/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* blkreftable . c
* Block reference tables .
*
* A block reference table is used to keep track of which blocks have
* been modified by WAL records within a certain LSN range .
*
* For each relation fork , we keep track of all blocks that have appeared
* in block reference in the WAL . We also keep track of the " limit block " ,
* which is the smallest relation length in blocks known to have occurred
* during that range of WAL records . This should be set to 0 if the relation
* fork is created or destroyed , and to the post - truncation length if
* truncated .
*
* Whenever we set the limit block , we also forget about any modified blocks
* beyond that point . Those blocks don ' t exist any more . Such blocks can
* later be marked as modified again ; if that happens , it means the relation
* was re - extended .
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 2010 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
*
* src / common / blkreftable . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#ifndef FRONTEND
#include "postgres.h"
#else
#include "postgres_fe.h"
#endif
#ifdef FRONTEND
#include "common/logging.h"
#endif
#include "common/blkreftable.h"
#include "common/hashfn.h"
#include "port/pg_crc32c.h"
/*
* A block reference table keeps track of the status of each relation
* fork individually .
*/
typedef struct BlockRefTableKey
{
RelFileLocator rlocator;
ForkNumber forknum;
} BlockRefTableKey;
/*
* We could need to store data either for a relation in which only a
* tiny fraction of the blocks have been modified or for a relation in
* which nearly every block has been modified , and we want a
* space - efficient representation in both cases . To accomplish this ,
* we divide the relation into chunks of 2 ^ 16 blocks and choose between
* an array representation and a bitmap representation for each chunk .
*
* When the number of modified blocks in a given chunk is small , we
* essentially store an array of block numbers , but we need not store the
* entire block number : instead , we store each block number as a 2 - byte
* offset from the start of the chunk .
*
* When the number of modified blocks in a given chunk is large , we switch
* to a bitmap representation .
*
* These same basic representational choices are used both when a block
* reference table is stored in memory and when it is serialized to disk .
*
* In the in - memory representation , we initially allocate each chunk with
* space for a number of entries given by INITIAL_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK and
* increase that as necessary until we reach MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK .
* Any chunk whose allocated size reaches MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK is converted
* to a bitmap , and thus never needs to grow further .
*/
#define BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK (1 << 16 )
#define BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY (BITS_PER_BYTE * sizeof (uint16))
#define MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK (BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK / BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY)
#define INITIAL_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK 16
typedef uint16 *BlockRefTableChunk;
/*
* State for one relation fork .
*
* ' rlocator ' and ' forknum ' identify the relation fork to which this entry
* pertains .
*
* ' limit_block ' is the shortest known length of the relation in blocks
* within the LSN range covered by a particular block reference table .
* It should be set to 0 if the relation fork is created or dropped . If the
* relation fork is truncated , it should be set to the number of blocks that
* remain after truncation .
*
* ' nchunks ' is the allocated length of each of the three arrays that follow .
* We can only represent the status of block numbers less than nchunks *
* BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK .
*
* ' chunk_size ' is an array storing the allocated size of each chunk .
*
* ' chunk_usage ' is an array storing the number of elements used in each
* chunk . If that value is less than MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK , the corresponding
* chunk is used as an array ; else the corresponding chunk is used as a bitmap .
* When used as a bitmap , the least significant bit of the first array element
* is the status of the lowest - numbered block covered by this chunk .
*
* ' chunk_data ' is the array of chunks .
*/
struct BlockRefTableEntry
{
BlockRefTableKey key;
BlockNumber limit_block;
char status;
uint32 nchunks;
uint16 *chunk_size;
uint16 *chunk_usage;
BlockRefTableChunk *chunk_data;
};
/* Declare and define a hash table over type BlockRefTableEntry. */
#define SH_PREFIX blockreftable
#define SH_ELEMENT_TYPE BlockRefTableEntry
#define SH_KEY_TYPE BlockRefTableKey
#define SH_KEY key
#define SH_HASH_KEY(tb, key) \
hash_bytes((const unsigned char *) &key, sizeof (BlockRefTableKey))
#define SH_EQUAL(tb, a, b) (memcmp(&a, &b, sizeof (BlockRefTableKey)) == 0 )
#define SH_SCOPE static inline
#ifdef FRONTEND
#define SH_RAW_ALLOCATOR pg_malloc0
#endif
#define SH_DEFINE
#define SH_DECLARE
#include "lib/simplehash.h"
/*
* A block reference table is basically just the hash table , but we don ' t
* want to expose that to outside callers .
*
* We keep track of the memory context in use explicitly too , so that it ' s
* easy to place all of our allocations in the same context .
*/
struct BlockRefTable
{
blockreftable_hash *hash;
#ifndef FRONTEND
MemoryContext mcxt;
#endif
};
/*
* On - disk serialization format for block reference table entries .
*/
typedef struct BlockRefTableSerializedEntry
{
RelFileLocator rlocator;
ForkNumber forknum;
BlockNumber limit_block;
uint32 nchunks;
} BlockRefTableSerializedEntry;
/*
* Buffer size , so that we avoid doing many small I / Os .
