
 * @param generator a function accepting an index and producing the desired
 * value for that position
 * @throws NullPointerException if the generator is null
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static void parallelSetAll(double[] array, IntToDoubleFunction generator) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(generator);
 IntStream.range(0, array.length).parallel().forEach(i -> { array[i] = generator.applyAsDouble(i); });
 }

 /**
 * Returns a {@link Spliterator} covering all of the specified array.
 *
 * The spliterator reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED},
 * {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}, {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}, and
 * {@link Spliterator#IMMUTABLE}.
 *
 * @param <T> type of elements
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @return a spliterator for the array elements
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static <T> Spliterator<T> spliterator(T[] array) {
 return Spliterators.spliterator(array,
 Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.IMMUTABLE);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a {@link Spliterator} covering the specified range of the
 * specified array.
 *
 * The spliterator reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED},
 * {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}, {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}, and
 * {@link Spliterator#IMMUTABLE}.
 *
 * @param <T> type of elements
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @param startInclusive the first index to cover, inclusive
 * @param endExclusive index immediately past the last index to cover
 * @return a spliterator for the array elements
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startInclusive} is
 * negative, {@code endExclusive} is less than
 * {@code startInclusive}, or {@code endExclusive} is greater than
 * the array size
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static <T> Spliterator<T> spliterator(T[] array, int startInclusive, int endExclusive) {
 return Spliterators.spliterator(array, startInclusive, endExclusive,
 Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.IMMUTABLE);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a {@link Spliterator.OfInt} covering all of the specified array.
 *
 * The spliterator reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED},
 * {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}, {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}, and
 * {@link Spliterator#IMMUTABLE}.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @return a spliterator for the array elements
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static Spliterator.OfInt spliterator(int[] array) {
 return Spliterators.spliterator(array,
 Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.IMMUTABLE);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a {@link Spliterator.OfInt} covering the specified range of the
 * specified array.
 *
 * The spliterator reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED},
 * {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}, {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}, and
 * {@link Spliterator#IMMUTABLE}.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @param startInclusive the first index to cover, inclusive
 * @param endExclusive index immediately past the last index to cover
 * @return a spliterator for the array elements
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startInclusive} is
 * negative, {@code endExclusive} is less than
 * {@code startInclusive}, or {@code endExclusive} is greater than
 * the array size
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static Spliterator.OfInt spliterator(int[] array, int startInclusive, int endExclusive) {
 return Spliterators.spliterator(array, startInclusive, endExclusive,
 Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.IMMUTABLE);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a {@link Spliterator.OfLong} covering all of the specified array.
 *
 * The spliterator reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED},
 * {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}, {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}, and
 * {@link Spliterator#IMMUTABLE}.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @return the spliterator for the array elements
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static Spliterator.OfLong spliterator(long[] array) {
 return Spliterators.spliterator(array,
 Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.IMMUTABLE);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a {@link Spliterator.OfLong} covering the specified range of the
 * specified array.
 *
 * The spliterator reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED},
 * {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}, {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}, and
 * {@link Spliterator#IMMUTABLE}.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @param startInclusive the first index to cover, inclusive
 * @param endExclusive index immediately past the last index to cover
 * @return a spliterator for the array elements
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startInclusive} is
 * negative, {@code endExclusive} is less than
 * {@code startInclusive}, or {@code endExclusive} is greater than
 * the array size
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static Spliterator.OfLong spliterator(long[] array, int startInclusive, int endExclusive) {
 return Spliterators.spliterator(array, startInclusive, endExclusive,
 Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.IMMUTABLE);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a {@link Spliterator.OfDouble} covering all of the specified
 * array.
 *
 * The spliterator reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED},
 * {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}, {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}, and
 * {@link Spliterator#IMMUTABLE}.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @return a spliterator for the array elements
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static Spliterator.OfDouble spliterator(double[] array) {
 return Spliterators.spliterator(array,
 Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.IMMUTABLE);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a {@link Spliterator.OfDouble} covering the specified range of
 * the specified array.
 *
 * The spliterator reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED},
 * {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}, {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}, and
 * {@link Spliterator#IMMUTABLE}.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @param startInclusive the first index to cover, inclusive
 * @param endExclusive index immediately past the last index to cover
 * @return a spliterator for the array elements
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startInclusive} is
 * negative, {@code endExclusive} is less than
 * {@code startInclusive}, or {@code endExclusive} is greater than
 * the array size
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static Spliterator.OfDouble spliterator(double[] array, int startInclusive, int endExclusive) {
 return Spliterators.spliterator(array, startInclusive, endExclusive,
 Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.IMMUTABLE);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a sequential {@link Stream} with the specified array as its
 * source.
 *
 * @param <T> The type of the array elements
 * @param array The array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @return a {@code Stream} for the array
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static <T> Stream<T> stream(T[] array) {
 return stream(array, 0, array.length);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a sequential {@link Stream} with the specified range of the
 * specified array as its source.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the array elements
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @param startInclusive the first index to cover, inclusive
 * @param endExclusive index immediately past the last index to cover
 * @return a {@code Stream} for the array range
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startInclusive} is
 * negative, {@code endExclusive} is less than
 * {@code startInclusive}, or {@code endExclusive} is greater than
 * the array size
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static <T> Stream<T> stream(T[] array, int startInclusive, int endExclusive) {
 return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(array, startInclusive, endExclusive), false);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a sequential {@link IntStream} with the specified array as its
 * source.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @return an {@code IntStream} for the array
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static IntStream stream(int[] array) {
 return stream(array, 0, array.length);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a sequential {@link IntStream} with the specified range of the
 * specified array as its source.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @param startInclusive the first index to cover, inclusive
 * @param endExclusive index immediately past the last index to cover
 * @return an {@code IntStream} for the array range
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startInclusive} is
 * negative, {@code endExclusive} is less than
 * {@code startInclusive}, or {@code endExclusive} is greater than
 * the array size
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static IntStream stream(int[] array, int startInclusive, int endExclusive) {
 return StreamSupport.intStream(spliterator(array, startInclusive, endExclusive), false);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a sequential {@link LongStream} with the specified array as its
 * source.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @return a {@code LongStream} for the array
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static LongStream stream(long[] array) {
 return stream(array, 0, array.length);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a sequential {@link LongStream} with the specified range of the
 * specified array as its source.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @param startInclusive the first index to cover, inclusive
 * @param endExclusive index immediately past the last index to cover
 * @return a {@code LongStream} for the array range
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startInclusive} is
 * negative, {@code endExclusive} is less than
 * {@code startInclusive}, or {@code endExclusive} is greater than
 * the array size
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static LongStream stream(long[] array, int startInclusive, int endExclusive) {
 return StreamSupport.longStream(spliterator(array, startInclusive, endExclusive), false);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a sequential {@link DoubleStream} with the specified array as its
 * source.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @return a {@code DoubleStream} for the array
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static DoubleStream stream(double[] array) {
 return stream(array, 0, array.length);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a sequential {@link DoubleStream} with the specified range of the
 * specified array as its source.
 *
 * @param array the array, assumed to be unmodified during use
 * @param startInclusive the first index to cover, inclusive
 * @param endExclusive index immediately past the last index to cover
 * @return a {@code DoubleStream} for the array range
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code startInclusive} is
 * negative, {@code endExclusive} is less than
 * {@code startInclusive}, or {@code endExclusive} is greater than
 * the array size
 * @since 1.8
 */
 public static DoubleStream stream(double[] array, int startInclusive, int endExclusive) {
 return StreamSupport.doubleStream(spliterator(array, startInclusive, endExclusive), false);
 }

