(* Title: HOL/Algebra/Exact_Sequence.thy Author: Martin Baillon (first part) and LC Paulson (material ported from HOL Light)
*)
section‹Exact Sequences›
theory Exact_Sequence imports Elementary_Groups Solvable_Groups begin
subsection‹Definitions›
inductive exact_seq :: "'a monoid list \ ('a \ 'a) list \ bool"where
unity: " group_hom G1 G2 f \ exact_seq ([G2, G1], [f])" |
extension: "\ exact_seq ((G # K # l), (g # q)); group H ; h \ hom G H ;
kernel G H h = image g (carrier K) ]==> exact_seq (H # G # K # l, h # g # q)"
inductive_simps exact_seq_end_iff [simp]: "exact_seq ([G,H], (g # q))"
inductive_simps exact_seq_cons_iff [simp]: "exact_seq ((G # K # H # l), (g # h # q))"
abbreviation exact_seq_arrow :: "('a \ 'a) \ 'a monoid list \ ('a \ 'a) list \ 'a monoid \ 'a monoid list \ ('a \ 'a) list"
(‹(‹indent=3 notation=‹mixfix exact_seq››_ / --->🍋 _)› [1000, 60]) where"exact_seq_arrow f t G \ (G # (fst t), f # (snd t))"
subsection‹Basic Properties›
lemma exact_seq_length1: "exact_seq t \ length (fst t) = Suc (length (snd t))" by (induct t rule: exact_seq.induct) auto
lemma exact_seq_length2: "exact_seq t \ length (snd t) \ Suc 0" by (induct t rule: exact_seq.induct) auto
lemma dropped_seq_is_exact_seq: assumes"exact_seq (G, F)"and"(i :: nat) < length F" shows"exact_seq (drop i G, drop i F)"
proof- have"exact_seq (drop i (fst t), drop i (snd t))"if"exact_seq t""i < length (snd t)"for t i using that proof (induction arbitrary: i) case (unity G1 G2 f) thus ?case by (simp add: exact_seq.unity) next case (extension G K l g q H h) show ?case proof (cases) assume"i = 0"thus ?case using exact_seq.extension[OF extension.hyps] by simp next assume"i \ 0"hence"i \ Suc 0"by simp thenobtain k where"k < length (snd (G # K # l, g # q))""i = Suc k" using Suc_le_D extension.prems by auto thus ?thesis using extension.IH by simp qed qed thus ?thesis using assms by auto qed
lemma truncated_seq_is_exact_seq: assumes"exact_seq (l, q)"and"length l \ 3" shows"exact_seq (tl l, tl q)" using exact_seq_length1[OF assms(1)] dropped_seq_is_exact_seq[OF assms(1), of "Suc 0"]
exact_seq_length2[OF assms(1)] assms(2) by (simp add: drop_Suc)
lemma exact_seq_imp_exact_hom: assumes"exact_seq (G1 # l,q) \\<^bsub>g1\<^esub> G2 \\<^bsub>g2\<^esub> G3" shows"g1 ` (carrier G1) = kernel G2 G3 g2" proof - have"(hd (tl (snd t))) ` (carrier (hd (tl (tl (fst t))))) =
kernel (hd (tl (fst t))) (hd (fst t)) (hd (snd t))" if"exact_seq t"and"length (fst t) \ 3 \ length (snd t) \ 2"for t using that proof (induction) case (unity G1 G2 f) thenshow ?caseby auto next case (extension G l g q H h) thenshow ?caseby auto qed with assms show ?thesis by fastforce qed
lemma exact_seq_imp_exact_hom_arbitrary: assumes"exact_seq (G, F)" and"Suc i < length F" shows"(F ! (Suc i)) ` (carrier (G ! (Suc (Suc i)))) = kernel (G ! (Suc i)) (G ! i) (F ! i)" proof - have"length (drop i F) \ 2""length (drop i G) \ 3" using assms(2) exact_seq_length1[OF assms(1)] by auto thenobtain l q where"drop i G = (G ! i) # (G ! (Suc i)) # (G ! (Suc (Suc i))) # l" and"drop i F = (F ! i) # (F ! (Suc i)) # q" by (metis Cons_nth_drop_Suc Suc_less_eq assms exact_seq_length1 fst_conv
le_eq_less_or_eq le_imp_less_Suc prod.sel(2)) thus ?thesis using dropped_seq_is_exact_seq[OF assms(1), of i] assms(2)