*/
#define BUFSIZE 65536
/*
* Ad - hoc buffer for file I / O .
*/
typedef struct BlockRefTableBuffer
{
io_callback_fn io_callback;
void *io_callback_arg;
char data[BUFSIZE];
int used;
int cursor;
pg_crc32c crc;
} BlockRefTableBuffer;
/*
* State for keeping track of progress while incrementally reading a block
* table reference file from disk .
*
* total_chunks means the number of chunks for the RelFileLocator / ForkNumber
* combination that is currently being read , and consumed_chunks is the number
* of those that have been read . ( We always read all the information for
* a single chunk at one time , so we don ' t need to be able to represent the
* state where a chunk has been partially read . )
*
* chunk_size is the array of chunk sizes . The length is given by total_chunks .
*
* chunk_data holds the current chunk .
*
* chunk_position helps us figure out how much progress we ' ve made in returning
* the block numbers for the current chunk to the caller . If the chunk is a
* bitmap , it ' s the number of bits we ' ve scanned ; otherwise , it ' s the number
* of chunk entries we ' ve scanned .
*/
struct BlockRefTableReader
{
BlockRefTableBuffer buffer;
char *error_filename;
report_error_fn error_callback;
void *error_callback_arg;
uint32 total_chunks;
uint32 consumed_chunks;
uint16 *chunk_size;
uint16 chunk_data[MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK];
uint32 chunk_position;
};
/*
* State for keeping track of progress while incrementally writing a block
* reference table file to disk .
*/
struct BlockRefTableWriter
{
BlockRefTableBuffer buffer;
};
/* Function prototypes. */
static int BlockRefTableComparator(const void *a, const void *b);
static void BlockRefTableFlush(BlockRefTableBuffer *buffer);
static void BlockRefTableRead(BlockRefTableReader *reader, void *data,
int length);
static void BlockRefTableWrite(BlockRefTableBuffer *buffer, void *data,
int length);
static void BlockRefTableFileTerminate(BlockRefTableBuffer *buffer);
/*
* Create an empty block reference table .
*/
BlockRefTable *
CreateEmptyBlockRefTable(void )
{
BlockRefTable *brtab = palloc(sizeof (BlockRefTable));
/*
* Even completely empty database has a few hundred relation forks , so it
* seems best to size the hash on the assumption that we ' re going to have
* at least a few thousand entries .
*/
#ifdef FRONTEND
brtab->hash = blockreftable_create(4096 , NULL);
#else
brtab->mcxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
brtab->hash = blockreftable_create(brtab->mcxt, 4096 , NULL);
#endif
return brtab;
}
/*
* Set the " limit block " for a relation fork and forget any modified blocks
* with equal or higher block numbers .
*
* The " limit block " is the shortest known length of the relation within the
* range of WAL records covered by this block reference table .
*/
void
BlockRefTableSetLimitBlock(BlockRefTable *brtab,
const RelFileLocator *rlocator,
ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber limit_block)
{
BlockRefTableEntry *brtentry;
BlockRefTableKey key = {0 }; /* make sure any padding is zero */
bool found;
memcpy(&key.rlocator, rlocator, sizeof (RelFileLocator));
key.forknum = forknum;
brtentry = blockreftable_insert(brtab->hash, key, &found);
if (!found)
{
/*
* We have no existing data about this relation fork , so just record
* the limit_block value supplied by the caller , and make sure other
* parts of the entry are properly initialized .
*/
brtentry->limit_block = limit_block;
brtentry->nchunks = 0 ;
brtentry->chunk_size = NULL;
brtentry->chunk_usage = NULL;
brtentry->chunk_data = NULL;
return ;
}
BlockRefTableEntrySetLimitBlock(brtentry, limit_block);
}
/*
* Mark a block in a given relation fork as known to have been modified .
*/
void
BlockRefTableMarkBlockModified(BlockRefTable *brtab,
const RelFileLocator *rlocator,
ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blknum)
{
BlockRefTableEntry *brtentry;
BlockRefTableKey key = {0 }; /* make sure any padding is zero */
bool found;
#ifndef FRONTEND
MemoryContext oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(brtab->mcxt);
#endif
memcpy(&key.rlocator, rlocator, sizeof (RelFileLocator));
key.forknum = forknum;
brtentry = blockreftable_insert(brtab->hash, key, &found);
if (!found)
{
/*
* We want to set the initial limit block value to something higher
* than any legal block number . InvalidBlockNumber fits the bill .
*/
brtentry->limit_block = InvalidBlockNumber;
brtentry->nchunks = 0 ;
brtentry->chunk_size = NULL;
brtentry->chunk_usage = NULL;
brtentry->chunk_data = NULL;
}
BlockRefTableEntryMarkBlockModified(brtentry, forknum, blknum);
#ifndef FRONTEND
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
#endif
}
/*
* Get an entry from a block reference table .
*
* If the entry does not exist , this function returns NULL . Otherwise , it
* returns the entry and sets * limit_block to the value from the entry .
