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<a id="X83B7E8A287C9284A" name="X83B7E8A287C9284A"></a>
<div class="ChapSects"><a href="chap11.html#X83B7E8A287C9284A">11 Double Groupoids</a>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap11.html#X87AC8EF586C35CD4">11.1 Constructions for Double Groupoids</a>

<div class="ContSSBlock">
 <a href="chap11.html#X78936F448231692E">11.1-1 SinglePieceDoubleGroupoid</a>
 <a href="chap11.html#X823A3A7481B90EB7">11.1-2 SquareOfArrows</a>
 <a href="chap11.html#X7D3737FA7E9E3ECA">11.1-3 HorizontalProduct</a>
 <a href="chap11.html#X873F01287A2DC41F">11.1-4 VerticalProduct</a>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap11.html#X7D69B5A680FE4C81">11.2 Conversion of Basic Double Groupoids</a>

<div class="ContSSBlock">
 <a href="chap11.html#X7CB177EF78B559DB">11.2-1 EnhancedBasicDoubleGroupoid</a>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap11.html#X853B15F483477D5C">11.3 Commutative double groupoids</a>

<div class="ContSSBlock">
 <a href="chap11.html#X7DC35C557E498880">11.3-1 DoubleGroupoidWithZeroBoundary</a>
</div></div>
</div>

<h3>11 Double Groupoids</h3>

A double groupoid is a double category in which all the category structures are groupoids. There is also a pre-crossed module associated to the double groupoid. In a double groupoid, as well as objects and arrows we need a set of squares. A square is bounded by four arrows, two horizontal and two vertical, and there is a horizontal groupoid structure and a vertical groupoid structure on these squares. A square also contains an element of the source group of the pre-crossed module, and its image under the boundary map is equal to the boundary of the square. When printing a square, this element is located at the centre,

The double groupoids constructed here are special in that all four arrows come from the same groupoid. We call these edge-symmetric double groupoids.

This material in this chapter is experimental. It was started in 2023, in version 2.91, and extensively revised in 2025, for version 2.95. Further extensions are likely in due course.

<a id="X87AC8EF586C35CD4" name="X87AC8EF586C35CD4"></a>

<h4>11.1 Constructions for Double Groupoids</h4>

It is assumed in this chapter that the reader is familiar with constructions for groupoids given in the Groupoids package, such as <code class="code">SinglePieceBasicDoubleGroupoid</code>. Such groupoids are basic, in that there is no pre-crossed module involvement. In XMod the operation <code class="code">SinglePieceDoubleGroupoid</code> requires a groupoid and a crossed module as input parameters.

<a id="X78936F448231692E" name="X78936F448231692E"></a>

<h5>11.1-1 SinglePieceDoubleGroupoid</h5>

<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">&#an style='color: green'>8227; SinglePieceDoubleGroupoid</code>( <var class="Arg">gpd</var>, <var class="Arg">pxmod</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
For an example we take for our groupoid the product of the group S_3 = ⟨ (7,8,9), (8,9) ⟩ with the complete graph on [-6 ... -1] and, for our pre-crossed module, the <code class="code">X12</code>, isomorphic to (D_12 -> S_3), constructed using <code class="func">XModByCentralExtension</code> (<a href="chap2.html#X7D0F6FAA7AF69844">2.1-5</a>). The source of <code class="code">X12</code> has generating set { g = (11,12,13,14,15,16),~ h = (12,16)(13,15) }.

<div class="example"><pre>

gap> gens3 := [ (7,8,9), (8,9) ];;
gap> s3 := Group( gens3 );;
gap> SetName( s3, "s3" ); 
gap> Gs3 := Groupoid( s3, [-6..-1] );;
gap> SetName( Gs3, "Gs3" ); 
gap> g := (11,12,13,14,15,16);; h := (12,16)(13,15);;
gap> gend12 := [ g, h ];;
gap> d12 := Group( gend12 );;
gap> SetName( d12, "d12" ); 
gap> pr12 := GroupHomomorphismByImages( d12, s3, gend12, gens3 );;
gap> X12 := XModByCentralExtension( pr12 );; 
gap> SetName( X12, "X12" ); 
gap> Display( X12 ); 

Crossed module X12 :-
: Source group d12 has generators:
 [ (11,12,13,14,15,16), (12,16)(13,15) ]
: Range group s3 has generators:
 [ (7,8,9), (8,9) ]
: Boundary homomorphism maps source generators to:
 [ (7,8,9), (8,9) ]
: Action homomorphism maps range generators to automorphisms:
 (7,8,9) --> { source gens --> [ (11,12,13,14,15,16), (11,13)(14,16) ] }
 (8,9) --> { source gens --> [ (11,16,15,14,13,12), (12,16)(13,15) ] }
 These 2 automorphisms generate the group of automorphisms.

