(* Title: HOL/Groups_Big.thy Author: Tobias Nipkow Author: Lawrence C Paulson Author: Markus Wenzel Author: Jeremy Avigad *)
section‹Big sum and product over finite (non-empty) sets›
theory Groups_Big imports Power Equiv_Relations begin
subsection‹Generic monoid operation over a set›
locale comm_monoid_set = comm_monoid begin
subsubsection ‹Standard sum or product indexed by a finite set›
interpretation comp_fun_commute f by standard (simp add: fun_eq_iff left_commute)
interpretation comp?: comp_fun_commute "f ∘ g" by (fact comp_comp_fun_commute)
definition F :: "('b ==> 'a) ==> 'b set ==> 'a" where eq_fold: "F g A = Finite_Set.fold (f ∘ g) 🪙1 A"
lemma infinite [simp]: "¬ finite A ==> F g A = 🪙1" by (simp add: eq_fold)
lemma empty [simp]: "F g {} = 🪙1" by (simp add: eq_fold)
lemma insert [simp]: "finite A ==> x ∉ A ==> F g (insert x A) = g x 🪙* F g A" by (simp add: eq_fold)
lemma remove: assumes"finite A"and"x ∈ A" shows"F g A = g x 🪙* F g (A - {x})" proof - from‹x ∈ A›obtain B where B: "A = insert x B"and"x ∉ B" by (auto dest: mk_disjoint_insert) moreoverfrom‹finite A› B have"finite B"by simp ultimatelyshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma insert_remove: "finite A ==> F g (insert x A) = g x 🪙* F g (A - {x})" by (cases "x ∈ A") (simp_all add: remove insert_absorb)
lemma insert_if: "finite A ==> F g (insert x A) = (if x ∈ A then F g A else g x 🪙* F g A)" by (cases "x ∈ A") (simp_all add: insert_absorb)
lemma neutral: "∀x∈A. g x = 🪙1 ==> F g A = 🪙1" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma neutral_const [simp]: "F (λ_. 🪙1) A = 🪙1" by (simp add: neutral)
lemma union_inter: assumes"finite A"and"finite B" shows"F g (A ∪ B) 🪙* F g (A ∩ B) = F g A 🪙* F g B" 🍋‹The reversed orientation looks more natural, but LOOPS as a simprule!› using assms proof (induct A) case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x A) thenshow ?case by (auto simp: insert_absorb Int_insert_left commute [of _ "g x"] assoc left_commute) qed
corollary union_inter_neutral: assumes"finite A"and"finite B" and"∀x ∈ A ∩ B. g x = 🪙1" shows"F g (A ∪ B) = F g A 🪙* F g B" using assms by (simp add: union_inter [symmetric] neutral)
corollary union_disjoint: assumes"finite A"and"finite B" assumes"A ∩ B = {}" shows"F g (A ∪ B) = F g A 🪙* F g B" using assms by (simp add: union_inter_neutral)
lemma union_diff2: assumes"finite A"and"finite B" shows"F g (A ∪ B) = F g (A - B) 🪙* F g (B - A) 🪙* F g (A ∩ B)" proof - have"A ∪ B = A - B ∪ (B - A) ∪ A ∩ B" by auto with assms show ?thesis by simp (subst union_disjoint, auto)+ qed
lemma subset_diff: assumes"B ⊆ A"and"finite A" shows"F g A = F g (A - B) 🪙* F g B" proof - from assms have"finite (A - B)"by auto moreoverfrom assms have"finite B"by (rule finite_subset) moreoverfrom assms have"(A - B) ∩ B = {}"by auto ultimatelyhave"F g (A - B ∪ B) = F g (A - B) 🪙* F g B"by (rule union_disjoint) moreoverfrom assms have"A ∪ B = A"by auto ultimatelyshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma Int_Diff: assumes"finite A" shows"F g A = F g (A ∩ B) 🪙* F g (A - B)" by (subst subset_diff [where B = "A - B"]) (auto simp: Diff_Diff_Int assms)
lemma setdiff_irrelevant: assumes"finite A" shows"F g (A - {x. g x = z}) = F g A" using assms by (induct A) (simp_all add: insert_Diff_if)
lemma not_neutral_contains_not_neutral: assumes"F g A ≠🪙1" obtains a where"a ∈ A"and"g a ≠🪙1" proof - from assms have"∃a∈A. g a ≠🪙1" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert a A) thenshow ?caseby fastforce qed with that show thesis by blast qed
lemma reindex: assumes"inj_on h A" shows"F g (h ` A) = F (g ∘ h) A" proof (cases "finite A") case True with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: eq_fold fold_image comp_assoc) next case False with assms have"¬ finite (h ` A)"by (blast dest: finite_imageD) with False show ?thesis by simp qed
lemma cong [fundef_cong]: assumes"A = B" assumes g_h: "∧x. x ∈ B ==> g x = h x" shows"F g A = F h B" using g_h unfolding‹A = B› by (induct B rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
lemma cong_simp [cong]: "[ A = B; ∧x. x ∈ B =simp=> g x = h x ]==> F (λx. g x) A = F (λx. h x) B" by (rule cong) (simp_all add: simp_implies_def)
lemma reindex_cong: assumes"inj_on l B" assumes"A = l ` B" assumes"∧x. x ∈ B ==> g (l x) = h x" shows"F g A = F h B" using assms by (simp add: reindex)
lemma image_eq: assumes"inj_on g A" shows"F (λx. x) (g ` A) = F g A" using assms reindex_cong by fastforce
lemma UNION_disjoint: assumes"finite I"and"∀i∈I. finite (A i)" and"∀i∈I. ∀j∈I. i ≠ j ⟶ A i ∩ A j = {}" shows"F g (∪(A ` I)) = F (λx. F g (A x)) I" using assms proof (induction rule: finite_induct) case (insert i I) thenhave"∀j∈I. j ≠ i" by blast with insert.prems have"A i ∩∪(A ` I) = {}" by blast with insert show ?case by (simp add: union_disjoint) qed auto
lemma Union_disjoint: assumes"∀A∈C. finite A""∀A∈C. ∀B∈C. A ≠ B ⟶ A ∩ B = {}" shows"F g (∪C) = (F ∘ F) g C" proof (cases "finite C") case True from UNION_disjoint [OF this assms] show ?thesis by simp next case False thenshow ?thesis by (auto dest: finite_UnionD intro: infinite) qed
lemma distrib: "F (λx. g x 🪙* h x) A = F g A 🪙* F h A" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: assoc commute left_commute)
lemma Sigma: assumes"finite A""∀x∈A. finite (B x)" shows"F (λx. F (g x) (B x)) A = F (case_prod g) (SIGMA x:A. B x)" unfolding Sigma_def proof (subst UNION_disjoint) show"F (λx. F (g x) (B x)) A = F (λx. F (λ(x, y). g x y) (∪y∈B x. {(x, y)})) A" proof (rule cong [OF refl]) show"F (g x) (B x) = F (λ(x, y). g x y) (∪y∈B x. {(x, y)})" if"x ∈ A"for x using that assms by (simp add: UNION_disjoint) qed qed (use assms in auto)
lemma related: assumes Re: "R 🪙1 🪙1" and Rop: "∀x1 y1 x2 y2. R x1 x2 ∧ R y1 y2 ⟶ R (x1 🪙* y1) (x2 🪙* y2)" and fin: "finite S" and R_h_g: "∀x∈S. R (h x) (g x)" shows"R (F h S) (F g S)" using fin by (rule finite_subset_induct) (use assms in auto)
lemma mono_neutral_cong_left: assumes"finite T" and"S ⊆ T" and"∀i ∈ T - S. h i = 🪙1" and"∧x. x ∈ S ==> g x = h x" shows"F g S = F h T"
proof- have eq: "T = S ∪ (T - S)"using‹S ⊆ T›by blast have d: "S ∩ (T - S) = {}"using‹S ⊆ T›by blast from‹finite T›‹S ⊆ T›have f: "finite S""finite (T - S)" by (auto intro: finite_subset) show ?thesis using assms(4) by (simp add: union_disjoint [OF f d, unfolded eq [symmetric]] neutral [OF assms(3)]) qed
