############################################################################### ## #M SelfSimilarGroup(<list>, <bind_vars>) ##
InstallMethod(SelfSimilarGroup, "for [IsList, IsBool]", [IsList, IsBool], function(list, bind_vars) if not AG_IsCorrectRecurList(list, true) then
Error("in SelfSimilarGroup(IsList, IsBool):\n", " given list is not a correct list representing self-similar group\n"); fi;
############################################################################### ## #M SelfSimilarGroup(<list>, <names>, <bind_vars>) ##
InstallMethod(SelfSimilarGroup, "for [IsList, IsList, IsBool]", [IsList, IsList, IsBool], function(list, names, bind_vars) if not AG_IsCorrectRecurList(list, true) then
Error("error in SelfSimilarGroup(IsList, IsList, IsBool):\n", " given list is not a correct list representing self-similar group\n"); fi;
InstallMethod(SelfSimilarGroup, "for [IsString, IsBool]", [IsString, IsBool], function(string, bind_vars)
local s;
s := AG_ParseAutomatonStringFR(string);
return SelfSimilarGroup(s[2], s[1], bind_vars); end);
############################################################################### ## #M SelfSimilarGroup(<A>) #M SelfSimilarGroup(<A>, <bind_vars>) ##
InstallMethod(SelfSimilarGroup, "for [IsMealyAutomaton]", [IsMealyAutomaton], function(A) if not IsInvertible(A) then
Error("Automaton <A> is not invertible"); fi;
return SelfSimilarGroup(AutomatonList(A), A!.states); end);
InstallMethod(SelfSimilarGroup, "for [IsMealyAutomaton, IsBool]", [IsMealyAutomaton, IsBool], function(A, bind_vars) if not IsInvertible(A) then
Error("Automaton <A> is not invertible"); fi;
return SelfSimilarGroup(AutomatonList(A), A!.states, bind_vars); end);
############################################################################### ## #M UseSubsetRelation(<G>) ##
InstallMethod(UseSubsetRelation, "for [IsSelfSimGroup, IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsSelfSimGroup, IsSelfSimGroup], function(super, sub) ## the full group is self similar, so if <super> is smaller than the full ## group then sub is smaller either if HasIsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(super) then if not IsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(super) then
SetIsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(sub, false); fi; fi;
TryNextMethod(); end);
############################################################################### ## #M __AG_SubgroupOnLevel(<G>, <gens>, <level>) ##
InstallMethod(__AG_SubgroupOnLevel, [IsSelfSimGroup,
IsList and IsTreeAutomorphismCollection,
IsPosInt], function(G, gens, level)
local overgroup;
if IsEmpty(gens) or (Length(gens) = 1 and IsOne(gens[1])) then
return TrivialSubgroup(G); fi;
if HasIsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G) and IsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G) then
overgroup := G; else
overgroup := GroupOfSelfSimFamily(UnderlyingSelfSimFamily(G)); fi;
if Length(gens) = 1 and IsOne(gens[1]) then
return TrivialSubgroup(overgroup); fi;
return SubgroupNC(overgroup, gens); end);
InstallMethod(__AG_SimplifyGroupGenerators, "for [IsList and IsInvertibleSelfSimCollection]",
[IsList and IsInvertibleSelfSimCollection], function(gens)
local words, fam;
if IsEmpty(gens) then
return []; fi;
fam := FamilyObj(gens[1]);
words := FreeGeneratorsOfGroup(Group(List(gens, a -> a!.word)));
if fam!.use_rws and not IsEmpty(words) then
words := AG_ReducedForm(fam!.rws, words); if IsEmpty(words) then
return []; fi;
words := FreeGeneratorsOfGroup(Group(words)); fi;
s := ""; for i in [1..Length(gens)] do
Append(s, formatone(gens[i])); if i <> Length(gens) then
Append(s, ", "); fi;
od;
return s; end);
############################################################################### ## #M ViewObj(<G>) ##
