(* Title: HOL/Algebra/Sylow.thy
Author: Florian Kammueller, with new proofs by L C Paulson
*)
theory Sylow
imports Coset Exponent
begin
text ‹See
also 🍋‹"Kammueller-Paulson:1999"›.
›
text ‹The combinatorial argument
is in theory ‹Exponent
›.
›
lemma le_extend_mult:
"\0 < c; a \ b\ \ a \ b * c" for c :: nat
using gr0_conv_Suc
by fastforce
locale sylow = group +
fixes p
and a
and m
and calM
and RelM
assumes prime_p:
"prime p"
and order_G:
"order G = (p^a) * m"
and finite_G[iff]:
"finite (carrier G)"
defines "calM \ {s. s \ carrier G \ card s = p^a}"
and "RelM \ {(N1, N2). N1 \ calM \ N2 \ calM \ (\g \ carrier G. N1 = N2 #> g)}"
begin
lemma RelM_subset:
"RelM \ calM \ calM"
by (auto simp only: RelM_def)
lemma RelM_refl_on:
"refl_on calM RelM"
by (auto simp: refl_on_def RelM_def calM_def) (blast intro!: coset_mult_one [symmetric])
lemma RelM_sym:
"sym RelM"
unfolding sym_def RelM_def calM_def
using coset_mult_assoc coset_mult_one r_inv_ex
by (smt (verit, best) case_prod_conv mem_Collect_eq)
lemma RelM_trans:
"trans RelM"
by (auto simp add: trans_def RelM_def calM_def coset_mult_assoc)
lemma RelM_equiv:
"equiv calM RelM"
using RelM_subset RelM_refl_on RelM_sym RelM_trans
by (intro equivI)
lemma M_subset_calM_prep:
"M' \ calM // RelM \ M' \ calM"
unfolding RelM_def
by (blast elim!: quotientE)
end
subsection ‹Main Part of the
Proof›
locale sylow_central = sylow +
fixes H
and M1
and M
assumes M_in_quot:
"M \ calM // RelM"
and not_dvd_M:
"\ (p ^ Suc (multiplicity p m) dvd card M)"
and M1_in_M:
"M1 \ M"
defines "H \ {g. g \ carrier G \ M1 #> g = M1}"
begin
lemma M_subset_calM:
"M \ calM"
by (simp add: M_in_quot M_subset_calM_prep)
lemma card_M1:
"card M1 = p^a"
using M1_in_M M_subset_calM calM_def
by blast
lemma exists_x_in_M1:
"\x. x \ M1"
using prime_p [
THEN prime_gt_Suc_0_nat] card_M1 one_in_subset
by fastforce
lemma M1_subset_G [simp]:
"M1 \ carrier G"
using M1_in_M M_subset_calM calM_def mem_Collect_eq subsetCE
by blast
lemma M1_inj_H:
"\f \ H\M1. inj_on f H"
proof -
from exists_x_in_M1
obtain m1
where m1M:
"m1 \ M1"..
show ?thesis
proof
have "m1 \ carrier G"
by (simp add: m1M M1_subset_G [
THEN subsetD])
then show "inj_on (\z\H. m1 \ z) H"
by (simp add: H_def inj_on_def)
show "restrict ((\) m1) H \ H \ M1"
using H_def m1M rcosI
by auto
qed
qed
end
subsection ‹Discharging the Assumptions of
‹sylow_central
››
context sylow
begin
lemma EmptyNotInEquivSet:
"{} \ calM // RelM"
using RelM_equiv in_quotient_imp_non_empty
by blast
lemma existsM1inM:
"M \ calM // RelM \ \M1. M1 \ M"
using RelM_equiv equiv_Eps_in
by blast
lemma zero_less_o_G:
"0 < order G"
by (simp add: order_def card_gt_0_iff carrier_not_empty)
lemma zero_less_m:
"m > 0"
using zero_less_o_G
by (simp add: order_G)
lemma card_calM:
"card calM = (p^a) * m choose p^a"
by (simp add: calM_def n_subsets order_G [symmetric] order_def)
lemma zero_less_card_calM:
"card calM > 0"
by (simp add: card_calM zero_less_binomial le_extend_mult zero_less_m)
lemma max_p_div_calM:
"\ (p ^ Suc (multiplicity p m) dvd card calM)"
proof
assume "p ^ Suc (multiplicity p m) dvd card calM"
with zero_less_card_calM prime_p
have "Suc (multiplicity p m) \ multiplicity p (card calM)"
by (intro multiplicity_geI) auto
then show False
by (simp add: card_calM const_p_fac prime_p zero_less_m)
qed
lemma finite_calM:
"finite calM"
unfolding calM_def
by (rule finite_subset [
where B =