lemma mono_neutral_cong_right: "finite T ==> S ⊆ T ==>∀i ∈ T - S. g i = 🪙1 ==> (∧x. x ∈ S ==> g x = h x) ==> F g T = F h S" by (auto intro!: mono_neutral_cong_left [symmetric])
lemma mono_neutral_left: "finite T ==> S ⊆ T ==>∀i ∈ T - S. g i = 🪙1 ==> F g S = F g T" by (blast intro: mono_neutral_cong_left)
lemma mono_neutral_right: "finite T ==> S ⊆ T ==>∀i ∈ T - S. g i = 🪙1 ==> F g T = F g S" by (blast intro!: mono_neutral_left [symmetric])
lemma mono_neutral_cong: assumes [simp]: "finite T""finite S" and *: "∧i. i ∈ T - S ==> h i = 🪙1""∧i. i ∈ S - T ==> g i = 🪙1" and gh: "∧x. x ∈ S ∩ T ==> g x = h x" shows"F g S = F h T"
proof- have"F g S = F g (S ∩ T)" by(rule mono_neutral_right)(auto intro: *) alsohave"… = F h (S ∩ T)"using refl gh by(rule cong) alsohave"… = F h T" by(rule mono_neutral_left)(auto intro: *) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma reindex_bij_betw: "bij_betw h S T ==> F (λx. g (h x)) S = F g T" by (auto simp: bij_betw_def reindex)
lemma reindex_bij_witness: assumes witness: "∧a. a ∈ S ==> i (j a) = a" "∧a. a ∈ S ==> j a ∈ T" "∧b. b ∈ T ==> j (i b) = b" "∧b. b ∈ T ==> i b ∈ S" assumes eq: "∧a. a ∈ S ==> h (j a) = g a" shows"F g S = F h T" proof - have"bij_betw j S T" using bij_betw_byWitness[where A=S and f=j and f'=i and A'=T] witness by auto moreoverhave"F g S = F (λx. h (j x)) S" by (intro cong) (auto simp: eq) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (simp add: reindex_bij_betw) qed
lemma reindex_bij_betw_not_neutral: assumes fin: "finite S'""finite T'" assumes bij: "bij_betw h (S - S') (T - T')" assumes nn: "∧a. a ∈ S' ==> g (h a) = z" "∧b. b ∈ T' ==> g b = z" shows"F (λx. g (h x)) S = F g T" proof - have [simp]: "finite S ⟷ finite T" using bij_betw_finite[OF bij] fin by auto show ?thesis proof (cases "finite S") case True with nn have"F (λx. g (h x)) S = F (λx. g (h x)) (S - S')" by (intro mono_neutral_cong_right) auto alsohave"… = F g (T - T')" using bij by (rule reindex_bij_betw) alsohave"… = F g T" using nn ‹finite S›by (intro mono_neutral_cong_left) auto finallyshow ?thesis . next case False thenshow ?thesis by simp qed qed
lemma reindex_nontrivial: assumes"finite A" and nz: "∧x y. x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> x ≠ y ==> h x = h y ==> g (h x) = 🪙1" shows"F g (h ` A) = F (g ∘ h) A" proof (subst reindex_bij_betw_not_neutral [symmetric]) show"bij_betw h (A - {x ∈ A. (g ∘ h) x = 🪙1}) (h ` A - h ` {x ∈ A. (g ∘ h) x = 🪙1})" using nz by (auto intro!: inj_onI simp: bij_betw_def) qed (use‹finite A›in auto)
lemma reindex_bij_witness_not_neutral: assumes fin: "finite S'""finite T'" assumes witness: "∧a. a ∈ S - S' ==> i (j a) = a" "∧a. a ∈ S - S' ==> j a ∈ T - T'" "∧b. b ∈ T - T' ==> j (i b) = b" "∧b. b ∈ T - T' ==> i b ∈ S - S'" assumes nn: "∧a. a ∈ S' ==> g a = z" "∧b. b ∈ T' ==> h b = z" assumes eq: "∧a. a ∈ S ==> h (j a) = g a" shows"F g S = F h T" proof - have bij: "bij_betw j (S - (S' ∩ S)) (T - (T' ∩ T))" using witness by (intro bij_betw_byWitness[where f'=i]) auto have F_eq: "F g S = F (λx. h (j x)) S" by (intro cong) (auto simp: eq) show ?thesis unfolding F_eq using fin nn eq by (intro reindex_bij_betw_not_neutral[OF _ _ bij]) auto qed
lemma delta_remove: assumes fS: "finite S" shows"F (λk. if k = a then b k else c k) S = (if a ∈ S then b a 🪙* F c (S-{a}) else F c (S-{a}))" proof - let ?f = "(λk. if k = a then b k else c k)" show ?thesis proof (cases "a ∈ S") case False thenhave"∀k∈S. ?f k = c k"by simp with False show ?thesis by simp next case True let ?A = "S - {a}" let ?B = "{a}" from True have eq: "S = ?A ∪ ?B"by blast have dj: "?A ∩ ?B = {}"by simp from fS have fAB: "finite ?A""finite ?B"by auto have"F ?f S = F ?f ?A 🪙* F ?f ?B" using union_disjoint [OF fAB dj, of ?f, unfolded eq [symmetric]] by simp with True show ?thesis using comm_monoid_set.remove comm_monoid_set_axioms fS by fastforce qed qed
lemma delta [simp]: assumes fS: "finite S" shows"F (λk. if k = a then b k else 🪙1) S = (if a ∈ S then b a else 🪙1)" by (simp add: delta_remove [OF assms])
lemma delta' [simp]: assumes fin: "finite S" shows"F (λk. if a = k then b k else 🪙1) S = (if a ∈ S then b a else 🪙1)" using delta [OF fin, of a b, symmetric] by (auto intro: cong)
lemma If_cases: fixes P :: "'b ==> bool"and g h :: "'b ==> 'a" assumes fin: "finite A" shows"F (λx. if P x then h x else g x) A = F h (A ∩ {x. P x}) 🪙* F g (A ∩ - {x. P x})" proof - have a: "A = A ∩ {x. P x} ∪ A ∩ -{x. P x}""(A ∩ {x. P x}) ∩ (A ∩ -{x. P x}) = {}" by blast+ from fin have f: "finite (A ∩ {x. P x})""finite (A ∩ -{x. P x})"by auto let ?g = "λx. if P x then h x else g x" from union_disjoint [OF f a(2), of ?g] a(1) show ?thesis by (subst (1 2) cong) simp_all qed
lemma cartesian_product: "F (λx. F (g x) B) A = F (case_prod g) (A × B)" proof (cases "A = {} ∨ B = {}") case True thenshow ?thesis by auto next case False thenhave"A ≠ {}""B ≠ {}"by auto show ?thesis proof (cases "finite A ∧ finite B") case True thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: Sigma) next case False then consider "infinite A" | "infinite B"by auto thenhave"infinite (A × B)" by cases (use‹A ≠ {}›‹B ≠ {}›in‹auto dest: finite_cartesian_productD1 finite_cartesian_productD2›) thenshow ?thesis using False by auto qed qed
lemma cartesian_product': "F g (A × B) = F (λx. F (λy. g (x,y)) B) A" unfolding cartesian_product by simp
lemma inter_restrict: assumes"finite A" shows"F g (A ∩ B) = F (λx. if x ∈ B then g x else 🪙1) A" proof - let ?g = "λx. if x ∈ A ∩ B then g x else 🪙1" have"∀i∈A - A ∩ B. (if i ∈ A ∩ B then g i else 🪙1) = 🪙1"by simp moreoverhave"A ∩ B ⊆ A"by blast ultimatelyhave"F ?g (A ∩ B) = F ?g A" using‹finite A›by (intro mono_neutral_left) auto thenshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma inter_filter: "finite A ==> F g {x ∈ A. P x} = F (λx. if P x then g x else 🪙1) A" by (simp add: inter_restrict [symmetric, of A "{x. P x}" g, simplified mem_Collect_eq] Int_def)
lemma Union_comp: assumes"∀A ∈ B. finite A" and"∧A1 A2 x. A1 ∈ B ==> A2 ∈ B ==> A1 ≠ A2 ==> x ∈ A1 ==> x ∈ A2 ==> g x = 🪙1" shows"F g (∪B) = (F ∘ F) g B" using assms proof (induct B rule: infinite_finite_induct) case (infinite A) thenhave"¬ finite (∪A)"by (blast dest: finite_UnionD) with infinite show ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert A B) thenhave"finite A""finite B""finite (∪B)""A ∉ B" and"∀x∈A ∩∪B. g x = 🪙1" and H: "F g (∪B) = (F ∘ F) g B"by auto thenhave"F g (A ∪∪B) = F g A 🪙* F g (∪B)" by (simp add: union_inter_neutral) with‹finite B›‹A ∉ B›show ?case by (simp add: H) qed