InstallMethod(ViewObj, "for [IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsSelfSimGroup], function(G)
local i, gens;
gens := List(GeneratorsOfGroup(G), g -> Word(g)); if gens = [] then Print("< >"); fi;
Print("< "); for i in [1..Length(gens)-1] do if IsOne(gens[i]) then
Print(AG_Globals.identity_symbol, ", "); else
Print(gens[i], ", "); fi;
od; if IsOne(gens[Length(gens)]) then
Print(AG_Globals.identity_symbol, " >"); else
Print(gens[Length(gens)], " >"); fi; end);
############################################################################### ## #M IsFractalByWords(G) ##
InstallMethod(IsFractalByWords, "for [IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsSelfSimGroup], function (G)
local freegens, stab, i, sym, f;
sym := GroupWithGenerators(List(GeneratorsOfGroup(G), g -> Perm(g))); if not IsTransitive(sym, [1..DegreeOfTree(G)]) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 1, "group is not transitive on first level");
return false; fi;
f := GroupWithGenerators(List(GeneratorsOfGroup(G), g -> Word(g)));
stab := StabilizerOfFirstLevel(G);
stab := List(GeneratorsOfGroup(stab), a -> StatesWords(a));
for i in [1..DegreeOfTree(G)] do if f <> GroupWithGenerators(List(stab, s -> s[i])) then
return false; fi;
od;
return true; end);
############################################################################### ## #M Size(G) ##
InstallMethod(Size, "for [IsSelfSimGroup]", [IsSelfSimGroup], function (G)
local f; if IsTrivial(G) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "Size(G): 1, G is trivial");
return 1; fi;
if CanEasilyTestSphericalTransitivity(G) and IsSphericallyTransitive(G) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "Size(G): infinity, G is spherically transitive");
return infinity; fi;
if IsFractalByWords(G) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "Size(G): infinity, G is fractal by words");
return infinity; fi;
if HasIsFractal(G) and IsFractal(G) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "Size(G): infinity, G is fractal");
return infinity; fi;
if IsSelfSimilarGroup(G) and LevelOfFaithfulAction(G, 8)<>fail then
return Size(G); fi;
f := FindElementOfInfiniteOrder(G, 10, 10);
if HasSize(G) or f <> fail then
return Size(G); fi;
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 1, "You can try to use IsomorphismPermGroup(<G>) or\n", " FindElementOfInfiniteOrder( <G>, <length>, <depth> ) with bigger bounds");
TryNextMethod(); end);
InstallOtherMethod(LevelOfFaithfulAction, "for [IsSelfSimGroup and IsSelfSimilar, IsCyclotomic]",
[IsSelfSimGroup and IsSelfSimilar, IsCyclotomic], function(G, max_lev)
local s, s_next, lev; if HasIsFinite(G) and not IsFinite(G) then return fail; fi; if HasLevelOfFaithfulAction(G) then return LevelOfFaithfulAction(G); fi;
lev := 0; s := 1; s_next := Size(PermGroupOnLevel(G, 1)); while s<s_next and lev<max_lev do
lev := lev+1;
s := s_next;
s_next := Size(PermGroupOnLevel(G, lev+1));
od; if s=s_next then
SetSize(G, s);
SetLevelOfFaithfulAction(G, lev);
return lev; else
return fail; fi; end);
InstallMethod(LevelOfFaithfulAction, "for [IsSelfSimGroup and IsSelfSimilar]",
[IsSelfSimGroup and IsSelfSimilar], function(G)
return LevelOfFaithfulAction(G, infinity); end);
