primrec (in semiring_0) poly :: "'a list ==> 'a ==> 'a" where
poly_Nil: "poly [] x = 0"
| poly_Cons: "poly (h # t) x = h + x * poly t x"
subsection‹Arithmetic Operations on Polynomials›
text‹Addition› primrec (in semiring_0) padd :: "'a list ==> 'a list ==> 'a list" (infixl‹+++› 65) where
padd_Nil: "[] +++ l2 = l2"
| padd_Cons: "(h # t) +++ l2 = (if l2 = [] then h # t else (h + hd l2) # (t +++ tl l2))"
text‹Multiplication by a constant› primrec (in semiring_0) cmult :: "'a ==> 'a list ==> 'a list" (infixl‹%*› 70) where
cmult_Nil: "c %* [] = []"
| cmult_Cons: "c %* (h#t) = (c * h)#(c %* t)"
text‹Multiplication by a polynomial› primrec (in semiring_0) pmult :: "'a list ==> 'a list ==> 'a list" (infixl‹***› 70) where
pmult_Nil: "[] *** l2 = []"
| pmult_Cons: "(h # t) *** l2 = (if t = [] then h %* l2 else (h %* l2) +++ (0 # (t *** l2)))"
text‹Repeated multiplication by a polynomial› primrec (in semiring_0) mulexp :: "nat ==> 'a list ==> 'a list ==> 'a list" where
mulexp_zero: "mulexp 0 p q = q"
| mulexp_Suc: "mulexp (Suc n) p q = p *** mulexp n p q"
text‹Exponential› primrec (in semiring_1) pexp :: "'a list ==> nat ==> 'a list" (infixl‹%^› 80) where
pexp_0: "p %^ 0 = [1]"
| pexp_Suc: "p %^ (Suc n) = p *** (p %^ n)"
text‹Quotient related value of dividing a polynomial by x + a. Useful for divisor properties in inductive proofs.› primrec (in field) "pquot" :: "'a list ==> 'a ==> 'a list" where
pquot_Nil: "pquot [] a = []"
| pquot_Cons: "pquot (h # t) a = (if t = [] then [h] else (inverse a * (h - hd( pquot t a))) # pquot t a)"
text‹Normalization of polynomials (remove extra 0 coeff).› primrec (in semiring_0) pnormalize :: "'a list ==> 'a list" where
pnormalize_Nil: "pnormalize [] = []"
| pnormalize_Cons: "pnormalize (h # p) = (if pnormalize p = [] then (if h = 0 then [] else [h]) else h # pnormalize p)"
definition (in semiring_0) "pnormal p ⟷ pnormalize p = p ∧ p ≠ []" definition (in semiring_0) "nonconstant p ⟷ pnormal p ∧ (∀x. p ≠ [x])"
text‹Other definitions.›
definition (in ring_1) poly_minus :: "'a list ==> 'a list" (‹-- _› [80] 80) where"-- p = (- 1) %* p"
definition (in semiring_0) divides :: "'a list ==> 'a list ==> bool" (infixl‹divides›70) where"p1 divides p2 ⟷ (∃q. poly p2 = poly(p1 *** q))"
lemma (in semiring_0) dividesI: "poly p2 = poly (p1 *** q) ==> p1 divides p2" by (auto simp add: divides_def)
lemma (in semiring_0) dividesE: assumes"p1 divides p2" obtains q where"poly p2 = poly (p1 *** q)" using assms by (auto simp add: divides_def)
🍋‹order of a polynomial› definition (in ring_1) order :: "'a ==> 'a list ==> nat" where"order a p = (SOME n. ([-a, 1] %^ n) divides p ∧¬ (([-a, 1] %^ (Suc n)) divides p))"
🍋‹degree of a polynomial› definition (in semiring_0) degree :: "'a list ==> nat" where"degree p = length (pnormalize p) - 1"
🍋‹squarefree polynomials --- NB with respect to real roots only› definition (in ring_1) rsquarefree :: "'a list ==> bool" where"rsquarefree p ⟷ poly p ≠ poly [] ∧ (∀a. order a p = 0 ∨ order a p = 1)"
context semiring_0 begin
lemma padd_Nil2[simp]: "p +++ [] = p" by (induct p) auto
lemma padd_Cons_Cons: "(h1 # p1) +++ (h2 # p2) = (h1 + h2) # (p1 +++ p2)" by auto
lemma pminus_Nil: "-- [] = []" by (simp add: poly_minus_def)
lemma (in semiring_1) poly_ident_mult[simp]: "1 %* t = t" by (induct t) auto
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_simple_add_Cons[simp]: "[a] +++ (0 # t) = a # t" by simp
text‹Handy general properties.›
lemma (in comm_semiring_0) padd_commut: "b +++ a = a +++ b" proof (induct b arbitrary: a) case Nil thenshow ?case by auto next case (Cons b bs a) thenshow ?case by (cases a) (simp_all add: add.commute) qed
lemma (in comm_semiring_0) padd_assoc: "(a +++ b) +++ c = a +++ (b +++ c)" proof (induct a arbitrary: b c) case Nil thenshow ?case by simp next case Cons thenshow ?case by (cases b) (simp_all add: ac_simps) qed
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_cmult_distr: "a %* (p +++ q) = a %* p +++ a %* q" proof (induct p arbitrary: q) case Nil thenshow ?case by simp next case Cons thenshow ?case by (cases q) (simp_all add: distrib_left) qed