gap> D1 := SinglePieceDoubleGroupoid( Gs3, X12 );; 
gap> D1!.groupoid;
Gs3
gap> D1!.prexmod;
X12

</pre></div>

<a id="X823A3A7481B90EB7" name="X823A3A7481B90EB7"></a>

<h5>11.1-2 SquareOfArrows</h5>

<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">&#an style='color: green'>8227; SquareOfArrows</code>( <var class="Arg">bdy</var>, <var class="Arg">act</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
Let G be a groupoid with object set Ω and object group g. Let □ be the set of squares with objects from Ω at each corner; plus two vertical arrows and two horizontal arrows from Arr(G). Further, let calP = (∂ : S -> R) be a pre-crossed module, and let m_1 ∈ S be placed at the centre of the square. The following picture illustrates the situation where u_1,v_1,w_1,x_1 ∈ Ω and a_1,b_1,c_1,d_1 ∈ g.



\vcenter{\xymatrix @=4pc{
 u_1 \ar[r]^{a_1} \ar[d]_{b_1}\ar@{}[dr] |{m_1}
 & v_1 \ar[d]^{c_1} \\
 w_1 \ar[r]_{d_1}
 & x_1
}}



We think of the square being based at the bottom, right-hand corner, x_1. The boundary of the square is the loop (x_1, d_1^-1b_1^-1a_1c_1,x_1) = (x_1,p_1,x_1). The boundary condition which m_1 has to satisfy is that ∂ m_1 = p_1. (Beware a possible source of confusion. In the example code it is convenient of define arrow <code class="code">a1 := Arrow( Gs3, (7,8), -6, -5 );</code> whereas, in the description, a_1 = (7,8). Similarly for all the other arrows.)

<div class="example"><pre>

gap> a1 := Arrow( Gs3, (7,8), -6, -5 );;
gap> b1 := Arrow( Gs3, (7,9), -6, -1 );;
gap> c1 := Arrow( Gs3, (8,9), -5, -3 );;
gap> d1 := Arrow( Gs3, (7,8,9), -1, -3 );;
gap> sq1 := SquareOfArrows( D1, g*h, a1, b1, c1, d1 ); 
[-6] ------------- (7,8) ------------> [-5]
 | |
(7,9) (11,16)(12,15)(13,14) (8,9)
 V V
[-1] ------------ (7,8,9) -----------> [-3]
gap> m1 := ElementOfSquare( sq1 ); 
(11,16)(12,15)(13,14)
gap> UpArrow( sq1 );
[(7,8) : -6 -> -5]
gap> LeftArrow( sq1 );
[(7,9) : -6 -> -1]
gap> RightArrow( sq1 );
[(8,9) : -5 -> -3]
gap> DownArrow( sq1 );
[(7,8,9) : -1 -> -3]
gap> ## check the boundary condition:
gap> bdy1 := Boundary( D1!.prexmod );;
gap> p1:= BoundaryOfSquare( sq1 );
[(7,9) : -3 -> -3]
gap> ImageElm( bdy1, m1 );
(7,9)

</pre></div>

<a id="X7D3737FA7E9E3ECA" name="X7D3737FA7E9E3ECA"></a>

<h5>11.1-3 HorizontalProduct</h5>

<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">&#an style='color: green'>8227; HorizontalProduct</code>( <var class="Arg">sq1</var>, <var class="Arg">sq2</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
When defining a horizontal composition, as illustrated by



\vcenter{\xymatrix @=4pc{
 u_1 \ar[r]^{a_1} \ar[d]_{b_1} \ar@{}[dr]|{m_1}
 & v_1 \ar[r]^{a_2} \ar[d]^{c_1} \ar@{}[dr]|{m_2}
 & v_2 \ar[d]^{c_2} \ar@{}[dr]|=
 & u_1 \ar[r]^{a_1a_2} \ar[d]_{b_1} \ar@{}[dr]|{m_1^{d_2}m_2}
 & v_2 \ar[d]^{c_2} \\
 w_1 \ar[r]_{d_1}
 & x_1 \ar[r]_{d_2}
 & x_2
 & w_1 \ar[r]_{d_1d_2}
 & x_2
}}



we have to move m_1, based at x_1, to the new base x_2, and we do this by using the action of the pre-crossed module of d_2 on m_1. Notice that the boundary condition for the product is satisfied, since the first pre-crossed module axiom applies:


\partial(m_1^{d_2}m_2)
~=~ \partial(m_1^{d_2}) (\partial m_2)
~=~ d_2^{-1}(d_1^{-1}b_1^{-1}a_1c_1)d_2(d_2^{-1}c_1^{-1}a_2c_2)
~=~ (d_1d_2)^{-1}b_1^{-1}(a_1a_2)c_2.