################################################################################ ## #O IsomorphismPermGroup (<G>) #O IsomorphismPermGroup (<G>, <max_lev>) ## ## For a given finite group <G> generated by initial automata or by elements defined by ## wreath recursion ## computes an isomorphism from <G> into a finite permutational group. ## If <G> is not known to be self-similar (see "IsSelfSimilar") the isomorphism is based on the ## regular representation, which works generally much slower. If <G> is self-similar ## there is a level of the tree (see "LevelOfFaithfulAction"), where <G> acts faithfully. ## The corresponding representation is returned in this case. If <max_lev> is given ## it finds only the first <max_lev> quotients by stabilizers and if all of them have ## different size it returns `fail'. ## If <G> is infinite and <max_lev> is not specified it will loop forever. ## ## For example, consider a subgroup $\langle a, b\rangle$ of Grigorchuk group. ## \beginexample ## gap> Grigorchuk_Group := AutomatonGroup("a=(1,1)(1,2),b=(a,c),c=(a,d),d=(1,b)"); ## < a, b, c, d > ## gap> f := IsomorphismPermGroup(Group(a, b)); ## MappingByFunction( < a, b >, Group( ## [ (1,2)(3,5)(4,6)(7,9)(8,10)(11,13)(12,14)(15,17)(16,18)(19,21)(20,22)(23, ## 25)(24,26)(27,29)(28,30)(31,32), (1,3)(2,4)(5,7)(6,8)(9,11)(10,12)(13, ## 15)(14,16)(17,19)(18,20)(21,23)(22,24)(25,27)(26,28)(29,31)(30,32) ## ]), function( g ) ... end, function( b ) ... end ) ## gap> Size(Image(f)); ## 32 ## gap> H := SelfSimilarGroup("a=(a*b,1)(1,2), b=(1,b*a^-1)(1,2), c=(b, a*b)"); ## < a, b, c > ## gap> f1 := IsomorphismPermGroup(H); ## MappingByFunction( < a, b, c >, Group([ (1,3)(2,4), (1,3)(2,4), (1,2) ## ]), function( g ) ... end, function( b ) ... end ) ## gap> Size(Image(f1)); ## 8 ## gap> PreImagesRepresentative(f1, (1,3,2,4)); ## a*c ## gap> (a*c)^f1; ## (1,3,2,4) ## \endexample ##
InstallOtherMethod(IsomorphismPermGroup, "for [IsSelfSimilarGroup, IsCyclotomic]",
[IsSelfSimGroup and IsSelfSimilar, IsCyclotomic], function (G, n)
local H, lev;
lev := LevelOfFaithfulAction(G, n); if lev <> fail then
H := PermGroupOnLevel(G, LevelOfFaithfulAction(G));
return AG_GroupHomomorphismByImagesNC(G, H, GeneratorsOfGroup(G), GeneratorsOfGroup(H)); fi;
return fail; end);
############################################################################### ## #M IsSphericallyTransitive(G) ##
InstallMethod(IsSphericallyTransitive, "for [IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsSelfSimGroup], function (G)
local x, rat_gens, abel_hom, lev;
if IsFractalByWords(G) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "IsSphericallyTransitive(G): true");
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, " G is fractal");
return true; fi;
if IsTrivial(G) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "IsSphericallyTransitive(G): false");
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, " G is trivial: G = ", G);
return false; fi;
if HasIsFinite(G) and IsFinite(G) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "IsSphericallyTransitive(G): false");
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, " IsFinite(G): G = ", G);
return false; fi;
if DegreeOfTree(G) = 2 and TestSelfSimilarity(G) and IsSelfSimilar(G) then if HasIsFinite(G) and IsFinite(G)=false then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "IsSphericallyTransitive(G): true");
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, " <G> is infinite self-similar acting on binary tree");
return true; fi; if PermGroupOnLevel(G, 2)=Group((1, 4, 2, 3)) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "IsSphericallyTransitive(G): true");
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, " any element which acts transitively on the first level acts spherically transitively");
return true; fi; fi;
for lev in [1..8] do if not IsTransitiveOnLevel(G,lev) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "IsSphericallyTransitive(G): false");
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, " the group does not act transitively on level ", lev);
return false; fi;
od;
if HasIsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G) and HasIsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(H) then if IsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G) <> IsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(H) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "G = H: false, exactly one is GroupOfSelfSimFamily");
return false; fi; if IsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "G = H: true, both are GroupOfSelfSimFamily");
return true; fi; fi;
fgens1 := List(GeneratorsOfGroup(G), g -> Word(g));
fgens2 := List(GeneratorsOfGroup(H), g -> Word(g));
fam := UnderlyingSelfSimFamily(G);
if fam!.rws <> fail then
fgens1 := AG_ReducedForm(fam!.rws, fgens1);
fgens2 := AG_ReducedForm(fam!.rws, fgens2); fi;
if GroupWithGenerators(fgens1) = GroupWithGenerators(fgens2) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "G = H: true, by subgroups of free group");
return true; fi;
if HasIsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G) and IsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "IsSubgroup(G, H): true");
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, " G is GroupOfSelfSimFamily");
return true; fi;
fgens1 := List(GeneratorsOfGroup(G), g -> Word(g));
fgens2 := List(GeneratorsOfGroup(H), g -> Word(g));
fam := UnderlyingSelfSimFamily(G);
if fam!.rws <> fail then
fgens1 := AG_ReducedForm(fam!.rws, fgens1);
fgens2 := AG_ReducedForm(fam!.rws, fgens2); fi;
if IsSubgroup(GroupWithGenerators(fgens1), GroupWithGenerators(fgens2)) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "IsSubgroup(G, H): true");
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, " by subgroups of free group");
return true; fi;
TryNextMethod(); end);
############################################################################### ## #M <g> in <G> ##
InstallMethod(\in, "for [IsSelfSim, IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsSelfSim, IsSelfSimGroup], function(g, G)
local fam, fgens, w;
if HasIsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G) and IsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G) then
return true; fi;
fgens := List(GeneratorsOfGroup(G), g -> Word(g));
w := Word(g);
fam := UnderlyingSelfSimFamily(G);
if fam!.rws <> fail then
fgens := AG_ReducedForm(fam!.rws, fgens);
w := AG_ReducedForm(fam!.rws, w); fi;
if w in GroupWithGenerators(fgens) then
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, "g in G: true");
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, " by elements of free group");
Info(InfoAutomGrp, 3, " g = ", g, "; G = ", G);
return true; fi;
TryNextMethod(); end);
############################################################################### ## #O Random(<G>) ## ## Returns a random element of a group (semigroup) <G>. The operation is based ## on the generator of random elements in free groups and semigroups. ## ## \beginexample ## gap> Basilica := AutomatonGroup( "u=(v,1)(1,2), v=(u,1)" ); ## < u, v > ## gap> Random( Basilica ); ## v*u^-3 ## \endexample ##
InstallMethodWithRandomSource(Random, "for a random source and [IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsRandomSource, IsSelfSimGroup], function(rs, G)
local F, gens, pi;
if IsTrivial(G) then
return One(G); elif IsSelfSimilarGroup(G) then
return SelfSim(Random(rs, UnderlyingFreeGroup(G)), UnderlyingSelfSimFamily(G)); else
gens := GeneratorsOfGroup(G);
F := FreeGroup(Length(gens));
pi := GroupHomomorphismByImagesNC(F, G, GeneratorsOfGroup(F), gens);
return Random(rs, F)^pi; fi; end);
############################################################################### ## #M UnderlyingFreeSubgroup(<G>) ##
InstallMethod(UnderlyingFreeSubgroup, "for [IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsSelfSimGroup], function(G)
local f; if HasIsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G) and IsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G) then