lemma (in ring_1) pmult_by_x[simp]: "[0, 1] *** t = 0 # t" proof (induct t) case Nil thenshow ?case by simp next case (Cons a t) thenshow ?case by (cases t) (auto simp add: padd_commut) qed
text‹Properties of evaluation of polynomials.›
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_add: "poly (p1 +++ p2) x = poly p1 x + poly p2 x" proof (induct p1 arbitrary: p2) case Nil thenshow ?case by simp next case (Cons a as p2) thenshow ?case by (cases p2) (simp_all add: ac_simps distrib_left) qed
lemma (in comm_semiring_0) poly_cmult: "poly (c %* p) x = c * poly p x" proof (induct p) case Nil thenshow ?case by simp next case Cons thenshow ?case by (cases "x = zero") (auto simp add: distrib_left ac_simps) qed
lemma (in comm_semiring_0) poly_cmult_map: "poly (map ((*) c) p) x = c * poly p x" by (induct p) (auto simp add: distrib_left ac_simps)
lemma (in comm_ring_1) poly_minus: "poly (-- p) x = - (poly p x)" by (simp add: poly_minus_def) (auto simp add: poly_cmult)
lemma (in comm_semiring_0) poly_mult: "poly (p1 *** p2) x = poly p1 x * poly p2 x" proof (induct p1 arbitrary: p2) case Nil thenshow ?case by simp next case (Cons a as) thenshow ?case by (cases as) (simp_all add: poly_cmult poly_add distrib_right distrib_left ac_simps) qed
class idom_char_0 = idom + ring_char_0
subclass (in field_char_0) idom_char_0 ..
lemma (in comm_ring_1) poly_exp: "poly (p %^ n) x = (poly p x) ^ n" by (induct n) (auto simp add: poly_cmult poly_mult)
text‹More Polynomial Evaluation lemmas.›
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_add_rzero[simp]: "poly (a +++ []) x = poly a x" by simp
lemma (in comm_semiring_0) poly_mult_assoc: "poly ((a *** b) *** c) x = poly (a *** (b *** c)) x" by (simp add: poly_mult mult.assoc)
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_mult_Nil2[simp]: "poly (p *** []) x = 0" by (induct p) auto
lemma (in comm_semiring_1) poly_exp_add: "poly (p %^ (n + d)) x = poly (p %^ n *** p %^ d) x" by (induct n) (auto simp add: poly_mult mult.assoc)
subsection‹Key Property: if 🍋‹f a = 0›then 🍋‹(x - a)› divides 🍋‹p(x)›.›
lemma (in comm_ring_1) lemma_poly_linear_rem: "∃q r. h#t = [r] +++ [-a, 1] *** q" proof (induct t arbitrary: h) case Nil have"[h] = [h] +++ [- a, 1] *** []"by simp thenshow ?caseby blast next case (Cons x xs) have"∃q r. h # x # xs = [r] +++ [-a, 1] *** q" proof - from Cons obtain q r where qr: "x # xs = [r] +++ [- a, 1] *** q" by blast have"h # x # xs = [a * r + h] +++ [-a, 1] *** (r # q)" using qr by (cases q) (simp_all add: algebra_simps) thenshow ?thesis by blast qed thenshow ?caseby blast qed
lemma (in comm_ring_1) poly_linear_rem: "∃q r. h#t = [r] +++ [-a, 1] *** q" using lemma_poly_linear_rem [where t = t and a = a] by auto
lemma (in comm_ring_1) poly_linear_divides: "poly p a = 0 ⟷ p = [] ∨ (∃q. p = [-a, 1] *** q)" proof (cases p) case Nil thenshow ?thesis by simp next case (Cons x xs) have"poly p a = 0"if"p = [-a, 1] *** q"for q using that by (simp add: poly_add poly_cmult) moreover have"∃q. p = [- a, 1] *** q"if p0: "poly p a = 0" proof - from poly_linear_rem[of x xs a] obtain q r where qr: "x#xs = [r] +++ [- a, 1] *** q" by blast have"r = 0" using p0 by (simp only: Cons qr poly_mult poly_add) simp with Cons qr have"p = [- a, 1] *** q" by (simp add: local.padd_commut) thenshow ?thesis .. qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis using Cons by blast qed
lemma (in semiring_0) lemma_poly_length_mult[simp]: "length (k %* p +++ (h # (a %* p))) = Suc (length p)" by (induct p arbitrary: h k a) auto
lemma (in semiring_0) lemma_poly_length_mult2[simp]: "length (k %* p +++ (h # p)) = Suc (length p)" by (induct p arbitrary: h k) auto
lemma (in ring_1) poly_length_mult[simp]: "length([-a,1] *** q) = Suc (length q)" by auto
subsection‹Polynomial length›
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_cmult_length[simp]: "length (a %* p) = length p" by (induct p) auto
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_add_length: "length (p1 +++ p2) = max (length p1) (length p2)" by (induct p1 arbitrary: p2) auto
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_root_mult_length[simp]: "length ([a, b] *** p) = Suc (length p)" by (simp add: poly_add_length)