<div class="example"><pre>

gap> a2 := Arrow( Gs3, (8,9), -5, -4 );; 
gap> c2 := Arrow( Gs3, (7,8), -4, -4 );;
gap> d2 := Arrow( Gs3, (7,9), -3, -4 );;
gap> sq2 := SquareOfArrows( D1, g^2, a2, c1, c2, d2 ); 
[-5] ------------ (8,9) -----------> [-4]
 | |
(8,9) (11,13,15)(12,14,16) (7,8)
 V V
[-3] ------------ (7,9) -----------> [-4]
gap> m2 := ElementOfSquare( sq2 ); 
(11,13,15)(12,14,16)
gap> LeftArrow( sq2 ) = RightArrow( sq1 ); 
true
gap> sq12 := HorizontalProduct( sq1, sq2 );
[-6] ------------ (7,9,8) -----------> [-4]
 | |
(7,9) (11,12)(13,16)(14,15) (7,8)
 V V
[-1] ------------- (7,8) ------------> [-4]
gap> ## check the boundary condition:
gap> ed2 := ElementOfArrow( d2 );;
gap> im1d2 := ImageElmXModAction( X12, m1, ed2 );
(11,16)(12,15)(13,14)
gap> m12 := ElementOfSquare( sq12 );
(11,12)(13,16)(14,15)
gap> im1d2 * m2 = m12;
true

</pre></div>

<a id="X873F01287A2DC41F" name="X873F01287A2DC41F"></a>

<h5>11.1-4 VerticalProduct</h5>

<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">&#an style='color: green'>8227; VerticalProduct</code>( <var class="Arg">sq1</var>, <var class="Arg">sq2</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
Similarly, vertical composition is illustrated by



\vcenter{\xymatrix @=2pc{
 u_1 \ar[rr]^{a_1} \ar[dd]_{b_1} \ar@{}[ddrr]|{m_1}
 && v_1 \ar[dd]^{c_1}
 & & && \\
 && & & u_1 \ar[rr]^{a_1} \ar[dd]_{b_1b_3} \ar@{}[ddrr]|{m_3m_1^{c_3}}
 && v_1 \ar[dd]^{c_1c_3} \\
 w_1 \ar[rr]_{d_1} \ar[dd]_{b_3} \ar@{}[ddrr]|{m_3}
 && x_1 \ar[dd]^{c_3}
 &=& && \\
 && & & w_3 \ar[rr]_{d_3}
 && x_3 \\
 w_3 \ar[rr]_{d_3}
 && x_3
}}



Again the boundary condition is satisfied:


\partial(m_3m_1^{c_3})
~=~ (\partial m_3) \partial(m_1^{c_3})
~=~ (d_3^{-1}b_3^{-1}d_1c_3)c_3^{-1}(d_1^{-1}b_1^{-1}a_1c_1)c_3
~=~ d_3^{-1}(b_1b_3)^{-1}a_1(c_1c_3).


<div class="example"><pre>

gap> b3 := Arrow( Gs3, (8,9), -1, -2 );;
gap> c3 := Arrow( Gs3, (7,9,8), -3, -2 );;
gap> d3 := Arrow( Gs3, (7,9), -2, -2 );;
gap> sq3 := SquareOfArrows( D1, g, d1, b3, c3, d3 );
[-1] ------------ (7,8,9) -----------> [-3]
 | |
(8,9) (11,12,13,14,15,16) (7,9,8)
 V V
[-2] ------------- (7,9) ------------> [-2]
gap> m3 := ElementOfSquare( sq3 ); 
(11,12,13,14,15,16)
gap> UpArrow( sq3 ) = DownArrow( sq1 ); 
true
gap> sq13 := VerticalProduct( sq1, sq3 ); 
[-6] ---------- (7,8) ---------> [-5]
 | |
(7,8,9) (11,13)(14,16) (7,9)
 V V
[-2] ---------- (7,9) ---------> [-2]
gap> ## check the boundary condition:
gap> ec3 := ElementOfArrow( c3 );;
gap> im1c3 := ImageElmXModAction( X12, m1, ec3 );
(11,14)(12,13)(15,16)
gap> m13 := ElementOfSquare( sq13 );
(11,13)(14,16)
gap> m3 * im1c3 = m13;
true