exact_seq_imp_exact_hom[of "G ! i""G ! (Suc i)""G ! (Suc (Suc i))" l q] by auto qed
lemma exact_seq_imp_group_hom : assumes"exact_seq ((G # l, q)) \\<^bsub>g\<^esub> H" shows"group_hom G H g"
proof- have aux_lemma: "group_hom (hd (tl (fst t))) (hd (fst t)) (hd(snd t))"if"exact_seq t"for t using that proof (induction) case (unity G1 G2 f) thenshow ?caseby auto next case (extension G l g q H h) thenshow ?caseunfolding group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def by auto qed show ?thesis using aux_lemma[OF assms] by simp qed
lemma exact_seq_imp_group_hom_arbitrary: assumes"exact_seq (G, F)"and"(i :: nat) < length F" shows"group_hom (G ! (Suc i)) (G ! i) (F ! i)" proof - have"length (drop i F) \ 1""length (drop i G) \ 2" using assms(2) exact_seq_length1[OF assms(1)] by auto thenobtain l q where"drop i G = (G ! i) # (G ! (Suc i)) # l" and"drop i F = (F ! i) # q" by (metis Cons_nth_drop_Suc Suc_leI assms exact_seq_length1 fst_conv
le_eq_less_or_eq le_imp_less_Suc prod.sel(2)) thus ?thesis using dropped_seq_is_exact_seq[OF assms(1), of i] assms(2)
exact_seq_imp_group_hom[of "G ! i""G ! (Suc i)" l q "F ! i"] by simp qed
subsection‹Link Between Exact Sequences and Solvable Conditions›
lemma exact_seq_solvable_imp : assumes"exact_seq ([G1],[]) \\<^bsub>g1\<^esub> G2 \\<^bsub>g2\<^esub> G3" and"inj_on g1 (carrier G1)" and"g2 ` (carrier G2) = carrier G3" shows"solvable G2 \ (solvable G1) \ (solvable G3)" proof - assume G2: "solvable G2" have"group_hom G1 G2 g1" using exact_seq_imp_group_hom_arbitrary[OF assms(1), of "Suc 0"] by simp hence"solvable G1" using group_hom.inj_hom_imp_solvable[of G1 G2 g1] assms(2) G2 by simp moreoverhave"group_hom G2 G3 g2" using exact_seq_imp_group_hom_arbitrary[OF assms(1), of 0] by simp hence"solvable G3" using group_hom.surj_hom_imp_solvable[of G2 G3 g2] assms(3) G2 by simp ultimatelyshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma exact_seq_solvable_recip : assumes"exact_seq ([G1],[]) \\<^bsub>g1\<^esub> G2 \\<^bsub>g2\<^esub> G3" and"inj_on g1 (carrier G1)" and"g2 ` (carrier G2) = carrier G3" shows"(solvable G1) \ (solvable G3) \ solvable G2" proof - assume"(solvable G1) \ (solvable G3)" hence G1: "solvable G1"and G3: "solvable G3"by auto have g1: "group_hom G1 G2 g1"and g2: "group_hom G2 G3 g2" using exact_seq_imp_group_hom_arbitrary[OF assms(1), of "Suc 0"]
exact_seq_imp_group_hom_arbitrary[OF assms(1), of 0] by auto show ?thesis using solvable_condition[OF g1 g2 assms(3)]
exact_seq_imp_exact_hom[OF assms(1)] G1 G3 by auto qed
lemma exact_seq_eq_triviality: assumes"exact_seq ([E,D,C,B,A], [k,h,g,f])" shows"trivial_group C \ f ` carrier A = carrier B \ inj_on k (carrier D)" (is"_ = ?rhs") proof assume C: "trivial_group C" with assms have"inj_on k (carrier D)" apply (auto simp: group_hom.image_from_trivial_group trivial_group_def hom_one) apply (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def group_hom.inj_iff_trivial_ker) done with assms C show ?rhs apply (auto simp: group_hom.image_from_trivial_group trivial_group_def hom_one) apply (auto simp: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def hom_def kernel_def) done next assume ?rhs with assms show"trivial_group C" apply (simp add: trivial_group_def) by (metis group_hom.inj_iff_trivial_ker group_hom.trivial_hom_iff group_hom_axioms.intro group_hom_def) qed