 // Comparison methods

 // Compare boolean

 /**
 * Compares two {@code boolean} arrays lexicographically.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Boolean#compare(boolean, boolean)}, at an index within the
 * respective arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(boolean[], boolean[])} for the definition of a
 * common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with {@link #equals(boolean[], boolean[]) equals},
 * more specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b}:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, b) == (Arrays.compare(a, b) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Boolean.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are equal and
 * contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(boolean[] a, boolean[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Boolean.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code boolean} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Boolean#compare(boolean, boolean)}, at a
 * relative index within the respective arrays that is the length of the
 * prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(boolean[], int, int, boolean[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with
 * {@link #equals(boolean[], int, int, boolean[], int, int) equals}, more
 * specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b} with
 * specified ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) ==
 * (Arrays.compare(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Boolean.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(boolean[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 boolean[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Boolean.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 // Compare byte

 /**
 * Compares two {@code byte} arrays lexicographically.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Byte#compare(byte, byte)}, at an index within the respective
 * arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(byte[], byte[])} for the definition of a common and
 * proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with {@link #equals(byte[], byte[]) equals},
 * more specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b}:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, b) == (Arrays.compare(a, b) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Byte.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are equal and
 * contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(byte[] a, byte[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Byte.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code byte} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Byte#compare(byte, byte)}, at a relative index
 * within the respective arrays that is the length of the prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(byte[], int, int, byte[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with
 * {@link #equals(byte[], int, int, byte[], int, int) equals}, more
 * specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b} with
 * specified ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) ==
 * (Arrays.compare(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Byte.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(byte[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 byte[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Byte.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code byte} arrays lexicographically, numerically treating
 * elements as unsigned.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Byte#compareUnsigned(byte, byte)}, at an index within the
 * respective arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(byte[], byte[])} for the definition of a common
 * and proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Byte.compareUnsigned(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are
 * equal and contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compareUnsigned(byte[] a, byte[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Byte.compareUnsigned(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code byte} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges, numerically treating elements as unsigned.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Byte#compareUnsigned(byte, byte)}, at a
 * relative index within the respective arrays that is the length of the
 * prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(byte[], int, int, byte[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Byte.compareUnsigned(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is null
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compareUnsigned(byte[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 byte[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Byte.compareUnsigned(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 // Compare short

