theory Convex imports
Affine "HOL-Library.Set_Algebras""HOL-Library.FuncSet" begin
subsection‹Convex Sets›
definition✐‹tag important› convex :: "'a::real_vector set → bool" where"convex s ⟷ (∀x∈s. ∀y∈s. ∀u≥0. ∀v≥0. u + v = 1 ⟶ u *R x + v *R y ∈ s)"
lemma convexI: assumes"∧x y u v. x ∈ s ==> y ∈ s ==> 0 ≤ u ==> 0 ≤ v ==> u + v = 1 ==> u *R x + v *R y ∈ s" shows"convex s" by (simp add: assms convex_def)
lemma convexD: assumes"convex s"and"x ∈ s"and"y ∈ s"and"0 ≤ u"and"0 ≤ v"and"u + v = 1" shows"u *R x + v *R y ∈ s" using assms unfolding convex_def by fast
lemma convex_alt: "convex s ⟷ (∀x∈s. ∀y∈s. ∀u. 0 ≤ u ∧ u ≤ 1 ⟶ ((1 - u) *R x + u *R y) ∈ s)"
(is"_ ⟷ ?alt") by (metis convex_def diff_eq_eq diff_ge_0_iff_ge)
lemma convexD_alt: assumes"convex s""a ∈ s""b ∈ s""0 ≤ u""u ≤ 1" shows"((1 - u) *R a + u *R b) ∈ s" using assms unfolding convex_alt by auto
lemma mem_convex_alt: assumes"convex S""x ∈ S""y ∈ S""u ≥ 0""v ≥ 0""u + v > 0" shows"((u/(u+v)) *R x + (v/(u+v)) *R y) ∈ S" using assms by (simp add: convex_def zero_le_divide_iff add_divide_distrib [symmetric])
lemma convex_empty[intro,simp]: "convex {}" unfolding convex_def by simp
lemma convex_singleton[intro,simp]: "convex {a}" unfolding convex_def by (auto simp: scaleR_left_distrib[symmetric])
lemma convex_UNIV[intro,simp]: "convex UNIV" unfolding convex_def by auto
lemma convex_Inter: "(∧s. s∈f ==> convex s) ==> convex(∩f)" unfolding convex_def by auto
lemma convex_Int: "convex s ==> convex t ==> convex (s ∩ t)" unfolding convex_def by auto
lemma convex_INT: "(∧i. i ∈ A ==> convex (B i)) ==> convex (∩i∈A. B i)" unfolding convex_def by auto
lemma convex_Times: "convex s ==> convex t ==> convex (s × t)" unfolding convex_def by auto
lemma convex_halfspace_le: "convex {x. inner a x ≤ b}" unfolding convex_def by (auto simp: inner_add intro!: convex_bound_le)
lemma convex_halfspace_ge: "convex {x. inner a x ≥ b}" proof - have *: "{x. inner a x ≥ b} = {x. inner (-a) x ≤ -b}" by auto show ?thesis unfolding * using convex_halfspace_le[of "-a""-b"] by auto qed
lemma convex_halfspace_abs_le: "convex {x. ∣inner a x∣≤ b}" proof - have *: "{x. ∣inner a x∣≤ b} = {x. inner a x ≤ b} ∩ {x. -b ≤ inner a x}" by auto show ?thesis unfolding * by (simp add: convex_Int convex_halfspace_ge convex_halfspace_le) qed
lemma convex_hyperplane: "convex {x. inner a x = b}" proof - have *: "{x. inner a x = b} = {x. inner a x ≤ b} ∩ {x. inner a x ≥ b}" by auto show ?thesis using convex_halfspace_le convex_halfspace_ge by (auto intro!: convex_Int simp: *) qed
lemma convex_halfspace_lt: "convex {x. inner a x < b}" unfolding convex_def by (auto simp: convex_bound_lt inner_add)
lemma convex_halfspace_gt: "convex {x. inner a x > b}" using convex_halfspace_lt[of "-a""-b"] by auto
lemma convex_halfspace_Re_ge: "convex {x. Re x ≥ b}" using convex_halfspace_ge[of b "1::complex"] by simp
lemma convex_halfspace_Re_le: "convex {x. Re x ≤ b}" using convex_halfspace_le[of "1::complex" b] by simp
lemma convex_halfspace_Im_ge: "convex {x. Im x ≥ b}" using convex_halfspace_ge[of b i] by simp
lemma convex_halfspace_Im_le: "convex {x. Im x ≤ b}" using convex_halfspace_le[of i b] by simp
lemma convex_halfspace_Re_gt: "convex {x. Re x > b}" using convex_halfspace_gt[of b "1::complex"] by simp
lemma convex_halfspace_Re_lt: "convex {x. Re x < b}" using convex_halfspace_lt[of "1::complex" b] by simp
lemma convex_halfspace_Im_gt: "convex {x. Im x > b}" using convex_halfspace_gt[of b i] by simp
lemma convex_halfspace_Im_lt: "convex {x. Im x < b}" using convex_halfspace_lt[of i b] by simp
lemma convex_real_interval [iff]: fixes a b :: "real" shows"convex {a..}"and"convex {..b}" and"convex {a<..}"and"convex {..<b}" and"convex {a..b}"and"convex {a<..b}" and"convex {a..<b}"and"convex {a<..<b}" proof - have"{a..} = {x. a ≤ inner 1 x}" by auto thenshow1: "convex {a..}" by (simp only: convex_halfspace_ge) have"{..b} = {x. inner 1 x ≤ b}" by auto thenshow2: "convex {..b}" by (simp only: convex_halfspace_le) have"{a<..} = {x. a < inner 1 x}" by auto thenshow3: "convex {a<..}" by (simp only: convex_halfspace_gt) have"{..<b} = {x. inner 1 x < b}" by auto thenshow4: "convex {..<b}" by (simp only: convex_halfspace_lt) have"{a..b} = {a..} ∩ {..b}" by auto thenshow"convex {a..b}" by (simp only: convex_Int 12) have"{a<..b} = {a<..} ∩ {..b}" by auto thenshow"convex {a<..b}" by (simp only: convex_Int 32) have"{a..<b} = {a..} ∩ {..<b}" by auto thenshow"convex {a..<b}" by (simp only: convex_Int 14) have"{a<..<b} = {a<..} ∩ {..<b}" by auto thenshow"convex {a<..<b}" by (simp only: convex_Int 34) qed
lemma convex_Reals: "convex ℝ" by (simp add: convex_def scaleR_conv_of_real)
subsection✐‹tag unimportant›‹Explicit expressions for convexity in terms of arbitrary sums›
lemma convex_sum: fixes C :: "'a::real_vector set" assumes"finite S" and"convex C" and a: "(∑ i ∈ S. a i) = 1""∧i. i ∈ S ==> a i ≥ 0" and C: "∧i. i ∈ S ==> y i ∈ C" shows"(∑ j ∈ S. a j *R y j) ∈ C" using‹finite S› a C proof (induction arbitrary: a set: finite) case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert i S) thenhave"0 ≤ sum a S" by (simp add: sum_nonneg) have"a i *R y i + (∑j∈S. a j *R y j) ∈ C" proof (cases "sum a S = 0") case True with insert show ?thesis by (simp add: sum_nonneg_eq_0_iff) next case False with‹0 ≤ sum a S›have"0 < sum a S" by simp thenhave"(∑j∈S. (a j / sum a S) *R y j) ∈ C" using insert by (simp add: insert.IH flip: sum_divide_distrib) with‹convex C› insert ‹0 ≤ sum a S› have"a i *R y i + sum a S *R (∑j∈S. (a j / sum a S) *R y j) ∈ C" by (simp add: convex_def) thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: scaleR_sum_right False) qed thenshow ?caseusing‹finite S›and‹i ∉ S› by simp qed
lemma convex: "convex S ⟷ (∀(k::nat) u x. (∀i. 1≤i ∧ i≤k ⟶ 0 ≤ u i ∧ x i ∈S) ∧ (sum u {1..k} = 1) ⟶ sum (λi. u i *R x i) {1..k} ∈ S)"
(is"?lhs = ?rhs") proof show"?lhs ==> ?rhs" by (metis (full_types) atLeastAtMost_iff convex_sum finite_atLeastAtMost) assume *: "∀k u x. (∀ i :: nat. 1 ≤ i ∧ i ≤ k ⟶ 0 ≤ u i ∧ x i ∈ S) ∧ sum u {1..k} = 1 ⟶ (∑i = 1..k. u i *R (x i :: 'a)) ∈ S"
{ fix μ :: real fix x y :: 'a assume xy: "x ∈ S""y ∈ S" assume mu: "μ ≥ 0""μ ≤ 1" let ?u = "λi. if (i :: nat) = 1 then μ else 1 - μ" let ?x = "λi. if (i :: nat) = 1 then x else y" have"{1 :: nat .. 2} ∩ - {x. x = 1} = {2}" by auto thenhave S: "(∑j ∈ {1..2}. ?u j *R ?x j) ∈ S" using sum.If_cases[of "{(1 :: nat) .. 2}""λx. x = 1""λx. μ""λx. 1 - μ"] using mu xy "*"by auto have grarr: "(∑j ∈ {Suc (Suc 0)..2}. ?u j *R ?x j) = (1 - μ) *R y" using sum.atLeast_Suc_atMost[of "Suc (Suc 0)"2"λ j. (1 - μ) *R y"] by auto with sum.atLeast_Suc_atMost have"(∑j ∈ {1..2}. ?u j *R ?x j) = μ *R x + (1 - μ) *R y" by (smt (verit, best) Suc_1 Suc_eq_plus1 add_0 le_add1) thenhave"(1 - μ) *R y + μ *R x ∈ S" using S by (auto simp: add.commute)
} thenshow"convex S" unfolding convex_alt by auto qed
lemma convex_explicit: fixes S :: "'a::real_vector set" shows"convex S ⟷ (∀t u. finite t ∧ t ⊆ S ∧ (∀x∈t. 0 ≤ u x) ∧ sum u t = 1 ⟶ sum (λx. u x *R x) t ∈S)" proof safe fix t fix u :: "'a → real" assume"convex S" and"finite t" and"t ⊆ S""∀x∈t. 0 ≤ u x""sum u t = 1" thenshow"(∑x∈t. u x *R x) ∈ S" by (simp add: convex_sum subsetD) next assume *: "∀t. ∀ u. finite t ∧ t ⊆ S ∧ (∀x∈t. 0 ≤ u x) ∧ sum u t = 1 ⟶ (∑x∈t. u x *R x) ∈ S" show"convex S" unfolding convex_alt proof safe fix x y fix μ :: real assume **: "x ∈ S""y ∈ S""0 ≤ μ""μ ≤ 1" show"(1 - μ) *R x + μ *R y ∈ S" proof (cases "x = y") case False thenshow ?thesis using *[rule_format, of "{x, y}""λ z. if z = x then 1 - μ else μ"] ** by auto next case True thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: "**") qed qed qed
lemma convex_finite: assumes"finite S" shows"convex S ⟷ (∀u. (∀x∈S. 0 ≤ u x) ∧ sum u S = 1 ⟶ sum (λx. u x *R x) S ∈ S)"
(is"?lhs = ?rhs") proof
{ have if_distrib_arg: "∧P f g x. (if P then f else g) x = (if P then f x else g x)" by simp fix T :: "'a set"and u :: "'a → real" assume sum: "∀u. (∀x∈S. 0 ≤ u x) ∧ sum u S = 1 ⟶ (∑x∈S. u x *R x) ∈ S" assume *: "∀x∈T. 0 ≤ u x""sum u T = 1" assume"T ⊆ S" thenhave"S ∩ T = T"by auto with sum[THEN spec[where x="λx. if x∈T then u x else 0"]] * have"(∑x∈T. u x *R x) ∈ S" by (auto simp: assms sum.If_cases if_distrib if_distrib_arg) } moreoverassume ?rhs ultimatelyshow ?lhs unfolding convex_explicit by auto qed (auto simp: convex_explicit assms)
subsection‹Convex Functions on a Set›
definition✐‹tag important› convex_on :: "'a::real_vector set → ('a → real) → bool" where"convex_on S f ⟷ convex S ∧ (∀x∈S. ∀y∈S. ∀u≥0. ∀v≥0. u + v = 1 ⟶ f (u *R x + v *R y) ≤ u * f x + v * f y)"
definition✐‹tag important› concave_on :: "'a::real_vector set → ('a → real) → bool" where"concave_on S f ≡ convex_on S (λx. - f x)"
lemma convex_on_iff_concave: "convex_on S f = concave_on S (λx. - f x)" by (simp add: concave_on_def)
lemma concave_on_iff: "concave_on S f ⟷ convex S ∧ (∀x∈S. ∀y∈S. ∀u≥0. ∀v≥0. u + v = 1 ⟶ f (u *R x + v *R y) ≥ u * f x + v * f y)" by (auto simp: concave_on_def convex_on_def algebra_simps)
lemma concave_onD: assumes"concave_on A f" shows"∧t x y. t ≥ 0 ==> t ≤ 1 ==> x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> f ((1 - t) *R x + t *R y) ≥ (1 - t) * f x + t * f y" using assms by (auto simp: concave_on_iff)
lemma convex_onI [intro?]: assumes"∧t x y. t > 0 ==> t < 1 ==> x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> f ((1 - t) *R x + t *R y) ≤ (1 - t) * f x + t * f y" and"convex A" shows"convex_on A f" unfolding convex_on_def by (smt (verit, del_insts) assms mult_cancel_right1 mult_eq_0_iff scaleR_collapse scaleR_eq_0_iff)
lemma convex_onD: assumes"convex_on A f" shows"∧t x y. t ≥ 0 ==> t ≤ 1 ==> x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> f ((1 - t) *R x + t *R y) ≤ (1 - t) * f x + t * f y" using assms by (auto simp: convex_on_def)
lemma convex_on_linorderI [intro?]: fixes A :: "('a::{linorder,real_vector}) set" assumes"∧t x y. t > 0 ==> t < 1 ==> x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> x < y ==> f ((1 - t) *R x + t *R y) ≤ (1 - t) * f x + t * f y" and"convex A" shows"convex_on A f" by (smt (verit, best) add.commute assms convex_onI distrib_left linorder_cases mult.commute mult_cancel_left2 scaleR_collapse)
lemma concave_on_linorderI [intro?]: fixes A :: "('a::{linorder,real_vector}) set" assumes"∧t x y. t > 0 ==> t < 1 ==> x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> x < y ==> f ((1 - t) *R x + t *R y) ≥ (1 - t) * f x + t * f y" and"convex A" shows"concave_on A f" by (smt (verit) assms concave_on_def convex_on_linorderI mult_minus_right)
lemma convex_on_imp_convex: "convex_on A f ==> convex A" by (auto simp: convex_on_def)
lemma concave_on_imp_convex: "concave_on A f ==> convex A" by (simp add: concave_on_def convex_on_imp_convex)
lemma convex_onD_Icc: assumes"convex_on {x..y} f""x ≤ (y :: _ :: {real_vector,preorder})" shows"∧t. t ≥ 0 ==> t ≤ 1 ==> f ((1 - t) *R x + t *R y) ≤ (1 - t) * f x + t * f y" using assms(2) by (intro convex_onD [OF assms(1)]) simp_all
lemma convex_on_subset: "[convex_on T f; S ⊆ T; convex S]==> convex_on S f" by (simp add: convex_on_def subset_iff)
lemma convex_on_add [intro]: assumes"convex_on S f" and"convex_on S g" shows"convex_on S (λx. f x + g x)" proof -
{ fix x y assume"x ∈ S""y ∈ S" moreover fix u v :: real assume"0 ≤ u""0 ≤ v""u + v = 1" ultimately have"f (u *R x + v *R y) + g (u *R x + v *R y) ≤ (u * f x + v * f y) + (u * g x + v * g y)" using assms unfolding convex_on_def by (auto simp: add_mono) thenhave"f (u *R x + v *R y) + g (u *R x + v *R y) ≤ u * (f x + g x) + v * (f y + g y)" by (simp add: field_simps)
} with assms show ?thesis unfolding convex_on_def by auto qed
lemma convex_on_ident: "convex_on S (λx. x) ⟷ convex S" by (simp add: convex_on_def)
lemma concave_on_ident: "concave_on S (λx. x) ⟷ convex S" by (simp add: concave_on_iff)