lemma swap: "F (λi. F (g i) B) A = F (λj. F (λi. g i j) A) B" unfolding cartesian_product by (rule reindex_bij_witness [where i = "λ(i, j). (j, i)"and j = "λ(i, j). (j, i)"]) auto
lemma swap_restrict: "finite A ==> finite B ==> F (λx. F (g x) {y. y ∈ B ∧ R x y}) A = F (λy. F (λx. g x y) {x. x ∈ A ∧ R x y}) B" by (simp add: inter_filter) (rule swap)
lemma image_gen: assumes fin: "finite S" shows"F h S = F (λy. F h {x. x ∈ S ∧ g x = y}) (g ` S)" proof - have"{y. y∈ g`S ∧ g x = y} = {g x}"if"x ∈ S"for x using that by auto thenhave"F h S = F (λx. F (λy. h x) {y. y∈ g`S ∧ g x = y}) S" by simp alsohave"… = F (λy. F h {x. x ∈ S ∧ g x = y}) (g ` S)" by (rule swap_restrict [OF fin finite_imageI [OF fin]]) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma group: assumes fS: "finite S"and fT: "finite T"and fST: "g ` S ⊆ T" shows"F (λy. F h {x. x ∈ S ∧ g x = y}) T = F h S" unfolding image_gen[OF fS, of h g] by (auto intro: neutral mono_neutral_right[OF fT fST])
lemma Plus: fixes A :: "'b set"and B :: "'c set" assumes fin: "finite A""finite B" shows"F g (A <+> B) = F (g ∘ Inl) A 🪙* F (g ∘ Inr) B" proof - have"A <+> B = Inl ` A ∪ Inr ` B"by auto moreoverfrom fin have"finite (Inl ` A)""finite (Inr ` B)"by auto moreoverhave"Inl ` A ∩ Inr ` B = {}"by auto moreoverhave"inj_on Inl A""inj_on Inr B"by (auto intro: inj_onI) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using fin by (simp add: union_disjoint reindex) qed
lemma same_carrier: assumes"finite C" assumes subset: "A ⊆ C""B ⊆ C" assumes trivial: "∧a. a ∈ C - A ==> g a = 🪙1""∧b. b ∈ C - B ==> h b = 🪙1" shows"F g A = F h B ⟷ F g C = F h C" proof - have"finite A"and"finite B"and"finite (C - A)"and"finite (C - B)" using‹finite C› subset by (auto elim: finite_subset) from subset have [simp]: "A - (C - A) = A"by auto from subset have [simp]: "B - (C - B) = B"by auto from subset have"C = A ∪ (C - A)"by auto thenhave"F g C = F g (A ∪ (C - A))"by simp alsohave"… = F g (A - (C - A)) 🪙* F g (C - A - A) 🪙* F g (A ∩ (C - A))" using‹finite A›‹finite (C - A)›by (simp only: union_diff2) finallyhave *: "F g C = F g A"using trivial by simp from subset have"C = B ∪ (C - B)"by auto thenhave"F h C = F h (B ∪ (C - B))"by simp alsohave"… = F h (B - (C - B)) 🪙* F h (C - B - B) 🪙* F h (B ∩ (C - B))" using‹finite B›‹finite (C - B)›by (simp only: union_diff2) finallyhave"F h C = F h B" using trivial by simp with * show ?thesis by simp qed
lemma same_carrierI: assumes"finite C" assumes subset: "A ⊆ C""B ⊆ C" assumes trivial: "∧a. a ∈ C - A ==> g a = 🪙1""∧b. b ∈ C - B ==> h b = 🪙1" assumes"F g C = F h C" shows"F g A = F h B" using assms same_carrier [of C A B] by simp
lemma eq_general: assumes B: "∧y. y ∈ B ==>∃!x. x ∈ A ∧ h x = y"and A: "∧x. x ∈ A ==> h x ∈ B ∧ γ(h x) = φ x" shows"F φ A = F γ B" proof - have eq: "B = h ` A" by (auto dest: assms) have h: "inj_on h A" using assms by (blast intro: inj_onI) have"F φ A = F (γ ∘ h) A" using A by auto alsohave"… = F γ B" by (simp add: eq reindex h) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma eq_general_inverses: assumes B: "∧y. y ∈ B ==> k y ∈ A ∧ h(k y) = y"and A: "∧x. x ∈ A ==> h x ∈ B ∧ k(h x) = x ∧ γ(h x) = φ x" shows"F φ A = F γ B" by (rule eq_general [where h=h]) (force intro: dest: A B)+
subsubsection ‹HOL Light variant: sum/product indexed by the non-neutral subset› text‹NB only a subset of the properties above are proved›
definition G :: "['b ==> 'a,'b set] ==> 'a" where"G p I ≡ if finite {x ∈ I. p x ≠🪙1} then F p {x ∈ I. p x ≠🪙1} else 🪙1"
lemma finite_Collect_op: shows"[finite {i ∈ I. x i ≠🪙1}; finite {i ∈ I. y i ≠🪙1}]==> finite {i ∈ I. x i 🪙* y i ≠🪙1}" apply (rule finite_subset [where B = "{i ∈ I. x i ≠🪙1} ∪ {i ∈ I. y i ≠🪙1}"]) using left_neutral by force+
lemma empty' [simp]: "G p {} = 🪙1" by (auto simp: G_def)
lemma eq_sum [simp]: "finite I ==> G p I = F p I" by (auto simp: G_def intro: mono_neutral_cong_left)
lemma insert' [simp]: assumes"finite {x ∈ I. p x ≠🪙1}" shows"G p (insert i I) = (if i ∈ I then G p I else p i 🪙* G p I)" proof - have"{x. x = i ∧ p x ≠🪙1 ∨ x ∈ I ∧ p x ≠🪙1} = (if p i = 🪙1 then {x ∈ I. p x≠🪙1} else insert i {x ∈ I. p x ≠🪙1})" by auto thenshow ?thesis using assms by (simp add: G_def conj_disj_distribR insert_absorb) qed
lemma distrib_triv': assumes"finite I" shows"G (λi. g i 🪙* h i) I = G g I 🪙* G h I" by (simp add: assms local.distrib)
lemma non_neutral': "G g {x ∈ I. g x ≠🪙1} = G g I" by (simp add: G_def)
lemma distrib': assumes"finite {x ∈ I. g x ≠🪙1}""finite {x ∈ I. h x ≠🪙1}" shows"G (λi. g i 🪙* h i) I = G g I 🪙* G h I" proof - have"a 🪙* a ≠ a ==> a ≠🪙1"for a by auto thenhave"G (λi. g i 🪙* h i) I = G (λi. g i 🪙* h i) ({i ∈ I. g i ≠🪙1} ∪ {i ∈ I. h i ≠🪙1})" using assms by (force simp: G_def finite_Collect_op intro!: mono_neutral_cong) alsohave"… = G g I 🪙* G h I" proof - have"F g ({i ∈ I. g i ≠🪙1} ∪ {i ∈ I. h i ≠🪙1}) = G g I" "F h ({i ∈ I. g i ≠🪙1} ∪ {i ∈ I. h i ≠🪙1}) = G h I" by (auto simp: G_def assms intro: mono_neutral_right) thenshow ?thesis using assms by (simp add: distrib) qed finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma cong': assumes"A = B" assumes g_h: "∧x. x ∈ B ==> g x = h x" shows"G g A = G h B" using assms by (auto simp: G_def cong: conj_cong intro: cong)
lemma mono_neutral_cong_left': assumes"S ⊆ T" and"∧i. i ∈ T - S ==> h i = 🪙1" and"∧x. x ∈ S ==> g x = h x" shows"G g S = G h T" proof - have *: "{x ∈ S. g x ≠🪙1} = {x ∈ T. h x ≠🪙1}" using assms by (metis DiffI subset_eq) thenhave"finite {x ∈ S. g x ≠🪙1} = finite {x ∈ T. h x ≠🪙1}" by simp thenshow ?thesis using assms by (auto simp add: G_def * intro: cong) qed
lemma mono_neutral_cong_right': "S ⊆ T ==>∀i ∈ T - S. g i = 🪙1 ==> (∧x. x ∈ S ==> g x = h x) ==> G g T = G h S" by (auto intro!: mono_neutral_cong_left' [symmetric])
lemma mono_neutral_left': "S ⊆ T ==>∀i ∈ T - S. g i = 🪙1 ==> G g S = G g T" by (blast intro: mono_neutral_cong_left')
lemma mono_neutral_right': "S ⊆ T ==>∀i ∈ T - S. g i = 🪙1 ==> G g T = G g S" by (blast intro!: mono_neutral_left' [symmetric])
end
subsection‹Generalized summation over a set›
context comm_monoid_add begin
sublocale sum: comm_monoid_set plus 0 defines sum = sum.F and sum' = sum.G ..