 /**
 * Compares two {@code short} arrays lexicographically.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Short#compare(short, short)}, at an index within the respective
 * arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(short[], short[])} for the definition of a common
 * and proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with {@link #equals(short[], short[]) equals},
 * more specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b}:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, b) == (Arrays.compare(a, b) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Short.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are equal and
 * contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(short[] a, short[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Short.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code short} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Short#compare(short, short)}, at a relative
 * index within the respective arrays that is the length of the prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(short[], int, int, short[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with
 * {@link #equals(short[], int, int, short[], int, int) equals}, more
 * specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b} with
 * specified ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) ==
 * (Arrays.compare(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Short.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(short[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 short[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Short.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code short} arrays lexicographically, numerically treating
 * elements as unsigned.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Short#compareUnsigned(short, short)}, at an index within the
 * respective arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(short[], short[])} for the definition of a common
 * and proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Short.compareUnsigned(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are
 * equal and contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compareUnsigned(short[] a, short[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Short.compareUnsigned(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code short} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges, numerically treating elements as unsigned.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Short#compareUnsigned(short, short)}, at a
 * relative index within the respective arrays that is the length of the
 * prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(short[], int, int, short[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Short.compareUnsigned(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is null
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compareUnsigned(short[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 short[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Short.compareUnsigned(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 // Compare char

 /**
 * Compares two {@code char} arrays lexicographically.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Character#compare(char, char)}, at an index within the respective
 * arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(char[], char[])} for the definition of a common and
 * proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with {@link #equals(char[], char[]) equals},
 * more specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b}:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, b) == (Arrays.compare(a, b) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Character.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are equal and
 * contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(char[] a, char[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Character.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code char} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Character#compare(char, char)}, at a relative
 * index within the respective arrays that is the length of the prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(char[], int, int, char[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with
 * {@link #equals(char[], int, int, char[], int, int) equals}, more
 * specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b} with
 * specified ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) ==
 * (Arrays.compare(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Character.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(char[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 char[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Character.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 // Compare int

 /**
 * Compares two {@code int} arrays lexicographically.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Integer#compare(int, int)}, at an index within the respective
 * arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(int[], int[])} for the definition of a common and
 * proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with {@link #equals(int[], int[]) equals},
 * more specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b}:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, b) == (Arrays.compare(a, b) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Integer.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are equal and
 * contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(int[] a, int[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Integer.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code int} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Integer#compare(int, int)}, at a relative index
 * within the respective arrays that is the length of the prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(int[], int, int, int[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with
 * {@link #equals(int[], int, int, int[], int, int) equals}, more
 * specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b} with
 * specified ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) ==
 * (Arrays.compare(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Integer.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(int[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 int[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Integer.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code int} arrays lexicographically, numerically treating
 * elements as unsigned.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Integer#compareUnsigned(int, int)}, at an index within the
 * respective arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(int[], int[])} for the definition of a common
 * and proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Integer.compareUnsigned(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are
 * equal and contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compareUnsigned(int[] a, int[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Integer.compareUnsigned(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code int} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges, numerically treating elements as unsigned.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Integer#compareUnsigned(int, int)}, at a
 * relative index within the respective arrays that is the length of the
 * prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(int[], int, int, int[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Integer.compareUnsigned(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is null
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compareUnsigned(int[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 int[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Integer.compareUnsigned(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 // Compare long

 /**
 * Compares two {@code long} arrays lexicographically.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Long#compare(long, long)}, at an index within the respective
 * arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(long[], long[])} for the definition of a common and
 * proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with {@link #equals(long[], long[]) equals},
 * more specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b}:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, b) == (Arrays.compare(a, b) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Long.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are equal and
 * contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(long[] a, long[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Long.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code long} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Long#compare(long, long)}, at a relative index
 * within the respective arrays that is the length of the prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(long[], int, int, long[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with
 * {@link #equals(long[], int, int, long[], int, int) equals}, more
 * specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b} with
 * specified ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) ==
 * (Arrays.compare(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Long.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(long[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 long[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Long.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code long} arrays lexicographically, numerically treating
 * elements as unsigned.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Long#compareUnsigned(long, long)}, at an index within the
 * respective arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(long[], long[])} for the definition of a common
 * and proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Long.compareUnsigned(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are
 * equal and contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compareUnsigned(long[] a, long[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Long.compareUnsigned(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code long} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges, numerically treating elements as unsigned.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Long#compareUnsigned(long, long)}, at a
 * relative index within the respective arrays that is the length of the
 * prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(long[], int, int, long[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Long.compareUnsigned(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is null
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compareUnsigned(long[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 long[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Long.compareUnsigned(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 // Compare float

 /**
 * Compares two {@code float} arrays lexicographically.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Float#compare(float, float)}, at an index within the respective
 * arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(float[], float[])} for the definition of a common
 * and proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with {@link #equals(float[], float[]) equals},
 * more specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b}:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, b) == (Arrays.compare(a, b) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Float.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are equal and
 * contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(float[] a, float[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Float.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code float} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Float#compare(float, float)}, at a relative
 * index within the respective arrays that is the length of the prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(float[], int, int, float[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with
 * {@link #equals(float[], int, int, float[], int, int) equals}, more
 * specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b} with
 * specified ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) ==
 * (Arrays.compare(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Float.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(float[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 float[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Float.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 // Compare double