lemma exact_seq_imp_triviality: "\exact_seq ([E,D,C,B,A], [k,h,g,f]); f \ iso A B; k \ iso D E\ \ trivial_group C" by (metis (no_types, lifting) Group.iso_def bij_betw_def exact_seq_eq_triviality mem_Collect_eq)
lemma exact_seq_epi_eq_triviality: "exact_seq ([D,C,B,A], [h,g,f]) \ (f ` carrier A = carrier B) \ trivial_homomorphism B C g" by (auto simp: trivial_homomorphism_def kernel_def)
lemma exact_seq_mon_eq_triviality: "exact_seq ([D,C,B,A], [h,g,f]) \ inj_on h (carrier C) \ trivial_homomorphism B C g" by (auto simp: trivial_homomorphism_def kernel_def group.is_monoid inj_on_one_iff' image_def) blast
lemma exact_sequence_sum_lemma: assumes"comm_group G"and h: "h \ iso A C"and k: "k \ iso B D" and ex: "exact_seq ([D,G,A], [g,i])""exact_seq ([C,G,B], [f,j])" and fih: "\x. x \ carrier A \ f(i x) = h x" and gjk: "\x. x \ carrier B \ g(j x) = k x" shows"(\(x, y). i x \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> j y) \ Group.iso (A \\ B) G \ (\z. (f z, g z)) \ Group.iso G (C \\ D)"
(is"?ij \ _ \ ?gf \ _") proof (rule epi_iso_compose_rev) interpret comm_group G by (rule assms) interpret f: group_hom G C f using ex by (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) interpret g: group_hom G D g using ex by (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) interpret i: group_hom A G i using ex by (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) interpret j: group_hom B G j using ex by (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) have kerf: "kernel G C f = j ` carrier B"and"group A""group B""i \ hom A G" using ex by (auto simp: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) thenobtain h' where "h'∈ hom C A" "(∀x ∈ carrier A. h'(h x) = x)" and hh': "(\y \ carrier C. h(h' y) = y)" and "group_isomorphisms A C h h'" using h by (auto simp: group.iso_iff_group_isomorphisms group_isomorphisms_def) have homij: "?ij \ hom (A \\ B) G" unfolding case_prod_unfold apply (rule hom_group_mult) using ex by (simp_all add: group_hom_def hom_of_fst [unfolded o_def] hom_of_snd [unfolded o_def]) show homgf: "?gf \ hom G (C \\ D)" using ex by (simp add: hom_paired) show"?ij \ epi (A \\ B) G" proof (clarsimp simp add: epi_iff_subset homij) fix x assume x: "x \ carrier G" with‹i ∈ hom A G›‹h' \ hom C A\ have "x \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub>(i(h'(f x))) ∈ kernel G C f" by (simp add: kernel_def hom_in_carrier hh' fih) with kerf obtain y where y: "y \ carrier B""j y = x \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub>(i(h'(f x)))" by auto have"i (h' (f x)) \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (x \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub> i (h' (f x))) = x \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> (i (h' (f x)) \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> inv\<^bsub>G\<^esub> i (h' (f x)))" by (meson ‹h' \ hom C A\ x f.hom_closed hom_in_carrier i.hom_closed inv_closed m_lcomm) alsohave"\ = x" using‹h' \ hom C A\ hom_in_carrier x by fastforce finallyshow"x \ (\(x, y). i x \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> j y) ` (carrier A \ carrier B)" using x y apply (clarsimp simp: image_def) apply (rule_tac x="h'(f x)"in bexI) apply (rule_tac x=y in bexI, auto) by (meson ‹h' \ hom C A\ f.hom_closed hom_in_carrier) qed show"(\z. (f z, g z)) \ (\(x, y). i x \\<^bsub>G\<^esub> j y) \ Group.iso (A \\ B) (C \\ D)" apply (rule group.iso_eq [where f = "\(x,y). (h x,k y)"]) using ex apply (auto simp: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def DirProd_group iso_paired2 h k fih gjk kernel_def set_eq_iff) apply (metis f.hom_closed f.r_one fih imageI) apply (metis g.hom_closed g.l_one gjk imageI) done qed