lemma convex_on_const: "convex_on S (λx. a) ⟷ convex S" by (simp add: convex_on_def flip: distrib_right)
lemma concave_on_const: "concave_on S (λx. a) ⟷ convex S" by (simp add: concave_on_iff flip: distrib_right)
lemma convex_on_diff: assumes"convex_on S f"and"concave_on S g" shows"convex_on S (λx. f x - g x)" using assms concave_on_def convex_on_add by fastforce
lemma concave_on_diff: assumes"concave_on S f" and"convex_on S g" shows"concave_on S (λx. f x - g x)" using convex_on_diff assms concave_on_def by fastforce
lemma concave_on_add: assumes"concave_on S f" and"concave_on S g" shows"concave_on S (λx. f x + g x)" using assms convex_on_iff_concave concave_on_diff concave_on_def by fastforce
lemma convex_on_mul: fixes S::"real set" assumes"convex_on S f""convex_on S g" assumes"mono_on S f""mono_on S g" assumes fty: "f ∈ S → {0..}"and gty: "g ∈ S → {0..}" shows"convex_on S (λx. f x*g x)" proof (intro convex_on_linorderI) show"convex S" using assms convex_on_imp_convex by auto fix t::real and x y assume t: "0 < t""t < 1"and xy: "x ∈ S""y ∈ S""x<y" have *: "t*(1-t) * f x * g y + t*(1-t) * f y * g x ≤ t*(1-t) * f x * g x + t*(1-t) * f y * g y" using t ‹mono_on S f›‹mono_on S g› xy by (smt (verit, ccfv_SIG) left_diff_distrib mono_onD mult_left_less_imp_less zero_le_mult_iff) have inS: "(1-t)*x + t*y ∈ S" using t xy ‹convex S›by (simp add: convex_alt) thenhave"f ((1-t)*x + t*y) * g ((1-t)*x + t*y) ≤ ((1-t) * f x + t * f y)*g ((1-t)*x + t*y)" using convex_onD [OF ‹convex_on S f›, of t x y] t xy fty gty by (intro mult_mono add_nonneg_nonneg) (auto simp: Pi_iff zero_le_mult_iff) alsohave"…≤ ((1-t) * f x + t * f y) * ((1-t)*g x + t*g y)" using convex_onD [OF ‹convex_on S g›, of t x y] t xy fty gty inS by (intro mult_mono add_nonneg_nonneg) (auto simp: Pi_iff zero_le_mult_iff) alsohave"…≤ (1-t) * (f x*g x) + t * (f y*g y)" using * by (simp add: algebra_simps) finallyshow"f ((1-t) *R x + t *R y) * g ((1-t) *R x + t *R y) ≤ (1-t)*(f x*g x) + t*(f y*g y)" by simp qed
lemma convex_on_cmul [intro]: fixes c :: real assumes"0 ≤ c" and"convex_on S f" shows"convex_on S (λx. c * f x)" proof - have *: "u * (c * fx) + v * (c * fy) = c * (u * fx + v * fy)" for u c fx v fy :: real by (simp add: field_simps) show ?thesis using assms(2) and mult_left_mono [OF _ assms(1)] unfolding convex_on_def and * by auto qed
lemma convex_on_cdiv [intro]: fixes c :: real assumes"0 ≤ c"and"convex_on S f" shows"convex_on S (λx. f x / c)" unfolding divide_inverse using convex_on_cmul [of "inverse c" S f] by (simp add: mult.commute assms)
lemma convex_lower: assumes"convex_on S f" and"x ∈ S" and"y ∈ S" and"0 ≤ u" and"0 ≤ v" and"u + v = 1" shows"f (u *R x + v *R y) ≤ max (f x) (f y)" proof - let ?m = "max (f x) (f y)" have"u * f x + v * f y ≤ u * max (f x) (f y) + v * max (f x) (f y)" using assms(4,5) by (auto simp: mult_left_mono add_mono) alsohave"… = max (f x) (f y)" using assms(6) by (simp add: distrib_right [symmetric]) finallyshow ?thesis using assms unfolding convex_on_def by fastforce qed
lemma convex_on_dist [intro]: fixes S :: "'a::real_normed_vector set" assumes"convex S" shows"convex_on S (λx. dist a x)" unfolding convex_on_def dist_norm proof (intro conjI strip) fix x y assume"x ∈ S""y ∈ S" fix u v :: real assume"0 ≤ u" assume"0 ≤ v" assume"u + v = 1" have"a = u *R a + v *R a" by (metis ‹u + v = 1› scaleR_left.add scaleR_one) thenhave"a - (u *R x + v *R y) = (u *R (a - x)) + (v *R (a - y))" by (auto simp: algebra_simps) thenshow"norm (a - (u *R x + v *R y)) ≤ u * norm (a - x) + v * norm (a - y)" by (smt (verit, best) ‹0 ≤ u›‹0 ≤ v› norm_scaleR norm_triangle_ineq) qed (use assms in auto)
lemma concave_on_mul: fixes S::"real set" assumes f: "concave_on S f"and g: "concave_on S g" assumes"mono_on S f""antimono_on S g" assumes fty: "f ∈ S → {0..}"and gty: "g ∈ S → {0..}" shows"concave_on S (λx. f x * g x)" proof (intro concave_on_linorderI) show"convex S" using concave_on_imp_convex f by blast fix t::real and x y assume t: "0 < t""t < 1"and xy: "x ∈ S""y ∈ S""x<y" have inS: "(1-t)*x + t*y ∈ S" using t xy ‹convex S›by (simp add: convex_alt) have"f x * g y + f y * g x ≥ f x * g x + f y * g y" using‹mono_on S f›‹antimono_on S g› unfolding monotone_on_def by (smt (verit, best) left_diff_distrib mult_left_mono xy) with t have *: "t*(1-t) * f x * g y + t*(1-t) * f y * g x ≥ t*(1-t) * f x * g x + t*(1-t) * f y * g y" by (smt (verit, ccfv_SIG) distrib_left mult_left_mono diff_ge_0_iff_ge mult.assoc) have"(1 - t) * (f x * g x) + t * (f y * g y) ≤ ((1-t) * f x + t * f y) * ((1-t) * g x + t * g y)" using * by (simp add: algebra_simps) alsohave"…≤ ((1-t) * f x + t * f y)*g ((1-t)*x + t*y)" using concave_onD [OF ‹concave_on S g›, of t x y] t xy fty gty inS by (intro mult_mono add_nonneg_nonneg) (auto simp: Pi_iff zero_le_mult_iff) alsohave"…≤ f ((1-t)*x + t*y) * g ((1-t)*x + t*y)" using concave_onD [OF ‹concave_on S f›, of t x y] t xy fty gty inS by (intro mult_mono add_nonneg_nonneg) (auto simp: Pi_iff zero_le_mult_iff) finallyshow"(1 - t) * (f x * g x) + t * (f y * g y) ≤ f ((1 - t) *R x + t *R y) * g ((1 - t) *R x + t *R y)" by simp qed
lemma concave_on_cmul [intro]: fixes c :: real assumes"0 ≤ c"and"concave_on S f" shows"concave_on S (λx. c * f x)" using assms convex_on_cmul [of c S "λx. - f x"] by (auto simp: concave_on_def)
lemma concave_on_cdiv [intro]: fixes c :: real assumes"0 ≤ c"and"concave_on S f" shows"concave_on S (λx. f x / c)" unfolding divide_inverse using concave_on_cmul [of "inverse c" S f] by (simp add: mult.commute assms)
subsection✐‹tag unimportant›‹Arithmetic operations on sets preserve convexity›
lemma convex_linear_image: assumes"linear f"and"convex S" shows"convex (f ` S)" proof - interpret f: linear f by fact from‹convex S›show"convex (f ` S)" by (simp add: convex_def f.scaleR [symmetric] f.add [symmetric]) qed
lemma convex_linear_vimage: assumes"linear f"and"convex S" shows"convex (f -` S)" proof - interpret f: linear f by fact from‹convex S›show"convex (f -` S)" by (simp add: convex_def f.add f.scaleR) qed
lemma convex_scaling: assumes"convex S" shows"convex ((λx. c *R x) ` S)" by (simp add: assms convex_linear_image)
lemma convex_scaled: assumes"convex S" shows"convex ((λx. x *R c) ` S)" by (simp add: assms convex_linear_image)
lemma convex_sums: assumes"convex S" and"convex T" shows"convex (∪x∈ S. ∪y ∈ T. {x + y})" proof - have"linear (λ(x, y). x + y)" by (auto intro: linearI simp: scaleR_add_right) with assms have"convex ((λ(x, y). x + y) ` (S × T))" by (intro convex_linear_image convex_Times) alsohave"((λ(x, y). x + y) ` (S × T)) = (∪x∈ S. ∪y ∈ T. {x + y})" by auto finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma convex_differences: assumes"convex S""convex T" shows"convex (∪x∈ S. ∪y ∈ T. {x - y})" proof - have"{x - y| x y. x ∈ S ∧ y ∈ T} = {x + y |x y. x ∈ S ∧ y ∈ uminus ` T}" by (auto simp: diff_conv_add_uminus simp del: add_uminus_conv_diff) thenshow ?thesis using convex_sums[OF assms(1) convex_negations[OF assms(2)]] by auto qed
lemma convex_translation: "convex ((+) a ` S)"if"convex S" using convex_sums [OF convex_singleton [of a] that] by (simp add: UNION_singleton_eq_range)
lemma convex_translation_subtract: "convex ((λb. b - a) ` S)"if"convex S" using convex_translation [of S "- a"] that by (simp cong: image_cong_simp)
lemma convex_affinity: assumes"convex S" shows"convex ((λx. a + c *R x) ` S)" proof - have"(λx. a + c *R x) ` S = (+) a ` (*R) c ` S" by auto thenshow ?thesis using convex_translation[OF convex_scaling[OF assms], of a c] by auto qed
lemma convex_on_sum: fixes a :: "'a → real" and y :: "'a → 'b::real_vector" and f :: "'b → real" assumes"finite S""S ≠ {}" and"convex_on C f" and"(∑ i ∈ S. a i) = 1" and"∧i. i ∈ S ==> a i ≥ 0" and"∧i. i ∈ S ==> y i ∈ C" shows"f (∑ i ∈ S. a i *R y i) ≤ (∑ i ∈ S. a i * f (y i))" using assms proof (induct S arbitrary: a rule: finite_ne_induct) case (singleton i) thenshow ?case by auto next case (insert i S) thenhave yai: "y i ∈ C""a i ≥ 0" by auto with insert have conv: "∧x y μ. x ∈ C ==> y ∈ C ==> 0 ≤ μ ==> μ ≤ 1 ==> f (μ *R x + (1 - μ) *R y) ≤ μ * f x + (1 - μ) * f y" by (simp add: convex_on_def) show ?case proof (cases "a i = 1") case True with insert have"(∑ j ∈ S. a j) = 0" by auto with insert show ?thesis by (simp add: sum_nonneg_eq_0_iff) next case False thenhave ai1: "a i < 1" using sum_nonneg_leq_bound[of "insert i S" a] insert by force thenhave i0: "1 - a i > 0" by auto let ?a = "λj. a j / (1 - a i)" have a_nonneg: "?a j ≥ 0"if"j ∈ S"for j using i0 insert that by fastforce have"(∑ j ∈ insert i S. a j) = 1" using insert by auto thenhave"(∑ j ∈ S. a j) = 1 - a i" using sum.insert insert by fastforce thenhave"(∑ j ∈ S. a j) / (1 - a i) = 1" using i0 by auto thenhave a1: "(∑ j ∈ S. ?a j) = 1" unfolding sum_divide_distrib by simp have"convex C" using‹convex_on C f›by (simp add: convex_on_def) have asum: "(∑ j ∈ S. ?a j *R y j) ∈ C" using insert convex_sum [OF ‹finite S›‹convex C› a1 a_nonneg] by auto have asum_le: "f (∑ j ∈ S. ?a j *R y j) ≤ (∑ j ∈ S. ?a j * f (y j))" using a_nonneg a1 insert by blast have"f (∑ j ∈ insert i S. a j *R y j) = f ((∑ j ∈ S. a j *R y j) + a i *R y i)" by (simp add: add.commute insert.hyps) alsohave"… = f (((1 - a i) * inverse (1 - a i)) *R (∑ j ∈ S. a j *R y j) + a i *R y i)" using i0 by auto alsohave"… = f ((1 - a i) *R (∑ j ∈ S. (a j * inverse (1 - a i)) *R y j) + a i *R y i)" using scaleR_right.sum[of "inverse (1 - a i)""λ j. a j *R y j" S, symmetric] by (auto simp: algebra_simps) alsohave"… = f ((1 - a i) *R (∑ j ∈ S. ?a j *R y j) + a i *R y i)" by (auto simp: divide_inverse) alsohave"…≤ (1 - a i) *R f ((∑ j ∈ S. ?a j *R y j)) + a i * f (y i)" using ai1 by (smt (verit) asum conv real_scaleR_def yai) alsohave"…≤ (1 - a i) * (∑ j ∈ S. ?a j * f (y j)) + a i * f (y i)" using asum_le i0 by fastforce alsohave"… = (∑ j ∈ S. a j * f (y j)) + a i * f (y i)" using i0 by (auto simp: sum_distrib_left) finallyshow ?thesis using insert by auto qed qed
lemma concave_on_sum: fixes a :: "'a → real" and y :: "'a → 'b::real_vector" and f :: "'b → real" assumes"finite S""S ≠ {}" and"concave_on C f" and"(∑i ∈ S. a i) = 1" and"∧i. i ∈ S ==> a i ≥ 0" and"∧i. i ∈ S ==> y i ∈ C" shows"f (∑i ∈ S. a i *R y i) ≥ (∑i ∈ S. a i * f (y i))" proof - have"(uminus ∘ f) (∑i∈S. a i *R y i) ≤ (∑i∈S. a i * (uminus ∘ f) (y i))" proof (intro convex_on_sum) show"convex_on C (uminus ∘ f)" by (simp add: assms convex_on_iff_concave) qed (use assms in auto) thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: sum_negf o_def) qed
lemma convex_on_alt: fixes C :: "'a::real_vector set" shows"convex_on C f ⟷ convex C ∧ (∀x ∈ C. ∀y ∈ C. ∀ μ :: real. μ ≥ 0 ∧ μ ≤ 1 ⟶ f (μ *R x + (1 - μ) *R y) ≤ μ * f x + (1 - μ) * f y)" by (smt (verit) convex_on_def)
lemma convex_on_slope_le: fixes f :: "real → real" assumes f: "convex_on I f" and I: "x ∈ I""y ∈ I" and t: "x < t""t < y" shows"(f x - f t) / (x - t) ≤ (f x - f y) / (x - y)" and"(f x - f y) / (x - y) ≤ (f t - f y) / (t - y)" proof - define a where"a ≡ (t - y) / (x - y)" with t have"0 ≤ a""0 ≤ 1 - a" by (auto simp: field_simps) with f ‹x ∈ I›‹y ∈ I›have cvx: "f (a * x + (1 - a) * y) ≤ a * f x + (1 - a) * f y" by (auto simp: convex_on_def) have"a * x + (1 - a) * y = a * (x - y) + y" by (simp add: field_simps) alsohave"… = t" unfolding a_def using‹x < t›‹t < y›by simp finallyhave"f t ≤ a * f x + (1 - a) * f y" using cvx by simp alsohave"… = a * (f x - f y) + f y" by (simp add: field_simps) finallyhave"f t - f y ≤ a * (f x - f y)" by simp with t show"(f x - f t) / (x - t) ≤ (f x - f y) / (x - y)" by (simp add: le_divide_eq divide_le_eq field_simps a_def) with t show"(f x - f y) / (x - y) ≤ (f t - f y) / (t - y)" by (simp add: le_divide_eq divide_le_eq field_simps) qed