*/
BlockRefTableEntry *
BlockRefTableGetEntry(BlockRefTable *brtab, const RelFileLocator *rlocator,
ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber *limit_block)
{
BlockRefTableKey key = {0 }; /* make sure any padding is zero */
BlockRefTableEntry *entry;
Assert(limit_block != NULL);
memcpy(&key.rlocator, rlocator, sizeof (RelFileLocator));
key.forknum = forknum;
entry = blockreftable_lookup(brtab->hash, key);
if (entry != NULL)
*limit_block = entry->limit_block;
return entry;
}
/*
* Get block numbers from a table entry .
*
* ' blocks ' must point to enough space to hold at least ' nblocks ' block
* numbers , and any block numbers we manage to get will be written there .
* The return value is the number of block numbers actually written .
*
* We do not return block numbers unless they are greater than or equal to
* start_blkno and strictly less than stop_blkno .
*/
int
BlockRefTableEntryGetBlocks(BlockRefTableEntry *entry,
BlockNumber start_blkno,
BlockNumber stop_blkno,
BlockNumber *blocks,
int nblocks)
{
uint32 start_chunkno;
uint32 stop_chunkno;
uint32 chunkno;
int nresults = 0 ;
Assert(entry != NULL);
/*
* Figure out which chunks could potentially contain blocks of interest .
*
* We need to be careful about overflow here , because stop_blkno could be
* InvalidBlockNumber or something very close to it .
*/
start_chunkno = start_blkno / BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK;
stop_chunkno = stop_blkno / BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK;
if ((stop_blkno % BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK) != 0 )
++stop_chunkno;
if (stop_chunkno > entry->nchunks)
stop_chunkno = entry->nchunks;
/*
* Loop over chunks .
*/
for (chunkno = start_chunkno; chunkno < stop_chunkno; ++chunkno)
{
uint16 chunk_usage = entry->chunk_usage[chunkno];
BlockRefTableChunk chunk_data = entry->chunk_data[chunkno];
unsigned start_offset = 0 ;
unsigned stop_offset = BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK;
/*
* If the start and / or stop block number falls within this chunk , the
* whole chunk may not be of interest . Figure out which portion we
* care about , if it ' s not the whole thing .
*/
if (chunkno == start_chunkno)
start_offset = start_blkno % BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK;
if (chunkno == stop_chunkno - 1 )
{
Assert(stop_blkno > chunkno * BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK);
stop_offset = stop_blkno - (chunkno * BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK);
Assert(stop_offset <= BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK);
}
/*
* Handling differs depending on whether this is an array of offsets
* or a bitmap .
*/
if (chunk_usage == MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK)
{
unsigned i;
/* It's a bitmap, so test every relevant bit. */
for (i = start_offset; i < stop_offset; ++i)
{
uint16 w = chunk_data[i / BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY];
if ((w & (1 << (i % BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY))) != 0 )
{
BlockNumber blkno = chunkno * BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK + i;
blocks[nresults++] = blkno;
/* Early exit if we run out of output space. */
if (nresults == nblocks)
return nresults;
}
}
}
else
{
unsigned i;
/* It's an array of offsets, so check each one. */
for (i = 0 ; i < chunk_usage; ++i)
{
uint16 offset = chunk_data[i];
if (offset >= start_offset && offset < stop_offset)
{
BlockNumber blkno = chunkno * BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK + offset;
blocks[nresults++] = blkno;
/* Early exit if we run out of output space. */
if (nresults == nblocks)
return nresults;
}
}
}
}
return nresults;
}
/*
* Serialize a block reference table to a file .
*/
void
WriteBlockRefTable(BlockRefTable *brtab,
io_callback_fn write_callback,
void *write_callback_arg)
{
BlockRefTableSerializedEntry *sdata = NULL;
BlockRefTableBuffer buffer;
uint32 magic = BLOCKREFTABLE_MAGIC;
/* Prepare buffer. */
memset(&buffer, 0 , sizeof (BlockRefTableBuffer));
buffer.io_callback = write_callback;
buffer.io_callback_arg = write_callback_arg;
INIT_CRC32C(buffer.crc);
/* Write magic number. */
BlockRefTableWrite(&buffer, &magic, sizeof (uint32));
/* Write the entries, assuming there are some. */
if (brtab->hash->members > 0 )
{
unsigned i = 0 ;
blockreftable_iterator it;
BlockRefTableEntry *brtentry;
/* Extract entries into serializable format and sort them. */
sdata =
palloc_array(BlockRefTableSerializedEntry, brtab->hash->members);
blockreftable_start_iterate(brtab->hash, &it);
while ((brtentry = blockreftable_iterate(brtab->hash, &it)) != NULL)
{
BlockRefTableSerializedEntry *sentry = &sdata[i++];
sentry->rlocator = brtentry->key.rlocator;
sentry->forknum = brtentry->key.forknum;
sentry->limit_block = brtentry->limit_block;
sentry->nchunks = brtentry->nchunks;