subsection‹Splitting lemmasand Short exact sequences› text‹Ported from HOL Light by LCP›
definition short_exact_sequence where"short_exact_sequence A B C f g \ \T1 T2 e1 e2. exact_seq ([T1,A,B,C,T2], [e1,f,g,e2]) \ trivial_group T1 \ trivial_group T2"
lemma short_exact_sequenceD: assumes"short_exact_sequence A B C f g"shows"exact_seq ([A,B,C], [f,g]) \ f \ epi B A \ g \ mon C B" using assms apply (auto simp: short_exact_sequence_def group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) apply (simp add: epi_iff_subset group_hom.intro group_hom.kernel_to_trivial_group group_hom_axioms.intro) by (metis (no_types, lifting) group_hom.inj_iff_trivial_ker group_hom.intro group_hom_axioms.intro
hom_one image_empty image_insert mem_Collect_eq mon_def trivial_group_def)
lemma short_exact_sequence_iff: "short_exact_sequence A B C f g \ exact_seq ([A,B,C], [f,g]) \ f \ epi B A \ g \ mon C B" proof - have"short_exact_sequence A B C f g" if"exact_seq ([A, B, C], [f, g])"and"f \ epi B A"and"g \ mon C B" proof - show ?thesis unfolding short_exact_sequence_def proof (intro exI conjI) have"kernel A (singleton_group \\<^bsub>A\<^esub>) (\x. \\<^bsub>A\<^esub>) = f ` carrier B" using that by (simp add: kernel_def singleton_group_def epi_def) moreoverhave"kernel C B g = {\\<^bsub>C\<^esub>}" using that group_hom.inj_iff_trivial_ker mon_def by fastforce ultimatelyshow"exact_seq ([singleton_group (one A), A, B, C, singleton_group (one C)], [\x. \\<^bsub>A\<^esub>, f, g, id])" using that by (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def group.id_hom_singleton) qed auto qed thenshow ?thesis using short_exact_sequenceD by blast qed
lemma very_short_exact_sequence: assumes"exact_seq ([D,C,B,A], [h,g,f])""trivial_group A""trivial_group D" shows"g \ iso B C" using assms apply simp by (metis (no_types, lifting) group_hom.image_from_trivial_group group_hom.iso_iff
group_hom.kernel_to_trivial_group group_hom.trivial_ker_imp_inj group_hom_axioms.intro group_hom_def hom_carrier inj_on_one_iff')
lemma splitting_sublemma_gen: assumes ex: "exact_seq ([C,B,A], [g,f])"and fim: "f ` carrier A = H" and"subgroup K B"and 1: "H \ K \ {one B}"and eq: "set_mult B H K = carrier B" shows"g \ iso (subgroup_generated B K) (subgroup_generated C(g ` carrier B))" proof - interpret KB: subgroup K B by (rule assms) interpret fAB: group_hom A B f using ex by simp interpret gBC: group_hom B C g using ex by (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) have"group A""group B""group C"and kerg: "kernel B C g = f ` carrier A" using ex by (auto simp: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) have ker_eq: "kernel B C g = H" using ex by (simp add: fim) thenhave"subgroup H B" using ex by (simp add: group_hom.img_is_subgroup) show ?thesis unfolding iso_iff proof (intro conjI) show"g \ hom (subgroup_generated B K) (subgroup_generated C(g ` carrier B))" by (metis ker_eq ‹subgroup K B› eq gBC.hom_between_subgroups gBC.set_mult_ker_hom(2) order_refl subgroup.subset) show"g ` carrier (subgroup_generated B K) = carrier (subgroup_generated C(g ` carrier B))" by (metis assms(3) eq fAB.H.subgroupE(1) gBC.img_is_subgroup gBC.set_mult_ker_hom(2) ker_eq subgroup.carrier_subgroup_generated_subgroup) interpret gKBC: group_hom "subgroup_generated B K" C g apply (auto simp: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def ‹group C›) by (simp add: fAB.H.hom_from_subgroup_generated gBC.homh) have *: "x = \\<^bsub>B\<^esub>" if x: "x \ carrier (subgroup_generated B K)"and"g x = \\<^bsub>C\<^esub>"for x proof - have x': "x \ carrier B" using that fAB.H.carrier_subgroup_generated_subset by blast moreoverhave"x \ H" using kerg fim x' that by (auto simp: kernel_def set_eq_iff) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (metis "1" x Int_iff singletonD KB.carrier_subgroup_generated_subgroup subsetCE) qed show"inj_on g (carrier (subgroup_generated B K))" using"*" gKBC.inj_on_one_iff by auto qed qed
lemma splitting_sublemma: assumes ex: "short_exact_sequence C B A g f"and fim: "f ` carrier A = H" and"subgroup K B"and 1: "H \ K \ {one B}"and eq: "set_mult B H K = carrier B" shows"f \ iso A (subgroup_generated B H)" (is ?f) "g \ iso (subgroup_generated B K) C" (is ?g) proof - show ?f using short_exact_sequenceD [OF ex] apply (clarsimp simp add: group_hom_def group.iso_onto_image) using fim group.iso_onto_image by blast have"C = subgroup_generated C(g ` carrier B)" using short_exact_sequenceD [OF ex] apply simp by (metis epi_iff_subset group.subgroup_generated_group_carrier hom_carrier subset_antisym) thenshow ?g using short_exact_sequenceD [OF ex] by (metis "1"‹subgroup K B› eq fim splitting_sublemma_gen) qed
lemma splitting_lemma_left_gen: assumes ex: "exact_seq ([C,B,A], [g,f])"and f': "f'∈ hom B A" and iso: "(f' \ f) \ iso A A" and injf: "inj_on f (carrier A)"and surj: "g ` carrier B = carrier C" obtains H K where"H \ B""K \ B""H \ K \ {one B}""set_mult B H K = carrier B" "f \ iso A (subgroup_generated B H)""g \ iso (subgroup_generated B K) C" proof - interpret gBC: group_hom B C g using ex by (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) have"group A""group B""group C"and kerg: "kernel B C g = f ` carrier A" using ex by (auto simp: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) thenhave *: "f ` carrier A \ kernel B A f' = {\\<^bsub>B\<^esub>} \ f ` carrier A <#>\<^bsub>B\<^esub> kernel B A f' = carrier B" using group_semidirect_sum_image_ker [of f A B f' A] assms by auto interpret f'AB: group_hom B A f' using assms by (auto simp: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) let ?H = "f ` carrier A" let ?K = "kernel B A f'" show thesis proof show"?H \ B" by (simp add: gBC.normal_kernel flip: kerg) show"?K \ B" by (rule f'AB.normal_kernel) show"?H \ ?K \ {\\<^bsub>B\<^esub>}""?H <#>\<^bsub>B\<^esub> ?K = carrier B" using * by auto show"f \ Group.iso A (subgroup_generated B ?H)" using ex by (simp add: injf iso_onto_image group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) have C: "C = subgroup_generated C(g ` carrier B)" using surj by (simp add: gBC.subgroup_generated_group_carrier) show"g \ Group.iso (subgroup_generated B ?K) C" apply (subst C) apply (rule splitting_sublemma_gen [OF ex refl]) using * by (auto simp: f'AB.subgroup_kernel) qed qed