lemma (in idom) poly_mult_not_eq_poly_Nil[simp]: "poly (p *** q) x ≠ poly [] x ⟷ poly p x ≠ poly [] x ∧ poly q x ≠ poly [] x" by (auto simp add: poly_mult)
lemma (in idom) poly_mult_eq_zero_disj: "poly (p *** q) x = 0 ⟷ poly p x = 0 ∨ poly q x = 0" by (auto simp add: poly_mult)
text‹Normalisation Properties.›
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_normalized_nil: "pnormalize p = [] ⟶ poly p x = 0" by (induct p) auto
text‹A nontrivial polynomial of degree n has no more than n roots.› lemma (in idom) poly_roots_index_lemma: assumes"poly p x ≠ poly [] x" and"length p = n" shows"∃i. ∀x. poly p x = 0 ⟶ (∃m≤n. x = i m)" using assms proof (induct n arbitrary: p x) case 0 thenshow ?caseby simp next case (Suc n) have False if C: "∧i. ∃x. poly p x = 0 ∧ (∀m≤Suc n. x ≠ i m)" proof - from Suc.prems have p0: "poly p x ≠ 0""p ≠ []" by auto from p0(1)[unfolded poly_linear_divides[of p x]] have"∀q. p ≠ [- x, 1] *** q" by blast from C obtain a where a: "poly p a = 0" by blast from a[unfolded poly_linear_divides[of p a]] p0(2) obtain q where q: "p = [-a, 1] *** q" by blast have lg: "length q = n" using q Suc.prems(2) by simp from q p0 have qx: "poly q x ≠ poly [] x" by (auto simp add: poly_mult poly_add poly_cmult) from Suc.hyps[OF qx lg] obtain i where i: "∧x. poly q x = 0 ⟶ (∃m≤n. x = i m)" by blast let ?i = "λm. if m = Suc n then a else i m" from C[of ?i] obtain y where y: "poly p y = 0""∀m≤ Suc n. y ≠ ?i m" by blast from y have"y = a ∨ poly q y = 0" by (simp only: q poly_mult_eq_zero_disj poly_add) (simp add: algebra_simps) with i[of y] y show ?thesis using le_Suc_eq by auto qed thenshow ?caseby blast qed
lemma (in idom) poly_roots_index_length: "poly p x ≠ poly [] x ==>∃i. ∀x. poly p x = 0 ⟶ (∃n. n ≤ length p ∧ x = i n)" by (blast intro: poly_roots_index_lemma)
lemma (in idom) poly_roots_finite_lemma1: "poly p x ≠ poly [] x ==>∃N i. ∀x. poly p x = 0 ⟶ (∃n::nat. n < N ∧ x = i n)" by (metis le_imp_less_Suc poly_roots_index_length)
lemma (in idom) idom_finite_lemma: assumes"∀x. P x ⟶ (∃n. n < length j ∧ x = j!n)" shows"finite {x. P x}" proof - from assms have"{x. P x} ⊆ set j" by auto thenshow ?thesis using finite_subset by auto qed
lemma (in idom) poly_roots_finite_lemma2: "poly p x ≠ poly [] x ==>∃i. ∀x. poly p x = 0 ⟶ x ∈ set i" using poly_roots_index_length atMost_iff atMost_upto imageI set_map by metis
lemma (in ring_char_0) UNIV_ring_char_0_infinte: "¬ finite (UNIV :: 'a set)" proof assume F: "finite (UNIV :: 'a set)" have"finite (UNIV :: nat set)" proof (rule finite_imageD) have"of_nat ` UNIV ⊆ UNIV" by simp thenshow"finite (of_nat ` UNIV :: 'a set)" using F by (rule finite_subset) show"inj (of_nat :: nat ==> 'a)" by (simp add: inj_on_def) qed with infinite_UNIV_nat show False .. qed
lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_roots_finite: "poly p ≠ poly [] ⟷ finite {x. poly p x = 0}"
(is"?lhs ⟷ ?rhs") proof show ?rhs if ?lhs proof - have False if F: "¬ finite {x. poly p x = 0}" and P: "∀x. poly p x = 0 ⟶ x ∈ set i"for i by (smt (verit, del_insts) in_set_conv_nth local.idom_finite_lemma that) with that show ?thesis usinglocal.poly_roots_finite_lemma2 by blast qed show ?lhs if ?rhs using UNIV_ring_char_0_infinte that by auto qed
text‹Entirety and Cancellation for polynomials›
lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_entire_lemma2: assumes p0: "poly p ≠ poly []" and q0: "poly q ≠ poly []" shows"poly (p***q) ≠ poly []" proof - let ?S = "λp. {x. poly p x = 0}" have"?S (p *** q) = ?S p ∪ ?S q" by (auto simp add: poly_mult) with p0 q0 show ?thesis unfolding poly_roots_finite by auto qed
lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_entire: "poly (p *** q) = poly [] ⟷ poly p = poly [] ∨ poly q = poly []" using poly_entire_lemma2[of p q] by (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff poly_mult)
lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_entire_neg: "poly (p *** q) ≠ poly [] ⟷ poly p ≠ poly [] ∧ poly q ≠ poly []" by (simp add: poly_entire)
lemma (in comm_ring_1) poly_add_minus_zero_iff: "poly (p +++ -- q) = poly [] ⟷ poly p = poly q" by (auto simp add: algebra_simps poly_add poly_minus_def fun_eq_iff poly_cmult)