abbreviation Sum (‹∑›) where"∑≡ sum (λx. x)"
end
text‹Now: lots of fancy syntax. First, 🍋‹sum (λx. e) A›is written ‹∑x∈A. e›.›
syntax (ASCII) "_sum" :: "pttrn ==> 'a set ==> 'b ==> 'b::comm_monoid_add" (‹(‹indent=3 notation=‹binder SUM›\›SUM (_/:_)./ _)› [0, 51, 10] 10) syntax "_sum" :: "pttrn ==> 'a set ==> 'b ==> 'b::comm_monoid_add" (‹(‹indent=2 notation=‹binder ∑›\›\∑(_/∈_)./ _)› [0, 51, 10] 10)
syntax_consts "_sum"⇌ sum
translations🍋‹Beware of argument permutation!› "∑i∈A. b"⇌"CONST sum (λi. b) A"
text‹Instead of 🍋‹∑x∈{x. P}. e›we introduce the shorter ‹∑x|P. e›.›
syntax_consts "_qsum" == sum translations "∑x|P. t" => "CONST sum (λx. t) {x. P}" print_translation‹ [(🍋‹sum›, K (Collect_binder_tr' 🍋‹_qsum›))] ›
subsubsection ‹Properties in more restricted classes of structures›
lemma sum_Un: "finite A ==> finite B ==> sum f (A ∪ B) = sum f A + sum f B - sum f (A ∩ B)" for f :: "'b ==> 'a::ab_group_add" by (subst sum.union_inter [symmetric]) (auto simp add: algebra_simps)
lemma sum_Un2: assumes"finite (A ∪ B)" shows"sum f (A ∪ B) = sum f (A - B) + sum f (B - A) + sum f (A ∩ B)" proof - have"A ∪ B = A - B ∪ (B - A) ∪ A ∩ B" by auto with assms show ?thesis by simp (subst sum.union_disjoint, auto)+ qed
(*Like sum.subset_diff but expressed perhaps more conveniently using subtraction*) lemma sum_diff: fixes f :: "'b ==> 'a::ab_group_add" assumes"finite A""B ⊆ A" shows"sum f (A - B) = sum f A - sum f B" using sum.subset_diff [of B A f] assms by simp
lemma sum_diff1: fixes f :: "'b ==> 'a::ab_group_add" assumes"finite A" shows"sum f (A - {a}) = (if a ∈ A then sum f A - f a else sum f A)" using assms by (simp add: sum_diff)
lemma sum_diff1'_aux: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::ab_group_add" assumes"finite F""{i ∈ I. f i ≠ 0} ⊆ F" shows"sum' f (I - {i}) = (if i ∈ I then sum' f I - f i else sum' f I)" using assms proof induct case (insert x F) have 1: "finite {x ∈ I. f x ≠ 0} ==> finite {x ∈ I. x ≠ i ∧ f x ≠ 0}" by (erule rev_finite_subset) auto have 2: "finite {x ∈ I. x ≠ i ∧ f x ≠ 0} ==> finite {x ∈ I. f x ≠ 0}" apply (drule finite_insert [THEN iffD2]) by (erule rev_finite_subset) auto have 3: "finite {i ∈ I. f i ≠ 0}" using finite_subset insert by blast show ?case using insert sum_diff1 [of "{i ∈ I. f i ≠ 0}" f i] by (auto simp: sum.G_def 1 2 3 set_diff_eq conj_ac) qed (simp add: sum.G_def)
lemma sum_diff1': fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::ab_group_add" assumes"finite {i ∈ I. f i ≠ 0}" shows"sum' f (I - {i}) = (if i ∈ I then sum' f I - f i else sum' f I)" by (rule sum_diff1'_aux [OF assms order_refl])
lemma (in ordered_comm_monoid_add) sum_mono: "(∧i. i∈K ==> f i ≤ g i) ==> (∑i∈K. f i) ≤ (∑i∈K. g i)" by (induct K rule: infinite_finite_induct) (use add_mono in auto)
lemma (in ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add) sum_strict_mono_strong: assumes"finite A""a ∈ A""f a < g a" and"∧x. x ∈ A ==> f x ≤ g x" shows"sum f A < sum g A" proof - have"sum f A = f a + sum f (A-{a})" by (simp add: assms sum.remove) alsohave"…≤ f a + sum g (A-{a})" using assms by (meson DiffD1 add_left_mono sum_mono) alsohave"… < g a + sum g (A-{a})" using assms add_less_le_mono by blast alsohave"… = sum g A" using assms by (intro sum.remove [symmetric]) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma (in strict_ordered_comm_monoid_add) sum_strict_mono: assumes"finite A""A ≠ {}" and"∧x. x ∈ A ==> f x < g x" shows"sum f A < sum g A" using assms proof (induct rule: finite_ne_induct) case singleton thenshow ?caseby simp next case insert thenshow ?caseby (auto simp: add_strict_mono) qed
lemma sum_strict_mono_ex1: fixes f g :: "'i ==> 'a::ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add" assumes"finite A" and"∀x∈A. f x ≤ g x" and"∃a∈A. f a < g a" shows"sum f A < sum g A"
proof- from assms(3) obtain a where a: "a ∈ A""f a < g a"by blast have"sum f A = sum f ((A - {a}) ∪ {a})" by(simp add: insert_absorb[OF ‹a ∈ A›]) alsohave"… = sum f (A - {a}) + sum f {a}" using‹finite A›by(subst sum.union_disjoint) auto alsohave"sum f (A - {a}) ≤ sum g (A - {a})" by (rule sum_mono) (simp add: assms(2)) alsofrom a have"sum f {a} < sum g {a}"by simp alsohave"sum g (A - {a}) + sum g {a} = sum g((A - {a}) ∪ {a})" using‹finite A›by (subst sum.union_disjoint[symmetric]) auto alsohave"… = sum g A"by (simp add: insert_absorb[OF ‹a ∈ A›]) finallyshow ?thesis by (auto simp add: add_right_mono add_strict_left_mono) qed
lemma sum_mono_inv: fixes f g :: "'i ==> 'a :: ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add" assumes eq: "sum f I = sum g I" assumes le: "∧i. i ∈ I ==> f i ≤ g i" assumes i: "i ∈ I" assumes I: "finite I" shows"f i = g i" proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ ?thesis" with le[OF i] have"f i < g i"by simp with i have"∃i∈I. f i < g i" .. from sum_strict_mono_ex1[OF I _ this] le have"sum f I < sum g I" by blast with eq show False by simp qed
lemma member_le_sum: fixes f :: "_ ==> 'b::{semiring_1, ordered_comm_monoid_add}" assumes"i ∈ A" and le: "∧x. x ∈ A - {i} ==> 0 ≤ f x" and"finite A" shows"f i ≤ sum f A" proof - have"f i ≤ sum f (A ∩ {i})" by (simp add: assms) alsohave"... = (∑x∈A. if x ∈ {i} then f x else 0)" using assms sum.inter_restrict by blast alsohave"... ≤ sum f A" apply (rule sum_mono) apply (auto simp: le) done finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma sum_negf: "(∑x∈A. - f x) = - (∑x∈A. f x)" for f :: "'b ==> 'a::ab_group_add" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
lemma sum_subtractf: "(∑x∈A. f x - g x) = (∑x∈A. f x) - (∑x∈A. g x)" for f g :: "'b ==>'a::ab_group_add" using sum.distrib [of f "- g" A] by (simp add: sum_negf)
lemma sum_subtractf_nat: "(∧x. x ∈ A ==> g x ≤ f x) ==> (∑x∈A. f x - g x) = (∑x∈A. f x) - (∑x∈A. g x)" for f g :: "'a ==> nat" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp: sum_mono)
context ordered_comm_monoid_add begin
lemma sum_nonneg: "(∧x. x ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f x) ==> 0 ≤ sum f A" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) thenhave"0 + 0 ≤ f x + sum f F"by (blast intro: add_mono) with insert show ?caseby simp qed
lemma sum_nonpos: "(∧x. x ∈ A ==> f x ≤ 0) ==> sum f A ≤ 0" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) thenhave"f x + sum f F ≤ 0 + 0"by (blast intro: add_mono) with insert show ?caseby simp qed
lemma sum_nonneg_eq_0_iff: "finite A ==> (∧x. x ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f x) ==> sum f A = 0 ⟷ (∀x∈A. f x = 0)" by (induct set: finite) (simp_all add: add_nonneg_eq_0_iff sum_nonneg)
lemma sum_nonneg_0: "finite s ==> (∧i. i ∈ s ==> f i ≥ 0) ==> (∑ i ∈ s. f i) = 0 ==> i ∈ s ==> f i = 0" by (simp add: sum_nonneg_eq_0_iff)
lemma sum_nonneg_leq_bound: assumes"finite s""∧i. i ∈ s ==> f i ≥ 0""(∑i ∈ s. f i) = B""i ∈ s" shows"f i ≤ B" proof - from assms have"f i ≤ f i + (∑i ∈ s - {i}. f i)" by (intro add_increasing2 sum_nonneg) auto alsohave"… = B" using sum.remove[of s i f] assms by simp finallyshow ?thesis by auto qed