lemma pos_convex_function: fixes f :: "real → real" assumes"convex C" and leq: "∧x y. x ∈ C ==> y ∈ C ==> f' x * (y - x) ≤ f y - f x" shows"convex_on C f" unfolding convex_on_alt using assms proof safe fix x y μ :: real let ?x = "μ *R x + (1 - μ) *R y" assume *: "convex C""x ∈ C""y ∈ C""μ ≥ 0""μ ≤ 1" thenhave"1 - μ ≥ 0"by auto thenhave xpos: "?x ∈ C" using * unfolding convex_alt by fastforce have geq: "μ * (f x - f ?x) + (1 - μ) * (f y - f ?x) ≥ μ * f' ?x * (x - ?x) + (1 - μ) * f' ?x * (y - ?x)" using add_mono [OF mult_left_mono [OF leq [OF xpos *(2)] ‹μ ≥ 0›]
mult_left_mono [OF leq [OF xpos *(3)] ‹1 - μ ≥ 0›]] by auto thenhave"μ * f x + (1 - μ) * f y - f ?x ≥ 0" by (auto simp: field_simps) thenshow"f (μ *R x + (1 - μ) *R y) ≤ μ * f x + (1 - μ) * f y" by auto qed
lemma atMostAtLeast_subset_convex: fixes C :: "real set" assumes"convex C" and"x ∈ C""y ∈ C""x < y" shows"{x .. y} ⊆ C" proof safe fix z assume z: "z ∈ {x .. y}" have less: "z ∈ C"if *: "x < z""z < y" proof - let ?μ = "(y - z) / (y - x)" have"0 ≤ ?μ""?μ ≤ 1" using assms * by (auto simp: field_simps) thenhave comb: "?μ * x + (1 - ?μ) * y ∈ C" using assms iffD1[OF convex_alt, rule_format, of C y x ?μ] by (simp add: algebra_simps) have"?μ * x + (1 - ?μ) * y = (y - z) * x / (y - x) + (1 - (y - z) / (y - x)) * y" by (auto simp: field_simps) alsohave"… = ((y - z) * x + (y - x - (y - z)) * y) / (y - x)" using assms by (simp only: add_divide_distrib) (auto simp: field_simps) alsohave"… = z" using assms by (auto simp: field_simps) finallyshow ?thesis using comb by auto qed show"z ∈ C" using z less assms by (auto simp: le_less) qed
lemma f''_imp_f': fixes f :: "real → real" assumes"convex C" and f': "∧x. x ∈ C ==> DERIV f x :> (f' x)" and f'': "∧x. x ∈ C ==> DERIV f' x :> (f'' x)" and pos: "∧x. x ∈ C ==> f'' x ≥ 0" and x: "x ∈ C" and y: "y ∈ C" shows"f' x * (y - x) ≤ f y - f x" using assms proof - have"f y - f x ≥ f' x * (y - x)""f' y * (x - y) ≤ f x - f y" if *: "x ∈ C""y ∈ C""y > x"for x y :: real proof - from * have ge: "y - x > 0""y - x ≥ 0"and le: "x - y < 0""x - y ≤ 0" by auto thenobtain z1 where z1: "z1 > x""z1 < y""f y - f x = (y - x) * f' z1" using subsetD[OF atMostAtLeast_subset_convex[OF ‹convex C›‹x ∈ C›‹y ∈ C›‹x < y›], THEN f', THEN MVT2[OF ‹x < y›, rule_format, unfolded atLeastAtMost_iff[symmetric]]] by auto thenhave"z1 ∈ C" using atMostAtLeast_subset_convex ‹convex C›‹x ∈ C›‹y ∈ C›‹x < y› by fastforce obtain z2 where z2: "z2 > x""z2 < z1""f' z1 - f' x = (z1 - x) * f'' z2" using subsetD[OF atMostAtLeast_subset_convex[OF ‹convex C›‹x ∈ C›‹z1 ∈ C›‹x < z1›], THEN f'', THEN MVT2[OF ‹x < z1›, rule_format, unfolded atLeastAtMost_iff[symmetric]]] z1 by auto obtain z3 where z3: "z3 > z1""z3 < y""f' y - f' z1 = (y - z1) * f'' z3" using subsetD[OF atMostAtLeast_subset_convex[OF ‹convex C›‹z1 ∈ C›‹y ∈ C›‹z1 < y›], THEN f'', THEN MVT2[OF ‹z1 < y›, rule_format, unfolded atLeastAtMost_iff[symmetric]]] z1 by auto from z1 have"f x - f y = (x - y) * f' z1" by (simp add: field_simps) thenhave cool': "f' y - (f x - f y) / (x - y) = (y - z1) * f'' z3" using le(1) z3(3) by auto have"z3 ∈ C" using z3 * atMostAtLeast_subset_convex ‹convex C›‹x ∈ C›‹z1 ∈ C›‹x < z1› by fastforce thenhave B': "f'' z3 ≥ 0" using assms by auto with cool' have"f' y - (f x - f y) / (x - y) ≥ 0" using z1 by auto thenhave res: "f' y * (x - y) ≤ f x - f y" by (meson diff_ge_0_iff_ge le(1) neg_divide_le_eq) have cool: "(f y - f x) / (y - x) - f' x = (z1 - x) * f'' z2" using le(1) z1(3) z2(3) by auto have"z2 ∈ C" using z2 z1 * atMostAtLeast_subset_convex ‹convex C›‹z1 ∈ C›‹y ∈ C›‹z1 < y› by fastforce with z1 assms have"(z1 - x) * f'' z2 ≥ 0" by auto thenshow"f y - f x ≥ f' x * (y - x)""f' y * (x - y) ≤ f x - f y" using that(3) z1(3) res cool by auto qed thenshow ?thesis using x y by fastforce qed
lemma f''_ge0_imp_convex: fixes f :: "real → real" assumes"convex C" and"∧x. x ∈ C ==> DERIV f x :> (f' x)" and"∧x. x ∈ C ==> DERIV f' x :> (f'' x)" and"∧x. x ∈ C ==> f'' x ≥ 0" shows"convex_on C f" by (metis assms f''_imp_f' pos_convex_function)
lemma f''_le0_imp_concave: fixes f :: "real → real" assumes"convex C" and"∧x. x ∈ C ==> DERIV f x :> (f' x)" and"∧x. x ∈ C ==> DERIV f' x :> (f'' x)" and"∧x. x ∈ C ==> f'' x ≤ 0" shows"concave_on C f" unfolding concave_on_def by (rule assms f''_ge0_imp_convex derivative_eq_intros | simp)+
lemma convex_power_even: assumes"even n" shows"convex_on (UNIV::real set) (λx. x^n)" proof (intro f''_ge0_imp_convex) show"((λx. x ^ n) has_real_derivative of_nat n * x^(n-1)) (at x)"for x by (rule derivative_eq_intros | simp)+ show"((λx. of_nat n * x^(n-1)) has_real_derivative of_nat n * of_nat (n-1) * x^(n-2)) (at x)"for x by (rule derivative_eq_intros | simp add: eval_nat_numeral)+ show"∧x. 0 ≤ real n * real (n - 1) * x ^ (n - 2)" using assms by (auto simp: zero_le_mult_iff zero_le_even_power) qed auto
lemma convex_power_odd: assumes"odd n" shows"convex_on {0::real..} (λx. x^n)" proof (intro f''_ge0_imp_convex) show"((λx. x ^ n) has_real_derivative of_nat n * x^(n-1)) (at x)"for x by (rule derivative_eq_intros | simp)+ show"((λx. of_nat n * x^(n-1)) has_real_derivative of_nat n * of_nat (n-1) * x^(n-2)) (at x)"for x by (rule derivative_eq_intros | simp add: eval_nat_numeral)+ show"∧x. x ∈ {0::real..} ==> 0 ≤ real n * real (n - 1) * x ^ (n - 2)" using assms by (auto simp: zero_le_mult_iff zero_le_even_power) qed auto
lemma convex_power2: "convex_on (UNIV::real set) power2" by (simp add: convex_power_even)
lemma log_concave: fixes b :: real assumes"b > 1" shows"concave_on {0<..} (λ x. log b x)" using assms by (intro f''_le0_imp_concave derivative_eq_intros | simp)+
text‹The AM-GM inequality: the arithmetic mean exceeds the geometric mean.› lemma arith_geom_mean: fixes x :: "'a → real" assumes"finite S""S ≠ {}" and x: "∧i. i ∈ S ==> x i ≥ 0" shows"(∑i ∈ S. x i / card S) ≥ (∏i ∈ S. x i) powr (1 / card S)" proof (cases "∃i∈S. x i = 0") case True thenhave"(∏i ∈ S. x i) = 0" by (simp add: ‹finite S›) moreoverhave"(∑i ∈ S. x i / card S) ≥ 0" by (simp add: sum_nonneg x) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by simp next case False have"ln (∑i ∈ S. (1 / card S) *R x i) ≥ (∑i ∈ S. (1 / card S) * ln (x i))" proof (intro concave_on_sum) show"concave_on {0<..} ln" by (simp add: ln_concave) show"∧i. i∈S ==> x i ∈ {0<..}" using False x by fastforce qed (use assms False in auto) moreoverhave"(∑i ∈ S. (1 / card S) *R x i) > 0" using False assms by (simp add: card_gt_0_iff less_eq_real_def sum_pos) ultimatelyhave"(∑i ∈ S. (1 / card S) *R x i) ≥ exp (∑i ∈ S. (1 / card S) * ln (x i))" using ln_ge_iff by blast thenhave"(∑i ∈ S. x i / card S) ≥ exp (∑i ∈ S. ln (x i) / card S)" by (simp add: divide_simps) thenshow ?thesis using assms False by (smt (verit, ccfv_SIG) divide_inverse exp_ln exp_powr_real exp_sum inverse_eq_divide prod.cong prod_powr_distrib) qed
subsection✐‹tag unimportant›‹Convexity of real functions›
lemma convex_on_realI: assumes"connected A" and"∧x. x ∈ A ==> (f has_real_derivative f' x) (at x)" and"∧x y. x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> x ≤ y ==> f' x ≤ f' y" shows"convex_on A f" proof (rule convex_on_linorderI) show"convex A" using‹connected A› convex_real_interval interval_cases by (smt (verit, ccfv_SIG) connectedD_interval convex_UNIV convex_empty) ―‹the equivalence of "connected" and "convex" for real intervals is proved later› next fix t x y :: real assume t: "t > 0""t < 1" assume xy: "x ∈ A""y ∈ A""x < y" define z where"z = (1 - t) * x + t * y" with‹connected A›and xy have ivl: "{x..y} ⊆ A" using connected_contains_Icc by blast
from xy t have xz: "z > x" by (simp add: z_def algebra_simps) have"y - z = (1 - t) * (y - x)" by (simp add: z_def algebra_simps) alsofrom xy t have"… > 0" by (intro mult_pos_pos) simp_all finallyhave yz: "z < y" by simp
from assms xz yz ivl t have"∃ξ. ξ > x ∧ ξ < z ∧ f z - f x = (z - x) * f' ξ" by (intro MVT2) (auto intro!: assms(2)) thenobtain ξ where ξ: "ξ > x""ξ < z""f' ξ = (f z - f x) / (z - x)" by auto from assms xz yz ivl t have"∃η. η > z ∧ η < y ∧ f y - f z = (y - z) * f' η" by (intro MVT2) (auto intro!: assms(2)) thenobtain η where η: "η > z""η < y""f' η = (f y - f z) / (y - z)" by auto
from η(3) have"(f y - f z) / (y - z) = f' η" .. alsofrom ξ η ivl have"ξ ∈ A""η ∈ A" by auto with ξ η have"f' η ≥ f' ξ" by (intro assms(3)) auto alsofrom ξ(3) have"f' ξ = (f z - f x) / (z - x)" . finallyhave"(f y - f z) * (z - x) ≥ (f z - f x) * (y - z)" using xz yz by (simp add: field_simps) alsohave"z - x = t * (y - x)" by (simp add: z_def algebra_simps) alsohave"y - z = (1 - t) * (y - x)" by (simp add: z_def algebra_simps) finallyhave"(f y - f z) * t ≥ (f z - f x) * (1 - t)" using xy by simp thenshow"(1 - t) * f x + t * f y ≥ f ((1 - t) *R x + t *R y)" by (simp add: z_def algebra_simps) qed
lemma convex_on_inverse: fixes A :: "real set" assumes"A ⊆ {0<..}""convex A" shows"convex_on A inverse" proof - have"convex_on {0::real<..} inverse" proof (intro convex_on_realI) fix u v :: real assume"u ∈ {0<..}""v ∈ {0<..}""u ≤ v" with assms show"-inverse (u^2) ≤ -inverse (v^2)" by simp next show"∧x. x ∈ {0<..} ==> (inverse has_real_derivative - inverse (x2)) (at x)" by (rule derivative_eq_intros | simp add: power2_eq_square)+ qed auto thenshow ?thesis using assms convex_on_subset by blast qed
lemma convex_onD_Icc': assumes"convex_on {x..y} f""c ∈ {x..y}" defines"d ≡ y - x" shows"f c ≤ (f y - f x) / d * (c - x) + f x" proof (cases x y rule: linorder_cases) case less thenhave d: "d > 0" by (simp add: d_def) from assms(2) less have A: "0 ≤ (c - x) / d""(c - x) / d ≤ 1" by (simp_all add: d_def field_split_simps) have"f c = f (x + (c - x) * 1)" by simp alsofrom less have"1 = ((y - x) / d)" by (simp add: d_def) alsofrom d have"x + (c - x) * … = (1 - (c - x) / d) *R x + ((c - x) / d) *R y" by (simp add: field_simps) alsohave"f …≤ (1 - (c - x) / d) * f x + (c - x) / d * f y" using assms less by (intro convex_onD_Icc) simp_all alsofrom d have"… = (f y - f x) / d * (c - x) + f x" by (simp add: field_simps) finallyshow ?thesis . qed (use assms in auto)
lemma convex_onD_Icc'': assumes"convex_on {x..y} f""c ∈ {x..y}" defines"d ≡ y - x" shows"f c ≤ (f x - f y) / d * (y - c) + f y" proof (cases x y rule: linorder_cases) case less thenhave d: "d > 0" by (simp add: d_def) from assms(2) less have A: "0 ≤ (y - c) / d""(y - c) / d ≤ 1" by (simp_all add: d_def field_split_simps) have"f c = f (y - (y - c) * 1)" by simp alsofrom less have"1 = ((y - x) / d)" by (simp add: d_def) alsofrom d have"y - (y - c) * … = (1 - (1 - (y - c) / d)) *R x + (1 - (y - c) / d) *R y" by (simp add: field_simps) alsohave"f …≤ (1 - (1 - (y - c) / d)) * f x + (1 - (y - c) / d) * f y" using assms less by (intro convex_onD_Icc) (simp_all add: field_simps) alsofrom d have"… = (f x - f y) / d * (y - c) + f y" by (simp add: field_simps) finallyshow ?thesis . qed (use assms in auto)
lemma concave_onD_Icc: assumes"concave_on {x..y} f""x ≤ (y :: _ :: {real_vector,preorder})" shows"∧t. t ≥ 0 ==> t ≤ 1 ==> f ((1 - t) *R x + t *R y) ≥ (1 - t) * f x + t * f y" using assms(2) by (intro concave_onD [OF assms(1)]) simp_all
lemma concave_onD_Icc': assumes"concave_on {x..y} f""c ∈ {x..y}" defines"d ≡ y - x" shows"f c ≥ (f y - f x) / d * (c - x) + f x" proof - have"- f c ≤ (f x - f y) / d * (c - x) - f x" using assms convex_onD_Icc' [of x y "λx. - f x" c] by (simp add: concave_on_def) thenshow ?thesis by (smt (verit, best) divide_minus_left mult_minus_left) qed
lemma concave_onD_Icc'': assumes"concave_on {x..y} f""c ∈ {x..y}" defines"d ≡ y - x" shows"f c ≥ (f x - f y) / d * (y - c) + f y" proof - have"- f c ≤ (f y - f x) / d * (y - c) - f y" using assms convex_onD_Icc'' [of x y "λx. - f x" c] by (simp add: concave_on_def) thenshow ?thesis by (smt (verit, best) divide_minus_left mult_minus_left) qed