lemma (in idom) poly_exp_eq_zero[simp]: "poly (p %^ n) = poly [] ⟷ poly p = poly [] ∧ n ≠ 0" by (simp add: local.poly_exp fun_eq_iff)
lemma (in comm_ring_1) poly_prime_eq_zero[simp]: "poly [a, 1] ≠ poly []" proof - have"∃x. a + x ≠ 0" by (metis add_cancel_left_right zero_neq_one) thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: fun_eq_iff) qed
lemma (in idom) poly_exp_prime_eq_zero: "poly ([a, 1] %^ n) ≠ poly []" by auto
text‹A more constructive notion of polynomials being trivial.›
lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_zero_lemma': assumes"poly (h # t) = poly []"shows"h = 0 ∧ poly t = poly []" proof - have"poly t x = 0"if H: "∀x. x = 0 ∨ poly t x = 0"and pnz: "poly t ≠ poly []"for x proof - from H have"{x. poly t x = 0} 🪙 UNIV - {0}" by auto thenshow ?thesis using finite_subset local.poly_roots_finite pnz by fastforce qed with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: fun_eq_iff) (metis add_cancel_right_left mult_eq_0_iff) qed
lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_zero: "poly p = poly [] ⟷ (∀c ∈ set p. c = 0)" proof (induct p) case Nil thenshow ?caseby simp next case Cons thenshow ?case by (smt (verit) list.set_intros pmult_by_x poly_entire poly_zero_lemma' set_ConsD) qed
lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_0: "∀c ∈ set p. c = 0 ==> poly p x = 0" unfolding poly_zero[symmetric] by simp
text‹Basics of divisibility.›
lemma (in idom) poly_primes: "[a, 1] divides (p *** q) ⟷ [a, 1] divides p ∨ [a, 1] divides q" proof - have"∃q. ∀x. poly p x = (a + x) * poly q x" if"poly p (uminus a) * poly q (uminus a) = (a + (uminus a)) * poly qa (uminus a)" and"∀qa. ∃x. poly q x ≠ (a + x) * poly qa x" for qa using that apply (simp add: poly_linear_divides poly_add) by (metis add_cancel_left_right combine_common_factor mult_eq_0_iff poly.poly_Cons poly.poly_Nil poly_add poly_cmult) moreoverhave"∃qb. ∀x. (a + x) * poly qa x * poly q x = (a + x) * poly qb x"for qa by (metis local.poly_mult mult_assoc) moreoverhave"∃q. ∀x. poly p x * ((a + x) * poly qa x) = (a + x) * poly q x"for qa by (metis mult.left_commute local.poly_mult) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (auto simp: divides_def divisors_zero fun_eq_iff poly_mult poly_add poly_cmult simp flip: distrib_right) qed
lemma (in comm_semiring_1) poly_divides_refl[simp]: "p divides p" proof - have"poly p = poly (p *** [1])" by (auto simp add: poly_mult fun_eq_iff) thenshow ?thesis usinglocal.dividesI by blast qed
lemma (in comm_semiring_1) poly_divides_trans: "p divides q ==> q divides r ==> p divides r" unfolding divides_def by (metis ext local.poly_mult local.poly_mult_assoc)
lemma (in comm_semiring_1) poly_divides_exp: "m ≤ n ==> (p %^ m) divides (p %^ n)" by (auto simp: le_iff_add divides_def poly_exp_add fun_eq_iff)
lemma (in comm_semiring_1) poly_exp_divides: "(p %^ n) divides q ==> m ≤ n ==> (p %^ m) divides q" by (blast intro: poly_divides_exp poly_divides_trans)
lemma (in comm_semiring_0) poly_divides_add: assumes"p divides q"and"p divides r"shows"p divides (q +++ r)" proof - have"∧qa qb. [poly q = poly (p *** qa); poly r = poly (p *** qb)] ==> poly (q +++ r) = poly (p *** (qa +++ qb))" by (auto simp add: poly_add fun_eq_iff poly_mult distrib_left) with assms show ?thesis by (auto simp add: divides_def) qed
lemma (in comm_ring_1) poly_divides_diff: assumes"p divides q"and"p divides (q +++ r)" shows"p divides r" proof - have"∧qa qb. [poly q = poly (p *** qa); poly (q +++ r) = poly (p *** qb)] ==> poly r = poly (p *** (qb +++ -- qa))" by (auto simp add: poly_add fun_eq_iff poly_mult poly_minus algebra_simps) with assms show ?thesis by (auto simp add: divides_def) qed
lemma (in comm_ring_1) poly_divides_diff2: "p divides r ==> p divides (q +++ r) ==>p divides q" by (metis local.padd_commut local.poly_divides_diff)
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_divides_zero: "poly p = poly [] ==> q divides p" by (metis ext dividesI poly.poly_Nil poly_mult_Nil2)
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_divides_zero2 [simp]: "q divides []" usinglocal.poly_divides_zero by force