/* trim trailing zero entries */
while (sentry->nchunks > 0 &&
brtentry->chunk_usage[sentry->nchunks - 1 ] == 0 )
sentry->nchunks--;
}
Assert(i == brtab->hash->members);
qsort(sdata, i, sizeof (BlockRefTableSerializedEntry),
BlockRefTableComparator);
/* Loop over entries in sorted order and serialize each one. */
for (i = 0 ; i < brtab->hash->members; ++i)
{
BlockRefTableSerializedEntry *sentry = &sdata[i];
BlockRefTableKey key = {0 }; /* make sure any padding is zero */
unsigned j;
/* Write the serialized entry itself. */
BlockRefTableWrite(&buffer, sentry,
sizeof (BlockRefTableSerializedEntry));
/* Look up the original entry so we can access the chunks. */
memcpy(&key.rlocator, &sentry->rlocator, sizeof (RelFileLocator));
key.forknum = sentry->forknum;
brtentry = blockreftable_lookup(brtab->hash, key);
Assert(brtentry != NULL);
/* Write the untruncated portion of the chunk length array. */
if (sentry->nchunks != 0 )
BlockRefTableWrite(&buffer, brtentry->chunk_usage,
sentry->nchunks * sizeof (uint16));
/* Write the contents of each chunk. */
for (j = 0 ; j < brtentry->nchunks; ++j)
{
if (brtentry->chunk_usage[j] == 0 )
continue ;
BlockRefTableWrite(&buffer, brtentry->chunk_data[j],
brtentry->chunk_usage[j] * sizeof (uint16));
}
}
}
/* Write out appropriate terminator and CRC and flush buffer. */
BlockRefTableFileTerminate(&buffer);
}
/*
* Prepare to incrementally read a block reference table file .
*
* ' read_callback ' is a function that can be called to read data from the
* underlying file ( or other data source ) into our internal buffer .
*
* ' read_callback_arg ' is an opaque argument to be passed to read_callback .
*
* ' error_filename ' is the filename that should be included in error messages
* if the file is found to be malformed . The value is not copied , so the
* caller should ensure that it remains valid until done with this
* BlockRefTableReader .
*
* ' error_callback ' is a function to be called if the file is found to be
* malformed . This is not used for I / O errors , which must be handled internally
* by read_callback .
*
* ' error_callback_arg ' is an opaque argument to be passed to error_callback .
*/
BlockRefTableReader *
CreateBlockRefTableReader(io_callback_fn read_callback,
void *read_callback_arg,
char *error_filename,
report_error_fn error_callback,
void *error_callback_arg)
{
BlockRefTableReader *reader;
uint32 magic;
/* Initialize data structure. */
reader = palloc0(sizeof (BlockRefTableReader));
reader->buffer.io_callback = read_callback;
reader->buffer.io_callback_arg = read_callback_arg;
reader->error_filename = error_filename;
reader->error_callback = error_callback;
reader->error_callback_arg = error_callback_arg;
INIT_CRC32C(reader->buffer.crc);
/* Verify magic number. */
BlockRefTableRead(reader, &magic, sizeof (uint32));
if (magic != BLOCKREFTABLE_MAGIC)
error_callback(error_callback_arg,
"file \" %s\" has wrong magic number: expected %u, found %u" ,
error_filename,
BLOCKREFTABLE_MAGIC, magic);
return reader;
}
/*
* Read next relation fork covered by this block reference table file .
*
* After calling this function , you must call BlockRefTableReaderGetBlocks
* until it returns 0 before calling it again .
*/
bool
BlockRefTableReaderNextRelation(BlockRefTableReader *reader,
RelFileLocator *rlocator,
ForkNumber *forknum,
BlockNumber *limit_block)
{
BlockRefTableSerializedEntry sentry;
BlockRefTableSerializedEntry zentry = {0 };
/*
* Sanity check : caller must read all blocks from all chunks before moving
* on to the next relation .
*/
Assert(reader->total_chunks == reader->consumed_chunks);
/* Read serialized entry. */
BlockRefTableRead(reader, &sentry,
sizeof (BlockRefTableSerializedEntry));
/*
* If we just read the sentinel entry indicating that we ' ve reached the
* end , read and check the CRC .
*/
if (memcmp(&sentry, &zentry, sizeof (BlockRefTableSerializedEntry)) == 0 )
{
pg_crc32c expected_crc;
pg_crc32c actual_crc;
/*
* We want to know the CRC of the file excluding the 4 - byte CRC
* itself , so copy the current value of the CRC accumulator before
* reading those bytes , and use the copy to finalize the calculation .
*/
expected_crc = reader->buffer.crc;
FIN_CRC32C(expected_crc);
/* Now we can read the actual value. */
BlockRefTableRead(reader, &actual_crc, sizeof (pg_crc32c));
/* Throw an error if there is a mismatch. */
if (!EQ_CRC32C(expected_crc, actual_crc))
reader->error_callback(reader->error_callback_arg,
"file \" %s\" has wrong checksum: expected %08X, found %08X" ,
reader->error_filename, expected_crc, actual_crc);
return false ;
}
/*
* Sanity - check the nchunks value . In the backend , palloc_array would
* enforce this anyway ( with a more generic error message ) ; but in
* frontend it would not , potentially allowing BlockRefTableRead ' s length
* parameter to overflow .