lemma convex_on_le_max: fixes a::real assumes"convex_on {x..y} f"and a: "a ∈ {x..y}" shows"f a ≤ max (f x) (f y)" proof - have *: "(f y - f x) * (a - x) ≤ (f y - f x) * (y - x)"if"f x ≤ f y" using a that by (intro mult_left_mono) auto have"f a ≤ (f y - f x) / (y - x) * (a - x) + f x" using assms convex_onD_Icc' by blast alsohave"…≤ max (f x) (f y)" using a * by (simp add: divide_le_0_iff mult_le_0_iff zero_le_mult_iff max_def add.commute mult.commute scaling_mono) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma concave_on_ge_min: fixes a::real assumes"concave_on {x..y} f"and a: "a ∈ {x..y}" shows"f a ≥ min (f x) (f y)" proof - have *: "(f y - f x) * (a - x) ≥ (f y - f x) * (y - x)"if"f x ≥ f y" using a that by (intro mult_left_mono_neg) auto have"min (f x) (f y) ≤ (f y - f x) / (y - x) * (a - x) + f x" using a * apply (simp add: zero_le_divide_iff mult_le_0_iff zero_le_mult_iff min_def) by (smt (verit, best) nonzero_eq_divide_eq pos_divide_le_eq) alsohave"…≤ f a" using assms concave_onD_Icc' by blast finallyshow ?thesis . qed
subsection‹Convexity of the generalised binomial›
lemma mono_on_mul: fixes f::"'a::ord → 'b::ordered_semiring" assumes"mono_on S f""mono_on S g" assumes fty: "f ∈ S → {0..}"and gty: "g ∈ S → {0..}" shows"mono_on S (λx. f x * g x)" using assms by (auto simp: Pi_iff monotone_on_def intro!: mult_mono)
lemma mono_on_prod: fixes f::"'i → 'a::ord → 'b::linordered_idom" assumes"∧i. i ∈ I ==> mono_on S (f i)" assumes"∧i. i ∈ I ==> f i ∈ S → {0..}" shows"mono_on S (λx. prod (λi. f i x) I)" using assms by (induction I rule: infinite_finite_induct)
(auto simp: mono_on_const Pi_iff prod_nonneg mono_on_mul mono_onI)
lemma convex_gchoose_aux: "convex_on {k-1..} (λa. prod (λi. a - of_nat i) {0..<k})" proof (induction k) case0 thenshow ?case by (simp add: convex_on_def) next case (Suc k) have"convex_on {real k..} (λa. (∏i = 0..<k. a - real i) * (a - real k))" proof (intro convex_on_mul convex_on_diff) show"convex_on {real k..} (λx. ∏i = 0..<k. x - real i)" using Suc convex_on_subset by fastforce show"mono_on {real k..} (λx. ∏i = 0..<k. x - real i)" by (force simp: monotone_on_def intro!: prod_mono) next show"(λx. ∏i = 0..<k. x - real i) ∈ {real k..} → {0..}" by (auto intro!: prod_nonneg) qed (auto simp: convex_on_ident concave_on_const mono_onI) thenshow ?case by simp qed
lemma convex_gchoose: "convex_on {k-1..} (λx. x gchoose k)" by (simp add: gbinomial_prod_rev convex_on_cdiv convex_gchoose_aux)
subsection‹Some inequalities: Applications of convexity›
lemma Youngs_inequality_0: fixes a::real assumes"0 ≤ α""0 ≤ β""α+β = 1""a>0""b>0" shows"a powr α * b powr β ≤ α*a + β*b" proof - have"α * ln a + β * ln b ≤ ln (α * a + β * b)" using assms ln_concave by (simp add: concave_on_iff) moreoverhave"0 < α * a + β * b" using assms by (smt (verit) mult_pos_pos split_mult_pos_le) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using assms by (simp add: powr_def mult_exp_exp flip: ln_ge_iff) qed
lemma Youngs_inequality: fixes p::real assumes"p>1""q>1""1/p + 1/q = 1""a≥0""b≥0" shows"a * b ≤ a powr p / p + b powr q / q" proof (cases "a=0 ∨ b=0") case False thenshow ?thesis using Youngs_inequality_0 [of "1/p""1/q""a powr p""b powr q"] assms by (simp add: powr_powr) qed (use assms in auto)
lemma Cauchy_Schwarz_ineq_sum: fixes a :: "'a → 'b::linordered_field" shows"(∑i∈I. a i * b i)2≤ (∑i∈I. (a i)2) * (∑i∈I. (b i)2)" proof (cases "(∑i∈I. (b i)2) > 0") case False then consider "∧i. i∈I ==> b i = 0" | "infinite I" by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) sum_pos2 zero_le_power2 zero_less_power2) thus ?thesis by fastforce next case True define r where"r ≡ (∑i∈I. a i * b i) / (∑i∈I. (b i)2)" have"0 ≤ (∑i∈I. (a i - r * b i)2)" by (simp add: sum_nonneg) alsohave"... = (∑i∈I. (a i)2) - 2 * r * (∑i∈I. a i * b i) + r2 * (∑i∈I. (b i)2)" by (simp add: algebra_simps power2_eq_square sum_distrib_left flip: sum.distrib) alsohave"… = (∑i∈I. (a i)2) - ((∑i∈I. a i * b i))2 / (∑i∈I. (b i)2)" by (simp add: r_def power2_eq_square) finallyhave"0 ≤ (∑i∈I. (a i)2) - ((∑i∈I. a i * b i))2 / (∑i∈I. (b i)2)" . hence"((∑i∈I. a i * b i))2 / (∑i∈I. (b i)2) ≤ (∑i∈I. (a i)2)" by (simp add: le_diff_eq) thus"((∑i∈I. a i * b i))2≤ (∑i∈I. (a i)2) * (∑i∈I. (b i)2)" by (simp add: pos_divide_le_eq True) qed
text‹The inequality between the arithmetic mean and the root mean square› lemma sum_squared_le_sum_of_squares: fixes f :: "'a → real" shows"(∑i∈I. f i)2≤ (∑y∈I. (f y)2) * card I" proof (cases "finite I ∧ I ≠ {}") case True thenhave"(∑i∈I. f i / of_nat (card I))2≤ (∑i∈I. (f i)2 / of_nat (card I))" using convex_on_sum [OF _ _ convex_power2, where a = "λx. 1 / of_nat(card I)"and S=I] by simp with True show ?thesis by (simp add: divide_simps power2_eq_square split: if_split_asm flip: sum_divide_distrib) qed auto
lemma sum_squared_le_sum_of_squares_2: "(x+y)/2 ≤ sqrt ((x2 + y2) / 2)" proof - have"(x + y)2 / 2^2 ≤ (x2 + y2) / 2" using sum_squared_le_sum_of_squares [of "λb. if b then x else y" UNIV] by (simp add: UNIV_bool add.commute) thenshow ?thesis by (metis power_divide real_le_rsqrt) qed
subsection‹Misc related lemmas›
lemma convex_translation_eq [simp]: "convex ((+) a ` s) ⟷ convex s" by (metis convex_translation translation_galois)
lemma convex_translation_subtract_eq [simp]: "convex ((λb. b - a) ` s) ⟷ convex s" using convex_translation_eq [of "- a"] by (simp cong: image_cong_simp)
lemma vector_choose_size: assumes"0 ≤ c" obtains x :: "'a::{real_normed_vector, perfect_space}"where"norm x = c" proof - obtain a::'a where"a ≠ 0" using UNIV_not_singleton UNIV_eq_I set_zero singletonI by fastforce show ?thesis proof show"norm (scaleR (c / norm a) a) = c" by (simp add: ‹a ≠ 0› assms) qed qed
lemma vector_choose_dist: assumes"0 ≤ c" obtains y :: "'a::{real_normed_vector, perfect_space}"where"dist x y = c" by (metis add_diff_cancel_left' assms dist_commute dist_norm vector_choose_size)
lemma sum_delta'': fixes s::"'a::real_vector set" assumes"finite s" shows"(∑x∈s. (if y = x then f x else 0) *R x) = (if y∈s then (f y) *R y else 0)" proof - have *: "∧x y. (if y = x then f x else (0::real)) *R x = (if x=y then (f x) *R x else 0)" by auto show ?thesis unfolding * using sum.delta[OF assms, of y "λx. f x *R x"] by auto qed
subsection‹Cones›
definition✐‹tag important› cone :: "'a::real_vector set → bool" where"cone s ⟷ (∀x∈s. ∀c≥0. c *R x ∈ s)"
lemma cone_empty[intro, simp]: "cone {}" unfolding cone_def by auto
lemma cone_univ[intro, simp]: "cone UNIV" unfolding cone_def by auto
lemma cone_Inter[intro]: "∀s∈f. cone s ==> cone (∩f)" unfolding cone_def by auto
lemma subspace_imp_cone: "subspace S ==> cone S" by (simp add: cone_def subspace_scale)
subsubsection‹Conic hull›
lemma cone_cone_hull: "cone (cone hull S)" unfolding hull_def by auto
lemma cone_hull_eq: "cone hull S = S ⟷ cone S" by (metis cone_cone_hull hull_same)
lemma mem_cone: assumes"cone S""x ∈ S""c ≥ 0" shows"c *R x ∈ S" using assms cone_def[of S] by auto
lemma cone_contains_0: assumes"cone S" shows"S ≠ {} ⟷ 0 ∈ S" using assms mem_cone by fastforce
lemma cone_0: "cone {0}" unfolding cone_def by auto
lemma cone_iff: assumes"S ≠ {}" shows"cone S ⟷ 0 ∈ S ∧ (∀c. c > 0 ⟶ ((*R) c) ` S = S)" (is"_ = ?rhs") proof assume"cone S"
{ fix c :: real assume"c > 0" have"x ∈ ((*R) c) ` S"if"x ∈ S"for x using‹cone S›‹c>0› mem_cone[of S x "1/c"] that
exI[of "(λt. t ∈ S ∧ x = c *R t)""(1 / c) *R x"] by auto thenhave"((*R) c) ` S = S" using‹0 < c›‹cone S› mem_cone by fastforce
} thenshow"0 ∈ S ∧ (∀c. c > 0 ⟶ ((*R) c) ` S = S)" using‹cone S› cone_contains_0[of S] assms by auto next show"?rhs ==> cone S" by (metis Convex.cone_def imageI order_neq_le_trans scaleR_zero_left) qed
lemma mem_cone_hull: assumes"x ∈ S""c ≥ 0" shows"c *R x ∈ cone hull S" by (metis assms cone_cone_hull hull_inc mem_cone)
proposition cone_hull_expl: "cone hull S = {c *R x | c x. c ≥ 0 ∧ x ∈ S}"
(is"?lhs = ?rhs") proof have"?rhs ∈ Collect cone" using Convex.cone_def by fastforce moreoverhave"S ⊆ ?rhs" by (smt (verit) mem_Collect_eq scaleR_one subsetI) ultimatelyshow"?lhs ⊆ ?rhs" using hull_minimal by blast qed (use mem_cone_hull in auto)
lemma convex_cone: "convex S ∧ cone S ⟷ (∀x∈S. ∀y∈S. (x + y) ∈ S) ∧ (∀x∈S. ∀c≥0. (c *R x) ∈ S)"
(is"?lhs = ?rhs") proof -
{ fix x y assume"x∈S""y∈S"and ?lhs thenhave"2 *R x ∈S""2 *R y ∈ S""convex S" unfolding cone_def by auto thenhave"x + y ∈ S" using convexD [OF ‹convex S›, of "2*R x""2*R y"] by (smt (verit, ccfv_threshold) field_sum_of_halves scaleR_2 scaleR_half_double)
} thenshow ?thesis unfolding convex_def cone_def by blast qed
subsection✐‹tag unimportant›‹Connectedness of convex sets›
lemma convex_connected: fixes S :: "'a::real_normed_vector set" assumes"convex S" shows"connected S" proof (rule connectedI) fix A B assume"open A""open B""A ∩ B ∩ S = {}""S ⊆ A ∪ B" moreover assume"A ∩ S ≠ {}""B ∩ S ≠ {}" thenobtain a b where a: "a ∈ A""a ∈ S"and b: "b ∈ B""b ∈ S"by auto define f where [abs_def]: "f u = u *R a + (1 - u) *R b"for u thenhave"continuous_on {0 .. 1} f" by (auto intro!: continuous_intros) thenhave"connected (f ` {0 .. 1})" by (auto intro!: connected_continuous_image) note connectedD[OF this, of A B] moreoverhave"a ∈ A ∩ f ` {0 .. 1}" using a by (auto intro!: image_eqI[of _ _ 1] simp: f_def) moreoverhave"b ∈ B ∩ f ` {0 .. 1}" using b by (auto intro!: image_eqI[of _ _ 0] simp: f_def) moreoverhave"f ` {0 .. 1} ⊆ S" using‹convex S› a b unfolding convex_def f_def by auto ultimatelyshow False by auto qed
lemma convex_prod: assumes"∧i. i ∈ Basis ==> convex {x. P i x}" shows"convex {x. ∀i∈Basis. P i (x∙i)}" using assms by (auto simp: inner_add_left convex_def)
lemma convex_hull_insert: fixes S :: "'a::real_vector set" assumes"S ≠ {}" shows"convex hull (insert a S) = {x. ∃u≥0. ∃v≥0. ∃b. (u + v = 1) ∧ b ∈ (convex hull S) ∧ (x = u *R a + v *R b)}"
(is"_ = ?hull") proof (intro equalityI hull_minimal subsetI) fix x assume"x ∈ insert a S" thenshow"x ∈ ?hull" unfolding insert_iff proof assume"x = a" thenshow ?thesis by (smt (verit, del_insts) add.right_neutral assms ex_in_conv hull_inc mem_Collect_eq scaleR_one scaleR_zero_left) next assume"x ∈ S" with hull_subset show ?thesis by force qed next fix x assume"x ∈ ?hull" thenobtain u v b where obt: "u≥0""v≥0""u + v = 1""b ∈ convex hull S""x = u *R a + v *R b" by auto have"a ∈ convex hull insert a S""b ∈ convex hull insert a S" using hull_mono[of S "insert a S" convex] hull_mono[of "{a}""insert a S" convex] and obt(4) by auto thenshow"x ∈ convex hull insert a S" unfolding obt(5) using obt(1-3) by (rule convexD [OF convex_convex_hull]) next show"convex ?hull" proof (rule convexI) fix x y u v assume as: "(0::real) ≤ u""0 ≤ v""u + v = 1"and x: "x ∈ ?hull"and y: "y ∈ ?hull" from x obtain u1 v1 b1 where
obt1: "u1≥0""v1≥0""u1 + v1 = 1""b1 ∈ convex hull S"and xeq: "x = u1 *R a + v1 *R b1" by auto from y obtain u2 v2 b2 where
obt2: "u2≥0""v2≥0""u2 + v2 = 1""b2 ∈ convex hull S"and yeq: "y = u2 *R a + v2 *R b2" by auto have *: "∧(x::'a) s1 s2. x - s1 *R x - s2 *R x = ((1::real) - (s1 + s2)) *R x" by (auto simp: algebra_simps) have"∃b ∈ convex hull S. u *R x + v *R y = (u * u1) *R a + (v * u2) *R a + (b - (u * u1) *R b - (v * u2) *R b)" proof (cases "u * v1 + v * v2 = 0") case True have *: "∧(x::'a) s1 s2. x - s1 *R x - s2 *R x = ((1::real) - (s1 + s2)) *R x" by (auto simp: algebra_simps) have eq0: "u * v1 = 0""v * v2 = 0" using True mult_nonneg_nonneg[OF ‹u≥0›‹v1≥0›] mult_nonneg_nonneg[OF ‹v≥0›‹v2≥0›]
by arith+ then have "u * u1 + v * u2 = 1"
using as(3) obt1(3) obt2(3) by auto then show ?thesis
using "*" eq0 as obt1(4) xeq yeq by auto
next
case False
have "1 - (u * u1 + v * u2) = (u + v) - (u * u1 + v * u2)"
by (simp add: as(3))
also have "\<dots> = u * v1 + v * v2"
by (smt (verit, ccfv_SIG) distrib_left mult_cancel_left1 obt1(3) obt2(3))
finally have **:"1 - (u * u1 + v * u2) = u * v1 + v * v2" .
