############################################################################# ## ## This file is part of GAP, a system for computational discrete algebra. ## This file's authors include Götz Pfeiffer, Felix Noeske. ## ## Copyright of GAP belongs to its developers, whose names are too numerous ## to list here. Please refer to the COPYRIGHT file for details. ## ## SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later ## ## This file contains the declaration of functions needed for a direct ## computation of the character values of wreath products of a group $G$ ## with $S_n$, the symmetric group on n points. Special cases are the ## symmetric group $S_n$ itself and the Weyl group of type $B_n$ which is ## a wreath product of a cyclic group $C_2$ of order 2 with the symmetric ## group $S_n$. ## ## Moreover the character values of alternating groups $A_n$ are obtained ## by restriction from $S_n$ and the character values of Weyl groups of ## type $D_n$ are obtained from those of type $B_n$. ## ## The values are computed by a generalized Murnaghan-Nakayama formula. ## ## For a good reference of used formulae see: ## G. James, A.Kerber: The Representation Theory of the Symmetric Group, ## Addison-Wesley, 1981. ## A. Kerber, Representations of Permutation Groups I, Springer 1971. ## A. Kerber, Representations of Permutation Groups II, Springer 1975. ## ## Now the classes (as well as the characters) of $S_n$ are indexed by ## partitions (i.e. the cycle structure of the elements in that class). ## In general the classes (and again the characters) of the wreath ## product $G wr S_n$ are indexed by $r$-tuples of partitions, where $r$ ## is the number of classes of the group $G$ and these partitions ## together form a partition of $n$. That is after distributing $n$ over ## $r$ places each place is partitioned. ## ## There are different ways to represent a partition and we make use of ## two of them. ## ## First there is the partition as a finite nonincreasing sequence of ## numbers which sum up to $n$. This representation serves to compute a ## complete list of partitions of $n$ and is stored in the resulting ## table as value of `ClassParameters'. ## ## The most beautiful way to treat Young tableaux and hooks of partitions ## is their representation as beta-numbers. A beta-number is a set, ## which arises from a partition by reversing the order and adding a ## sequence [0,1,2,...] of the same length. Since this reversed ## partition is allowed to have leading zeros, its beta-set is not ## uniquely determined. Each beta-set however determines a unique ## partition. For example a beta-set for the partition [4,2,1] is ## [1,3,6], another one [0,1,3,5,8]. To remove a $k$-hook from the ## corresponding Young tableau the beta-numbers are placed as beads on ## $k$ strings. ## ## xxxx _________ _________ _________ xxxx ## xx 0 1 2 | o | o o | ## x 3 4 5 o | | -> | | | ## 6 | | o | | o | | ## ## To find a removable $k$-hook now simply means to find a free place ## for a bead one step up on its string, the hook is then removed by ## lifting this bead. (You see how this process can produce leading ## zeros.) Beta-numbers are used to parametrize the characters. ## ## The case $2 wr S-n$ uses pairs of these objects while the general ## wreath product uses lists of them. A list of beta-numbers is called a ## symbol. ##
############################################################################# ## #F BetaSet( <alpha> ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . beta set. ## ## <#GAPDoc Label="BetaSet"> ## <ManSection> ## <Func Name="BetaSet" Arg='alpha'/> ## ## <Description> ## For a list <A>alpha</A> that describes a partition of a nonnegative ## integer (see <Ref Func="Partitions"/>), ## <Ref Func="BetaSet"/> returns the list of integers obtained by reversing ## the order of <A>alpha</A> ## and then adding the sequence <C>[ 0, 1, 2, ... ]</C> of the same length, ## cf. <Cite Key="JK81" Where="Section 2.7"/>. ## <P/> ## <Example><![CDATA[ ## gap> BetaSet( [ 4, 2, 1 ] ); ## [ 1, 3, 6 ] ## gap> BetaSet( [] ); ## [ ] ## ]]></Example> ## </Description> ## </ManSection> ## <#/GAPDoc> ##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "BetaSet" );
############################################################################# ## #V CharTableWeylB . . . . generic character table of Weyl groups of type B. ## ## <ManSection> ## <Var Name="CharTableWeylB"/> ## ## <Description> ## </Description> ## </ManSection> ##