text‹At last, we can consider the order of a root.›
lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_order_exists_lemma: assumes"length p = d" and"poly p ≠ poly []" shows"∃n q. p = mulexp n [-a, 1] q ∧ poly q a ≠ 0" using assms proof (induct d arbitrary: p) case 0 thenshow ?caseby simp next case (Suc n p) show ?case proof (cases "poly p a = 0") case True from Suc.prems have h: "length p = Suc n""poly p ≠ poly []" by auto thenhave pN: "p ≠ []" by auto from True[unfolded poly_linear_divides] pN obtain q where q: "p = [-a, 1] *** q" by blast from q h True have qh: "length q = n""poly q ≠ poly []" using h(2) local.poly_entire q by fastforce+ from Suc.hyps[OF qh] obtain m r where mr: "q = mulexp m [-a,1] r""poly r a ≠ 0" by blast from mr q have"p = mulexp (Suc m) [-a,1] r ∧ poly r a ≠ 0" by simp thenshow ?thesis by blast next case False with Suc.prems show ?thesis by (smt (verit, best) local.mulexp.mulexp_zero) qed qed
lemma (in comm_semiring_1) poly_mulexp: "poly (mulexp n p q) x = (poly p x) ^ n * poly q x" by (induct n) (auto simp add: poly_mult ac_simps)
lemma (in comm_semiring_1) divides_left_mult: assumes"(p *** q) divides r" shows"p divides r ∧ q divides r"
proof- from assms obtain t where"poly r = poly (p *** q *** t)" unfolding divides_def by blast thenhave"poly r = poly (p *** (q *** t))"and"poly r = poly (q *** (p *** t))" by (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff poly_mult ac_simps) thenshow ?thesis unfolding divides_def by blast qed
(* FIXME: Tidy up *)
lemma (in semiring_1) zero_power_iff: "0 ^ n = (if n = 0 then 1 else 0)" by (induct n) simp_all
lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_order_exists: assumes"length p = d" and"poly p ≠ poly []" shows"∃n. [- a, 1] %^ n divides p ∧¬ [- a, 1] %^ Suc n divides p" proof - from assms have"∃n q. p = mulexp n [- a, 1] q ∧ poly q a ≠ 0" by (rule poly_order_exists_lemma) thenobtain n q where p: "p = mulexp n [- a, 1] q"and"poly q a ≠ 0" by blast have"[- a, 1] %^ n divides mulexp n [- a, 1] q" proof (rule dividesI) show"poly (mulexp n [- a, 1] q) = poly ([- a, 1] %^ n *** q)" by (induct n) (simp_all add: poly_add poly_cmult poly_mult algebra_simps) qed moreoverhave"¬ [- a, 1] %^ Suc n divides mulexp n [- a, 1] q" proof assume"[- a, 1] %^ Suc n divides mulexp n [- a, 1] q" thenobtain m where"poly (mulexp n [- a, 1] q) = poly ([- a, 1] %^ Suc n *** m)" by (rule dividesE) moreoverhave"poly (mulexp n [- a, 1] q) ≠ poly ([- a, 1] %^ Suc n *** m)" proof (induct n) case 0 show ?case proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ ?thesis" thenhave"poly q a = 0" by (simp add: poly_add poly_cmult) with‹poly q a ≠ 0›show False by simp qed next case (Suc n) show ?case by (rule pexp_Suc [THEN ssubst])
(simp add: poly_mult_left_cancel poly_mult_assoc Suc del: pmult_Cons pexp_Suc) qed ultimatelyshow False by simp qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (auto simp add: p) qed
lemma (in semiring_1) poly_one_divides[simp]: "[1] divides p" by (auto simp add: divides_def)
lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_order: "poly p ≠ poly [] ==>∃!n. ([-a, 1] %^ n) divides p ∧¬ (([-a, 1] %^ Suc n) divides p)" by (meson Suc_le_eq linorder_neqE_nat local.poly_exp_divides poly_order_exists)
text‹Order›
lemma some1_equalityD: "n = (SOME n. P n) ==>∃!n. P n ==> P n" by (blast intro: someI2)
lemma (in idom_char_0) order: "([-a, 1] %^ n) divides p ∧¬ (([-a, 1] %^ Suc n) divides p) ⟷ n = order a p ∧ poly p ≠ poly []" unfolding order_def by (metis (no_types, lifting) local.poly_divides_zero local.poly_order someI)
lemma (in idom_char_0) order2: "poly p ≠ poly [] ==> ([-a, 1] %^ (order a p)) divides p ∧¬ ([-a, 1] %^ Suc (order a p)) divides p" by (simp add: order del: pexp_Suc)
lemma (in idom_char_0) order_unique: "poly p ≠ poly [] ==> ([-a, 1] %^ n) divides p ==>¬ ([-a, 1] %^ (Suc n)) divides p ==> n = order a p" using order [of a n p] by auto
lemma (in idom_char_0) order_unique_lemma: "poly p ≠ poly [] ∧ ([-a, 1] %^ n) divides p ∧¬ ([-a, 1] %^ (Suc n)) divides p ==> n = order a p" by (blast intro: order_unique)