let ?b = "((u * v1) / (u * v1 + v * v2)) *\<^sub>R b1 + ((v * v2) / (u * v1 + v * v2)) *\<^sub>R b2"
have zeroes: "0 \<le> u * v1 + v * v2""0 \<le> u * v1""0 \<le> u * v1 + v * v2""0 \<le> v * v2"
using as obt1 obt2 by auto
show ?thesis
proof
show "u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y = (u * u1) *\<^sub>R a + (v * u2) *\<^sub>R a + (?b - (u * u1) *\<^sub>R ?b - (v * u2) *\<^sub>R ?b)"
unfolding xeq yeq * **
using False by (auto simp: scaleR_left_distrib scaleR_right_distrib)
show "?b \<in> convex hull S"
using False mem_convex_alt obt1(4) obt2(4) zeroes(2) zeroes(4) by fastforce
qed
qed then obtain b where b: "b \<in> convex hull S" "u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y = (u * u1) *\<^sub>R a + (v * u2) *\<^sub>R a + (b - (u * u1) *\<^sub>R b - (v * u2) *\<^sub>R b)" ..
obtain u1: "u1 \<le> 1" and u2: "u2 \<le> 1"
using obt1 obt2 by auto
have "u1 * u + u2 * v \<le> max u1 u2 * u + max u1 u2 * v"
by (smt (verit, ccfv_SIG) as mult_right_mono)
also have "\<dots> \<le> 1"
unfolding distrib_left[symmetric] and as(3) using u1 u2 by auto
finally have le1: "u1 * u + u2 * v \<le> 1" .
show "u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y \<in> ?hull"
proof (intro CollectI exI conjI)
show "0 \<le> u * u1 + v * u2"
by (simp add: as obt1(1) obt2(1))
show "0 \<le> 1 - u * u1 - v * u2"
by (simp add: le1 diff_diff_add mult.commute)
qed (use b in \<open>auto simp: algebra_simps\<close>)
qed
qed
lemma convex_hull_insert_alt: "convex hull (insert a S) =
(if S = {} then {a} else {(1 - u) *\<^sub>R a + u *\<^sub>R x |x u. 0 \<le> u \<and> u \<le> 1 \<and> x \<in> convex hull S})"
apply (simp add: convex_hull_insert)
using diff_add_cancel diff_ge_0_iff_ge
by (smt (verit, del_insts) Collect_cong)
subsubsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>Explicit expression for convex hull\<close>
proposition convex_hull_indexed:
fixes S :: "'a::real_vector set"
shows "convex hull S =
{y. \<exists>k u x. (\<forall>i\<in>{1::nat .. k}. 0 \<le> u i \<and> x i \<in> S) \<and>
(sum u {1..k} = 1) \<and> (\<Sum>i = 1..k. u i *\<^sub>R x i) = y}"
(is "?xyz = ?hull")
proof (rule hull_unique [OF _ convexI])
show "S \<subseteq> ?hull"
by (clarsimp, rule_tac x=1 in exI, rule_tac x="\<lambda>x. 1" in exI, auto)
next
fix T
assume "S \<subseteq> T""convex T" then show "?hull \<subseteq> T"
by (blast intro: convex_sum)
next
fix x y u v
assume uv: "0 \<le> u""0 \<le> v""u + v = (1::real)"
assume xy: "x \<in> ?hull""y \<in> ?hull"
from xy obtain k1 u1 x1 where
x [rule_format]: "\<forall>i\<in>{1::nat..k1}. 0\<le>u1 i \<and> x1 i \<in> S" "sum u1 {Suc 0..k1} = 1""(\<Sum>i = Suc 0..k1. u1 i *\<^sub>R x1 i) = x"
by auto
from xy obtain k2 u2 x2 where
y [rule_format]: "\<forall>i\<in>{1::nat..k2}. 0\<le>u2 i \<and> x2 i \<in> S" "sum u2 {Suc 0..k2} = 1""(\<Sum>i = Suc 0..k2. u2 i *\<^sub>R x2 i) = y"
by auto
have *: "\<And>P (x::'a) y s t i. (if P i then s else t) *\<^sub>R (if P i then x else y) = (if P i then s *\<^sub>R x else t *\<^sub>R y)" "{1..k1 + k2} \<inter> {1..k1} = {1..k1}""{1..k1 + k2} \<inter> - {1..k1} = (\<lambda>i. i + k1) ` {1..k2}"
by auto
have inj: "inj_on (\<lambda>i. i + k1) {1..k2}"
unfolding inj_on_def by auto
let ?uu = "\<lambda>i. if i \<in> {1..k1} then u * u1 i else v * u2 (i - k1)"
let ?xx = "\<lambda>i. if i \<in> {1..k1} then x1 i else x2 (i - k1)"
show "u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y \<in> ?hull"
proof (intro CollectI exI conjI ballI)
show "0 \<le> ?uu i""?xx i \<in> S"if"i \<in> {1..k1+k2}"for i
using that by (auto simp add: le_diff_conv uv(1) x(1) uv(2) y(1))
show "(\<Sum>i = 1..k1 + k2. ?uu i) = 1""(\<Sum>i = 1..k1 + k2. ?uu i *\<^sub>R ?xx i) = u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y"
unfolding * sum.If_cases[OF finite_atLeastAtMost[of 1"k1 + k2"]]
sum.reindex[OF inj] Collect_mem_eq o_def
unfolding scaleR_scaleR[symmetric] scaleR_right.sum [symmetric] sum_distrib_left[symmetric]
by (simp_all add: sum_distrib_left[symmetric] x(2,3) y(2,3) uv(3))
qed
qed
lemma convex_hull_finite:
fixes S :: "'a::real_vector set"
assumes "finite S"
shows "convex hull S = {y. \<exists>u. (\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> sum u S = 1 \<and> sum (\<lambda>x. u x *\<^sub>R x) S = y}"
(is "?HULL = _")
proof (rule hull_unique [OF _ convexI]; clarify)
fix x
assume "x \<in> S" then show "\<exists>u. (\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> sum u S = 1 \<and> (\<Sum>x\<in>S. u x *\<^sub>R x) = x"
by (rule_tac x="\<lambda>y. if x=y then 1 else 0" in exI) (auto simp: sum.delta'[OF assms] sum_delta''[OF assms])
next
fix u v :: real
assume uv: "0 \<le> u""0 \<le> v""u + v = 1"
fix ux assume ux [rule_format]: "\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> ux x""sum ux S = (1::real)"
fix uy assume uy [rule_format]: "\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> uy x""sum uy S = (1::real)"
have "0 \<le> u * ux x + v * uy x"if"x\<in>S"for x
by (simp add: that uv ux(1) uy(1))
moreover
have "(\<Sum>x\<in>S. u * ux x + v * uy x) = 1"
unfolding sum.distrib and sum_distrib_left[symmetric] ux(2) uy(2)
using uv(3) by auto
moreover
have "(\<Sum>x\<in>S. (u * ux x + v * uy x) *\<^sub>R x) = u *\<^sub>R (\<Sum>x\<in>S. ux x *\<^sub>R x) + v *\<^sub>R (\<Sum>x\<in>S. uy x *\<^sub>R x)"
unfolding scaleR_left_distrib sum.distrib scaleR_scaleR[symmetric] scaleR_right.sum [symmetric]
by auto
ultimately
show "\<exists>uc. (\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> uc x) \<and> sum uc S = 1 \<and>
(\<Sum>x\<in>S. uc x *\<^sub>R x) = u *\<^sub>R (\<Sum>x\<in>S. ux x *\<^sub>R x) + v *\<^sub>R (\<Sum>x\<in>S. uy x *\<^sub>R x)"
by (rule_tac x="\<lambda>x. u * ux x + v * uy x" in exI, auto)
qed (use assms in \<open>auto simp: convex_explicit\<close>)
lemma convex_hull_explicit:
fixes p :: "'a::real_vector set"
shows "convex hull p =
{y. \<exists>S u. finite S \<and> S \<subseteq> p \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> sum u S = 1 \<and> sum (\<lambda>v. u v *\<^sub>R v) S = y}"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof (intro subset_antisym subsetI)
fix x
assume "x \<in> convex hull p" then obtain k u y where
obt: "\<forall>i\<in>{1::nat..k}. 0 \<le> u i \<and> y i \<in> p""sum u {1..k} = 1""(\<Sum>i = 1..k. u i *\<^sub>R y i) = x"
unfolding convex_hull_indexed by auto
have fin: "finite {1..k}" by auto
{
fix j
assume "j\<in>{1..k}" then have "y j \<in> p \<and> 0 \<le> sum u {i. Suc 0 \<le> i \<and> i \<le> k \<and> y i = y j}"
by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) One_nat_def atLeastAtMost_iff mem_Collect_eq obt(1) sum_nonneg)
}
moreover have "(\<Sum>v\<in>y ` {1..k}. sum u {i \<in> {1..k}. y i = v}) = 1"
unfolding sum.image_gen[OF fin, symmetric] using obt(2) by auto
moreover have "(\<Sum>v\<in>y ` {1..k}. sum u {i \<in> {1..k}. y i = v} *\<^sub>R v) = x"
using sum.image_gen[OF fin, of "\<lambda>i. u i *\<^sub>R y i" y, symmetric]
unfolding scaleR_left.sum using obt(3) by auto
ultimately
have "\<exists>S u. finite S \<and> S \<subseteq> p \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> sum u S = 1 \<and> (\<Sum>v\<in>S. u v *\<^sub>R v) = x"
by (smt (verit, ccfv_SIG) imageE mem_Collect_eq obt(1) subsetI sum.cong sum.infinite sum_nonneg) then show "x \<in> ?rhs" by auto
next
fix y
assume "y \<in> ?rhs" then obtain S u where
S: "finite S""S \<subseteq> p""\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x""sum u S = 1""(\<Sum>v\<in>S. u v *\<^sub>R v) = y"
by auto
obtain f where f: "inj_on f {1..card S}""f ` {1..card S} = S"
using ex_bij_betw_nat_finite_1[OF S(1)] unfolding bij_betw_def by auto then have "0 \<le> u (f i)""f i \<in> p"if"i \<in> {1..card S}"for i
using S \<open>i \<in> {1..card S}\<close> by blast+
moreover
{
fix y
assume "y\<in>S" then obtain i where "i\<in>{1..card S}""f i = y"
by (metis f(2) image_iff) then have "{x. Suc 0 \<le> x \<and> x \<le> card S \<and> f x = y} = {i}"
using f(1) inj_onD by fastforce then have "(\<Sum>x\<in>{x \<in> {1..card S}. f x = y}. u (f x)) = u y" "(\<Sum>x\<in>{x \<in> {1..card S}. f x = y}. u (f x) *\<^sub>R f x) = u y *\<^sub>R y"
by (simp_all add: sum_constant_scaleR \<open>f i = y\<close>)
} then have "(\<Sum>x = 1..card S. u (f x)) = 1""(\<Sum>i = 1..card S. u (f i) *\<^sub>R f i) = y"
by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) S(4,5) f sum.reindex_cong)+
ultimately
show "y \<in> convex hull p"
unfolding convex_hull_indexed
by (smt (verit, del_insts) mem_Collect_eq sum.cong)
qed
subsubsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>A stepping theorem for that expansion\<close>
lemma convex_hull_finite_step:
fixes S :: "'a::real_vector set"
assumes "finite S"
shows "(\<exists>u. (\<forall>x\<in>insert a S. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> sum u (insert a S) = w \<and> sum (\<lambda>x. u x *\<^sub>R x) (insert a S) = y)
\<longleftrightarrow> (\<exists>v\<ge>0. \<exists>u. (\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> sum u S = w - v \<and> sum (\<lambda>x. u x *\<^sub>R x) S = y - v *\<^sub>R a)"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof (cases "a \<in> S")
case True then have *: "insert a S = S" by auto
show ?thesis
proof
assume ?lhs then show ?rhs
unfolding * by force
next
have fin: "finite (insert a S)" using assms by auto
assume ?rhs then obtain v u where uv: "v\<ge>0""\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x""sum u S = w - v""(\<Sum>x\<in>S. u x *\<^sub>R x) = y - v *\<^sub>R a"
by auto then show ?lhs
using uv True assms
apply (rule_tac x = "\<lambda>x. (if a = x then v else 0) + u x" in exI)
apply (auto simp: sum_clauses scaleR_left_distrib sum.distrib sum_delta''[OF fin]) done
qed
next
case False
show ?thesis
proof
assume ?lhs then obtain u where u: "\<forall>x\<in>insert a S. 0 \<le> u x""sum u (insert a S) = w""(\<Sum>x\<in>insert a S. u x *\<^sub>R x) = y"