return UnderlyingFreeGroup(G); fi;
f := Subgroup(UnderlyingFreeGroup(G), UnderlyingFreeGenerators(G)); if f = UnderlyingFreeGroup(G) then
SetIsGroupOfSelfSimFamily(G, true); fi;
return f; end);
############################################################################### ## #M IsSelfSimilarGroup(<G>) ## ## Returns `true' if generators of <G> coincide with generators of the family
InstallImmediateMethod(IsSelfSimilarGroup, IsSelfSimGroup, 0, function(G)
local fam;
fam := UnderlyingSelfSimFamily(G);
return fam!.numstates = 0 or
GeneratorsOfGroup(G) = fam!.recurgens{[1..fam!.numstates]}; end);
############################################################################### ## #M RecurList(<G>) ##
InstallMethod(RecurList, "for [IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsSelfSimGroup], function(G) if IsSelfSimilarGroup(G) then
return RecurList(GroupOfSelfSimFamily(UnderlyingSelfSimFamily(G))); else
Error("Group <G> is not necessarily self-similar"); fi; end);
############################################################################### ## #M IsSelfSimilar(<G>) ##
InstallMethod(IsSelfSimilar, "for [IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsSelfSimGroup], function(G)
local g, i, res;
res := true; for g in GeneratorsOfGroup(G) do for i in [1..UnderlyingSelfSimFamily(G)!.deg] do
res := Section(g, i) in G; if res = fail then
TryNextMethod(); elif not res then
return false; fi;
od;
od;
return true; end);
# if we do not know much, we compare just words in free group
MealyAutomatonLocal := function(g)
local cur_state; if g!.word in states then return Position(states, g!.word); fi;
Add(states, g!.word);
cur_state := Length(states);
aut_list[cur_state] := List([1..g!.deg], x -> MealyAutomatonLocal(Section(g, x)));
Add(aut_list[cur_state], g!.perm);
return cur_state; end;
# if we do know that the groups is finite, we compare actual elements of the group
MealyAutomatonLocalFinite := function(g)
local cur_state; if g in states then return Position(states, g); fi;
Add(states, g);
cur_state := Length(states);
aut_list[cur_state] := List([1..g!.deg], x -> MealyAutomatonLocalFinite(Section(g, x)));
Add(aut_list[cur_state], g!.perm);
return cur_state; end;
if HasIsFinite(G) and IsFinite(G) then for g in gens do
Add(images, MealyAutomatonLocalFinite(g));
od;
states := List(states, Word); else for g in gens do
Add(images, MealyAutomatonLocal(g));
od; fi;
H := AutomatonGroup(aut_list);
if IsTrivial(H) then
SetIsTrivial( G, true);
return true; fi;
# preimages of generators of G in UnderlyingFreeGroup(G)
gens_in_freegrp := List(GeneratorsOfGroup(G), Word);
# preimages of generators of a subgroup of H isomorphic to G in UnderlyingFreeGroup(H)
images_in_freegrp := List(UnderlyingAutomFamily(H)!.automgens{images}, Word);
preimage_in_freegrp := function(x)
local w;
w := LetterRepAssocWord(x!.word)[1]; if w > 0then
return states[ Position( UnderlyingAutomFamily(H)!.oldstates, w)]; else
return states[ Position( UnderlyingAutomFamily(H)!.oldstates, -w+UnderlyingAutomFamily(H)!.numstates)]; fi; end;
# preimages of generators of H in UnderlyingFreeGroup(G) # preimages_in_freegrp := List([1..Length(GeneratorsOfGroup(H))], x->states[Position(UnderlyingAutomFamily(H)!.oldstates, x)]);
preimages_in_freegrp := List(GeneratorsOfGroup(H), x -> preimage_in_freegrp(x));
if IsSelfSimilarGroup(G) then
free_groups_hom :=
GroupHomomorphismByImagesNC( Group(gens_in_freegrp), UnderlyingFreeGroup(H),
gens_in_freegrp, images_in_freegrp );
hom := GroupHomomorphismByFunction(G, GroupWithGenerators(UnderlyingAutomFamily(H)!.automgens{images}), hom_function, inv_hom_function);
SetMonomorphismToAutomatonGroup(G, hom); fi;
return true; end);
############################################################################### ## #M IsomorphicAutomGroup( <G> ) ##