</pre></div>

The <code class="code">HorizontalProduct</code> and <code class="code">VerticalProduct</code> commute, so we may construct products such as:



\vcenter{\xymatrix @=2pc{
 u_1 \ar[rr]^{a_1} \ar[dd]_{b_1} \ar@{}[ddrr]|{m_1}
 && v_1 \ar[rr]^{a_2} \ar[dd]|{c_1} \ar@{}[ddrr]|{m_2}
 && v_2 \ar[dd]^{c_2}
 & & &&& \\
 && && & & u_1 \ar[rrr]^{a_1a_2} \ar[dd]_{b_1b_3}
 \ar@{}[ddrrr]|{m_3^{d_4}m_4\left(m_1^{d_2}m_2\right)^{c_4}}
 &&& v_2 \ar[dd]^{c_1c_4} \\
 w_1 \ar[rr]|{d_1} \ar[dd]_{b_3} \ar@{}[ddrr]|{m_3}
 && x_1 \ar[rr]|{d_2} \ar[dd]|{c_3} \ar@{}[ddrr]|{m_4}
 && x_2 \ar[dd]^{c_4}
 &=& &&& \\
 && && & & w_3 \ar[rrr]_{d_3d_4}
 &&& x_4 \\
 w_3 \ar[rr]_{d_3}
 && x_3 \ar[rr]_{d_4}
 && x_4
}}



where


m_3^{d_4}m_4 (m_1^{d_2}m_2)^{c_4}
~=~ (m_3m_1^{c_3})^{d_4} m_4m_2^{c_4}
~=~ (d_3d_4)^{-1}(b_1b_3)^{-1}(a_1a_2)(c_3c_4).


Continuing with our example, we check that the two ways of computing the product of four squares below agree.



\vcenter{\xymatrix @=2pc{
 -6 \ar[rr]^{(7,8)} \ar[dd]_{(7,9)} \ar@{}[ddrr]|{gh}
 && -5 \ar[rr]^{(8,9)} \ar[dd]|{(8,9)} \ar@{}[ddrr]|{g^2}
 && -4 \ar[dd]^{(7,8)}
 & & &&& \\
 && && & & -6 \ar[rrr]^{(7,9,8)} \ar[dd]_{(7,8,9)}
 \ar@{}[ddrrr]|{(11,15,13)(12,16,14)}
 &&& -4 \ar[dd]^{(7,9,8)} \\
 -1 \ar[rr]|{(7,8,9)} \ar[dd]_{(8,9)} \ar@{}[ddrr]|{g}
 && -3 \ar[rr]|{(7,9)} \ar[dd]|{(7,9,8)} \ar@{}[ddrr]|{h}
 && -4 \ar[dd]^{(8,9)}
 &=& &&& \\
 && && & & -2 \ar[rrr]_{(7,9,8)}
 &&& -3 \\
 -2 \ar[rr]_{(7,9)}
 && -2 \ar[rr]_{(7,8)}
 && -3
}}



<div class="example"><pre>

gap> c4 := Arrow( Gs3, (8,9), -4, -3 );; 
gap> d4 := Arrow( Gs3, (7,8), -2, -3 );; 
gap> sq4 := SquareOfArrows( D1, h, d2, c3, c4, d4 );;
gap> UpArrow(sq4)=DownArrow(sq2) and LeftArrow(sq4)=RightArrow(sq3); 
true
gap> sq24 := VerticalProduct( sq2, sq4 ); 
[-5] ---------- (8,9) ---------> [-4]
 | |
(7,9) (11,15)(12,14) (7,9,8)
 V V
[-2] ---------- (7,8) ---------> [-3]
gap> sq34 := HorizontalProduct( sq3, sq4 );
[-1] ------------- (7,8) ------------> [-4]
 | |
(8,9) (11,12)(13,16)(14,15) (8,9)
 V V
[-2] ------------ (7,9,8) -----------> [-3]
gap> sq1324 := HorizontalProduct( sq13, sq24 );
[-6] ------------- (7,9,8) ------------> [-4]
 | |
(7,8,9) (11,15,13)(12,16,14) (7,9,8)
 V V
[-2] ------------- (7,9,8) ------------> [-3]
gap> sq1234 := VerticalProduct( sq12, sq34 );;
gap> sq1324 = sq1234;
true

</pre></div>

<a id="X7D69B5A680FE4C81" name="X7D69B5A680FE4C81"></a>

<h4>11.2 Conversion of Basic Double Groupoids</h4>

As mentioned earlier, double groupoids were introduced in the Groupoids package, but these were basic double groupoids, without any pre-crossed module. The element of a square was simply its boundary. Here we introduce an operation which converts such a basic double groupoid into the more general case considered in this package.