by auto then show ?rhs
using u \<open>a\<notin>S\<close> by (rule_tac x="u a" in exI) (auto simp: sum_clauses assms)
next
assume ?rhs then obtain v u where uv: "v\<ge>0""\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x""sum u S = w - v""(\<Sum>x\<in>S. u x *\<^sub>R x) = y - v *\<^sub>R a"
by auto
moreover
have "(\<Sum>x\<in>S. if a = x then v else u x) = sum u S""(\<Sum>x\<in>S. (if a = x then v else u x) *\<^sub>R x) = (\<Sum>x\<in>S. u x *\<^sub>R x)"
using False by (auto intro!: sum.cong)
ultimately show ?lhs
using False by (rule_tac x="\<lambda>x. if a = x then v else u x" in exI) (auto simp: sum_clauses(2)[OF assms])
qed
qed
subsubsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>Hence some special cases\<close>
lemma convex_hull_2: "convex hull {a,b} = {u *\<^sub>R a + v *\<^sub>R b | u v. 0 \<le> u \<and> 0 \<le> v \<and> u + v = 1}"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
have **: "finite {b}" by auto
have "\<And>x v u. \<lbrakk>0 \<le> v; v \<le> 1; (1 - v) *\<^sub>R b = x - v *\<^sub>R a\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> \<exists>u v. x = u *\<^sub>R a + v *\<^sub>R b \<and> 0 \<le> u \<and> 0 \<le> v \<and> u + v = 1"
by (metis add.commute diff_add_cancel diff_ge_0_iff_ge)
moreover
have "\<And>u v. \<lbrakk>0 \<le> u; 0 \<le> v; u + v = 1\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> \<exists>p\<ge>0. \<exists>q. 0 \<le> q b \<and> q b = 1 - p \<and> q b *\<^sub>R b = u *\<^sub>R a + v *\<^sub>R b - p *\<^sub>R a"
apply (rule_tac x=u in exI, simp)
apply (rule_tac x="\<lambda>x. v" in exI, simp) done
ultimately show ?thesis
using convex_hull_finite_step[OF **, of a 1]
by (auto simp add: convex_hull_finite)
qed
lemma convex_hull_2_alt: "convex hull {a,b} = {a + u *\<^sub>R (b - a) | u. 0 \<le> u \<and> u \<le> 1}"
unfolding convex_hull_2
proof (rule Collect_cong)
have *: "\<And>x y ::real. x + y = 1 \<longleftrightarrow> x = 1 - y"
by auto
fix x
show "(\<exists>v u. x = v *\<^sub>R a + u *\<^sub>R b \<and> 0 \<le> v \<and> 0 \<le> u \<and> v + u = 1) \<longleftrightarrow>
(\<exists>u. x = a + u *\<^sub>R (b - a) \<and> 0 \<le> u \<and> u \<le> 1)"
apply (simp add: *)
by (rule ex_cong1) (auto simp: algebra_simps)
qed
lemma convex_hull_3: "convex hull {a,b,c} = { u *\<^sub>R a + v *\<^sub>R b + w *\<^sub>R c | u v w. 0 \<le> u \<and> 0 \<le> v \<and> 0 \<le> w \<and> u + v + w = 1}"
proof -
have fin: "finite {a,b,c}""finite {b,c}""finite {c}"
by auto
have *: "\<And>x y z ::real. x + y + z = 1 \<longleftrightarrow> x = 1 - y - z"
by (auto simp: field_simps)
show ?thesis
unfolding convex_hull_finite[OF fin(1)] and convex_hull_finite_step[OF fin(2)] and *
unfolding convex_hull_finite_step[OF fin(3)]
apply (rule Collect_cong, simp)
apply auto
apply (rule_tac x=va in exI)
apply (rule_tac x="u c" in exI, simp)
apply (rule_tac x="1 - v - w" in exI, simp)
apply (rule_tac x=v in exI, simp)
apply (rule_tac x="\<lambda>x. w" in exI, simp) done
qed
lemma convex_hull_3_alt: "convex hull {a,b,c} = {a + u *\<^sub>R (b - a) + v *\<^sub>R (c - a) | u v. 0 \<le> u \<and> 0 \<le> v \<and> u + v \<le> 1}"
proof -
have *: "\<And>x y z ::real. x + y + z = 1 \<longleftrightarrow> x = 1 - y - z"
by auto
show ?thesis
unfolding convex_hull_3
apply (auto simp: *)
apply (rule_tac x=v in exI)
apply (rule_tac x=w in exI)
apply (simp add: algebra_simps)
apply (rule_tac x=u in exI)
apply (rule_tac x=v in exI)
apply (simp add: algebra_simps) done
qed
subsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>Relations among closure notions and corresponding hulls\<close>
lemma affine_imp_convex: "affine s \<Longrightarrow> convex s"
unfolding affine_def convex_def by auto
lemma convex_hull_caratheodory_aff_dim:
fixes p :: "('a::euclidean_space) set"
shows "convex hull p =
{y. \<exists>S u. finite S \<and> S \<subseteq> p \<and> card S \<le> aff_dim p + 1 \<and>
(\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> sum u S = 1 \<and> sum (\<lambda>v. u v *\<^sub>R v) S = y}"
unfolding convex_hull_explicit set_eq_iff mem_Collect_eq
proof (intro allI iffI)
fix y
let ?P = "\<lambda>n. \<exists>S u. finite S \<and> card S = n \<and> S \<subseteq> p \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x) \<and>
sum u S = 1 \<and> (\<Sum>v\<in>S. u v *\<^sub>R v) = y"
assume "\<exists>S u. finite S \<and> S \<subseteq> p \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> sum u S = 1 \<and> (\<Sum>v\<in>S. u v *\<^sub>R v) = y" then obtain N where "?P N" by auto then have "\<exists>n\<le>N. (\<forall>k<n. \<not> ?P k) \<and> ?P n"
by (rule_tac ex_least_nat_le, auto) then obtain n where "?P n" and smallest: "\<forall>k<n. \<not> ?P k"
by blast then obtain S u where S: "finite S""card S = n""S\<subseteq>p"
and u: "\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x""sum u S = 1""(\<Sum>v\<in>S. u v *\<^sub>R v) = y" by auto
have "card S \<le> aff_dim p + 1"
proof (rule ccontr, simp only: not_le)
assume "aff_dim p + 1 < card S" then have "affine_dependent S"
by (smt (verit) independent_card_le_aff_dim S(3)) then obtain w v where wv: "sum w S = 0""v\<in>S""w v \<noteq> 0""(\<Sum>v\<in>S. w v *\<^sub>R v) = 0"
using affine_dependent_explicit_finite[OF S(1)] by auto define i where "i = (\<lambda>v. (u v) / (- w v)) ` {v\<in>S. w v < 0}" define t where "t = Min i"
have "\<exists>x\<in>S. w x < 0"
by (smt (verit, best) S(1) sum_pos2 wv) then have "i \<noteq> {}" unfolding i_def by auto then have "t \<ge> 0"
using Min_ge_iff[of i 0] and S(1) u[unfolded le_less]
unfolding t_def i_def
by (auto simp: divide_le_0_iff)
have t: "\<forall>v\<in>S. u v + t * w v \<ge> 0"
proof
fix v
assume "v \<in> S" then have v: "0 \<le> u v"
using u(1) by blast
show "0 \<le> u v + t * w v"
proof (cases "w v < 0")
case False
thus ?thesis using v \<open>t\<ge>0\<close> by auto
next
case True then have "t \<le> u v / (- w v)"
using \<open>v\<in>S\<close> S unfolding t_def i_def by (auto intro: Min_le) then show ?thesis
unfolding real_0_le_add_iff
using True neg_le_minus_divide_eq by auto
qed
qed
obtain a where "a \<in> S" and "t = (\<lambda>v. (u v) / (- w v)) a" and "w a < 0"
using Min_in[OF _ \<open>i\<noteq>{}\<close>] and S(1) unfolding i_def t_def by auto then have a: "a \<in> S""u a + t * w a = 0" by auto
have *: "\<And>f. sum f (S - {a}) = sum f S - ((f a)::'b::ab_group_add)"
unfolding sum.remove[OF S(1) \<open>a\<in>S\<close>] by auto
have "(\<Sum>v\<in>S. u v + t * w v) = 1"
by (metis add.right_neutral mult_zero_right sum.distrib sum_distrib_left u(2) wv(1))
moreover have "(\<Sum>v\<in>S. u v *\<^sub>R v + (t * w v) *\<^sub>R v) - (u a *\<^sub>R a + (t * w a) *\<^sub>R a) = y"
unfolding sum.distrib u(3) scaleR_scaleR[symmetric] scaleR_right.sum [symmetric] wv(4)
using a(2) [THEN eq_neg_iff_add_eq_0 [THEN iffD2]] by simp
ultimately have "?P (n - 1)"
apply (rule_tac x="(S - {a})" in exI)
apply (rule_tac x="\<lambda>v. u v + t * w v" in exI)
using S t a
apply (auto simp: * scaleR_left_distrib) done then show False
using smallest[THEN spec[where x="n - 1"]] by auto
qed then show "\<exists>S u. finite S \<and> S \<subseteq> p \<and> card S \<le> aff_dim p + 1 \<and>
(\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> sum u S = 1 \<and> (\<Sum>v\<in>S. u v *\<^sub>R v) = y"
using S u by auto
qed auto
lemma caratheodory_aff_dim:
fixes p :: "('a::euclidean_space) set"
shows "convex hull p = {x. \<exists>S. finite S \<and> S \<subseteq> p \<and> card S \<le> aff_dim p + 1 \<and> x \<in> convex hull S}"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
have "\<And>x S u. \<lbrakk>finite S; S \<subseteq> p; int (card S) \<le> aff_dim p + 1; \<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x; sum u S = 1\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> (\<Sum>v\<in>S. u v *\<^sub>R v) \<in> convex hull S"
by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) convex_convex_hull convex_explicit hull_subset) then show "?lhs \<subseteq> ?rhs"
by (subst convex_hull_caratheodory_aff_dim, auto)
qed (use hull_mono in auto)
lemma convex_hull_caratheodory:
fixes p :: "('a::euclidean_space) set"
shows "convex hull p =
{y. \<exists>S u. finite S \<and> S \<subseteq> p \<and> card S \<le> DIM('a) + 1 \<and>
(\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x) \<and> sum u S = 1 \<and> sum (\<lambda>v. u v *\<^sub>R v) S = y}"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof (intro set_eqI iffI)
fix x
assume "x \<in> ?lhs"then show "x \<in> ?rhs"
unfolding convex_hull_caratheodory_aff_dim
using aff_dim_le_DIM [of p] by fastforce
qed (auto simp: convex_hull_explicit)
theorem caratheodory: "convex hull p =
{x::'a::euclidean_space. \<exists>S. finite S \<and> S \<subseteq> p \<and> card S \<le> DIM('a) + 1 \<and> x \<in> convex hull S}"
proof safe
fix x
assume "x \<in> convex hull p" then obtain S u where "finite S""S \<subseteq> p""card S \<le> DIM('a) + 1" "\<forall>x\<in>S. 0 \<le> u x""sum u S = 1""(\<Sum>v\<in>S. u v *\<^sub>R v) = x"
unfolding convex_hull_caratheodory by auto then show "\<exists>S. finite S \<and> S \<subseteq> p \<and> card S \<le> DIM('a) + 1 \<and> x \<in> convex hull S"
using convex_hull_finite by fastforce
qed (use hull_mono in force)
subsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close>\<open>Some Properties of subset of standard basis\<close>
lemma affine_hull_substd_basis:
assumes "d \<subseteq> Basis"
shows "affine hull (insert 0 d) = {x::'a::euclidean_space. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. i \<notin> d \<longrightarrow> x\<bullet>i = 0}"
(is "affine hull (insert 0 ?A) = ?B")
proof -
have *: "\<And>A. (+) (0::'a) ` A = A""\<And>A. (+) (- (0::'a)) ` A = A"
by auto
show ?thesis
unfolding affine_hull_insert_span_gen span_substd_basis[OF assms,symmetric] * ..