*/
if (sentry.nchunks > MaxAllocSize / sizeof (uint16))
{
reader->error_callback(reader->error_callback_arg,
"file \" %s\" has oversized chunk size array" ,
reader->error_filename);
return false ;
}
/* Read chunk size array. */
if (reader->chunk_size != NULL)
pfree(reader->chunk_size);
reader->chunk_size = palloc_array(uint16, sentry.nchunks);
BlockRefTableRead(reader, reader->chunk_size,
sentry.nchunks * sizeof (uint16));
/* Set up for chunk scan. */
reader->total_chunks = sentry.nchunks;
reader->consumed_chunks = 0 ;
/* Return data to caller. */
memcpy(rlocator, &sentry.rlocator, sizeof (RelFileLocator));
*forknum = sentry.forknum;
*limit_block = sentry.limit_block;
return true ;
}
/*
* Get modified blocks associated with the relation fork returned by
* the most recent call to BlockRefTableReaderNextRelation .
*
* On return , block numbers will be written into the ' blocks ' array , whose
* length should be passed via ' nblocks ' . The return value is the number of
* entries actually written into the ' blocks ' array , which may be less than
* ' nblocks ' if we run out of modified blocks in the relation fork before
* we run out of room in the array .
*/
unsigned
BlockRefTableReaderGetBlocks(BlockRefTableReader *reader,
BlockNumber *blocks,
int nblocks)
{
unsigned blocks_found = 0 ;
/* Must provide space for at least one block number to be returned. */
Assert(nblocks > 0 );
/* Loop collecting blocks to return to caller. */
for (;;)
{
uint16 next_chunk_size;
/*
* If we ' ve read at least one chunk , maybe it contains some block
* numbers that could satisfy caller ' s request .
*/
if (reader->consumed_chunks > 0 )
{
uint32 chunkno = reader->consumed_chunks - 1 ;
uint16 chunk_size = reader->chunk_size[chunkno];
if (chunk_size == MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK)
{
/* Bitmap format, so search for bits that are set. */
while (reader->chunk_position < BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK &&
blocks_found < nblocks)
{
uint16 chunkoffset = reader->chunk_position;
uint16 w;
w = reader->chunk_data[chunkoffset / BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY];
if ((w & (1 u << (chunkoffset % BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY))) != 0 )
blocks[blocks_found++] =
chunkno * BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK + chunkoffset;
++reader->chunk_position;
}
}
else
{
/* Not in bitmap format, so each entry is a 2-byte offset. */
while (reader->chunk_position < chunk_size &&
blocks_found < nblocks)
{
blocks[blocks_found++] = chunkno * BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK
+ reader->chunk_data[reader->chunk_position];
++reader->chunk_position;
}
}
}
/* We found enough blocks, so we're done. */
if (blocks_found >= nblocks)
break ;
/*
* We didn ' t find enough blocks , so we must need the next chunk . If
* there are none left , though , then we ' re done anyway .
*/
if (reader->consumed_chunks == reader->total_chunks)
break ;
/*
* Read data for next chunk and reset scan position to beginning of
* chunk . Note that the next chunk might be empty , in which case we
* consume the chunk without actually consuming any bytes from the
* underlying file .
*/
next_chunk_size = reader->chunk_size[reader->consumed_chunks];
if (next_chunk_size > 0 )
BlockRefTableRead(reader, reader->chunk_data,
next_chunk_size * sizeof (uint16));
++reader->consumed_chunks;
reader->chunk_position = 0 ;
}
return blocks_found;
}
/*
* Release memory used while reading a block reference table from a file .
*/
void
DestroyBlockRefTableReader(BlockRefTableReader *reader)
{
if (reader->chunk_size != NULL)
{
pfree(reader->chunk_size);
reader->chunk_size = NULL;
}
pfree(reader);
}
/*
* Prepare to write a block reference table file incrementally .
*
* Caller must be able to supply BlockRefTableEntry objects sorted in the
* appropriate order .
*/
BlockRefTableWriter *
CreateBlockRefTableWriter(io_callback_fn write_callback,
void *write_callback_arg)
{
BlockRefTableWriter *writer;
uint32 magic = BLOCKREFTABLE_MAGIC;
/* Prepare buffer and CRC check and save callbacks. */
writer = palloc0(sizeof (BlockRefTableWriter));
writer->buffer.io_callback = write_callback;
writer->buffer.io_callback_arg = write_callback_arg;
INIT_CRC32C(writer->buffer.crc);
/* Write magic number. */
BlockRefTableWrite(&writer->buffer, &magic, sizeof (uint32));
return writer;
}
/*
* Append one entry to a block reference table file .
*
* Note that entries must be written in the proper order , that is , sorted by
* tablespace , then database , then relfilenumber , then fork number . Caller
* is responsible for supplying data in the correct order . If that seems hard ,
* use an in - memory BlockRefTable instead .