lemma splitting_lemma_left: assumes ex: "exact_seq ([C,B,A], [g,f])"and f': "f'∈ hom B A" and inv: "(\x. x \ carrier A \ f'(f x) = x)" and injf: "inj_on f (carrier A)"and surj: "g ` carrier B = carrier C" obtains H K where"H \ B""K \ B""H \ K \ {one B}""set_mult B H K = carrier B" "f \ iso A (subgroup_generated B H)""g \ iso (subgroup_generated B K) C" proof - interpret fAB: group_hom A B f using ex by simp interpret gBC: group_hom B C g using ex by (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) have"group A""group B""group C"and kerg: "kernel B C g = f ` carrier A" using ex by (auto simp: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) have iso: "f' \ f \ Group.iso A A" using ex by (auto simp: inv intro: group.iso_eq [OF ‹group A› id_iso]) show thesis by (metis that splitting_lemma_left_gen [OF ex f' iso injf surj]) qed
lemma splitting_lemma_right_gen: assumes ex: "short_exact_sequence C B A g f"and g': "g'∈ hom C B" and iso: "(g ∘ g') \ iso C C" obtains H K where"H \ B""subgroup K B""H \ K \ {one B}""set_mult B H K = carrier B" "f \ iso A (subgroup_generated B H)""g \ iso (subgroup_generated B K) C" proof interpret fAB: group_hom A B f using short_exact_sequenceD [OF ex] by (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) interpret gBC: group_hom B C g using short_exact_sequenceD [OF ex] by (simp add: group_hom_def group_hom_axioms_def) have *: "f ` carrier A \ g' ` carrier C = {\\<^bsub>B\<^esub>}" "f ` carrier A <#>\<^bsub>B\<^esub> g' ` carrier C = carrier B" "group A""group B""group C" "kernel B C g = f ` carrier A" using group_semidirect_sum_ker_image [of g g' C C B] short_exact_sequenceD [OF ex] by (simp_all add: g' iso group_hom_def) show"kernel B C g \ B" by (simp add: gBC.normal_kernel) show"(kernel B C g) \ (g' ` carrier C) \ {\\<^bsub>B\<^esub>}""(kernel B C g) <#>\<^bsub>B\<^esub> (g' ` carrier C) = carrier B" by (auto simp: *) show"f \ Group.iso A (subgroup_generated B (kernel B C g))" by (metis "*"(6) fAB.group_hom_axioms group.iso_onto_image group_hom_def short_exact_sequenceD [OF ex]) show"subgroup (g' ` carrier C) B" using splitting_sublemma by (simp add: fAB.H.is_group g' gBC.is_group group_hom.img_is_subgroup group_hom_axioms_def group_hom_def) thenshow"g \ Group.iso (subgroup_generated B (g' ` carrier C)) C" by (metis (no_types, lifting) iso_iff fAB.H.hom_from_subgroup_generated gBC.homh image_comp inj_on_imageI iso subgroup.carrier_subgroup_generated_subgroup) qed
lemma splitting_lemma_right: assumes ex: "short_exact_sequence C B A g f"and g': "g'∈ hom C B" and gg': "∧z. z ∈ carrier C ==> g(g' z) = z" obtains H K where"H \ B""subgroup K B""H \ K \ {one B}""set_mult B H K = carrier B" "f \ iso A (subgroup_generated B H)""g \ iso (subgroup_generated B K) C" proof - have *: "group A""group B""group C" using group_semidirect_sum_ker_image [of g g' C C B] short_exact_sequenceD [OF ex] by (simp_all add: g' group_hom_def) show thesis apply (rule splitting_lemma_right_gen [OF ex g' group.iso_eq [OF _ id_iso]]) using * apply (auto simp: gg' intro: that) done qed
end
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