 /**
 * Compares two {@code double} arrays lexicographically.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements, as if by
 * {@link Double#compare(double, double)}, at an index within the respective
 * arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(double[], double[])} for the definition of a common
 * and proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with {@link #equals(double[], double[]) equals},
 * more specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b}:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, b) == (Arrays.compare(a, b) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return Double.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are equal and
 * contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(double[] a, double[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b,
 Math.min(a.length, b.length));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Double.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code double} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements, as if by {@link Double#compare(double, double)}, at a relative
 * index within the respective arrays that is the length of the prefix.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(double[], int, int, double[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with
 * {@link #equals(double[], int, int, double[], int, int) equals}, more
 * specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b} with
 * specified ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) ==
 * (Arrays.compare(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if:
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return Double.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int compare(double[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 double[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 Math.min(aLength, bLength));
 if (i >= 0) {
 return Double.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 // Compare objects

 /**
 * Compares two {@code Object} arrays, within comparable elements,
 * lexicographically.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing two elements of type {@code T} at
 * an index {@code i} within the respective arrays that is the prefix
 * length, as if by:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Comparator.nullsFirst(Comparator.<T>naturalOrder()).
 * compare(a[i], b[i])
 * }</pre>
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(Object[], Object[])} for the definition of a common
 * and proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 * A {@code null} array element is considered lexicographically less than a
 * non-{@code null} array element. Two {@code null} array elements are
 * considered equal.
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with {@link #equals(Object[], Object[]) equals},
 * more specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b}:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, b) == (Arrays.compare(a, b) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references
 * and elements):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return a[i].compareTo(b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param <T> the type of comparable array elements
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are equal and
 * contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @since 9
 */
 public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> int compare(T[] a, T[] b) {
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 // A null array is less than a non-null array
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length);
 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
 T oa = a[i];
 T ob = b[i];
 if (oa != ob) {
 // A null element is less than a non-null element
 if (oa == null || ob == null)
 return oa == null ? -1 : 1;
 int v = oa.compareTo(ob);
 if (v != 0) {
 return v;
 }
 }
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code Object} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing two
 * elements of type {@code T} at a relative index {@code i} within the
 * respective arrays that is the prefix length, as if by:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Comparator.nullsFirst(Comparator.<T>naturalOrder()).
 * compare(a[aFromIndex + i, b[bFromIndex + i])
 * }</pre>
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(Object[], int, int, Object[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * The comparison is consistent with
 * {@link #equals(Object[], int, int, Object[], int, int) equals}, more
 * specifically the following holds for arrays {@code a} and {@code b} with
 * specified ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively:
 * <pre>{@code
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) ==
 * (Arrays.compare(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex, b, bFromIndex, bToIndex) == 0)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array elements):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return a[aFromIndex + i].compareTo(b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param <T> the type of comparable array elements
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> int compare(
 T[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 T[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
 T oa = a[aFromIndex++];
 T ob = b[bFromIndex++];
 if (oa != ob) {
 if (oa == null || ob == null)
 return oa == null ? -1 : 1;
 int v = oa.compareTo(ob);
 if (v != 0) {
 return v;
 }
 }
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code Object} arrays lexicographically using a specified
 * comparator.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing with the specified comparator two
 * elements at an index within the respective arrays that is the prefix
 * length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two array lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(Object[], Object[])} for the definition of a common
 * and proper prefix.)
 *
 * A {@code null} array reference is considered lexicographically less
 * than a non-{@code null} array reference. Two {@code null} array
 * references are considered equal.
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array references):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, b, cmp);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * return cmp.compare(a[i], b[i]);
 * return a.length - b.length;
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param cmp the comparator to compare array elements
 * @param <T> the type of array elements
 * @return the value {@code 0} if the first and second array are equal and
 * contain the same elements in the same order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if the first array is
 * lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws NullPointerException if the comparator is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static <T> int compare(T[] a, T[] b,
 Comparator<? super T> cmp) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(cmp);
 if (a == b)
 return 0;
 if (a == null || b == null)
 return a == null ? -1 : 1;

 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length);
 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
 T oa = a[i];
 T ob = b[i];
 if (oa != ob) {
 // Null-value comparison is deferred to the comparator
 int v = cmp.compare(oa, ob);
 if (v != 0) {
 return v;
 }
 }
 }