*/
void
BlockRefTableWriteEntry(BlockRefTableWriter *writer, BlockRefTableEntry *entry)
{
BlockRefTableSerializedEntry sentry;
unsigned j;
/* Convert to serialized entry format. */
sentry.rlocator = entry->key.rlocator;
sentry.forknum = entry->key.forknum;
sentry.limit_block = entry->limit_block;
sentry.nchunks = entry->nchunks;
/* Trim trailing zero entries. */
while (sentry.nchunks > 0 && entry->chunk_usage[sentry.nchunks - 1 ] == 0 )
sentry.nchunks--;
/* Write the serialized entry itself. */
BlockRefTableWrite(&writer->buffer, &sentry,
sizeof (BlockRefTableSerializedEntry));
/* Write the untruncated portion of the chunk length array. */
if (sentry.nchunks != 0 )
BlockRefTableWrite(&writer->buffer, entry->chunk_usage,
sentry.nchunks * sizeof (uint16));
/* Write the contents of each chunk. */
for (j = 0 ; j < entry->nchunks; ++j)
{
if (entry->chunk_usage[j] == 0 )
continue ;
BlockRefTableWrite(&writer->buffer, entry->chunk_data[j],
entry->chunk_usage[j] * sizeof (uint16));
}
}
/*
* Finalize an incremental write of a block reference table file .
*/
void
DestroyBlockRefTableWriter(BlockRefTableWriter *writer)
{
BlockRefTableFileTerminate(&writer->buffer);
pfree(writer);
}
/*
* Allocate a standalone BlockRefTableEntry .
*
* When we ' re manipulating a full in - memory BlockRefTable , the entries are
* part of the hash table and are allocated by simplehash . This routine is
* used by callers that want to write out a BlockRefTable to a file without
* needing to store the whole thing in memory at once .
*
* Entries allocated by this function can be manipulated using the functions
* BlockRefTableEntrySetLimitBlock and BlockRefTableEntryMarkBlockModified
* and then written using BlockRefTableWriteEntry and freed using
* BlockRefTableFreeEntry .
*/
BlockRefTableEntry *
CreateBlockRefTableEntry(RelFileLocator rlocator, ForkNumber forknum)
{
BlockRefTableEntry *entry = palloc0(sizeof (BlockRefTableEntry));
memcpy(&entry->key.rlocator, &rlocator, sizeof (RelFileLocator));
entry->key.forknum = forknum;
entry->limit_block = InvalidBlockNumber;
return entry;
}
/*
* Update a BlockRefTableEntry with a new value for the " limit block " and
* forget any equal - or - higher - numbered modified blocks .
*
* The " limit block " is the shortest known length of the relation within the
* range of WAL records covered by this block reference table .
*/
void
BlockRefTableEntrySetLimitBlock(BlockRefTableEntry *entry,
BlockNumber limit_block)
{
unsigned chunkno;
unsigned limit_chunkno;
unsigned limit_chunkoffset;
BlockRefTableChunk limit_chunk;
/* If we already have an equal or lower limit block, do nothing. */
if (limit_block >= entry->limit_block)
return ;
/* Record the new limit block value. */
entry->limit_block = limit_block;
/*
* Figure out which chunk would store the state of the new limit block ,
* and which offset within that chunk .
*/
limit_chunkno = limit_block / BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK;
limit_chunkoffset = limit_block % BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK;
/*
* If the number of chunks is not large enough for any blocks with equal
* or higher block numbers to exist , then there is nothing further to do .
*/
if (limit_chunkno >= entry->nchunks)
return ;
/* Discard entire contents of any higher-numbered chunks. */
for (chunkno = limit_chunkno + 1 ; chunkno < entry->nchunks; ++chunkno)
entry->chunk_usage[chunkno] = 0 ;
/*
* Next , we need to discard any offsets within the chunk that would
* contain the limit_block . We must handle this differently depending on
* whether the chunk that would contain limit_block is a bitmap or an
* array of offsets .
*/
limit_chunk = entry->chunk_data[limit_chunkno];
if (entry->chunk_usage[limit_chunkno] == MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK)
{
unsigned chunkoffset;
/* It's a bitmap. Unset bits. */
for (chunkoffset = limit_chunkoffset; chunkoffset < BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK;
++chunkoffset)
limit_chunk[chunkoffset / BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY] &=
~(1 << (chunkoffset % BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY));
}
else
{
unsigned i,
j = 0 ;
/* It's an offset array. Filter out large offsets. */
for (i = 0 ; i < entry->chunk_usage[limit_chunkno]; ++i)
{
Assert(j <= i);
if (limit_chunk[i] < limit_chunkoffset)
limit_chunk[j++] = limit_chunk[i];
}
Assert(j <= entry->chunk_usage[limit_chunkno]);
entry->chunk_usage[limit_chunkno] = j;
}
}
/*
* Mark a block in a given BlockRefTableEntry as known to have been modified .
*/
void
BlockRefTableEntryMarkBlockModified(BlockRefTableEntry *entry,
ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blknum)
{
unsigned chunkno;
unsigned chunkoffset;
unsigned i;
/*
* Which chunk should store the state of this block ? And what is the
* offset of this block relative to the start of that chunk ?