lemma sum_mono2: assumes fin: "finite B" and sub: "A ⊆ B" and nn: "∧b. b ∈ B-A ==> 0 ≤ f b" shows"sum f A ≤ sum f B" proof - have"sum f A ≤ sum f A + sum f (B-A)" by (auto intro: add_increasing2 [OF sum_nonneg] nn) alsofrom fin finite_subset[OF sub fin] have"… = sum f (A ∪ (B-A))" by (simp add: sum.union_disjoint del: Un_Diff_cancel) alsofrom sub have"A ∪ (B-A) = B"by blast finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma sum_le_included: assumes"finite s""finite t" and"∀y∈t. 0 ≤ g y""(∀x∈s. ∃y∈t. i y = x ∧ f x ≤ g y)" shows"sum f s ≤ sum g t" proof - have"sum f s ≤ sum (λy. sum g {x. x∈t ∧ i x = y}) s" proof (rule sum_mono) fix y assume"y ∈ s" with assms obtain z where z: "z ∈ t""y = i z""f y ≤ g z"by auto with assms show"f y ≤ sum g {x ∈ t. i x = y}" (is"?A y ≤ ?B y") using order_trans[of "?A (i z)""sum g {z}""?B (i z)", intro] by (auto intro!: sum_mono2) qed alsohave"…≤ sum (λy. sum g {x. x∈t ∧ i x = y}) (i ` t)" using assms(2-4) by (auto intro!: sum_mono2 sum_nonneg) alsohave"…≤ sum g t" using assms by (auto simp: sum.image_gen[symmetric]) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
end
lemma (in canonically_ordered_monoid_add) sum_eq_0_iff [simp]: "finite F ==> (sum f F = 0) = (∀a∈F. f a = 0)" by (intro ballI sum_nonneg_eq_0_iff zero_le)
context semiring_0 begin
lemma sum_distrib_left: "r * sum f A = (∑n∈A. r * f n)" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
lemma sum_distrib_right: "sum f A * r = (∑n∈A. f n * r)" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
end
lemma sum_divide_distrib: "sum f A / r = (∑n∈A. f n / r)" for r :: "'a::field" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case insert thenshow ?caseby (simp add: add_divide_distrib) qed
lemma sum_abs[iff]: "∣sum f A∣≤ sum (λi. ∣f i∣) A" for f :: "'a ==> 'b::ordered_ab_group_add_abs" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case insert thenshow ?caseby (auto intro: abs_triangle_ineq order_trans) qed
lemma sum_abs_ge_zero[iff]: "0 ≤ sum (λi. ∣f i∣) A" for f :: "'a ==> 'b::ordered_ab_group_add_abs" by (simp add: sum_nonneg)
lemma abs_sum_abs[simp]: "∣∑a∈A. ∣f a∣∣ = (∑a∈A. ∣f a∣)" for f :: "'a ==> 'b::ordered_ab_group_add_abs" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert a A) thenhave"∣∑a∈insert a A. ∣f a∣∣ = ∣∣f a∣ + (∑a∈A. ∣f a∣)∣"by simp alsofrom insert have"… = ∣∣f a∣ + ∣∑a∈A. ∣f a∣∣∣"by simp alsohave"… = ∣f a∣ + ∣∑a∈A. ∣f a∣∣"by (simp del: abs_of_nonneg) alsofrom insert have"… = (∑a∈insert a A. ∣f a∣)"by simp finallyshow ?case . qed
lemma sum_product: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::semiring_0" shows"sum f A * sum g B = (∑i∈A. ∑j∈B. f i * g j)" by (simp add: sum_distrib_left sum_distrib_right) (rule sum.swap)
lemma sum_mult_sum_if_inj: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::semiring_0" shows"inj_on (λ(a, b). f a * g b) (A × B) ==> sum f A * sum g B = sum id {f a * g b |a b. a ∈ A ∧ b ∈ B}" by(auto simp: sum_product sum.cartesian_product intro!: sum.reindex_cong[symmetric])
lemma sum_SucD: "sum f A = Suc n ==>∃a∈A. 0 < f a" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
lemma sum_eq_Suc0_iff: "finite A ==> sum f A = Suc 0 ⟷ (∃a∈A. f a = Suc 0 ∧ (∀b∈A. a ≠ b ⟶ f b = 0))" by (induct A rule: finite_induct) (auto simp add: add_is_1)
lemma sum_Un_nat: "finite A ==> finite B ==> sum f (A ∪ B) = sum f A + sum f B - sum f (A ∩ B)" for f :: "'a ==> nat" 🍋‹For the natural numbers, we have subtraction.› by (subst sum.union_inter [symmetric]) (auto simp: algebra_simps)
lemma sum_diff1_nat: "sum f (A - {a}) = (if a ∈ A then sum f A - f a else sum f A)" for f :: "'a ==> nat" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) thenshow ?case proof (cases "a ∈ F") case True thenhave"∃B. F = insert a B ∧ a ∉ B" by (auto simp: mk_disjoint_insert) thenshow ?thesis using insert by (auto simp: insert_Diff_if) qed (auto) qed
lemma sum_diff_nat: fixes f :: "'a ==> nat" assumes"finite B"and"B ⊆ A" shows"sum f (A - B) = sum f A - sum f B" using assms proof induct case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) note IH = ‹F ⊆ A ==> sum f (A - F) = sum f A - sum f F› from‹x ∉ F›‹insert x F ⊆ A›have"x ∈ A - F"by simp thenhave A: "sum f ((A - F) - {x}) = sum f (A - F) - f x" by (simp add: sum_diff1_nat) from‹insert x F ⊆ A›have"F ⊆ A"by simp with IH have"sum f (A - F) = sum f A - sum f F"by simp with A have B: "sum f ((A - F) - {x}) = sum f A - sum f F - f x" by simp from‹x ∉ F›have"A - insert x F = (A - F) - {x}"by auto with B have C: "sum f (A - insert x F) = sum f A - sum f F - f x" by simp from‹finite F›‹x ∉ F›have"sum f (insert x F) = sum f F + f x" by simp with C have"sum f (A - insert x F) = sum f A - sum f (insert x F)" by simp thenshow ?caseby simp qed
lemma sum_comp_morphism: "h 0 = 0 ==> (∧x y. h (x + y) = h x + h y) ==> sum (h ∘ g) A = h (sum g A)" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma (in comm_semiring_1) dvd_sum: "(∧a. a ∈ A ==> d dvd f a) ==> d dvd sum f A" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma (in ordered_comm_monoid_add) sum_pos: "finite I ==> I ≠ {} ==> (∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 < f i) ==> 0 < sum f I" by (induct I rule: finite_ne_induct) (auto intro: add_pos_pos)
lemma (in ordered_comm_monoid_add) sum_pos2: assumes I: "finite I""i ∈ I""0 < f i""∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ f i" shows"0 < sum f I" proof - have"0 < f i + sum f (I - {i})" using assms by (intro add_pos_nonneg sum_nonneg) auto alsohave"… = sum f I" using assms by (simp add: sum.remove) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma sum_strict_mono2: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add" assumes"finite B""A ⊆ B""b ∈ B-A""f b > 0"and"∧x. x ∈ B ==> f x ≥ 0" shows"sum f A < sum f B" proof - have"B - A ≠ {}" using assms(3) by blast have"sum f (B-A) > 0" by (rule sum_pos2) (use assms in auto) moreoverhave"sum f B = sum f (B-A) + sum f A" by (rule sum.subset_diff) (use assms in auto) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using add_strict_increasing by auto qed
lemma sum_cong_Suc: assumes"0 ∉ A""∧x. Suc x ∈ A ==> f (Suc x) = g (Suc x)" shows"sum f A = sum g A" proof (rule sum.cong) fix x assume"x ∈ A" with assms(1) show"f x = g x" by (cases x) (auto intro!: assms(2)) qed simp_all
subsubsection ‹Cardinality as special case of 🍋‹sum›\ lemma card_eq_sum: "card A = sum (λx. 1) A" proof - have"plus ∘ (λ_. Suc 0) = (λ_. Suc)" by (simp add: fun_eq_iff) thenhave"Finite_Set.fold (plus ∘ (λ_. Suc 0)) = Finite_Set.fold (λ_. Suc)" by (rule arg_cong) thenhave"Finite_Set.fold (plus ∘ (λ_. Suc 0)) 0 A = Finite_Set.fold (λ_. Suc) 0 A" by (blast intro: fun_cong) thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: card.eq_fold sum.eq_fold) qed
context semiring_1 begin
lemma sum_constant [simp]: "(∑x ∈ A. y) = of_nat (card A) * y" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
context fixes A assumes‹finite A› begin
lemma sum_of_bool_eq [simp]: ‹(∑x ∈ A. of_bool (P x)) = of_nat (card (A ∩ {x. P x}))›if‹finite A› using‹finite A›byinduction simp_all
lemma sum_mult_of_bool_eq [simp]: ‹(∑x ∈ A. f x * of_bool (P x)) = (∑x ∈ (A ∩ {x. P x}). f x)› by (rule sum.mono_neutral_cong) (use‹finite A›in auto)
lemma sum_of_bool_mult_eq [simp]: ‹(∑x ∈ A. of_bool (P x) * f x) = (∑x ∈ (A ∩ {x. P x}). f x)› by (rule sum.mono_neutral_cong) (use‹finite A›in auto)
end
end
lemma sum_Suc: "sum (λx. Suc(f x)) A = sum f A + card A" using sum.distrib[of f "λ_. 1" A] by simp