 return a.length - b.length;
 }

 /**
 * Compares two {@code Object} arrays lexicographically over the specified
 * ranges.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the lexicographic comparison is the result of comparing with the
 * specified comparator two elements at a relative index within the
 * respective arrays that is the prefix length.
 * Otherwise, one array is a proper prefix of the other and, lexicographic
 * comparison is the result of comparing the two range lengths.
 * (See {@link #mismatch(Object[], int, int, Object[], int, int)} for the
 * definition of a common and proper prefix.)
 *
 * @apiNote
 * This method behaves as if (for non-{@code null} array elements):
 * <pre>{@code
 * int i = Arrays.mismatch(a, aFromIndex, aToIndex,
 * b, bFromIndex, bToIndex, cmp);
 * if (i >= 0 && i < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * return cmp.compare(a[aFromIndex + i], b[bFromIndex + i]);
 * return (aToIndex - aFromIndex) - (bToIndex - bFromIndex);
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to compare
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be compared
 * @param b the second array to compare
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be compared
 * @param cmp the comparator to compare array elements
 * @param <T> the type of array elements
 * @return the value {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the first and
 * second array are equal and contain the same elements in the same
 * order;
 * a value less than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically less than the second array; and
 * a value greater than {@code 0} if, over the specified ranges, the
 * first array is lexicographically greater than the second array
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array or the comparator is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static <T> int compare(
 T[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 T[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex,
 Comparator<? super T> cmp) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(cmp);
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
 T oa = a[aFromIndex++];
 T ob = b[bFromIndex++];
 if (oa != ob) {
 // Null-value comparison is deferred to the comparator
 int v = cmp.compare(oa, ob);
 if (v != 0) {
 return v;
 }
 }
 }

 return aLength - bLength;
 }

 // Mismatch methods

 // Mismatch boolean

 /**
 * Finds and returns the index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code boolean} arrays, otherwise return -1 if no mismatch is found. The
 * index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to the length (inclusive)
 * of the smaller array.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the returned index is the
 * length of the common prefix and it follows that there is a mismatch
 * between the two elements at that index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other then the returned index is
 * the length of the smaller array and it follows that the index is only
 * valid for the larger array.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(a.length, b.length) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, pl, b, 0, pl) &&
 * a[pl] != b[pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * a.length != b.length &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length),
 * b, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @return the index of the first mismatch between the two arrays,
 * otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(boolean[] a, boolean[] b) {
 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length); // Check null array refs
 if (a == b)
 return -1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b, length);
 return (i < 0 && a.length != b.length) ? length : i;
 }

 /**
 * Finds and returns the relative index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code boolean} arrays over the specified ranges, otherwise return -1 if
 * no mismatch is found. The index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up
 * to the length (inclusive) of the smaller range.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the common prefix and
 * it follows that there is a mismatch between the two elements at that
 * relative index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other, over the specified ranges,
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the smaller range and
 * it follows that the relative index is only valid for the array with the
 * larger range.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aFromIndex + pl, b, bFromIndex, bFromIndex + pl) &&>
 * a[aFromIndex + pl] != b[bFromIndex + pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * (aToIndex - aFromIndex) != (bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex),
 * b, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return the relative index of the first mismatch between the two arrays
 * over the specified ranges, otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(boolean[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 boolean[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 length);
 return (i < 0 && aLength != bLength) ? length : i;
 }

 // Mismatch byte

 /**
 * Finds and returns the index of the first mismatch between two {@code byte}
 * arrays, otherwise return -1 if no mismatch is found. The index will be
 * in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to the length (inclusive) of the smaller
 * array.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the returned index is the
 * length of the common prefix and it follows that there is a mismatch
 * between the two elements at that index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other then the returned index is
 * the length of the smaller array and it follows that the index is only
 * valid for the larger array.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(a.length, b.length) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, pl, b, 0, pl) &&
 * a[pl] != b[pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * a.length != b.length &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length),
 * b, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @return the index of the first mismatch between the two arrays,
 * otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(byte[] a, byte[] b) {
 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length); // Check null array refs
 if (a == b)
 return -1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b, length);
 return (i < 0 && a.length != b.length) ? length : i;
 }

 /**
 * Finds and returns the relative index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code byte} arrays over the specified ranges, otherwise return -1 if no
 * mismatch is found. The index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to
 * the length (inclusive) of the smaller range.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the common prefix and
 * it follows that there is a mismatch between the two elements at that
 * relative index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other, over the specified ranges,
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the smaller range and
 * it follows that the relative index is only valid for the array with the
 * larger range.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aFromIndex + pl, b, bFromIndex, bFromIndex + pl) &&>
 * a[aFromIndex + pl] != b[bFromIndex + pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * (aToIndex - aFromIndex) != (bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex),
 * b, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return the relative index of the first mismatch between the two arrays
 * over the specified ranges, otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(byte[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 byte[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 length);
 return (i < 0 && aLength != bLength) ? length : i;
 }

 // Mismatch char

 /**
 * Finds and returns the index of the first mismatch between two {@code char}
 * arrays, otherwise return -1 if no mismatch is found. The index will be
 * in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to the length (inclusive) of the smaller
 * array.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the returned index is the
 * length of the common prefix and it follows that there is a mismatch
 * between the two elements at that index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other then the returned index is
 * the length of the smaller array and it follows that the index is only
 * valid for the larger array.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(a.length, b.length) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, pl, b, 0, pl) &&
 * a[pl] != b[pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * a.length != b.length &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length),
 * b, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @return the index of the first mismatch between the two arrays,
 * otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(char[] a, char[] b) {
 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length); // Check null array refs
 if (a == b)
 return -1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b, length);
 return (i < 0 && a.length != b.length) ? length : i;
 }