lemma (in ring_1) order_poly: "poly p = poly q ==> order a p = order a q" by (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff divides_def poly_mult order_def)
lemma (in semiring_1) pexp_one[simp]: "p %^ (Suc 0) = p" by (induct p) auto
lemma (in comm_ring_1) lemma_order_root: "0 < n ∧ [- a, 1] %^ n divides p ∧¬ [- a, 1] %^ (Suc n) divides p ==> poly p a = 0" by (induct n arbitrary: a p) (auto simp add: divides_def poly_mult simp del: pmult_Cons)
lemma (in idom_char_0) order_root: "poly p a = 0 ⟷ poly p = poly [] ∨ order a p ≠ 0" proof (cases "poly p = poly []") case False thenshow ?thesis by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) dividesI lemma_order_root order2 pexp_one poly_linear_divides neq0_conv) qed auto
lemma (in idom_char_0) order_divides: "([-a, 1] %^ n) divides p ⟷ poly p = poly [] ∨ n ≤ order a p" proof (cases "poly p = poly []") case True thenshow ?thesis usinglocal.poly_divides_zero by force next case False thenshow ?thesis by (meson local.order2 local.poly_exp_divides not_less_eq_eq) qed
lemma (in idom_char_0) order_decomp: assumes"poly p ≠ poly []" shows"∃q. poly p = poly (([-a, 1] %^ order a p) *** q) ∧¬ [-a, 1] divides q" proof - obtain q where q: "poly p = poly ([- a, 1] %^ order a p *** q)" using assms local.order2 divides_def by blast have False if"poly q = poly ([- a, 1] *** qa)"for qa proof - have"poly p ≠ poly ([- a, 1] %^ Suc (order a p) *** qa)" using assms local.divides_def local.order2 by blast with q that show False by (auto simp add: poly_mult ac_simps simp del: pmult_Cons) qed with q show ?thesis unfolding divides_def by blast qed
text‹Important composition properties of orders.› lemma order_mult: fixes a :: "'a::idom_char_0" assumes"poly (p *** q) ≠ poly []" shows"order a (p *** q) = order a p + order a q" proof - have p: "poly p ≠ poly []"and q: "poly q ≠ poly []" using assms poly_entire by auto obtain p' where p': "∧x. poly p x = poly ([- a, 1] %^ order a p) x * poly p' x" "¬ [- a, 1] divides p'" by (metis order_decomp p poly_mult) obtain q' where q': "∧x. poly q x = poly ([- a, 1] %^ order a q) x * poly q' x" "¬ [- a, 1] divides q'" by (metis order_decomp q poly_mult) have"[- a, 1] %^ (order a p + order a q) divides (p *** q)" proof - have *: "poly p x * poly q x = poly ([- a, 1] %^ order a p) x * poly ([- a, 1] %^ order a q) x * poly (p' *** q') x"for x using p' q' by (simp add: poly_mult) thenshow ?thesis unfolding divides_def poly_exp_add poly_mult using * by blast qed moreoverhave False if pq: "order a (p *** q) ≠ order a p + order a q" and dv: "[- a, 1] *** [- a, 1] %^ (order a p + order a q) divides (p *** q)" proof - obtain pq' :: "'a list" where pq': "poly (p *** q) = poly ([- a, 1] *** [- a, 1] %^ (order a p + order a q) *** pq')" using dv unfolding divides_def by auto have"poly ([-a, 1] %^ (order a q) *** ([-a, 1] %^ (order a p) *** (p' *** q'))) = poly ([-a, 1] %^ (order a q) *** ([-a, 1] %^ (order a p) *** ([-a, 1] *** pq')))" using p' q' pq pq' by (simp add: fun_eq_iff poly_exp_add poly_mult ac_simps del: pmult_Cons) thenhave"poly ([-a, 1] %^ (order a p) *** (p' *** q')) = poly ([-a, 1] %^ (order a p) *** ([-a, 1] *** pq'))" by (simp add: poly_mult_left_cancel) thenhave"[-a, 1] divides (p' *** q')" unfolding divides_def by (meson poly_exp_prime_eq_zero poly_mult_left_cancel) with p' q' show ?thesis by (simp add: poly_primes) qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (metis order pexp_Suc) qed
lemma (in idom_char_0) order_root2: "poly p ≠ poly [] ==> poly p a = 0 ⟷ order a p ≠ 0" using order_root by presburger
lemma (in semiring_1) pmult_one[simp]: "[1] *** p = p" by auto
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_Nil_zero: "poly [] = poly [0]" by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)
lemma (in idom_char_0) rsquarefree_decomp: assumes"rsquarefree p"and"poly p a = 0" shows"∃q. poly p = poly ([-a, 1] *** q) ∧ poly q a ≠ 0" proof - have"order a p = Suc 0" using assms local.order_root2 rsquarefree_def by force moreover obtain q where"poly p = poly ([- a, 1] %^ order a p *** q)" "¬ [- a, 1] divides q" using assms(1) order_decomp rsquarefree_def by blast ultimatelyshow ?thesis using dividesI poly_linear_divides by auto qed