lemma sum_bounded_above: fixes K :: "'a::{semiring_1,ordered_comm_monoid_add}" assumes le: "∧i. i∈A ==> f i ≤ K" shows"sum f A ≤ of_nat (card A) * K" proof (cases "finite A") case True thenshow ?thesis using le sum_mono[where K=A and g = "λx. K"] by simp next case False thenshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma sum_bounded_above_divide: fixes K :: "'a::linordered_field" assumes le: "∧i. i∈A ==> f i ≤ K / of_nat (card A)"and fin: "finite A""A ≠ {}" shows"sum f A ≤ K" using sum_bounded_above [of A f "K / of_nat (card A)", OF le] fin by simp
lemma sum_bounded_above_strict: fixes K :: "'a::{ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add,semiring_1}" assumes"∧i. i∈A ==> f i < K""card A > 0" shows"sum f A < of_nat (card A) * K" using assms sum_strict_mono[where A=A and g = "λx. K"] by (simp add: card_gt_0_iff)
lemma sum_bounded_below: fixes K :: "'a::{semiring_1,ordered_comm_monoid_add}" assumes le: "∧i. i∈A ==> K ≤ f i" shows"of_nat (card A) * K ≤ sum f A" proof (cases "finite A") case True thenshow ?thesis using le sum_mono[where K=A and f = "λx. K"] by simp next case False thenshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma convex_sum_bound_le: fixes x :: "'a ==> 'b::linordered_idom" assumes 0: "∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ x i"and 1: "sum x I = 1" and δ: "∧i. i ∈ I ==>∣a i - b∣≤ δ" shows"∣(∑i∈I. a i * x i) - b∣≤ δ" proof - have [simp]: "(∑i∈I. c * x i) = c"for c by (simp flip: sum_distrib_left 1) thenhave"∣(∑i∈I. a i * x i) - b∣ = ∣∑i∈I. (a i - b) * x i∣" by (simp add: sum_subtractf left_diff_distrib) alsohave"…≤ (∑i∈I. ∣(a i - b) * x i∣)" using abs_abs abs_of_nonneg by blast alsohave"…≤ (∑i∈I. ∣(a i - b)∣ * x i)" by (simp add: abs_mult 0) alsohave"…≤ (∑i∈I. δ * x i)" by (rule sum_mono) (use δ "0" mult_right_mono in blast) alsohave"… = δ" by simp finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma card_UN_disjoint: assumes"finite I"and"∀i∈I. finite (A i)" and"∀i∈I. ∀j∈I. i ≠ j ⟶ A i ∩ A j = {}" shows"card (∪(A ` I)) = (∑i∈I. card(A i))" proof - have"(∑i∈I. card (A i)) = (∑i∈I. ∑x∈A i. 1)" by simp with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: card_eq_sum sum.UNION_disjoint del: sum_constant) qed
lemma card_Union_disjoint: assumes"pairwise disjnt C"and fin: "∧A. A ∈ C ==> finite A" shows"card (∪C) = sum card C" proof (cases "finite C") case True thenshow ?thesis using card_UN_disjoint [OF True, of "λx. x"] assms by (simp add: disjnt_def fin pairwise_def) next case False thenshow ?thesis using assms card_eq_0_iff finite_UnionD by fastforce qed
lemma card_Union_le_sum_card_weak: fixes U :: "'a set set" assumes"∀u ∈ U. finite u" shows"card (∪U) ≤ sum card U" proof (cases "finite U") case False thenshow"card (∪U) ≤ sum card U" using card_eq_0_iff finite_UnionD by auto next case True thenshow"card (∪U) ≤ sum card U" proof (induct U rule: finite_induct) case empty thenshow ?caseby auto next case (insert x F) thenhave"card(∪(insert x F)) ≤ card(x) + card (∪F)"using card_Un_le by auto alsohave"... ≤ card(x) + sum card F"using insert.hyps by auto alsohave"... = sum card (insert x F)"using sum.insert_if and insert.hyps by auto finallyshow ?case . qed qed
lemma card_Union_le_sum_card: fixes U :: "'a set set" shows"card (∪U) ≤ sum card U" by (metis Union_upper card.infinite card_Union_le_sum_card_weak finite_subset zero_le)
lemma card_UN_le: assumes"finite I" shows"card(∪i∈I. A i) ≤ (∑i∈I. card(A i))" using assms proofinduction case (insert i I) thenshow ?case using card_Un_le nat_add_left_cancel_le by (force intro: order_trans) qed auto
lemma card_quotient_disjoint: assumes"finite A""inj_on (λx. {x} // r) A" shows"card (A//r) = card A" proof - have"∀i∈A. ∀j∈A. i ≠ j ⟶ r `` {j} ≠ r `` {i}" using assms by (fastforce simp add: quotient_def inj_on_def) with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: quotient_def card_UN_disjoint) qed
lemma sum_multicount_gen: assumes"finite s""finite t""∀j∈t. (card {i∈s. R i j} = k j)" shows"sum (λi. (card {j∈t. R i j})) s = sum k t"
(is"?l = ?r")
proof- have"?l = sum (λi. sum (λx.1) {j∈t. R i j}) s" by auto alsohave"… = ?r" unfolding sum.swap_restrict [OF assms(1-2)] using assms(3) by auto finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma sum_multicount: assumes"finite S""finite T""∀j∈T. (card {i∈S. R i j} = k)" shows"sum (λi. card {j∈T. R i j}) S = k * card T" (is"?l = ?r")
proof- have"?l = sum (λi. k) T" by (rule sum_multicount_gen) (auto simp: assms) alsohave"… = ?r"by (simp add: mult.commute) finallyshow ?thesis by auto qed
lemma sum_card_image: assumes"finite A" assumes"pairwise (λs t. disjnt (f s) (f t)) A" shows"sum card (f ` A) = sum (λa. card (f a)) A" using assms proof (induct A) case (insert a A) show ?case proof cases assume"f a = {}" with insert show ?case by (subst sum.mono_neutral_right[where S="f ` A"]) (auto simp: pairwise_insert) next assume"f a ≠ {}" thenhave"sum card (insert (f a) (f ` A)) = card (f a) + sum card (f ` A)" using insert by (subst sum.insert) (auto simp: pairwise_insert) with insert show ?caseby (simp add: pairwise_insert) qed qed simp
text‹By Jakub Kądziołka:›
lemma sum_fun_comp: assumes"finite S""finite R""g ` S ⊆ R" shows"(∑x ∈ S. f (g x)) = (∑y ∈ R. of_nat (card {x ∈ S. g x = y}) * f y)" proof - let ?r = "relation_of (λp q. g p = g q) S" have eqv: "equiv S ?r" unfolding relation_of_def by (auto intro: comp_equivI) have finite: "C ∈ S//?r ==> finite C"for C by (fact finite_equiv_class[OF `finite S` equiv_type[OF `equiv S ?r`]]) have disjoint: "A ∈ S//?r ==> B ∈ S//?r ==> A ≠ B ==> A ∩ B = {}"for A B using eqv quotient_disj by blast
let ?cls = "λy. {x ∈ S. y = g x}" have quot_as_img: "S//?r = ?cls ` g ` S" by (auto simp add: relation_of_def quotient_def) have cls_inj: "inj_on ?cls (g ` S)" by (auto intro: inj_onI)
have rest_0: "(∑y ∈ R - g ` S. of_nat (card (?cls y)) * f y) = 0" proof - have"of_nat (card (?cls y)) * f y = 0"if asm: "y ∈ R - g ` S"for y proof - from asm have *: "?cls y = {}"by auto show ?thesis unfolding * by simp qed thus ?thesis by simp qed
have"(∑x ∈ S. f (g x)) = (∑C ∈ S//?r. ∑x ∈ C. f (g x))" using eqv finite disjoint by (simp flip: sum.Union_disjoint[simplified] add: Union_quotient) alsohave"... = (∑y ∈ g ` S. ∑x ∈ ?cls y. f (g x))" unfolding quot_as_img by (simp add: sum.reindex[OF cls_inj]) alsohave"... = (∑y ∈ g ` S. ∑x ∈ ?cls y. f y)" by auto alsohave"... = (∑y ∈ g ` S. of_nat (card (?cls y)) * f y)" by (simp flip: sum_constant) alsohave"... = (∑y ∈ R. of_nat (card (?cls y)) * f y)" using rest_0 by (simp add: sum.subset_diff[OF ‹g ` S ⊆ R›‹finite R›]) finallyshow ?thesis by (simp add: eq_commute) qed
subsubsection ‹Cardinality of products›
lemma card_SigmaI [simp]: "finite A ==>∀a∈A. finite (B a) ==> card (SIGMA x: A. B x) = (∑a∈A. card (B a))" by (simp add: card_eq_sum sum.Sigma del: sum_constant)
(* lemma SigmaI_insert: "y ∉ A ==> (SIGMA x:(insert y A). B x) = (({y} × (B y)) ∪ (SIGMA x: A. B x))" by auto *)
lemma card_cartesian_product: "card (A × B) = card A * card B" by (cases "finite A ∧ finite B")
(auto simp add: card_eq_0_iff dest: finite_cartesian_productD1 finite_cartesian_productD2)
lemma card_cartesian_product_singleton: "card ({x} × A) = card A" by (simp add: card_cartesian_product)
subsection‹Generalized product over a set›
context comm_monoid_mult begin
sublocale prod: comm_monoid_set times 1 defines prod = prod.F and prod' = prod.G ..