 /**
 * Finds and returns the relative index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code char} arrays over the specified ranges, otherwise return -1 if no
 * mismatch is found. The index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to
 * the length (inclusive) of the smaller range.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the common prefix and
 * it follows that there is a mismatch between the two elements at that
 * relative index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other, over the specified ranges,
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the smaller range and
 * it follows that the relative index is only valid for the array with the
 * larger range.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aFromIndex + pl, b, bFromIndex, bFromIndex + pl) &&>
 * a[aFromIndex + pl] != b[bFromIndex + pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * (aToIndex - aFromIndex) != (bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex),
 * b, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return the relative index of the first mismatch between the two arrays
 * over the specified ranges, otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(char[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 char[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 length);
 return (i < 0 && aLength != bLength) ? length : i;
 }

 // Mismatch short

 /**
 * Finds and returns the index of the first mismatch between two {@code short}
 * arrays, otherwise return -1 if no mismatch is found. The index will be
 * in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to the length (inclusive) of the smaller
 * array.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the returned index is the
 * length of the common prefix and it follows that there is a mismatch
 * between the two elements at that index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other then the returned index is
 * the length of the smaller array and it follows that the index is only
 * valid for the larger array.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(a.length, b.length) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, pl, b, 0, pl) &&
 * a[pl] != b[pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * a.length != b.length &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length),
 * b, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @return the index of the first mismatch between the two arrays,
 * otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(short[] a, short[] b) {
 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length); // Check null array refs
 if (a == b)
 return -1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b, length);
 return (i < 0 && a.length != b.length) ? length : i;
 }

 /**
 * Finds and returns the relative index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code short} arrays over the specified ranges, otherwise return -1 if no
 * mismatch is found. The index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to
 * the length (inclusive) of the smaller range.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the common prefix and
 * it follows that there is a mismatch between the two elements at that
 * relative index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other, over the specified ranges,
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the smaller range and
 * it follows that the relative index is only valid for the array with the
 * larger range.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aFromIndex + pl, b, bFromIndex, bFromIndex + pl) &&>
 * a[aFromIndex + pl] != b[bFromIndex + pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * (aToIndex - aFromIndex) != (bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex),
 * b, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return the relative index of the first mismatch between the two arrays
 * over the specified ranges, otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(short[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 short[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 length);
 return (i < 0 && aLength != bLength) ? length : i;
 }

 // Mismatch int

 /**
 * Finds and returns the index of the first mismatch between two {@code int}
 * arrays, otherwise return -1 if no mismatch is found. The index will be
 * in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to the length (inclusive) of the smaller
 * array.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the returned index is the
 * length of the common prefix and it follows that there is a mismatch
 * between the two elements at that index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other then the returned index is
 * the length of the smaller array and it follows that the index is only
 * valid for the larger array.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(a.length, b.length) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, pl, b, 0, pl) &&
 * a[pl] != b[pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * a.length != b.length &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length),
 * b, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @return the index of the first mismatch between the two arrays,
 * otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(int[] a, int[] b) {
 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length); // Check null array refs
 if (a == b)
 return -1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b, length);
 return (i < 0 && a.length != b.length) ? length : i;
 }

 /**
 * Finds and returns the relative index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code int} arrays over the specified ranges, otherwise return -1 if no
 * mismatch is found. The index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to
 * the length (inclusive) of the smaller range.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the common prefix and
 * it follows that there is a mismatch between the two elements at that
 * relative index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other, over the specified ranges,
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the smaller range and
 * it follows that the relative index is only valid for the array with the
 * larger range.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aFromIndex + pl, b, bFromIndex, bFromIndex + pl) &&>
 * a[aFromIndex + pl] != b[bFromIndex + pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * (aToIndex - aFromIndex) != (bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex),
 * b, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return the relative index of the first mismatch between the two arrays
 * over the specified ranges, otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(int[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 int[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 length);
 return (i < 0 && aLength != bLength) ? length : i;
 }

 // Mismatch long

 /**
 * Finds and returns the index of the first mismatch between two {@code long}
 * arrays, otherwise return -1 if no mismatch is found. The index will be
 * in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to the length (inclusive) of the smaller
 * array.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the returned index is the
 * length of the common prefix and it follows that there is a mismatch
 * between the two elements at that index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other then the returned index is
 * the length of the smaller array and it follows that the index is only
 * valid for the larger array.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(a.length, b.length) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, pl, b, 0, pl) &&
 * a[pl] != b[pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * a.length != b.length &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length),
 * b, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @return the index of the first mismatch between the two arrays,
 * otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(long[] a, long[] b) {
 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length); // Check null array refs
 if (a == b)
 return -1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b, length);
 return (i < 0 && a.length != b.length) ? length : i;
 }