"Pow (carrier G)"]) auto
lemma lemma_A1:
"\M \ calM // RelM. \ (p ^ Suc (multiplicity p m) dvd card M)"
using RelM_equiv equiv_imp_dvd_card finite_calM max_p_div_calM
by blast
end
subsubsection
‹Introduction
and Destruct Rules
for ‹H
››
context sylow_central
begin
lemma H_I:
"\g \ carrier G; M1 #> g = M1\ \ g \ H"
by (simp add: H_def)
lemma H_into_carrier_G:
"x \ H \ x \ carrier G"
by (simp add: H_def)
lemma in_H_imp_eq:
"g \ H \ M1 #> g = M1"
by (simp add: H_def)
lemma H_m_closed:
"\x \ H; y \ H\ \ x \ y \ H"
by (simp add: H_def coset_mult_assoc [symmetric])
lemma H_not_empty:
"H \ {}"
by (force simp add: H_def intro: exI [of _
1])
lemma H_is_subgroup:
"subgroup H G"
proof (rule subgroupI)
show "H \ carrier G"
using H_into_carrier_G
by blast
show "\a. a \ H \ inv a \ H"
by (metis H_I H_into_carrier_G M1_subset_G coset_mult_assoc coset_mult_one in_H_imp_eq i
nv_closed r_inv)
show "\a b. \a \ H; b \ H\ \ a \ b \ H"
by (blast intro: H_m_closed)
qed (use H_not_empty in auto)
lemma rcosetGM1g_subset_G: "\g \ carrier G; x \ M1 #> g\ \ x \ carrier G"
by (blast intro: M1_subset_G [THEN r_coset_subset_G, THEN subsetD])
lemma finite_M1: "finite M1"
by (rule finite_subset [OF M1_subset_G finite_G])
lemma finite_rcosetGM1g: "g \ carrier G \ finite (M1 #> g)"
using rcosetGM1g_subset_G finite_G M1_subset_G cosets_finite rcosetsI by blast
lemma M1_cardeq_rcosetGM1g: "g \ carrier G \ card (M1 #> g) = card M1"
by (metis M1_subset_G card_rcosets_equal rcosetsI)
lemma M1_RelM_rcosetGM1g:
assumes "g \ carrier G"
shows "(M1, M1 #> g) \ RelM"
proof -
have "M1 #> g \ carrier G"
by (simp add: assms r_coset_subset_G)
moreover have "card (M1 #> g) = p ^ a"
using assms by (simp add: card_M1 M1_cardeq_rcosetGM1g)
moreover have "\h\carrier G. M1 = M1 #> g #> h"
by (metis assms M1_subset_G coset_mult_assoc coset_mult_one r_inv_ex)
ultimately show ?thesis
by (simp add: RelM_def calM_def card_M1)
qed
end
subsection ‹Equal Cardinalities of ‹M› and the Set of Cosets›
text ‹Injections between 🍋‹M› and 🍋‹rcosets🚫G🚫 H› show that
their cardinalities are equal.›
lemma ElemClassEquiv: "\equiv A r; C \ A // r\ \ \x \ C. \y \ C. (x, y) \ r"
unfolding equiv_def quotient_def sym_def trans_def by blast
context sylow_central
begin
lemma M_elem_map: "M2 \ M \ \g. g \ carrier G \ M1 #> g = M2"
using M1_in_M M_in_quot [THEN RelM_equiv [THEN ElemClassEquiv]]
by (simp add: RelM_def) (blast dest!: bspec)
lemmas M_elem_map_carrier = M_elem_map [THEN someI_ex, THEN conjunct1]
lemmas M_elem_map_eq = M_elem_map [THEN someI_ex, THEN conjunct2]
lemma M_funcset_rcosets_H:
"(\x\M. H #> (SOME g. g \ carrier G \ M1 #> g = x)) \ M \ rcosets H"
by (metis (lifting) H_is_subgroup M_elem_map_carrier rcosetsI restrictI subgroup.subset)
lemma inj_M_GmodH: "\f \ M \ rcosets H. inj_on f M"
proof
let ?inv = "\x. SOME g. g \ carrier G \ M1 #> g = x"
show "inj_on (\x\M. H #> ?inv x) M"
proof (rule inj_onI, simp)
fix x y
assume eq: "H #> ?inv x = H #> ?inv y" and xy: "x \ M" "y \ M"
have "x = M1 #> ?inv x"
by (simp add: M_elem_map_eq ‹x ∈ M›)
also have "\ = M1 #> ?inv y"
proof (rule coset_mult_inv1 [OF in_H_imp_eq [OF coset_join1]])
show "H #> ?inv x \ inv (?inv y) = H"
by (simp add: H_into_carrier_G M_elem_map_carrier xy coset_mult_inv2 eq subsetI)
qed (simp_all add: H_is_subgroup M_elem_map_carrier xy)
also have "\ = y"
using M_elem_map_eq ‹y ∈ M› by simp
finally show "x=y" .
