(* Title: HOL/Examples/Sqrt.thy
Author: Makarius
Author: Tobias Nipkow, TU Muenchen
*)
section ‹Square roots of primes are irrational
›
theory Sqrt
imports Complex_Main
"HOL-Computational_Algebra.Primes"
begin
text ‹
The square root of any prime number (including 2)
is irrational.
›
theorem sqrt_prime_irrational:
fixes p :: nat
assumes "prime p"
shows "sqrt p \ \"
proof
from ‹prime p
› have p:
"p > 1" by (rule prime_gt_1_nat)
assume "sqrt p \ \"
then obtain m n :: nat
where n:
"n \ 0"
and sqrt_rat:
"\sqrt p\ = m / n"
and "coprime m n" by (rule Rats_abs_nat_div_natE)
have eq:
"m\<^sup>2 = p * n\<^sup>2"
proof -
from n
and sqrt_rat
have "m = \sqrt p\ * n" by simp
then have "m\<^sup>2 = (sqrt p)\<^sup>2 * n\<^sup>2" by (simp add: power_mult_distrib)
also have "(sqrt p)\<^sup>2 = p" by simp
also have "\ * n\<^sup>2 = p * n\<^sup>2" by simp
finally show ?thesis
by linarith
qed
have "p dvd m \ p dvd n"
proof
from eq
have "p dvd m\<^sup>2" ..
with ‹prime p
› show "p dvd m" by (rule prime_dvd_power)
then obtain k
where "m = p * k" ..
with eq
have "p * n\<^sup>2 = p\<^sup>2 * k\<^sup>2" by algebra
with p
have "n\<^sup>2 = p * k\<^sup>2" by (simp add: power2_eq_square)
then have "p dvd n\<^sup>2" ..
with ‹prime p
› show "p dvd n" by (rule prime_dvd_power)
qed
then have "p dvd gcd m n" by simp
with ‹coprime m n
› have "p = 1" by simp
with p
show False
by simp
qed
corollary sqrt_2_not_rat:
"sqrt 2 \ \"
using sqrt_prime_irrational [of 2]
by simp
text ‹
Here
is an alternative version of the main
proof,
using mostly linear
forward-reasoning. While this results
in less top-down
structure, it
is
probably closer
to proofs seen
in mathematics.
›
theorem
fixes p :: nat
assumes "prime p"
shows "sqrt p \ \"
proof
from ‹prime p
› have p:
"p > 1" by (rule prime_gt_1_nat)
assume "sqrt p \ \"
then obtain m n :: nat
where n:
"n \ 0"
and sqrt_rat:
"\sqrt p\ = m / n"
and "coprime m n" by (rule Rats_abs_nat_div_natE)
from n
and sqrt_rat
have "m = \sqrt p\ * n" by simp
then have "m\<^sup>2 = (sqrt p)\<^sup>2 * n\<^sup>2" by (auto simp add: power2_eq_square)
also have "(sqrt p)\<^sup>2 = p" by simp
also have "\ * n\<^sup>2 = p * n\<^sup>2" by simp
finally have eq:
"m\<^sup>2 = p * n\<^sup>2" by linarith
then have "p dvd m\<^sup>2" ..
with ‹prime p
› have dvd_m:
"p dvd m" by (rule prime_dvd_power)
then obtain k
where "m = p * k" ..
with eq
have "p * n\<^sup>2 = p\<^sup>2 * k\<^sup>2" by algebra
with p
have "n\<^sup>2 = p * k\<^sup>2" by (simp add: power2_eq_square)
then have "p dvd n\<^sup>2" ..
with ‹prime p
› have "p dvd n" by (rule prime_dvd_power)
with dvd_m
have "p dvd gcd m n" by (rule gcd_greatest)
with ‹coprime m n
› have "p = 1" by simp
with p
show False
by simp
qed
text ‹
Another old chestnut, which
is a consequence of the irrationality of
🍋‹sqrt 2
›.
›
lemma "\a b::real. a \ \ \ b \ \ \ a powr b \ \" (
is "\a b. ?P a b")
proof (cases
"sqrt 2 powr sqrt 2 \ \")
case True
with sqrt_2_not_rat
have "?P (sqrt 2) (sqrt 2)" by simp
then show ?thesis
by blast
next
case False
with sqrt_2_not_rat powr_powr
have "?P (sqrt 2 powr sqrt 2) (sqrt 2)" by simp
then show ?thesis
by blast
qed
end