abbreviation Prod (‹∏›) where"∏≡ prod (λx. x)"
end
syntax (ASCII) "_prod" :: "pttrn => 'a set => 'b => 'b::comm_monoid_mult" (‹(‹indent=4 notation=‹binder PROD›\›PROD (_/:_)./ _)› [0, 51, 10] 10) syntax "_prod" :: "pttrn => 'a set => 'b => 'b::comm_monoid_mult" (‹(‹indent=2 notation=‹binder ∏›\›\∏(_/∈_)./ _)› [0, 51, 10] 10)
syntax_consts "_prod" == prod
translations🍋‹Beware of argument permutation!› "∏i∈A. b" == "CONST prod (λi. b) A"
text‹Instead of 🍋‹∏x∈{x. P}. e›we introduce the shorter ‹∏x|P. e›.›
lemma prod_dvd_prod: "(∧a. a ∈ A ==> f a dvd g a) ==> prod f A dvd prod g A" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby (auto intro: dvdI) next case empty thenshow ?caseby (auto intro: dvdI) next case (insert a A) thenhave"f a dvd g a"and"prod f A dvd prod g A" by simp_all thenobtain r s where"g a = f a * r"and"prod g A = prod f A * s" by (auto elim!: dvdE) thenhave"g a * prod g A = f a * prod f A * (r * s)" by (simp add: ac_simps) with insert.hyps show ?case by (auto intro: dvdI) qed
lemma prod_dvd_prod_subset: "finite B ==> A ⊆ B ==> prod f A dvd prod f B" by (auto simp add: prod.subset_diff ac_simps intro: dvdI)
end
subsubsection ‹Properties in more restricted classes of structures›
context linordered_nonzero_semiring begin
lemma prod_ge_1: "(∧x. x ∈ A ==> 1 ≤ f x) ==> 1 ≤ prod f A" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) have"1 * 1 ≤ f x * prod f F" by (rule mult_mono') (use insert in auto) with insert show ?caseby simp qed
lemma prod_le_1: fixes f :: "'b ==> 'a" assumes"∧x. x ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f x ∧ f x ≤ 1" shows"prod f A ≤ 1" using assms proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) thenshow ?caseby (force simp: mult.commute intro: dest: mult_le_one) qed
end
context comm_semiring_1 begin
lemma dvd_prod_eqI [intro]: assumes"finite A"and"a ∈ A"and"b = f a" shows"b dvd prod f A" proof - from‹finite A›have"prod f (insert a (A - {a})) = f a * prod f (A - {a})" by (intro prod.insert) auto alsofrom‹a ∈ A›have"insert a (A - {a}) = A" by blast finallyhave"prod f A = f a * prod f (A - {a})" . with‹b = f a›show ?thesis by simp qed
lemma dvd_prodI [intro]: "finite A ==> a ∈ A ==> f a dvd prod f A" by auto
lemma prod_zero: assumes"finite A"and"∃a∈A. f a = 0" shows"prod f A = 0" using assms proof (induct A) case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert a A) thenhave"f a = 0 ∨ (∃a∈A. f a = 0)"by simp thenhave"f a * prod f A = 0"by (rule disjE) (simp_all add: insert) with insert show ?caseby simp qed
lemma prod_dvd_prod_subset2: assumes"finite B"and"A ⊆ B"and"∧a. a ∈ A ==> f a dvd g a" shows"prod f A dvd prod g B" proof - from assms have"prod f A dvd prod g A" by (auto intro: prod_dvd_prod) moreoverfrom assms have"prod g A dvd prod g B" by (auto intro: prod_dvd_prod_subset) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (rule dvd_trans) qed
end
lemma (in semidom) prod_zero_iff [simp]: fixes f :: "'b ==> 'a" assumes"finite A" shows"prod f A = 0 ⟷ (∃a∈A. f a = 0)" using assms by (induct A) (auto simp: no_zero_divisors)
lemma (in semidom_divide) prod_diff1: assumes"finite A"and"f a ≠ 0" shows"prod f (A - {a}) = (if a ∈ A then prod f A div f a else prod f A)" proof (cases "a ∉ A") case True thenshow ?thesis by simp next case False with assms show ?thesis proof induct case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert b B) thenshow ?case proof (cases "a = b") case True with insert show ?thesis by simp next case False with insert have"a ∈ B"by simp
define C where"C = B - {a}" with‹finite B›‹a ∈ B›have"B = insert a C""finite C""a ∉ C" by auto with insert show ?thesis by (auto simp add: insert_commute ac_simps) qed qed qed
lemma prod_uminus: "(∏x∈A. -f x :: 'a :: comm_ring_1) = (-1) ^ card A * (∏x∈A. f x)" by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp: algebra_simps)
lemma prod_diff: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b :: field" assumes"finite A""B ⊆ A""∧x. x ∈ B ==> f x ≠ 0" shows"prod f (A - B) = prod f A / prod f B" by (metis assms finite_subset nonzero_eq_divide_eq prod.subset_diff
prod_zero_iff)
lemma sum_zero_power [simp]: "(∑i∈A. c i * 0^i) = (if finite A ∧ 0 ∈ A then c 0 else 0)" for c :: "nat ==> 'a::division_ring" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
lemma sum_zero_power' [simp]: "(∑i∈A. c i * 0^i / d i) = (if finite A ∧ 0 ∈ A then c 0 / d 0 else 0)" for c :: "nat ==> 'a::field" using sum_zero_power [of "λi. c i / d i" A] by auto
lemma (in field) prod_inversef: "prod (inverse ∘ f) A = inverse (prod f A)" proof (cases "finite A") case True thenshow ?thesis by (induct A rule: finite_induct) simp_all next case False thenshow ?thesis by auto qed
lemma (in field) prod_dividef: "(∏x∈A. f x / g x) = prod f A / prod g A" using prod_inversef [of g A] by (simp add: divide_inverse prod.distrib)
lemma prod_Un: fixes f :: "'b ==> 'a :: field" assumes"finite A"and"finite B" and"∀x∈A ∩ B. f x ≠ 0" shows"prod f (A ∪ B) = prod f A * prod f B / prod f (A ∩ B)" proof - from assms have"prod f A * prod f B = prod f (A ∪ B) * prod f (A ∩ B)" by (simp add: prod.union_inter [symmetric, of A B]) with assms show ?thesis by simp qed
context linordered_semidom begin
lemma prod_nonneg: "(∧a. a∈A ==> 0 ≤ f a) ==> 0 ≤ prod f A" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma prod_pos: "(∧a. a∈A ==> 0 < f a) ==> 0 < prod f A" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma prod_mono: "(∧i. i ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f i ∧ f i ≤ g i) ==> prod f A ≤ prod g A" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (force intro!: prod_nonneg mult_mono)+
text‹Only one needs to be strict› lemma prod_mono_strict: assumes"i ∈ A""f i < g i" assumes"finite A" assumes"∧i. i ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f i ∧ f i ≤ g i" assumes"∧i. i ∈ A ==> 0 < g i" shows"prod f A < prod g A" proof - have"prod f A = f i * prod f (A - {i})" using assms by (intro prod.remove) alsohave"…≤ f i * prod g (A - {i})" using assms by (intro mult_left_mono prod_mono) auto alsohave"… < g i * prod g (A - {i})" using assms by (intro mult_strict_right_mono prod_pos) auto alsohave"… = prod g A" using assms by (intro prod.remove [symmetric]) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma prod_le_power: assumes A: "∧i. i ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f i ∧ f i ≤ n""card A ≤ k"and"n ≥ 1" shows"prod f A ≤ n ^ k" using A proof (induction A arbitrary: k rule: infinite_finite_induct) case (insert i A) thenobtain k' where k': "card A ≤ k'""k = Suc k'" using Suc_le_D by force have"f i * prod f A ≤ n * n ^ k'" using insert ‹n ≥ 1› k' by (intro prod_nonneg mult_mono; force) thenshow ?case by (auto simp: ‹k = Suc k'› insert.hyps) qed (use‹n ≥ 1›in auto)
end
lemma prod_mono2: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b :: linordered_idom" assumes fin: "finite B" and sub: "A ⊆ B" and nn: "∧b. b ∈ B-A ==> 1 ≤ f b" and A: "∧a. a ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f a" shows"prod f A ≤ prod f B" proof - have"prod f A ≤ prod f A * prod f (B-A)" by (metis prod_ge_1 A mult_le_cancel_left1 nn not_less prod_nonneg) alsofrom fin finite_subset[OF sub fin] have"… = prod f (A ∪ (B-A))" by (simp add: prod.union_disjoint del: Un_Diff_cancel) alsofrom sub have"A ∪ (B-A) = B"by blast finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma less_1_prod: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::linordered_idom" shows"finite I ==> I ≠ {} ==> (∧i. i ∈ I ==> 1 < f i) ==> 1 < prod f I" by (induct I rule: finite_ne_induct) (auto intro: less_1_mult)