 /**
 * Finds and returns the relative index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code long} arrays over the specified ranges, otherwise return -1 if no
 * mismatch is found. The index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to
 * the length (inclusive) of the smaller range.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the common prefix and
 * it follows that there is a mismatch between the two elements at that
 * relative index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other, over the specified ranges,
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the smaller range and
 * it follows that the relative index is only valid for the array with the
 * larger range.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aFromIndex + pl, b, bFromIndex, bFromIndex + pl) &&>
 * a[aFromIndex + pl] != b[bFromIndex + pl]
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * (aToIndex - aFromIndex) != (bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex),
 * b, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return the relative index of the first mismatch between the two arrays
 * over the specified ranges, otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(long[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 long[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 length);
 return (i < 0 && aLength != bLength) ? length : i;
 }

 // Mismatch float

 /**
 * Finds and returns the index of the first mismatch between two {@code float}
 * arrays, otherwise return -1 if no mismatch is found. The index will be
 * in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to the length (inclusive) of the smaller
 * array.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the returned index is the
 * length of the common prefix and it follows that there is a mismatch
 * between the two elements at that index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other then the returned index is
 * the length of the smaller array and it follows that the index is only
 * valid for the larger array.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(a.length, b.length) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, pl, b, 0, pl) &&
 * Float.compare(a[pl], b[pl]) != 0
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * a.length != b.length &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length),
 * b, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @return the index of the first mismatch between the two arrays,
 * otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(float[] a, float[] b) {
 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length); // Check null array refs
 if (a == b)
 return -1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b, length);
 return (i < 0 && a.length != b.length) ? length : i;
 }

 /**
 * Finds and returns the relative index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code float} arrays over the specified ranges, otherwise return -1 if no
 * mismatch is found. The index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to
 * the length (inclusive) of the smaller range.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the common prefix and
 * it follows that there is a mismatch between the two elements at that
 * relative index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other, over the specified ranges,
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the smaller range and
 * it follows that the relative index is only valid for the array with the
 * larger range.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aFromIndex + pl, b, bFromIndex, bFromIndex + pl) &&>
 * Float.compare(a[aFromIndex + pl], b[bFromIndex + pl]) != 0
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * (aToIndex - aFromIndex) != (bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex),
 * b, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return the relative index of the first mismatch between the two arrays
 * over the specified ranges, otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(float[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 float[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 length);
 return (i < 0 && aLength != bLength) ? length : i;
 }

 // Mismatch double

 /**
 * Finds and returns the index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code double} arrays, otherwise return -1 if no mismatch is found. The
 * index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to the length (inclusive)
 * of the smaller array.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the returned index is the
 * length of the common prefix and it follows that there is a mismatch
 * between the two elements at that index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other then the returned index is
 * the length of the smaller array and it follows that the index is only
 * valid for the larger array.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(a.length, b.length) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, pl, b, 0, pl) &&
 * Double.compare(a[pl], b[pl]) != 0
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * a.length != b.length &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length),
 * b, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @return the index of the first mismatch between the two arrays,
 * otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(double[] a, double[] b) {
 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length); // Check null array refs
 if (a == b)
 return -1;

 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, b, length);
 return (i < 0 && a.length != b.length) ? length : i;
 }

 /**
 * Finds and returns the relative index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code double} arrays over the specified ranges, otherwise return -1 if
 * no mismatch is found. The index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up
 * to the length (inclusive) of the smaller range.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the common prefix and
 * it follows that there is a mismatch between the two elements at that
 * relative index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other, over the specified ranges,
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the smaller range and
 * it follows that the relative index is only valid for the array with the
 * larger range.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aFromIndex + pl, b, bFromIndex, bFromIndex + pl) &&>
 * Double.compare(a[aFromIndex + pl], b[bFromIndex + pl]) != 0
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * (aToIndex - aFromIndex) != (bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex),
 * b, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return the relative index of the first mismatch between the two arrays
 * over the specified ranges, otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(double[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 double[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 int i = ArraysSupport.mismatch(a, aFromIndex,
 b, bFromIndex,
 length);
 return (i < 0 && aLength != bLength) ? length : i;
 }

 // Mismatch objects

 /**
 * Finds and returns the index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code Object} arrays, otherwise return -1 if no mismatch is found. The
 * index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to the length (inclusive)
 * of the smaller array.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the returned index is the
 * length of the common prefix and it follows that there is a mismatch
 * between the two elements at that index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other then the returned index is
 * the length of the smaller array and it follows that the index is only
 * valid for the larger array.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(a.length, b.length) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, pl, b, 0, pl) &&
 * !Objects.equals(a[pl], b[pl])
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * a.length != b.length &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length),
 * b, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @return the index of the first mismatch between the two arrays,
 * otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(Object[] a, Object[] b) {
 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length); // Check null array refs
 if (a == b)
 return -1;