text‹Normalization of a polynomial.›
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_normalize[simp]: "poly (pnormalize p) = poly p" by (induct p) (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff)
text‹The degree of a polynomial.›
lemma (in semiring_0) lemma_degree_zero: "(∀c ∈ set p. c = 0) ⟷ pnormalize p = []" by (induct p) auto
lemma (in idom_char_0) degree_zero: assumes"poly p = poly []" shows"degree p = 0" using assms by (cases "pnormalize p = []") (auto simp add: degree_def poly_zero lemma_degree_zero)
lemma (in semiring_0) pnormalize_sing: "pnormalize [x] = [x] ⟷ x ≠ 0" by simp
lemma (in semiring_0) pnormalize_pair: "y ≠ 0 ⟷ pnormalize [x, y] = [x, y]" by simp
lemma (in semiring_0) pnormal_cons: "pnormal p ==> pnormal (c # p)" unfolding pnormal_def by simp
lemma (in semiring_0) pnormal_last_nonzero: "pnormal p ==> last p ≠ 0" by (induct p) (simp_all add: pnormal_def split: if_split_asm)
lemma (in semiring_0) pnormal_length: "pnormal p ==> 0 < length p" unfolding pnormal_def length_greater_0_conv by blast
lemma (in semiring_0) pnormal_last_length: "0 < length p ==> last p ≠ 0 ==> pnormal p" by (induct p) (auto simp: pnormal_def split: if_split_asm)
lemma (in semiring_0) pnormal_id: "pnormal p ⟷ 0 < length p ∧ last p ≠ 0" using pnormal_last_length pnormal_length pnormal_last_nonzero by blast
lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_Cons_eq: "poly (c # cs) = poly (d # ds) ⟷ c = d ∧ poly cs = poly ds"
(is"?lhs ⟷ ?rhs") proof show ?rhs if ?lhs proof - from that have"poly ((c # cs) +++ -- (d # ds)) x = 0"for x by (simp only: poly_minus poly_add algebra_simps) (simp add: algebra_simps) thenhave"poly ((c # cs) +++ -- (d # ds)) = poly []" by (simp add: fun_eq_iff) thenhave"c = d"and"∀x ∈ set (cs +++ -- ds). x = 0" unfolding poly_zero by (simp_all add: poly_minus_def algebra_simps) from this(2) have"poly (cs +++ -- ds) x = 0"for x unfolding poly_zero[symmetric] by simp with‹c = d›show ?thesis by (simp add: poly_minus poly_add algebra_simps fun_eq_iff) qed show ?lhs if ?rhs using that by (simp add:fun_eq_iff) qed
lemma (in idom_char_0) pnormalize_unique: "poly p = poly q ==> pnormalize p = pnormalize q" proof (induct q arbitrary: p) case Nil thenshow ?case by (simp only: poly_zero lemma_degree_zero) simp next case (Cons c cs p) thenshow ?case proof (induct p) case Nil thenshow ?case by (metis local.poly_zero_lemma') next case (Cons d ds) thenshow ?case by (metis pnormalize.pnormalize_Cons local.poly_Cons_eq) qed qed
lemma (in idom_char_0) degree_unique: assumes pq: "poly p = poly q" shows"degree p = degree q" using pnormalize_unique[OF pq] unfolding degree_def by simp
lemma (in semiring_0) pnormalize_length: "length (pnormalize p) ≤ length p" by (induct p) auto
lemma (in semiring_0) last_linear_mul_lemma: "last ((a %* p) +++ (x # (b %* p))) = (if p = [] then x else b * last p)" proof (induct p arbitrary: a x b) case Nil thenshow ?caseby auto next case (Cons a p c x b) thenhave"padd (cmult c p) (times b a # cmult b p) ≠ []" by (metis local.padd.padd_Nil local.padd_Cons_Cons neq_Nil_conv) thenshow ?case by (simp add: local.Cons) qed
lemma (in semiring_1) last_linear_mul: assumes p: "p ≠ []" shows"last ([a, 1] *** p) = last p" proof - from p obtain c cs where cs: "p = c # cs" by (cases p) auto from cs have eq: "[a, 1] *** p = (a %* (c # cs)) +++ (0 # (1 %* (c # cs)))" by (simp add: poly_cmult_distr) show ?thesis using cs unfolding eq last_linear_mul_lemma by simp qed
lemma (in semiring_0) pnormalize_eq: "last p ≠ 0 ==> pnormalize p = p" by (induct p) (auto split: if_split_asm)
lemma (in semiring_0) last_pnormalize: "pnormalize p ≠ [] ==> last (pnormalize p) ≠0" by (induct p) auto
lemma (in semiring_0) pnormal_degree: "last p ≠ 0 ==> degree p = length p - 1" using pnormalize_eq[of p] unfolding degree_def by simp
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_Nil_ext: "poly [] = (λx. 0)" by auto
lemma (in idom_char_0) linear_mul_degree: assumes p: "poly p ≠ poly []" shows"degree ([a, 1] *** p) = degree p + 1" proof - from p have pnz: "pnormalize p ≠ []" unfolding poly_zero lemma_degree_zero .
