/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* pg_bitutils . c
* Miscellaneous functions for bit - wise operations .
*
* Copyright ( c ) 2019 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src / port / pg_bitutils . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "c.h"
#ifdef HAVE__GET_CPUID
#include <cpuid.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE__CPUID
#include <intrin.h>
#endif
#include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
/*
* Array giving the position of the left - most set bit for each possible
* byte value . We count the right - most position as the 0 th bit , and the
* left - most the 7 th bit . The 0 th entry of the array should not be used .
*
* Note : this is not used by the functions in pg_bitutils . h when
* HAVE__BUILTIN_CLZ is defined , but we provide it anyway , so that
* extensions possibly compiled with a different compiler can use it .
*/
const uint8 pg_leftmost_one_pos[256 ] = {
0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 ,
4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 ,
5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 ,
5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 ,
6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ,
6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ,
6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ,
6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ,
7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ,
7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ,
7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ,
7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ,
7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ,
7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ,
7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ,
7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7
};
/*
* Array giving the position of the right - most set bit for each possible
* byte value . We count the right - most position as the 0 th bit , and the
* left - most the 7 th bit . The 0 th entry of the array should not be used .
*
* Note : this is not used by the functions in pg_bitutils . h when
* HAVE__BUILTIN_CTZ is defined , but we provide it anyway , so that
* extensions possibly compiled with a different compiler can use it .
*/
const uint8 pg_rightmost_one_pos[256 ] = {
0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
4 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
5 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
4 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
6 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
4 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
5 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
4 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
7 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
4 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
5 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
4 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
6 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
4 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
5 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,
4 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 0
};
/*
* Array giving the number of 1 - bits in each possible byte value .
*
* Note : we export this for use by functions in which explicit use
* of the popcount functions seems unlikely to be a win .
*/
const uint8 pg_number_of_ones[256 ] = {
0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 ,
1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 ,
1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 ,
2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 ,
1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 ,
2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 ,
2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 ,
3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 ,
1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 ,
2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 ,
2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 ,
3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 ,
2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 ,
3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 ,
3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 ,
4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 , 8
};
/*
* If we are building the Neon versions , we don ' t need the " slow " fallbacks .
*/
#ifndef POPCNT_AARCH64
static inline int pg_popcount32_slow(uint32 word);
static inline int pg_popcount64_slow(uint64 word);
static uint64 pg_popcount_slow(const char *buf, int bytes);
static uint64 pg_popcount_masked_slow(const char *buf, int bytes, bits8 mask);
#endif
#ifdef TRY_POPCNT_X86_64
static bool pg_popcount_available(void );
static int pg_popcount32_choose(uint32 word);
static int pg_popcount64_choose(uint64 word);
static uint64 pg_popcount_choose(const char *buf, int bytes);
static uint64 pg_popcount_masked_choose(const char *buf, int bytes, bits8 mask);
static inline int pg_popcount32_fast(uint32 word);
static inline int pg_popcount64_fast(uint64 word);
static uint64 pg_popcount_fast(const char *buf, int bytes);
static uint64 pg_popcount_masked_fast(const char *buf, int bytes, bits8 mask);
int (*pg_popcount32) (uint32 word) = pg_popcount32_choose;
int (*pg_popcount64) (uint64 word) = pg_popcount64_choose;
uint64 (*pg_popcount_optimized) (const char *buf, int bytes) = pg_popcount_choose;
uint64 (*pg_popcount_masked_optimized) (const char *buf, int bytes, bits8 mask) = pg_popcount_masked_choose;
#endif /* TRY_POPCNT_X86_64 */
#ifdef TRY_POPCNT_X86_64
/*
* Return true if CPUID indicates that the POPCNT instruction is available .
*/
static bool
pg_popcount_available(void )
{
unsigned int exx[4 ] = {0 , 0 , 0 , 0 };
#if defined (HAVE__GET_CPUID)
__get_cpuid(1 , &exx[0 ], &exx[1 ], &exx[le='color: green'>2 ], &exx[3 ]);
#elif defined (HAVE__CPUID)
__cpuid(exx, 1 );
#else
#error cpuid instruction not available
#endif
return (exx[2 ] & (1 << 23 )) != 0 ; /* POPCNT */
}
/*
* These functions get called on the first call to pg_popcount32 etc .
* They detect whether we can use the asm implementations , and replace
* the function pointers so that subsequent calls are routed directly to
* the chosen implementation .