 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
 if (!Objects.equals(a[i], b[i]))
 return i;
 }

 return a.length != b.length ? length : -1;
 }

 /**
 * Finds and returns the relative index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code Object} arrays over the specified ranges, otherwise return -1 if
 * no mismatch is found. The index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up
 * to the length (inclusive) of the smaller range.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the common prefix and
 * it follows that there is a mismatch between the two elements at that
 * relative index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other, over the specified ranges,
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the smaller range and
 * it follows that the relative index is only valid for the array with the
 * larger range.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aFromIndex + pl, b, bFromIndex, bFromIndex + pl) &&>
 * !Objects.equals(a[aFromIndex + pl], b[bFromIndex + pl])
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * (aToIndex - aFromIndex) != (bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex),
 * b, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex))
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @return the relative index of the first mismatch between the two arrays
 * over the specified ranges, otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static int mismatch(
 Object[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 Object[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex) {
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
 if (!Objects.equals(a[aFromIndex++], b[bFromIndex++]))
 return i;
 }

 return aLength != bLength ? length : -1;
 }

 /**
 * Finds and returns the index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code Object} arrays, otherwise return -1 if no mismatch is found.
 * The index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up to the length
 * (inclusive) of the smaller array.
 *
 * The specified comparator is used to determine if two array elements
 * from the each array are not equal.
 *
 * If the two arrays share a common prefix then the returned index is the
 * length of the common prefix and it follows that there is a mismatch
 * between the two elements at that index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other then the returned index is
 * the length of the smaller array and it follows that the index is only
 * valid for the larger array.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(a.length, b.length) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, pl, b, 0, pl, cmp)
 * cmp.compare(a[pl], b[pl]) != 0
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b}, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * a.length != b.length &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length),
 * b, 0, Math.min(a.length, b.length),
 * cmp)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param cmp the comparator to compare array elements
 * @param <T> the type of array elements
 * @return the index of the first mismatch between the two arrays,
 * otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array or the comparator is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static <T> int mismatch(T[] a, T[] b, Comparator<? super T> cmp) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(cmp);
 int length = Math.min(a.length, b.length); // Check null array refs
 if (a == b)
 return -1;

 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
 T oa = a[i];
 T ob = b[i];
 if (oa != ob) {
 // Null-value comparison is deferred to the comparator
 int v = cmp.compare(oa, ob);
 if (v != 0) {
 return i;
 }
 }
 }

 return a.length != b.length ? length : -1;
 }

 /**
 * Finds and returns the relative index of the first mismatch between two
 * {@code Object} arrays over the specified ranges, otherwise return -1 if
 * no mismatch is found. The index will be in the range of 0 (inclusive) up
 * to the length (inclusive) of the smaller range.
 *
 * If the two arrays, over the specified ranges, share a common prefix
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the common prefix and
 * it follows that there is a mismatch between the two elements at that
 * relative index within the respective arrays.
 * If one array is a proper prefix of the other, over the specified ranges,
 * then the returned relative index is the length of the smaller range and
 * it follows that the relative index is only valid for the array with the
 * larger range.
 * Otherwise, there is no mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a common
 * prefix of length {@code pl} if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * pl >= 0 &&
 * pl < Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, aFromIndex, aFromIndex + pl, b, bFromIndex, bFromIndex + pl, cmp) &&span>
 * cmp.compare(a[aFromIndex + pl], b[bFromIndex + pl]) != 0
 * }</pre>
 * Note that a common prefix length of {@code 0} indicates that the first
 * elements from each array mismatch.
 *
 * Two non-{@code null} arrays, {@code a} and {@code b} with specified
 * ranges [{@code aFromIndex}, {@code atoIndex}) and
 * [{@code bFromIndex}, {@code btoIndex}) respectively, share a proper
 * prefix if the following expression is true:
 * <pre>{@code
 * (aToIndex - aFromIndex) != (bToIndex - bFromIndex) &&
 * Arrays.equals(a, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex),
 * b, 0, Math.min(aToIndex - aFromIndex, bToIndex - bFromIndex),
 * cmp)
 * }</pre>
 *
 * @param a the first array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param aFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param aToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * first array to be tested
 * @param b the second array to be tested for a mismatch
 * @param bFromIndex the index (inclusive) of the first element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param bToIndex the index (exclusive) of the last element in the
 * second array to be tested
 * @param cmp the comparator to compare array elements
 * @param <T> the type of array elements
 * @return the relative index of the first mismatch between the two arrays
 * over the specified ranges, otherwise {@code -1}.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
 * if {@code aFromIndex > aToIndex} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex > bToIndex}
 * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 * if {@code aFromIndex < 0 or aToIndex > a.length} or
 * if {@code bFromIndex < 0 or bToIndex > b.length}
 * @throws NullPointerException
 * if either array or the comparator is {@code null}
 * @since 9
 */
 public static <T> int mismatch(
 T[] a, int aFromIndex, int aToIndex,
 T[] b, int bFromIndex, int bToIndex,
 Comparator<? super T> cmp) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(cmp);
 rangeCheck(a.length, aFromIndex, aToIndex);
 rangeCheck(b.length, bFromIndex, bToIndex);

 int aLength = aToIndex - aFromIndex;
 int bLength = bToIndex - bFromIndex;
 int length = Math.min(aLength, bLength);
 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
 T oa = a[aFromIndex++];
 T ob = b[bFromIndex++];
 if (oa != ob) {
 // Null-value comparison is deferred to the comparator
 int v = cmp.compare(oa, ob);
 if (v != 0) {
 return i;
 }
 }
 }

 return aLength != bLength ? length : -1;
 }
}

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