<a id="X7CB177EF78B559DB" name="X7CB177EF78B559DB"></a>

<h5>11.2-1 EnhancedBasicDoubleGroupoid</h5>

<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">&#an style='color: green'>8227; EnhancedBasicDoubleGroupoid</code>( <var class="Arg">bdg</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
We need to add a pre-crossed module to the definition of a basic double groupoid. We choose to add (G -> G) where G is the root group of the underlying groupoid. (This is only valid for groupoids which are the direct product with a complete graph.) The example is taken from section 7.1 of the Groupoids package, converting basic <code class="code">B0</code> to <code class="code">D0</code>, and we check that the same square is produced in each case.

<div class="example"><pre>

gap> g2 := (1,2,3,4);; h2 := (1,3);;
gap> gend8 := [ g2, h2 ];;
gap> d8 := Group( gend8 );;
gap> SetName( d8, "d8" ); 
gap> Gd8 := Groupoid( d8, [-9..-7] );;
gap> SetName( Gd8, "Gd8" ); 
gap> B0 := SinglePieceBasicDoubleGroupoid( Gd8 );; 
gap> B0!.groupoid;
Gd8
gap> B0!.objects;
[ -9 .. -7 ]
gap> a0 := Arrow(Gd8,(),-9,-7);; b0 := Arrow(Gd8,g2,-9,-9);; 
gap> c0 := Arrow(Gd8,h2,-7,-8);; d0 := Arrow(Gd8,(2,4),-9,-8);; 
gap> bdy0 := d0![2]^-1 * b0![2]^-1 * a0![2] * c0![2];; 
gap> bsq0 := SquareOfArrows( B0, bdy0, a0, b0, c0, d0 ); 
[-9] ---------- () ---------> [-7]
 | |
(1,2,3,4) (1,4,3,2) (1,3)
 V V
[-9] --------- (2,4) --------> [-8]

gap> D0 := EnhancedBasicDoubleGroupoid( B0 );;
gap> D0!.prexmod;
[d8->d8]
gap> bsq0 = SquareOfArrows( D0, bdy0, a0, b0, c0, d0 ); 
true

</pre></div>

<a id="X853B15F483477D5C" name="X853B15F483477D5C"></a>

<h4>11.3 Commutative double groupoids</h4>

A double groupoid square



\vcenter{\xymatrix @=4pc{
 u_1 \ar[r]^{a_1} \ar[d]_{b_1}\ar@{}[dr] |{m}
 & v_1 \ar[d]^{c_1} \\
 w_1 \ar[r]_{d_1}
 & x_1
}}



is commutative if a_1c_1 = b_1d_1, which means that its boundary is the identity. So a double groupoid which consists only of commutative squares must have a pre-crossed module with zero boundary. Commutative squares compose horizontally and vertically provided only that they have the correct common arrow.

<a id="X7DC35C557E498880" name="X7DC35C557E498880"></a>

<h5>11.3-1 DoubleGroupoidWithZeroBoundary</h5>

<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">&#an style='color: green'>8227; DoubleGroupoidWithZeroBoundary</code>( <var class="Arg">gpd</var>, <var class="Arg">src</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
The data for a double groupoid of commutative squares therefore consists of a groupoid and a source group. We may use the operation <code class="func">PreXModWithTrivialRange</code> (<a href="chap2.html#X8487BE427858C5C9">2.3-1</a>) to provide a pre-crossed module. We take for our example the groupoid <code class="code">Gd8</code> and the pre-crossed module <code class="code">Q16</code> of section <a href="chap2.html#X7D435B6279032D4D">2.3</a>. We introduce a new right arrow to construct a square which commutes.

<div class="example"><pre>

gap> D16 := DoubleGroupoidWithZeroBoundary( Gs3, d16 );;
gap> D16!.prexmod;
[d16->Group( [ () ] )]
gap> e16 := Arrow( Gs3, (7,9,8), -5, -3 );;
gap> sq16 := SquareOfArrows( D16, (12,18)(13,17)(14,16), a1, b1, e16, d1 );
[-6] -------------- (7,8) -------------> [-5]
 | |
(7,9) (12,18)(13,17)(14,16) (7,9,8)
 V V
[-1] ------------- (7,8,9) ------------> [-3]

</pre></div>

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