*/
chunkno = blknum / BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK;
chunkoffset = blknum % BLOCKS_PER_CHUNK;
/*
* If ' nchunks ' isn ' t big enough for us to be able to represent the state
* of this block , we need to enlarge our arrays .
*/
if (chunkno >= entry->nchunks)
{
unsigned max_chunks;
unsigned extra_chunks;
/*
* New array size is a power of 2 , at least 16 , big enough so that
* chunkno will be a valid array index .
*/
max_chunks = Max(16 , entry->nchunks);
while (max_chunks < chunkno + 1 )
max_chunks *= 2 ;
extra_chunks = max_chunks - entry->nchunks;
if (entry->nchunks == 0 )
{
entry->chunk_size = palloc0_array(uint16, max_chunks);
entry->chunk_usage = palloc0_array(uint16, max_chunks);
entry->chunk_data = palloc0_array(BlockRefTableChunk, max_chunks);
}
else
{
entry->chunk_size = repalloc(entry->chunk_size,
sizeof (uint16) * max_chunks);
memset(&entry->chunk_size[entry->nchunks], 0 ,
extra_chunks * sizeof (uint16));
entry->chunk_usage = repalloc(entry->chunk_usage,
sizeof (uint16) * max_chunks);
memset(&entry->chunk_usage[entry->nchunks], 0 ,
extra_chunks * sizeof (uint16));
entry->chunk_data = repalloc(entry->chunk_data,
sizeof (BlockRefTableChunk) * max_chunks);
memset(&entry->chunk_data[entry->nchunks], 0 ,
extra_chunks * sizeof (BlockRefTableChunk));
}
entry->nchunks = max_chunks;
}
/*
* If the chunk that covers this block number doesn ' t exist yet , create it
* as an array and add the appropriate offset to it . We make it pretty
* small initially , because there might only be 1 or a few block
* references in this chunk and we don ' t want to use up too much memory .
*/
if (entry->chunk_size[chunkno] == 0 )
{
entry->chunk_data[chunkno] =
palloc_array(uint16, INITIAL_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK);
entry->chunk_size[chunkno] = INITIAL_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK;
entry->chunk_data[chunkno][0 ] = chunkoffset;
entry->chunk_usage[chunkno] = 1 ;
return ;
}
/*
* If the number of entries in this chunk is already maximum , it must be a
* bitmap . Just set the appropriate bit .
*/
if (entry->chunk_usage[chunkno] == MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK)
{
BlockRefTableChunk chunk = entry->chunk_data[chunkno];
chunk[chunkoffset / BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY] |=
1 << (chunkoffset % BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY);
return ;
}
/*
* There is an existing chunk and it ' s in array format . Let ' s find out
* whether it already has an entry for this block . If so , we do not need
* to do anything .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < entry->chunk_usage[chunkno]; ++i)
{
if (entry->chunk_data[chunkno][i] == chunkoffset)
return ;
}
/*
* If the number of entries currently used is one less than the maximum ,
* it ' s time to convert to bitmap format .
*/
if (entry->chunk_usage[chunkno] == MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK - 1 )
{
BlockRefTableChunk newchunk;
unsigned j;
/* Allocate a new chunk. */
newchunk = palloc0(MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK * sizeof (uint16));
/* Set the bit for each existing entry. */
for (j = 0 ; j < entry->chunk_usage[chunkno]; ++j)
{
unsigned coff = entry->chunk_data[chunkno][j];
newchunk[coff / BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY] |=
1 << (coff % BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY);
}
/* Set the bit for the new entry. */
newchunk[chunkoffset / BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY] |=
1 << (chunkoffset % BLOCKS_PER_ENTRY);
/* Swap the new chunk into place and update metadata. */
pfree(entry->chunk_data[chunkno]);
entry->chunk_data[chunkno] = newchunk;
entry->chunk_size[chunkno] = MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK;
entry->chunk_usage[chunkno] = MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK;
return ;
}
/*
* OK , we currently have an array , and we don ' t need to convert to a
* bitmap , but we do need to add a new element . If there ' s not enough
* room , we ' ll have to expand the array .
*/
if (entry->chunk_usage[chunkno] == entry->chunk_size[chunkno])
{
unsigned newsize = entry->chunk_size[chunkno] * 2 ;
Assert(newsize <= MAX_ENTRIES_PER_CHUNK);
entry->chunk_data[chunkno] = repalloc(entry->chunk_data[chunkno],
newsize * sizeof (uint16));
entry->chunk_size[chunkno] = newsize;
}
/* Now we can add the new entry. */
entry->chunk_data[chunkno][entry->chunk_usage[chunkno]] =
chunkoffset;
entry->chunk_usage[chunkno]++;
}
/*
* Release memory for a BlockRefTableEntry that was created by
* CreateBlockRefTableEntry .
*/
void
BlockRefTableFreeEntry(BlockRefTableEntry *entry)
{
if (entry->chunk_size != NULL)
{
pfree(entry->chunk_size);
entry->chunk_size = NULL;
}
if (entry->chunk_usage != NULL)
{
pfree(entry->chunk_usage);
entry->chunk_usage = NULL;
}
if (entry->chunk_data != NULL)
{
pfree(entry->chunk_data);
entry->chunk_data = NULL;
}
pfree(entry);
}
/*
* Comparator for BlockRefTableSerializedEntry objects .