*/
static inline void
choose_popcount_functions(void )
{
if (pg_popcount_available())
{
pg_popcount32 = pg_popcount32_fast;
pg_popcount64 = pg_popcount64_fast;
pg_popcount_optimized = pg_popcount_fast;
pg_popcount_masked_optimized = pg_popcount_masked_fast;
}
else
{
pg_popcount32 = pg_popcount32_slow;
pg_popcount64 = pg_popcount64_slow;
pg_popcount_optimized = pg_popcount_slow;
pg_popcount_masked_optimized = pg_popcount_masked_slow;
}
#ifdef USE_AVX512_POPCNT_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
if (pg_popcount_avx512_available())
{
pg_popcount_optimized = pg_popcount_avx512;
pg_popcount_masked_optimized = pg_popcount_masked_avx512;
}
#endif
}
static int
pg_popcount32_choose(uint32 word)
{
choose_popcount_functions();
return pg_popcount32(word);
}
static int
pg_popcount64_choose(uint64 word)
{
choose_popcount_functions();
return pg_popcount64(word);
}
static uint64
pg_popcount_choose(const char *buf, int bytes)
{
choose_popcount_functions();
return pg_popcount_optimized(buf, bytes);
}
static uint64
pg_popcount_masked_choose(const char *buf, int bytes, bits8 mask)
{
choose_popcount_functions();
return pg_popcount_masked(buf, bytes, mask);
}
/*
* pg_popcount32_fast
* Return the number of 1 bits set in word
*/
static inline int
pg_popcount32_fast(uint32 word)
{
#ifdef _MSC_VER
return __popcnt(word);
#else
uint32 res;
__asm__ __volatile__(" popcntl %1,%0\n" :"=q" (res):"rm" (word):"cc" );
return (int ) res;
#endif
}
/*
* pg_popcount64_fast
* Return the number of 1 bits set in word
*/
static inline int
pg_popcount64_fast(uint64 word)
{
#ifdef _MSC_VER
return __popcnt64(word);
#else
uint64 res;
__asm__ __volatile__(" popcntq %1,%0\n" :"=q" (res):"rm" (word):"cc" );
return (int ) res;
#endif
}
/*
* pg_popcount_fast
* Returns the number of 1 - bits in buf
*/
static uint64
pg_popcount_fast(const char *buf, int bytes)
{
uint64 popcnt = 0 ;
#if SIZEOF_VOID_P >= 8
/* Process in 64-bit chunks if the buffer is aligned. */
if (buf == (const char *) TYPEALIGN(8 , buf))
{
const uint64 *words = (const uint64 *) buf;
while (bytes >= 8 )
{
popcnt += pg_popcount64_fast(*words++);
bytes -= 8 ;
}
buf = (const char *) words;
}
#else
/* Process in 32-bit chunks if the buffer is aligned. */
if (buf == (const char *) TYPEALIGN(4 , buf))
{
const uint32 *words = (const uint32 *) buf;
while (bytes >= 4 )
{
popcnt += pg_popcount32_fast(*words++);
bytes -= 4 ;
}
buf = (const char *) words;
}
#endif
/* Process any remaining bytes */
while (bytes--)
popcnt += pg_number_of_ones[(unsigned char ) *buf++];
return popcnt;
}
/*
* pg_popcount_masked_fast
* Returns the number of 1 - bits in buf after applying the mask to each byte
*/
static uint64
pg_popcount_masked_fast(const char *buf, int bytes, bits8 mask)
{
uint64 popcnt = 0 ;
#if SIZEOF_VOID_P >= 8
/* Process in 64-bit chunks if the buffer is aligned */
uint64 maskv = ~UINT64CONST(0 ) / 0 xFF * mask;
if (buf == (const char *) TYPEALIGN(8 , buf))
{
const uint64 *words = (const uint64 *) buf;
while (bytes >= 8 )
{
popcnt += pg_popcount64_fast(*words++ & maskv);
bytes -= 8 ;
}
buf = (const char *) words;
}
#else
/* Process in 32-bit chunks if the buffer is aligned. */
uint32 maskv = ~((uint32) 0 ) / 0 xFF * mask;
if (buf == (const char *) TYPEALIGN(4 , buf))
{
const uint32 *words = (const uint32 *) buf;
while (bytes >= 4 )
{
popcnt += pg_popcount32_fast(*words++ & maskv);
bytes -= 4 ;
}
buf = (const char *) words;
}
#endif
/* Process any remaining bytes */
while (bytes--)
popcnt += pg_number_of_ones[(unsigned char ) *buf++ & mask];
return popcnt;
}
#endif /* TRY_POPCNT_X86_64 */
/*
* If we are building the Neon versions , we don ' t need the " slow " fallbacks .