InstallMethod(IsomorphicAutomGroup, "for [IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsSelfSimGroup], function(G) if IsFiniteState(G) then return IsomorphicAutomGroup(G); fi; end);
############################################################################### ## #M UnderlyingAutomatonGroup( <G> ) ##
InstallMethod(UnderlyingAutomatonGroup, "for [IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsSelfSimGroup], function(G) if IsFiniteState(G) then return UnderlyingAutomatonGroup(G); fi; end);
############################################################################### ## #M MonomorphismToAutomatonGroup( <G> ) ##
InstallMethod(MonomorphismToAutomatonGroup, "for [IsSelfSimGroup]",
[IsSelfSimGroup], function(G) if IsFiniteState(G) then return MonomorphismToAutomatonGroup(G); fi; end);
############################################################################### ## #M IsContracting( <G> ) ##
InstallMethod(IsContracting, "for [IsSelfSimilarGroup]",
[IsSelfSimilarGroup], function(G)
local res; if not IsFiniteState(G) then # every contracting self-similar group is finite-state
return false; fi;
res := IsContracting(GroupOfAutomFamily(UnderlyingAutomFamily(UnderlyingAutomatonGroup(G))));
############################################################################### ## #M GroupNucleus( <G> ) ##
InstallMethod(GroupNucleus, "for [IsSelfSimilarGroup]",
[IsSelfSimilarGroup], function(G)
local H; if not IsFiniteState(G) then # every contracting self-similar group is finite-state
Error("Group <G> is not finite-state"); fi;
if not IsContracting(G) then
Error("Group <G> is not contracting"); fi;
H := GroupOfAutomFamily( UnderlyingAutomFamily( UnderlyingAutomatonGroup(G)));
return List( GroupNucleus(H), x -> PreImagesRepresentative( MonomorphismToAutomatonGroup(G), x)); end);
############################################################################### ## #M UseContraction( <G> ) ##
InstallMethod(UseContraction, "for [IsSelfSimGroup]", true,
[IsSelfSimGroup], function(G) if not IsSelfSimilarGroup(G) then
Print("Error in UseContraction(<G>): The method is implemented only for IsSelfSimilarGroup\n");
return fail; fi;
if not HasIsContracting(G) then
Print("Error in UseContraction(<G>): It is not known whether the group <G> is contracting\n");
return fail; elif not IsContracting(G) then
Print("Error in UseContraction(<G>): The group <G> is not contracting");
return fail; fi; # IsContracting returns either true or false or an error (it can not return fail)
if HasUnderlyingAutomatonGroup(G) then
UnderlyingAutomFamily( UnderlyingAutomatonGroup(G))!.use_contraction := false; fi;
return true; end);
############################################################################### ## #M FindNucleus( <G> ) ##
InstallMethod(FindNucleus, "for [IsSelfSimilarGroup, IsCyclotomic]",
[IsSelfSimilarGroup, IsCyclotomic], function(G, max_nucl)
local H, nuclH, nuclG; if not IsFiniteState(G) then # every contracting self-similar group is finite-state
Error("Group <G> is not finite-state"); fi;
if HasIsContracting(G) and not IsContracting(G) then
Error("Group <G> is not contracting"); fi;
H := GroupOfAutomFamily( UnderlyingAutomFamily( UnderlyingAutomatonGroup( G )));
if HasIsContracting(H) and not IsContracting(H) then
Error("Group <G> is not contracting"); fi;
nuclH := FindNucleus(H, max_nucl);
if nuclH=fail then return fail; fi;
nuclG := [];
Add(nuclG, List( GeneratingSetWithNucleus(H), x -> PreImagesRepresentative( MonomorphismToAutomatonGroup( G ), x )));
Add(nuclG, List( GroupNucleus(H), x -> PreImagesRepresentative( MonomorphismToAutomatonGroup( G ), x )));
Add(nuclG, GeneratingSetWithNucleusAutom(H));
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