*
* We make the tablespace OID the first column of the sort key to match
* the on - disk tree structure .
*/
static int
BlockRefTableComparator(const void *a, const void *b)
{
const BlockRefTableSerializedEntry *sa = a;
const BlockRefTableSerializedEntry *sb = b;
if (sa->rlocator.spcOid > sb->rlocator.spcOid)
return 1 ;
if (sa->rlocator.spcOid < sb->rlocator.spcOid)
return -1 ;
if (sa->rlocator.dbOid > sb->rlocator.dbOid)
return 1 ;
if (sa->rlocator.dbOid < sb->rlocator.dbOid)
return -1 ;
if (sa->rlocator.relNumber > sb->rlocator.relNumber)
return 1 ;
if (sa->rlocator.relNumber < sb->rlocator.relNumber)
return -1 ;
if (sa->forknum > sb->forknum)
return 1 ;
if (sa->forknum < sb->forknum)
return -1 ;
return 0 ;
}
/*
* Flush any buffered data out of a BlockRefTableBuffer .
*/
static void
BlockRefTableFlush(BlockRefTableBuffer *buffer)
{
buffer->io_callback(buffer->io_callback_arg, buffer->data, buffer->used);
buffer->used = 0 ;
}
/*
* Read data from a BlockRefTableBuffer , and update the running CRC
* calculation for the returned data ( but not any data that we may have
* buffered but not yet actually returned ) .
*/
static void
BlockRefTableRead(BlockRefTableReader *reader, void *data, int length)
{
BlockRefTableBuffer *buffer = &reader->buffer;
/* Loop until read is fully satisfied. */
while (length > 0 )
{
if (buffer->cursor < buffer->used)
{
/*
* If any buffered data is available , use that to satisfy as much
* of the request as possible .
*/
int bytes_to_copy = Min(length, buffer->used - buffer->cursor);
memcpy(data, &buffer->data[buffer->cursor], bytes_to_copy);
COMP_CRC32C(buffer->crc, &buffer->data[buffer->cursor],
bytes_to_copy);
buffer->cursor += bytes_to_copy;
data = ((char *) data) + bytes_to_copy;
length -= bytes_to_copy;
}
else if (length >= BUFSIZE)
{
/*
* If the request length is long , read directly into caller ' s
* buffer .
*/
int bytes_read;
bytes_read = buffer->io_callback(buffer->io_callback_arg,
data, length);
COMP_CRC32C(buffer->crc, data, bytes_read);
data = ((char *) data) + bytes_read;
length -= bytes_read;
/* If we didn't get anything, that's bad. */
if (bytes_read == 0 )
reader->error_callback(reader->error_callback_arg,
"file \" %s\" ends unexpectedly" ,
reader->error_filename);
}
else
{
/*
* Refill our buffer .
*/
buffer->used = buffer->io_callback(buffer->io_callback_arg,
buffer->data, BUFSIZE);
buffer->cursor = 0 ;
/* If we didn't get anything, that's bad. */
if (buffer->used == 0 )
reader->error_callback(reader->error_callback_arg,
"file \" %s\" ends unexpectedly" ,
reader->error_filename);
}
}
}
/*
* Supply data to a BlockRefTableBuffer for write to the underlying File ,
* and update the running CRC calculation for that data .
*/
static void
BlockRefTableWrite(BlockRefTableBuffer *buffer, void *data, int length)
{
/* Update running CRC calculation. */
COMP_CRC32C(buffer->crc, data, length);
/* If the new data can't fit into the buffer, flush the buffer. */
if (buffer->used + length > BUFSIZE)
{
buffer->io_callback(buffer->io_callback_arg, buffer->data,
buffer->used);
buffer->used = 0 ;
}
/* If the new data would fill the buffer, or more, write it directly. */
if (length >= BUFSIZE)
{
buffer->io_callback(buffer->io_callback_arg, data, length);
return ;
}
/* Otherwise, copy the new data into the buffer. */
memcpy(&buffer->data[buffer->used], data, length);
buffer->used += length;
Assert(buffer->used <= BUFSIZE);
}
/*
* Generate the sentinel and CRC required at the end of a block reference
* table file and flush them out of our internal buffer .
*/
static void
BlockRefTableFileTerminate(BlockRefTableBuffer *buffer)
{
BlockRefTableSerializedEntry zentry = {0 };
pg_crc32c crc;
/* Write a sentinel indicating that there are no more entries. */
BlockRefTableWrite(buffer, &zentry,
sizeof (BlockRefTableSerializedEntry));
/*
* Writing the checksum will perturb the ongoing checksum calculation , so
* copy the state first and finalize the computation using the copy .
*/
crc = buffer->crc;
FIN_CRC32C(crc);
BlockRefTableWrite(buffer, &crc, sizeof (pg_crc32c));
/* Flush any leftover data out of our buffer. */
BlockRefTableFlush(buffer);
}
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