*/
#ifndef POPCNT_AARCH64
/*
* pg_popcount32_slow
* Return the number of 1 bits set in word
*/
static inline int
pg_popcount32_slow(uint32 word)
{
#ifdef HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT
return __builtin_popcount(word);
#else /* !HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT */
int result = 0 ;
while (word != 0 )
{
result += pg_number_of_ones[word & 255 ];
word >>= 8 ;
}
return result;
#endif /* HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT */
}
/*
* pg_popcount64_slow
* Return the number of 1 bits set in word
*/
static inline int
pg_popcount64_slow(uint64 word)
{
#ifdef HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT
#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
return __builtin_popcountl(word);
#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
return __builtin_popcountll(word);
#else
#error "cannot find integer of the same size as uint64_t"
#endif
#else /* !HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT */
int result = 0 ;
while (word != 0 )
{
result += pg_number_of_ones[word & 255 ];
word >>= 8 ;
}
return result;
#endif /* HAVE__BUILTIN_POPCOUNT */
}
/*
* pg_popcount_slow
* Returns the number of 1 - bits in buf
*/
static uint64
pg_popcount_slow(const char *buf, int bytes)
{
uint64 popcnt = 0 ;
#if SIZEOF_VOID_P >= 8
/* Process in 64-bit chunks if the buffer is aligned. */
if (buf == (const char *) TYPEALIGN(8 , buf))
{
const uint64 *words = (const uint64 *) buf;
while (bytes >= 8 )
{
popcnt += pg_popcount64_slow(*words++);
bytes -= 8 ;
}
buf = (const char *) words;
}
#else
/* Process in 32-bit chunks if the buffer is aligned. */
if (buf == (const char *) TYPEALIGN(4 , buf))
{
const uint32 *words = (const uint32 *) buf;
while (bytes >= 4 )
{
popcnt += pg_popcount32_slow(*words++);
bytes -= 4 ;
}
buf = (const char *) words;
}
#endif
/* Process any remaining bytes */
while (bytes--)
popcnt += pg_number_of_ones[(unsigned char ) *buf++];
return popcnt;
}
/*
* pg_popcount_masked_slow
* Returns the number of 1 - bits in buf after applying the mask to each byte
*/
static uint64
pg_popcount_masked_slow(const char *buf, int bytes, bits8 mask)
{
uint64 popcnt = 0 ;
#if SIZEOF_VOID_P >= 8
/* Process in 64-bit chunks if the buffer is aligned */
uint64 maskv = ~UINT64CONST(0 ) / 0 xFF * mask;
if (buf == (const char *) TYPEALIGN(8 , buf))
{
const uint64 *words = (const uint64 *) buf;
while (bytes >= 8 )
{
popcnt += pg_popcount64_slow(*words++ & maskv);
bytes -= 8 ;
}
buf = (const char *) words;
}
#else
/* Process in 32-bit chunks if the buffer is aligned. */
uint32 maskv = ~((uint32) 0 ) / 0 xFF * mask;
if (buf == (const char *) TYPEALIGN(4 , buf))
{
const uint32 *words = (const uint32 *) buf;
while (bytes >= 4 )
{
popcnt += pg_popcount32_slow(*words++ & maskv);
bytes -= 4 ;
}
buf = (const char *) words;
}
#endif
/* Process any remaining bytes */
while (bytes--)
popcnt += pg_number_of_ones[(unsigned char ) *buf++ & mask];
return popcnt;
}
#endif /* ! POPCNT_AARCH64 */
#if !defined (TRY_POPCNT_X86_64) && !defined (POPCNT_AARCH64)
/*
* When special CPU instructions are not available , there ' s no point in using
* function pointers to vary the implementation between the fast and slow
* method . We instead just make these actual external functions . The compiler
* should be able to inline the slow versions here .
*/
int
pg_popcount32(uint32 word)
{
return pg_popcount32_slow(word);
}
int
pg_popcount64(uint64 word)
{
return pg_popcount64_slow(word);
}
/*
* pg_popcount_optimized
* Returns the number of 1 - bits in buf
*/
uint64
pg_popcount_optimized(const char *buf, int bytes)
{
return pg_popcount_slow(buf, bytes);
}
/*
* pg_popcount_masked_optimized
* Returns the number of 1 - bits in buf after applying the mask to each byte
*/
uint64
pg_popcount_masked_optimized(const char *buf, int bytes, bits8 mask)
{
return pg_popcount_masked_slow(buf, bytes, mask);
}
#endif /* ! TRY_POPCNT_X86_64 && ! POPCNT_AARCH64 */
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