qed
subsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>Moving and scaling convex hulls\<close>
lemma convex_hull_set_plus: "convex hull (S + T) = convex hull S + convex hull T"
by (simp add: set_plus_image linear_iff scaleR_right_distrib convex_hull_Times
flip: convex_hull_linear_image)
lemma translation_eq_singleton_plus: "(\<lambda>x. a + x) ` T = {a} + T"
unfolding set_plus_def by auto
lemma convex_hull_translation: "convex hull ((\<lambda>x. a + x) ` S) = (\<lambda>x. a + x) ` (convex hull S)"
by (simp add: convex_hull_set_plus translation_eq_singleton_plus)
lemma convex_hull_scaling: "convex hull ((\<lambda>x. c *\<^sub>R x) ` S) = (\<lambda>x. c *\<^sub>R x) ` (convex hull S)"
by (simp add: convex_hull_linear_image)
lemma convex_hull_affinity: "convex hull ((\<lambda>x. a + c *\<^sub>R x) ` S) = (\<lambda>x. a + c *\<^sub>R x) ` (convex hull S)"
by (metis convex_hull_scaling convex_hull_translation image_image)
subsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>Convexity of cone hulls\<close>
lemma convex_cone_hull:
assumes "convex S"
shows "convex (cone hull S)"
proof (rule convexI)
fix x y
assume xy: "x \<in> cone hull S""y \<in> cone hull S" then have "S \<noteq> {}"
using cone_hull_empty_iff[of S] by auto
fix u v :: real
assume uv: "u \<ge> 0""v \<ge> 0""u + v = 1" then have *: "u *\<^sub>R x \<in> cone hull S""v *\<^sub>R y \<in> cone hull S"
by (simp_all add: cone_cone_hull mem_cone uv xy) then obtain cx :: real and xx
and cy :: real and yy where x: "u *\<^sub>R x = cx *\<^sub>R xx""cx \<ge> 0""xx \<in> S"
and y: "v *\<^sub>R y = cy *\<^sub>R yy""cy \<ge> 0""yy \<in> S"
using cone_hull_expl[of S] by auto
have "u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y \<in> cone hull S"if"cx + cy \<le> 0"
using "*"(1) nless_le that x(2) y by fastforce
moreover
have "u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y \<in> cone hull S"if"cx + cy > 0"
proof -
have "(cx / (cx + cy)) *\<^sub>R xx + (cy / (cx + cy)) *\<^sub>R yy \<in> S"
using assms mem_convex_alt[of S xx yy cx cy] x y that by auto then have "cx *\<^sub>R xx + cy *\<^sub>R yy \<in> cone hull S"
using mem_cone_hull[of "(cx/(cx+cy)) *\<^sub>R xx + (cy/(cx+cy)) *\<^sub>R yy" S "cx+cy"] \<open>cx+cy>0\<close>
by (auto simp: scaleR_right_distrib) then show ?thesis
using x y by auto
qed
moreover have "cx + cy \<le> 0 \<or> cx + cy > 0" by auto
ultimately show "u *\<^sub>R x + v *\<^sub>R y \<in> cone hull S" by blast
qed
definition conic :: "'a::real_vector set \<Rightarrow> bool"
where "conic S \<equiv> \<forall>x c. x \<in> S \<longrightarrow> 0 \<le> c \<longrightarrow> (c *\<^sub>R x) \<in> S"
lemma conicD: "\<lbrakk>conic S; x \<in> S; 0 \<le> c\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (c *\<^sub>R x) \<in> S"
by (meson conic_def)
lemma subspace_imp_conic: "subspace S \<Longrightarrow> conic S"
by (simp add: conic_def subspace_def)
lemma conic_empty [simp]: "conic {}"
using conic_def by blast
lemma conic_UNIV: "conic UNIV"
by (simp add: conic_def)
lemma conic_Inter: "(\<And>S. S \<in> \<F> \<Longrightarrow> conic S) \<Longrightarrow> conic(\<Inter>\<F>)"
by (simp add: conic_def)
lemma conic_linear_image: "\<lbrakk>conic S; linear f\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> conic(f ` S)"
by (smt (verit) conic_def image_iff linear.scaleR)
lemma conic_hull_eq: "(conic hull S = S) \<longleftrightarrow> conic S"
by (metis conic_conic_hull hull_same)
lemma conic_hull_UNIV [simp]: "conic hull UNIV = UNIV"
by simp
lemma conic_negations: "conic S \<Longrightarrow> conic (image uminus S)"
by (auto simp: conic_def image_iff)
lemma conic_span [iff]: "conic(span S)"
by (simp add: subspace_imp_conic)
lemma conic_hull_explicit: "conic hull S = {c *\<^sub>R x| c x. 0 \<le> c \<and> x \<in> S}"
proof (rule hull_unique)
show "S \<subseteq> {c *\<^sub>R x |c x. 0 \<le> c \<and> x \<in> S}"
by (metis (no_types) cone_hull_expl hull_subset)
show "conic {c *\<^sub>R x |c x. 0 \<le> c \<and> x \<in> S}"
using mult_nonneg_nonneg by (force simp: conic_def)
qed (auto simp: conic_def)
lemma conic_hull_as_image: "conic hull S = (\<lambda>z. fst z *\<^sub>R snd z) ` ({0..} \<times> S)"
by (force simp: conic_hull_explicit)
lemma conic_hull_linear_image: "linear f \<Longrightarrow> conic hull f ` S = f ` (conic hull S)"
by (force simp: conic_hull_explicit image_iff set_eq_iff linear_scale)
lemma conic_hull_image_scale:
assumes "\<And>x. x \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> 0 < c x"
shows "conic hull (\<lambda>x. c x *\<^sub>R x) ` S = conic hull S"
proof
show "conic hull (\<lambda>x. c x *\<^sub>R x) ` S \<subseteq> conic hull S"
proof (rule hull_minimal)
show "(\<lambda>x. c x *\<^sub>R x) ` S \<subseteq> conic hull S"
using assms conic_hull_explicit by fastforce
qed (simp add: conic_conic_hull)
show "conic hull S \<subseteq> conic hull (\<lambda>x. c x *\<^sub>R x) ` S"
proof (rule hull_minimal)
show "S \<subseteq> conic hull (\<lambda>x. c x *\<^sub>R x) ` S"
proof clarsimp
fix x
assume "x \<in> S" then have "x = inverse(c x) *\<^sub>R c x *\<^sub>R x"
using assms by fastforce then show "x \<in> conic hull (\<lambda>x. c x *\<^sub>R x) ` S"
by (smt (verit, best) \<open>x \<in> S\<close> assms conic_conic_hull conic_mul hull_inc image_eqI inverse_nonpositive_iff_nonpositive)
qed
qed (simp add: conic_conic_hull)
qed
lemma convex_conic_hull:
assumes "convex S"
shows "convex (conic hull S)"
proof (clarsimp simp add: conic_hull_explicit convex_alt)
fix c x d y and u :: real
assume \<section>: "(0::real) \<le> c""x \<in> S""(0::real) \<le> d""y \<in> S""0 \<le> u""u \<le> 1"
show "\<exists>c'' x''. ((1 - u) * c) *\<^sub>R x + (u * d) *\<^sub>R y = c'' *\<^sub>R x'' \<and> 0 \<le> c'' \<and> x'' \<in> S"
proof (cases "(1 - u) * c = 0")
case True
with \<open>0 \<le> d\<close> \<open>y \<in> S\<close>\<open>0 \<le> u\<close>
show ?thesis by force
next
case False define \<xi> where "\<xi> \<equiv> (1 - u) * c + u * d"
have *: "c * u \<le> c"
by (simp add: "\<section>" mult_left_le)
have "\<xi> > 0"
using False \<section> by (smt (verit, best) \<xi>_def split_mult_pos_le) then have **: "c + d * u = \<xi> + c * u"
by (simp add: \<xi>_def mult.commute right_diff_distrib')
show ?thesis
proof (intro exI conjI)
show "0 \<le> \<xi>"
using \<open>0 < \<xi>\<close> by auto
show "((1 - u) * c) *\<^sub>R x + (u * d) *\<^sub>R y = \<xi> *\<^sub>R (((1 - u) * c / \<xi>) *\<^sub>R x + (u * d / \<xi>) *\<^sub>R y)"
using \<open>\<xi> > 0\<close> by (simp add: algebra_simps diff_divide_distrib)
show "((1 - u) * c / \<xi>) *\<^sub>R x + (u * d / \<xi>) *\<^sub>R y \<in> S"
using \<open>0 < \<xi>\<close>
by (intro convexD [OF assms]) (auto simp: \<section> field_split_simps * **)
qed
qed
qed
lemma conic_halfspace_le: "conic {x. a \<bullet> x \<le> 0}"
by (auto simp: conic_def mult_le_0_iff)
lemma conic_halfspace_ge: "conic {x. a \<bullet> x \<ge> 0}"
by (auto simp: conic_def mult_le_0_iff)
lemma conic_contains_0: "conic S \<Longrightarrow> (0 \<in> S \<longleftrightarrow> S \<noteq> {})"
by (simp add: Convex.cone_def cone_contains_0 conic_def)
lemma conic_hull_eq_empty: "conic hull S = {} \<longleftrightarrow> (S = {})"
using conic_hull_explicit by fastforce
lemma conic_sums: "\<lbrakk>conic S; conic T\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> conic (\<Union>x\<in> S. \<Union>y \<in> T. {x + y})"
by (simp add: conic_def) (metis scaleR_right_distrib)
lemma conic_hull_contains_0 [simp]: "0 \<in> conic hull S \<longleftrightarrow> (S \<noteq> {})"
by (simp add: conic_conic_hull conic_contains_0 conic_hull_eq_empty)
lemma conic_hull_eq_sing: "conic hull S = {x} \<longleftrightarrow> S = {0} \<and> x = 0"
proof
show "conic hull S = {x} \<Longrightarrow> S = {0} \<and> x = 0"
by (metis conic_conic_hull conic_contains_0 conic_def conic_hull_eq hull_inc insert_not_empty singleton_iff)
qed simp
lemma conic_hull_Int_affine_hull:
assumes "T \<subseteq> S""0 \<notin> affine hull S"
shows "(conic hull T) \<inter> (affine hull S) = T"
proof -
have TaffS: "T \<subseteq> affine hull S"
using \<open>T \<subseteq> S\<close> hull_subset by fastforce
moreover
have "conic hull T \<inter> affine hull S \<subseteq> T"
proof (clarsimp simp: conic_hull_explicit)
fix c x
assume "c *\<^sub>R x \<in> affine hull S"
and "0 \<le> c"
and "x \<in> T"
show "c *\<^sub>R x \<in> T"
proof (cases "c=1")
case True then show ?thesis
by (simp add: \<open>x \<in> T\<close>)
next
case False then have "x /\<^sub>R (1 - c) = x + (c * inverse (1 - c)) *\<^sub>R x"
by (smt (verit, ccfv_SIG) diff_add_cancel mult.commute real_vector_affinity_eq scaleR_collapse scaleR_scaleR) then have "0 = inverse(1 - c) *\<^sub>R c *\<^sub>R x + (1 - inverse(1 - c)) *\<^sub>R x"
by (simp add: algebra_simps) then have "0 \<in> affine hull S"
by (smt (verit) \<open>c *\<^sub>R x \<in> affine hull S\<close> \<open>x \<in> T\<close> affine_affine_hull TaffS in_mono mem_affine) then show ?thesis
using assms by auto
qed
qed
ultimately show ?thesis
by (auto simp: hull_inc)
qed
section \<open>Convex cones and corresponding hulls\<close>
definition convex_cone :: "'a::real_vector set \<Rightarrow> bool"
where "convex_cone \<equiv> \<lambda>S. S \<noteq> {} \<and> convex S \<and> conic S"
lemma convex_cone_iff: "convex_cone S \<longleftrightarrow> 0 \<in> S \<and> (\<forall>x \<in> S. \<forall>y \<in> S. x + y \<in> S) \<and> (\<forall>x \<in> S. \<forall>c\<ge>0. c *\<^sub>R x \<in> S)"
by (metis cone_def conic_contains_0 conic_def convex_cone convex_cone_def)
lemma convex_cone_add: "\<lbrakk>convex_cone S; x \<in> S; y \<in> S\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> x+y \<in> S"
by (simp add: convex_cone_iff)
lemma convex_cone_scaleR: "\<lbrakk>convex_cone S; 0 \<le> c; x \<in> S\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> c *\<^sub>R x \<in> S"
by (simp add: convex_cone_iff)
lemma convex_cone_nonempty: "convex_cone S \<Longrightarrow> S \<noteq> {}"
by (simp add: convex_cone_def)
lemma convex_cone_linear_image: "convex_cone S \<and> linear f \<Longrightarrow> convex_cone(f ` S)"
by (simp add: conic_linear_image convex_cone_def convex_linear_image)
lemma convex_cone_Times_D1: "convex_cone (S \<times> T) \<Longrightarrow> convex_cone S"
by (metis Times_empty conic_Times_eq convex_cone_def convex_convex_hull convex_hull_Times hull_same times_eq_iff)
lemma convex_cone_Times_eq: "convex_cone(S \<times> T) \<longleftrightarrow> convex_cone S \<and> convex_cone T"
proof (cases "S={} \<or> T={}")
case True then show ?thesis
by (auto dest: convex_cone_nonempty)
next
case False then have "convex_cone (S \<times> T) \<Longrightarrow> convex_cone T"
by (metis conic_Times_eq convex_cone_def convex_convex_hull convex_hull_Times hull_same times_eq_iff) then show ?thesis
using convex_cone_Times convex_cone_Times_D1 by blast
qed
lemma convex_cone_hull_Un: "convex_cone hull(S \<union> T) = (\<Union>x \<in> convex_cone hull S. \<Union>y \<in> convex_cone hull T. {x + y})"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
show "?lhs \<subseteq> ?rhs"
proof (rule hull_minimal)
show "S \<union> T \<subseteq> (\<Union>x\<in>convex_cone hull S. \<Union>y\<in>convex_cone hull T. {x + y})"
apply (clarsimp simp: subset_iff)
by (metis add_0 convex_cone_hull_contains_0 group_cancel.rule0 hull_inc)
show "convex_cone (\<Union>x\<in>convex_cone hull S. \<Union>y\<in>convex_cone hull T. {x + y})"
by (simp add: convex_cone_convex_cone_hull convex_cone_sums)
qed
next
show "?rhs \<subseteq> ?lhs"
by clarify (metis convex_cone_hull_add hull_mono le_sup_iff subsetD subsetI)
qed
lemma convex_cone_singleton [iff]: "convex_cone {0}"
by (simp add: convex_cone_iff)
lemma convex_hull_subset_convex_cone_hull: "convex hull S \<subseteq> convex_cone hull S"
by (simp add: convex_convex_cone_hull hull_minimal hull_subset)
lemma conic_hull_subset_convex_cone_hull: "conic hull S \<subseteq> convex_cone hull S"
by (simp add: conic_convex_cone_hull hull_minimal hull_subset)
lemma subspace_imp_convex_cone: "subspace S \<Longrightarrow> convex_cone S"
by (simp add: convex_cone_iff subspace_def)
lemma convex_cone_span: "convex_cone(span S)"
by (simp add: subspace_imp_convex_cone)
lemma convex_cone_negations: "convex_cone S \<Longrightarrow> convex_cone (image uminus S)"
by (simp add: convex_cone_linear_image module_hom_uminus)
lemma subspace_convex_cone_symmetric: "subspace S \<longleftrightarrow> convex_cone S \<and> (\<forall>x \<in> S. -x \<in> S)"
by (smt (verit) convex_cone_iff scaleR_left.minus subspace_def subspace_neg)
lemma convex_cone_hull_separate_nonempty:
assumes "S \<noteq> {}"
shows "convex_cone hull S = conic hull (convex hull S)" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
show "?lhs \<subseteq> ?rhs"
by (metis assms conic_conic_hull convex_cone_def convex_conic_hull convex_convex_hull hull_subset subset_empty subset_hull)
show "?rhs \<subseteq> ?lhs"
by (simp add: conic_convex_cone_hull convex_hull_subset_convex_cone_hull subset_hull)
qed
lemma convex_cone_hull_separate: "convex_cone hull S = insert 0 (conic hull (convex hull S))"
proof(cases "S={}")
case False then show ?thesis
using convex_cone_hull_contains_0 convex_cone_hull_separate_nonempty by blast
qed auto
lemma convex_cone_hull_convex_hull_nonempty: "S \<noteq> {} \<Longrightarrow> convex_cone hull S = (\<Union>x \<in> convex hull S. \<Union>c\<in>{0..}. {c *\<^sub>R x})"
by (force simp: convex_cone_hull_separate_nonempty conic_hull_as_image)
lemma convex_cone_hull_convex_hull: "convex_cone hull S = insert 0 (\<Union>x \<in> convex hull S. \<Union>c\<in>{0..}. {c *\<^sub>R x})"
by (force simp: convex_cone_hull_separate conic_hull_as_image)
lemma convex_cone_hull_linear_image: "linear f \<Longrightarrow> convex_cone hull (f ` S) = image f (convex_cone hull S)"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) conic_hull_linear_image convex_cone_hull_separate convex_hull_linear_image image_insert linear_0)
subsection \<open>Radon's theorem\<close>
text "Formalized by Lars Schewe."