DeclareGlobalName( "CharTableWeylB" );
############################################################################# ## #V CharTableWeylD . . . . generic character table of Weyl groups of type D. ## ## <ManSection> ## <Var Name="CharTableWeylD"/> ## ## <Description> ## </Description> ## </ManSection> ##
DeclareGlobalName( "CharTableWeylD" );
############################################################################# ## #F CharacterValueWreathSymmetric( <tbl>, <n>, <beta>, <pi> ) . . #F . . . . character value in G wr Sn ## ## <#GAPDoc Label="CharacterValueWreathSymmetric"> ## <ManSection> ## <Func Name="CharacterValueWreathSymmetric" Arg='tbl, n, beta, pi'/> ## ## <Description> ## Let <A>tbl</A> be the ordinary character table of a group <M>G</M>. ## The aim of this function is to compute a single character value ## from the character table of the wreath product of <M>G</M> ## with the full symmetric group on <A>n</A> points. ## <P/> ## The conjugacy classes and the irreducible characters of this ## wreath product are parametrized by <M>r</M>-tuples of partitions ## which together form a partition of <A>n</A> ## (see <Ref Func="PartitionTuples"/>), ## where <M>r</M> is the number of conjugacy classes of <M>G</M>. ## <P/> ## We describe the conjugacy class for which we want to compute the value ## by the <M>r</M>-tuple <A>pi</A> of partitions in question, ## and describe the character for which we want to compute the value ## by the <M>r</M>-tuple <A>beta</A> of <Ref Func="BetaSet"/> values of the ## <M>r</M>-tuple of partitions in question. ## <P/> ## <Example><![CDATA[ ## gap> n:= 4;; ## gap> classpara:= [ [], [ 2, 1, 1 ] ];; ## gap> charpara:= [ [ 2, 1 ], [ 1 ] ];; ## gap> betas:= List( charpara, BetaSet );; ## gap> c2:= CharacterTable( "Cyclic", 2 );; ## gap> CharacterValueWreathSymmetric( c2, n, betas, classpara ); ## 0 ## gap> wr:= CharacterTableWreathSymmetric( c2, n );; ## gap> classpos:= Position( ClassParameters( wr ), classpara );; ## gap> charpos:= Position( CharacterParameters( wr ), charpara );; ## gap> Irr( wr )[ charpos, classpos ]; ## 0 ## ]]></Example> ## <P/> ## This function can be useful if one is interested in only a few ## character values. ## If many character values are needed then it is probably faster to ## compute the whole character table of the wreath product using ## <Ref Func="CharacterTableWreathSymmetric"/>, ## which uses intermediate results of recursive computations ## and therefore can avoid repetitions. ## </Description> ## </ManSection> ## <#/GAPDoc> ##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "CharacterValueWreathSymmetric" );
############################################################################# ## #F CharacterTableWreathSymmetric( <tbl>, <n> ) . . char. table of G wr Sn. ## ## <#GAPDoc Label="CharacterTableWreathSymmetric"> ## <ManSection> ## <Func Name="CharacterTableWreathSymmetric" Arg='tbl, n'/> ## ## <Description> ## returns the character table of the wreath product of a group <M>G</M> ## with the full symmetric group on <A>n</A> points, ## where <A>tbl</A> is the character table of <M>G</M>. ## <P/> ## The result has values for <Ref Attr="ClassParameters"/> and ## <Ref Attr="CharacterParameters"/> stored, ## the entries in these lists are sequences of partitions. ## Note that this parametrization prevents the principal character from ## being the first one in the list of irreducibles. ## <P/> ## <Example><![CDATA[ ## gap> c3:= CharacterTable( "Cyclic", 3 );; ## gap> wr:= CharacterTableWreathSymmetric( c3, 2 );; ## gap> Display( wr ); ## C3wrS2 ## ## 2 1 . . 1 . 1 1 1 1 ## 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 ## ## 1a 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 2a 6a 6b ## 2P 1a 3b 3a 3e 3d 3c 1a 3c 3e ## 3P 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 2a 2a 2a ## ## X.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 ## X.2 2 A /A B -1 /B . . . ## X.3 2 /A A /B -1 B . . . ## X.4 1 -/A -A -A 1 -/A -1 /A A ## X.5 2 -1 -1 2 -1 2 . . . ## X.6 1 -A -/A -/A 1 -A -1 A /A ## X.7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ## X.8 1 -/A -A -A 1 -/A 1 -/A -A ## X.9 1 -A -/A -/A 1 -A 1 -A -/A ## ## A = -E(3)^2 ## = (1+Sqrt(-3))/2 = 1+b3 ## B = 2*E(3) ## = -1+Sqrt(-3) = 2b3 ## gap> CharacterParameters( wr )[1]; ## [ [ 1, 1 ], [ ], [ ] ] ## ]]></Example> ## </Description> ## </ManSection> ## <#/GAPDoc> ##
DeclareGlobalFunction( "CharacterTableWreathSymmetric" );
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