from last_linear_mul[OF pnz, of a] last_pnormalize[OF pnz] have l0: "last ([a, 1] *** pnormalize p) ≠ 0"by simp
from last_pnormalize[OF pnz] last_linear_mul[OF pnz, of a]
pnormal_degree[OF l0] pnormal_degree[OF last_pnormalize[OF pnz]] pnz have th: "degree ([a,1] *** pnormalize p) = degree (pnormalize p) + 1" by simp
have eqs: "poly ([a,1] *** pnormalize p) = poly ([a,1] *** p)" by (rule ext) (simp add: poly_mult poly_add poly_cmult) from degree_unique[OF eqs] th show ?thesis by (simp add: degree_unique[OF poly_normalize]) qed
lemma (in idom_char_0) linear_pow_mul_degree: "degree([a,1] %^n *** p) = (if poly p = poly [] then 0 else degree p + n)" proof (induct n arbitrary: a p) case (0 a p) show ?case proof (cases "poly p = poly []") case True thenshow ?thesis using degree_unique[OF True] by (simp add: degree_def) qed (auto simp add: poly_Nil_ext) next case (Suc n a p) have eq: "poly ([a, 1] %^(Suc n) *** p) = poly ([a, 1] %^ n *** ([a, 1] *** p))" by (force simp add: poly_mult poly_add poly_cmult ac_simps distrib_left) note deq = degree_unique[OF eq] show ?case proof (cases "poly p = poly []") case True with eq have eq': "poly ([a, 1] %^(Suc n) *** p) = poly []" by (auto simp add: poly_mult poly_cmult poly_add) from degree_unique[OF eq'] True show ?thesis by (simp add: degree_def) next case False thenhave ap: "poly ([a,1] *** p) ≠ poly []" using poly_mult_not_eq_poly_Nil unfolding poly_entire by auto have eq: "poly ([a, 1] %^(Suc n) *** p) = poly ([a, 1]%^n *** ([a, 1] *** p))" by (auto simp add: poly_mult poly_add poly_exp poly_cmult algebra_simps) from ap have ap': "poly ([a, 1] *** p) = poly [] ⟷ False" by blast have th0: "degree ([a, 1]%^n *** ([a, 1] *** p)) = degree ([a, 1] *** p) + n" unfolding Suc.hyps[of a "pmult [a,one] p"] ap' by simp from degree_unique[OF eq] ap False th0 linear_mul_degree[OF False, of a] show ?thesis by (auto simp del: poly.simps) qed qed
lemma (in idom_char_0) order_degree: assumes p0: "poly p ≠ poly []" shows"order a p ≤ degree p" proof - from order2[OF p0, unfolded divides_def] obtain q where q: "poly p = poly ([- a, 1]%^ (order a p) *** q)" by blast with q p0 have"poly q ≠ poly []" by (simp add: poly_mult poly_entire) with degree_unique[OF q, unfolded linear_pow_mul_degree] show ?thesis by auto qed
text‹Tidier versions of finiteness of roots.› lemma (in idom_char_0) poly_roots_finite_set: "poly p ≠ poly [] ==> finite {x. poly p x = 0}" unfolding poly_roots_finite .
text‹Bound for polynomial.› lemma poly_mono: fixes x :: "'a::linordered_idom" shows"∣x∣≤ k ==>∣poly p x∣≤ poly (map abs p) k" proof (induct p) case Nil thenshow ?caseby simp next case (Cons a p) have"∣a + x * poly p x∣≤∣a∣ + ∣x * poly p x∣" using abs_triangle_ineq by blast alsohave"…≤∣a∣ + k * poly (map abs p) k" by (simp add: Cons.hyps Cons.prems abs_mult mult_mono') finallyshow ?case using Cons by auto qed
lemma (in semiring_0) poly_Sing: "poly [c] x = c" by simp
end
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