lemma Radon_ex_lemma:
assumes "finite c""affine_dependent c"
shows "\<exists>u. sum u c = 0 \<and> (\<exists>v\<in>c. u v \<noteq> 0) \<and> sum (\<lambda>v. u v *\<^sub>R v) c = 0"
using affine_dependent_explicit_finite assms by blast
lemma Radon_s_lemma:
assumes "finite S"
and "sum f S = (0::real)"
shows "sum f {x\<in>S. 0 < f x} = - sum f {x\<in>S. f x < 0}"
proof -
have "\<And>x. (if f x < 0 then f x else 0) + (if 0 < f x then f x else 0) = f x"
by auto then show ?thesis
using assms by (simp add: sum.inter_filter flip: sum.distrib add_eq_0_iff)
qed
lemma Radon_v_lemma:
assumes "finite S"
and "sum f S = 0"
and "\<forall>x. g x = (0::real) \<longrightarrow> f x = (0::'a::euclidean_space)"
shows "(sum f {x\<in>S. 0 < g x}) = - sum f {x\<in>S. g x < 0}"
proof -
have "\<And>x. (if 0 < g x then f x else 0) + (if g x < 0 then f x else 0) = f x"
using assms by auto then show ?thesis
using assms by (simp add: sum.inter_filter eq_neg_iff_add_eq_0 flip: sum.distrib add_eq_0_iff)
qed
lemma Radon_partition:
assumes "finite C""affine_dependent C"
shows "\<exists>M P. M \<inter> P = {} \<and> M \<union> P = C \<and> (convex hull M) \<inter> (convex hull P) \<noteq> {}"
proof -
obtain u v where uv: "sum u C = 0""v\<in>C""u v \<noteq> 0""(\<Sum>v\<in>C. u v *\<^sub>R v) = 0"
using Radon_ex_lemma[OF assms] by auto
have fin: "finite {x \<in> C. 0 < u x}""finite {x \<in> C. 0 > u x}"
using assms(1) by auto define z where "z = inverse (sum u {x\<in>C. u x > 0}) *\<^sub>R sum (\<lambda>x. u x *\<^sub>R x) {x\<in>C. u x > 0}"
have "sum u {x \<in> C. 0 < u x} \<noteq> 0"
proof (cases "u v \<ge> 0")
case False then have "u v < 0" by auto then show ?thesis
by (smt (verit) assms(1) fin(1) mem_Collect_eq sum.neutral_const sum_mono_inv uv)
next
case True
with fin uv show "sum u {x \<in> C. 0 < u x} \<noteq> 0"
by (smt (verit) fin(1) mem_Collect_eq sum_nonneg_eq_0_iff uv)
qed then have *: "sum u {x\<in>C. u x > 0} > 0"
unfolding less_le by (metis (no_types, lifting) mem_Collect_eq sum_nonneg)
moreover have "sum u ({x \<in> C. 0 < u x} \<union> {x \<in> C. u x < 0}) = sum u C" "(\<Sum>x\<in>{x \<in> C. 0 < u x} \<union> {x \<in> C. u x < 0}. u x *\<^sub>R x) = (\<Sum>x\<in>C. u x *\<^sub>R x)"
using assms(1)
by (rule_tac[!] sum.mono_neutral_left, auto) then have "sum u {x \<in> C. 0 < u x} = - sum u {x \<in> C. 0 > u x}" "(\<Sum>x\<in>{x \<in> C. 0 < u x}. u x *\<^sub>R x) = - (\<Sum>x\<in>{x \<in> C. 0 > u x}. u x *\<^sub>R x)"
unfolding eq_neg_iff_add_eq_0
using uv(1,4)
by (auto simp: sum.union_inter_neutral[OF fin, symmetric])
moreover have "\<forall>x\<in>{v \<in> C. u v < 0}. 0 \<le> inverse (sum u {x \<in> C. 0 < u x}) * - u x"
using * by (fastforce intro: mult_nonneg_nonneg)
ultimately have "z \<in> convex hull {v \<in> C. u v \<le> 0}"
unfolding convex_hull_explicit mem_Collect_eq
apply (rule_tac x="{v \<in> C. u v < 0}" in exI)
apply (rule_tac x="\<lambda>y. inverse (sum u {x\<in>C. u x > 0}) * - u y" in exI)
using assms(1) unfolding scaleR_scaleR[symmetric] scaleR_right.sum [symmetric]
by (auto simp: z_def sum_negf sum_distrib_left[symmetric])
moreover have "\<forall>x\<in>{v \<in> C. 0 < u v}. 0 \<le> inverse (sum u {x \<in> C. 0 < u x}) * u x"
using * by (fastforce intro: mult_nonneg_nonneg) then have "z \<in> convex hull {v \<in> C. u v > 0}"
unfolding convex_hull_explicit mem_Collect_eq
apply (rule_tac x="{v \<in> C. 0 < u v}" in exI)
apply (rule_tac x="\<lambda>y. inverse (sum u {x\<in>C. u x > 0}) * u y" in exI)
using assms(1)
unfolding scaleR_scaleR[symmetric] scaleR_right.sum [symmetric]
using * by (auto simp: z_def sum_negf sum_distrib_left[symmetric])
ultimately show ?thesis
apply (rule_tac x="{v\<in>C. u v \<le> 0}" in exI)
apply (rule_tac x="{v\<in>C. u v > 0}" in exI, auto) done
qed
theorem Radon:
assumes "affine_dependent c"
obtains M P where "M \<subseteq> c""P \<subseteq> c""M \<inter> P = {}""(convex hull M) \<inter> (convex hull P) \<noteq> {}"
by (smt (verit) Radon_partition affine_dependent_explicit affine_dependent_explicit_finite assms le_sup_iff)
subsection \<open>Helly's theorem\<close>
lemma Helly_induct:
fixes \<F> :: "'a::euclidean_space set set"
assumes "card \<F> = n"
and "n \<ge> DIM('a) + 1"
and "\<forall>S\<in>\<F>. convex S""\<forall>T\<subseteq>\<F>. card T = DIM('a) + 1 \<longrightarrow> \<Inter>T \<noteq> {}"
shows "\<Inter>\<F> \<noteq> {}"
using assms
proof (induction n arbitrary: \<F>)
case 0 then show ?case by auto
next
case (Suc n)
have "finite \<F>"
using \<open>card \<F> = Suc n\<close> by (auto intro: card_ge_0_finite)
show "\<Inter>\<F> \<noteq> {}"
proof (cases "n = DIM('a)")
case True then show ?thesis
by (simp add: Suc.prems)
next
case False
have "\<Inter>(\<F> - {S}) \<noteq> {}"if"S \<in> \<F>"for S
proof (rule Suc.IH[rule_format])
show "card (\<F> - {S}) = n"
by (simp add: Suc.prems(1) \<open>finite \<F>\<close> that)
show "DIM('a) + 1 \<le> n"
using False Suc.prems(2) by linarith
show "\<And>t. \<lbrakk>t \<subseteq> \<F> - {S}; card t = DIM('a) + 1\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<Inter>t \<noteq> {}"
by (simp add: Suc.prems(4) subset_Diff_insert)
qed (use Suc in auto) then have "\<forall>S\<in>\<F>. \<exists>x. x \<in> \<Inter>(\<F> - {S})"
by blast then obtain X where X: "\<And>S. S\<in>\<F> \<Longrightarrow> X S \<in> \<Inter>(\<F> - {S})"
by metis
show ?thesis
proof (cases "inj_on X \<F>")
case False then obtain S T where "S\<noteq>T" and st: "S\<in>\<F>""T\<in>\<F>""X S = X T"
unfolding inj_on_def by auto then have *: "\<Inter>\<F> = \<Inter>(\<F> - {S}) \<inter> \<Inter>(\<F> - {T})" by auto
show ?thesis
by (metis "*" X disjoint_iff_not_equal st)
next
case True then obtain M P where mp: "M \<inter> P = {}""M \<union> P = X ` \<F>""convex hull M \<inter> convex hull P \<noteq> {}"
using Radon_partition[of "X ` \<F>"] and affine_dependent_biggerset[of "X ` \<F>"]
unfolding card_image[OF True] and \<open>card \<F> = Suc n\<close>
using Suc(3) \<open>finite \<F>\<close> and False
by auto
have "M \<subseteq> X ` \<F>""P \<subseteq> X ` \<F>"
using mp(2) by auto then obtain \<G> \<H> where gh:"M = X ` \<G>""P = X ` \<H>""\<G> \<subseteq> \<F>""\<H> \<subseteq> \<F>"
unfolding subset_image_iff by auto then have "\<F> \<union> (\<G> \<union> \<H>) = \<F>" by auto then have \<F>: "\<F> = \<G> \<union> \<H>"
using inj_on_Un_image_eq_iff[of X \<F> "\<G> \<union> \<H>"] and True
unfolding mp(2)[unfolded image_Un[symmetric] gh]
by auto
have *: "\<G> \<inter> \<H> = {}"
using gh local.mp(1) by blast
have "convex hull (X ` \<H>) \<subseteq> \<Inter>\<G>""convex hull (X ` \<G>) \<subseteq> \<Inter>\<H>"
by (rule hull_minimal; use X * \<F> in \<open>auto simp: Suc.prems(3) convex_Inter\<close>)+ then show ?thesis
unfolding \<F> using mp(3)[unfolded gh] by blast
qed
qed
qed
theorem Helly:
fixes \<F> :: "'a::euclidean_space set set"
assumes "card \<F> \<ge> DIM('a) + 1""\<forall>s\<in>\<F>. convex s"
and "\<And>t. \<lbrakk>t\<subseteq>\<F>; card t = DIM('a) + 1\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> \<Inter>t \<noteq> {}"
shows "\<Inter>\<F> \<noteq> {}"
using Helly_induct assms by blast
subsection \<open>Epigraphs of convex functions\<close>
definition\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> "epigraph S (f :: _ \<Rightarrow> real) = {xy. fst xy \<in> S \<and> f (fst xy) \<le> snd xy}"
lemma mem_epigraph: "(x, y) \<in> epigraph S f \<longleftrightarrow> x \<in> S \<and> f x \<le> y"
unfolding epigraph_def by auto
lemma convex_epigraph: "convex (epigraph S f) \<longleftrightarrow> convex_on S f"
proof safe
assume L: "convex (epigraph S f)" then show "convex_on S f"
by (fastforce simp: convex_def convex_on_def epigraph_def)
next
assume "convex_on S f" then show "convex (epigraph S f)"
unfolding convex_def convex_on_def epigraph_def
apply safe
apply (rule_tac [2] y="u * f a + v * f aa" in order_trans)
apply (auto intro!:mult_left_mono add_mono) done
qed
lemma convex_epigraphI: "convex_on S f \<Longrightarrow> convex (epigraph S f)"
unfolding convex_epigraph by auto
lemma convex_epigraph_convex: "convex_on S f \<longleftrightarrow> convex(epigraph S f)"
by (simp add: convex_epigraph)
subsubsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>Use this to derive general bound property of convex function\<close>
lemma convex_on:
assumes "convex S"
shows "convex_on S f \<longleftrightarrow>
(\<forall>k u x. (\<forall>i\<in>{1..k::nat}. 0 \<le> u i \<and> x i \<in> S) \<and> sum u {1..k} = 1 \<longrightarrow>
f (sum (\<lambda>i. u i *\<^sub>R x i) {1..k}) \<le> sum (\<lambda>i. u i * f(x i)) {1..k})"
(is "?lhs = (\<forall>k u x. ?rhs k u x)")
proof
assume ?lhs then have \<section>: "convex {xy. fst xy \<in> S \<and> f (fst xy) \<le> snd xy}"
by (metis assms convex_epigraph epigraph_def)
show "\<forall>k u x. ?rhs k u x"
proof (intro allI)
fix k u x
show "?rhs k u x"
using \<section>
unfolding convex mem_Collect_eq fst_sum snd_sum
apply safe
apply (drule_tac x=k in spec)
apply (drule_tac x=u in spec)
apply (drule_tac x="\<lambda>i. (x i, f (x i))" in spec)
apply simp done
qed
next
assume "\<forall>k u x. ?rhs k u x" then show ?lhs
unfolding convex_epigraph_convex convex epigraph_def Ball_def mem_Collect_eq fst_sum snd_sum
using assms[unfolded convex] apply clarsimp
apply (rule_tac y="\<Sum>i = 1..k. u i * f (fst (x i))" in order_trans)
by (auto simp add: mult_left_mono intro: sum_mono)
qed
subsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close> \<open>A bound within a convex hull\<close>
lemma convex_on_convex_hull_bound:
assumes "convex_on (convex hull S) f"
and "\<forall>x\<in>S. f x \<le> b"
shows "\<forall>x\<in> convex hull S. f x \<le> b"
proof
fix x
assume "x \<in> convex hull S" then obtain k u v where
u: "\<forall>i\<in>{1..k::nat}. 0 \<le> u i \<and> v i \<in> S""sum u {1..k} = 1""(\<Sum>i = 1..k. u i *\<^sub>R v i) = x"
unfolding convex_hull_indexed mem_Collect_eq by auto
have "(\<Sum>i = 1..k. u i * f (v i)) \<le> b"
using sum_mono[of "{1..k}""\<lambda>i. u i * f (v i)""\<lambda>i. u i * b"]
unfolding sum_distrib_right[symmetric] u(2) mult_1
using assms(2) mult_left_mono u(1) by blast then show "f x \<le> b"
using assms(1)[unfolded convex_on[OF convex_convex_hull], rule_format, of k u v]
using hull_inc u by fastforce
qed
lemma convex_set_plus:
assumes "convex S" and "convex T" shows "convex (S + T)"
by (metis assms convex_hull_eq convex_hull_set_plus)
lemma convex_set_sum:
assumes "\<And>i. i \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> convex (B i)"
shows "convex (\<Sum>i\<in>A. B i)"
using assms
by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp: convex_set_plus)
lemma finite_set_sum:
assumes "\<forall>i\<in>A. finite (B i)" shows "finite (\<Sum>i\<in>A. B i)"
using assms
by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp: finite_set_plus)
lemma box_eq_set_sum_Basis: "{x. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. x\<bullet>i \<in> B i} = (\<Sum>i\<in>Basis. (\<lambda>x. x *\<^sub>R i) ` (B i))" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
have "\<And>x. \<forall>i\<in>Basis. x \<bullet> i \<in> B i \<Longrightarrow>
\<exists>s. x = sum s Basis \<and> (\<forall>i\<in>Basis. s i \<in> (\<lambda>x. x *\<^sub>R i) ` B i)"
by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) euclidean_representation image_iff)
moreover
have "sum f Basis \<bullet> i \<in> B i"if"i \<in> Basis" and f: "\<forall>i\<in>Basis. f i \<in> (\<lambda>x. x *\<^sub>R i) ` B i"for i f
proof -
have "(\<Sum>x\<in>Basis - {i}. f x \<bullet> i) = 0"
proof (intro strip sum.neutral)
show "f x \<bullet> i = 0"if"x \<in> Basis - {i}"for x
using that f \<open>i \<in> Basis\<close> inner_Basis that by fastforce
qed then have "(\<Sum>x\<in>Basis. f x \<bullet> i) = f i \<bullet> i"
by (metis (no_types) \<open>i \<in> Basis\<close> add.right_neutral sum.remove [OF finite_Basis]) then have "(\<Sum>x\<in>Basis. f x \<bullet> i) \<in> B i"
using f that(1) by auto then show ?thesis
by (simp add: inner_sum_left)
qed
ultimately show ?thesis
by (subst set_sum_alt [OF finite_Basis]) auto
qed
lemma convex_hull_set_sum: "convex hull (\<Sum>i\<in>A. B i) = (\<Sum>i\<in>A. convex hull (B i))"
by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp: convex_hull_set_plus)
end
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