lemma less_1_prod2: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::linordered_idom" assumes I: "finite I""i ∈ I""1 < f i""∧i. i ∈ I ==> 1 ≤ f i" shows"1 < prod f I" proof - have"1 < f i * prod f (I - {i})" using assms by (meson DiffD1 leI less_1_mult less_le_trans mult_le_cancel_left1 prod_ge_1) alsohave"… = prod f I" using assms by (simp add: prod.remove) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma (in linordered_field) abs_prod: "∣prod f A∣ = (∏x∈A. ∣f x∣)" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: abs_mult)
lemma prod_eq_1_iff [simp]: "finite A ==> prod f A = 1 ⟷ (∀a∈A. f a = 1)" for f :: "'a ==> nat" by (induct A rule: finite_induct) simp_all
lemma prod_pos_nat_iff [simp]: "finite A ==> prod f A > 0 ⟷ (∀a∈A. f a > 0)" for f :: "'a ==> nat" using prod_zero_iff by (simp del: neq0_conv add: zero_less_iff_neq_zero)
lemma prod_constant [simp]: "(∏x∈ A. y) = y ^ card A" for y :: "'a::comm_monoid_mult" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma prod_diff_swap: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b :: comm_ring_1" shows"prod (λx. f x - g x) A = (-1) ^ card A * prod (λx. g x - f x) A" using prod.distrib[of "λ_. -1""λx. f x - g x" A] by simp
lemma prod_power_distrib: "prod f A ^ n = prod (λx. (f x) ^ n) A" for f :: "'a ==> 'b::comm_semiring_1" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp add: power_mult_distrib)
lemma power_inject_exp': assumes"a ≠ 1""a > (0 :: 'a :: linordered_semidom)" shows"a ^ m = a ^ n ⟷ m = n" by (metis assms not_less_iff_gr_or_eq order_le_less power_decreasing_iff
power_inject_exp)
lemma power_sum: "c ^ (∑a∈A. f a) = (∏a∈A. c ^ f a)" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: power_add)
lemma prod_gen_delta: fixes b :: "'b ==> 'a::comm_monoid_mult" assumes fin: "finite S" shows"prod (λk. if k = a then b k else c) S = (if a ∈ S then b a * c ^ (card S - 1) else c ^ card S)" proof - let ?f = "(λk. if k=a then b k else c)" show ?thesis proof (cases "a ∈ S") case False thenhave"∀ k∈ S. ?f k = c"by simp with False show ?thesis by (simp add: prod_constant) next case True let ?A = "S - {a}" let ?B = "{a}" from True have eq: "S = ?A ∪ ?B"by blast have disjoint: "?A ∩ ?B = {}"by simp from fin have fin': "finite ?A""finite ?B"by auto have f_A0: "prod ?f ?A = prod (λi. c) ?A" by (rule prod.cong) auto from fin True have card_A: "card ?A = card S - 1"by auto have f_A1: "prod ?f ?A = c ^ card ?A" unfolding f_A0 by (rule prod_constant) have"prod ?f ?A * prod ?f ?B = prod ?f S" using prod.union_disjoint[OF fin' disjoint, of ?f, unfolded eq[symmetric]] by simp with True card_A show ?thesis by (simp add: f_A1 field_simps cong add: prod.cong cong del: if_weak_cong) qed qed
lemma sum_image_le: fixes g :: "'a ==> 'b::ordered_comm_monoid_add" assumes"finite I""∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ g(f i)" shows"sum g (f ` I) ≤ sum (g ∘ f) I" using assms proofinduction case empty thenshow ?caseby auto next case (insert i I) hence *: "sum g (f ` I) ≤ g (f i) + sum g (f ` I)" "sum g (f ` I) ≤ sum (g ∘ f) I"using add_increasing by blast+ have"sum g (f ` insert i I) = sum g (insert (f i) (f ` I))"by simp alsohave"…≤ g (f i) + sum g (f ` I)"by (simp add: * insert sum.insert_if) alsofrom * have"…≤ g (f i) + sum (g ∘ f) I"by (intro add_left_mono) alsofrom insert have"… = sum (g ∘ f) (insert i I)"by (simp add: sum.insert_if) finallyshow ?case . qed
lemma prod_add: fixes f1 f2 :: "'a ==> 'c :: comm_semiring_1" assumes finite: "finite A" shows"(∏x∈A. f1 x + f2 x) = (∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" using assms proof (induction A rule: finite_induct) case (insert x A) have"(∑X∈Pow (insert x A). (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x)) = (∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x)) + (∑X∈insert x ` (Pow A). (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x))" unfolding Pow_insert by (rule sum.union_disjoint) (use insert.hyps in auto) alsohave"(∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x)) = (∑X∈Pow A. f2 x * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" proof (rule sum.cong) fix X assume X: "X ∈ Pow A" have"(∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x (A-X). f2 x) = f2 x * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x)" by (subst prod.insert) (use insert.hyps finite_subset[of X A] X in‹auto simp: mult_ac›) alsohave"insert x (A - X) = insert x A - X" using insert.hyps X by auto finallyshow"(∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x) = f2 x * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x)" . qed auto alsohave"(∑X∈insert x ` (Pow A). (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x)) = (∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈insert x X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-insert x X. f2 x))" by (subst sum.reindex) (use insert.hyps in‹auto intro!: inj_onI simp: o_def›) alsohave"(∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈insert x X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-insert x X. f2 x)) = (∑X∈Pow A. f1 x * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" proof (rule sum.cong) fix X assume X: "X ∈ Pow A" show"(∏x∈insert x X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-insert x X. f2 x) = f1 x * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x)" by (subst prod.insert) (use insert.hyps finite_subset[of X A] X in auto) qed auto alsohave"(∑X∈Pow A. f2 x * prod f1 X * prod f2 (A - X)) + (∑X∈Pow A. f1 x * prod f1 X * prod f2 (A - X)) = (f1 x + f2 x) * (∑X∈Pow A. prod f1 X * prod f2 (A - X))" by (simp add: algebra_simps flip: sum_distrib_left sum_distrib_right) finallyshow ?case by (subst (asm) insert.IH [symmetric]) (use insert.hyps in simp) qed auto
lemma prod_diff_conv_sum: fixes f1 f2 :: "'a ==> 'c :: comm_ring_1" assumes finite: "finite A" shows"(∏x∈A. f1 x - f2 x) = (∑X∈Pow A. (-1) ^ card X * (∏x∈X. f2 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f1 x))" proof - have"(∏x∈A. f1 x - f2 x) = (∏x∈A. -f2 x + f1 x)" by simp alsohave"… = (∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈X. - f2 x) * prod f1 (A - X))" by (rule prod_add) fact+ alsohave"… = (∑X∈Pow A. (-1) ^ card X * (∏x∈X. f2 x) * prod f1 (A - X))" by (simp add: prod_uminus) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma prod_diff_conv_sum': fixes f1 f2 :: "'a ==> 'c :: comm_ring_1" assumes finite: "finite A" shows"(∏x∈A. f1 x - f2 x) = (∑X∈Pow A. (-1) ^ (card A - card X) * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" proof - have"(∏x∈A. f1 x - f2 x) = (∏x∈A. f1 x + (-f2 x))" by simp alsohave"… = (∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. -f2 x))" by (rule prod_add) fact+ alsohave"… = (∑X∈Pow A. (-1) ^ card (A - X) * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" by (simp add: prod_uminus mult_ac) alsohave"… = (∑X∈Pow A. (-1) ^ (card A - card X) * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" using finite_subset[OF _ assms] by (intro sum.cong refl, subst card_Diff_subset) auto finallyshow ?thesis . qed
end
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