qed
show "(\x\M. H #> ?inv x) \ M \ rcosets H"
by (rule M_funcset_rcosets_H)
qed
end
subsubsection ‹The Opposite Injection›
context sylow_central
begin
lemma H_elem_map: "H1 \ rcosets H \ \g. g \ carrier G \ H #> g = H1"
by (auto simp: RCOSETS_def)
lemmas H_elem_map_carrier = H_elem_map [THEN someI_ex, THEN conjunct1]
lemmas H_elem_map_eq = H_elem_map [THEN someI_ex, THEN conjunct2]
lemma rcosets_H_funcset_M:
"(\C \ rcosets H. M1 #> (SOME g. g \ carrier G \ H #> g = C)) \ rcosets H \ M"
using in_quotient_imp_closed [OF RelM_equiv M_in_quot _ M1_RelM_rcosetGM1g]
by (simp add: M1_in_M H_elem_map_carrier RCOSETS_def)
lemma inj_GmodH_M: "\g \ rcosets H\M. inj_on g (rcosets H)"
proof
let ?inv = "\x. SOME g. g \ carrier G \ H #> g = x"
show "inj_on (\C\rcosets H. M1 #> ?inv C) (rcosets H)"
proof (rule inj_onI, simp)
fix x y
assume eq: "M1 #> ?inv x = M1 #> ?inv y" and xy: "x \ rcosets H" "y \ rcosets H"
have "x = H #> ?inv x"
by (simp add: H_elem_map_eq ‹x ∈ rcosets H›)
also have "\ = H #> ?inv y"
proof (rule coset_mult_inv1 [OF coset_join2])
show "?inv x \ inv (?inv y) \ carrier G"
by (simp add: H_elem_map_carrier ‹x ∈ rcosets H› ‹y ∈ rcosets H›)
then show "(?inv x) \ inv (?inv y) \ H"
by (simp add: H_I H_elem_map_carrier xy coset_mult_inv2 eq)
show "H \ carrier G"
by (simp add: H_is_subgroup subgroup.subset)
qed (simp_all add: H_is_subgroup H_elem_map_carrier xy)
also have "\ = y"
by (simp add: H_elem_map_eq ‹y ∈ rcosets H›)
finally show "x=y" .
qed
show "(\C\rcosets H. M1 #> ?inv C) \ rcosets H \ M"
using rcosets_H_funcset_M by blast
qed
lemma calM_subset_PowG: "calM \ Pow (carrier G)"
by (auto simp: calM_def)
lemma finite_M: "finite M"
by (metis M_subset_calM finite_calM rev_finite_subset)
lemma cardMeqIndexH: "card M = card (rcosets H)"
using inj_M_GmodH inj_GmodH_M
by (metis H_is_subgroup card_bij finite_G finite_M finite_UnionD rcosets_part_G)
lemma index_lem: "card M * card H = order G"
by (simp add: cardMeqIndexH lagrange H_is_subgroup)
lemma card_H_eq: "card H = p^a"
proof (rule antisym)
show "p^a \ card H"
proof (rule dvd_imp_le)
have "p ^ (a + multiplicity p m) dvd card M * card H"
by (simp add: index_lem multiplicity_dvd order_G power_add)
then show "p ^ a dvd card H"
using div_combine not_dvd_M prime_p by blast
show "0 < card H"
by (blast intro: subgroup.finite_imp_card_positive H_is_subgroup)
qed
next
show "card H \ p^a"
using M1_inj_H card_M1 card_inj finite_M1 by fastforce
qed
end
lemma (in sylow) sylow_thm: "\H. subgroup H G \ card H = p^a"
proof -
obtain M where M: "M \ calM // RelM" "\ (p ^ Suc (multiplicity p m) dvd card M)"
using lemma_A1 by blast
then obtain M1 where "M1 \ M"
by (metis existsM1inM)
define H where "H \ {g. g \ carrier G \ M1 #> g = M1}"
with M ‹M1 ∈ M›
interpret sylow_central G p a m calM RelM H M1 M
by unfold_locales (auto simp add: H_def calM_def RelM_def)
show ?thesis
using H_is_subgroup card_H_eq by blast
qed
text ‹Needed because the locale's automatic definition refers to
🍋‹semigroup G› and 🍋‹group_axioms G› rather than
simply to 🍋‹group G›.›
lemma sylow_eq: "sylow G p a m \ group G \ sylow_axioms G p a m"
by (simp add: sylow_def group_def)
subsection ‹Sylow's Theorem\
theorem sylow_thm:
"\prime p; group G; order G = (p^a) * m; finite (carrier G)\
==> ∃H. subgroup H G ∧ card H = p^a"
by (rule sylow.sylow_thm [of G p a m]) (simp add: sylow_eq sylow_axioms_def)
end