// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
/*
Red Black Trees
( C ) 1999 Andrea Arcangeli < andrea @ suse . de >
( C ) 2002 David Woodhouse < dwmw2 @ infradead . org >
( C ) 2012 Michel Lespinasse < walken @ google . com >
linux / lib / rbtree . c
*/
#include <linux/rbtree_augmented.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
/*
* red - black trees properties : https : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rbtree
*
* 1 ) A node is either red or black
* 2 ) The root is black
* 3 ) All leaves ( NULL ) are black
* 4 ) Both children of every red node are black
* 5 ) Every simple path from root to leaves contains the same number
* of black nodes .
*
* 4 and 5 give the O ( log n ) guarantee , since 4 implies you cannot have two
* consecutive red nodes in a path and every red node is therefore followed by
* a black . So if B is the number of black nodes on every simple path ( as per
* 5 ) , then the longest possible path due to 4 is 2 B .
*
* We shall indicate color with case , where black nodes are uppercase and red
* nodes will be lowercase . Unknown color nodes shall be drawn as red within
* parentheses and have some accompanying text comment .
*/
/*
* Notes on lockless lookups :
*
* All stores to the tree structure ( rb_left and rb_right ) must be done using
* WRITE_ONCE ( ) . And we must not inadvertently cause ( temporary ) loops in the
* tree structure as seen in program order .
*
* These two requirements will allow lockless iteration of the tree - - not
* correct iteration mind you , tree rotations are not atomic so a lookup might
* miss entire subtrees .
*
* But they do guarantee that any such traversal will only see valid elements
* and that it will indeed complete - - does not get stuck in a loop .
*
* It also guarantees that if the lookup returns an element it is the ' correct '
* one . But not returning an element does _ NOT_ mean it ' s not present .
*
* NOTE :
*
* Stores to _ _ rb_parent_color are not important for simple lookups so those
* are left undone as of now . Nor did I check for loops involving parent
* pointers .
*/
static inline void rb_set_black(struct rb_node *rb)
{
rb->__rb_parent_color += RB_BLACK;
}
static inline struct rb_node *rb_red_parent(struct rb_node *red)
{
return (struct rb_node *)red->__rb_parent_color;
}
/*
* Helper function for rotations :
* - old ' s parent and color get assigned to new
* - old gets assigned new as a parent and ' color ' as a color .
*/
static inline void
__rb_rotate_set_parents(struct rb_node *old, struct rb_node *new ,
struct rb_root *root, int color)
{
struct rb_node *parent = rb_parent(old);
new ->__rb_parent_color = old->__rb_parent_color;
rb_set_parent_color(old, new , color);
__rb_change_child(old, new , parent, root);
}
static __always_inline void
__rb_insert(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_root *root,
void (*augment_rotate)(struct rb_node *old, struct rb_node *new ))
{
struct rb_node *parent = rb_red_parent(node), *gparent, *tmp;
while (true ) {
/*
* Loop invariant : node is red .
*/
if (unlikely(!parent)) {
/*
* The inserted node is root . Either this is the
* first node , or we recursed at Case 1 below and
* are no longer violating 4 ) .
*/
rb_set_parent_color(node, NULL, RB_BLACK);
break ;
}
/*
* If there is a black parent , we are done .
* Otherwise , take some corrective action as ,
* per 4 ) , we don ' t want a red root or two
* consecutive red nodes .
*/
if (rb_is_black(parent))
break ;
gparent = rb_red_parent(parent);
tmp = gparent->rb_right;
if (parent != tmp) { /* parent == gparent->rb_left */
if (tmp && rb_is_red(tmp)) {
/*
* Case 1 - node ' s uncle is red ( color flips ) .
*
* G g
* / \ / \
* p u - - > P U
* / /
* n n
*
* However , since g ' s parent might be red , and
* 4 ) does not allow this , we need to recurse
* at g .
*/
rb_set_parent_color(tmp, gparent, RB_BLACK);
rb_set_parent_color(parent, gparent, RB_BLACK);
node = gparent;
parent = rb_parent(node);
rb_set_parent_color(node, parent, RB_RED);
continue ;
}
tmp = parent->rb_right;
if (node == tmp) {
/*
* Case 2 - node ' s uncle is black and node is
* the parent ' s right child ( left rotate at parent ) .
*
* G G
* / \ / \
* p U - - > n U
* \ /
* n p
*
* This still leaves us in violation of 4 ) , the
* continuation into Case 3 will fix that .
*/
tmp = node->rb_left;
WRITE_ONCE(parent->rb_right, tmp);
WRITE_ONCE(node->rb_left, parent);
if (tmp)
rb_set_parent_color(tmp, parent,
RB_BLACK);
rb_set_parent_color(parent, node, RB_RED);
augment_rotate(parent, node);
parent = node;
tmp = node->rb_right;
}
/*
* Case 3 - node ' s uncle is black and node is
* the parent ' s left child ( right rotate at gparent ) .
*
* G P
* / \ / \
* p U - - > n g
* / \
* n U
*/
WRITE_ONCE(gparent->rb_left, tmp); /* == parent->rb_right */
WRITE_ONCE(parent->rb_right, gparent);
if (tmp)
rb_set_parent_color(tmp, gparent, RB_BLACK);
__rb_rotate_set_parents(gparent, parent, root, RB_RED);
augment_rotate(gparent, parent);
break ;
} else {
tmp = gparent->rb_left;
if (tmp && rb_is_red(tmp)) {
/* Case 1 - color flips */
rb_set_parent_color(tmp, gparent, RB_BLACK);
rb_set_parent_color(parent, gparent, RB_BLACK);
node = gparent;
parent = rb_parent(node);
rb_set_parent_color(node, parent, RB_RED);
continue ;
}
tmp = parent->rb_left;
if (node == tmp) {
/* Case 2 - right rotate at parent */
tmp = node->rb_right;
WRITE_ONCE(parent->rb_left, tmp);
WRITE_ONCE(node->rb_right, parent);
if (tmp)
rb_set_parent_color(tmp, parent,
RB_BLACK);
rb_set_parent_color(parent, node, RB_RED);
augment_rotate(parent, node);
parent = node;
tmp = node->rb_left;
}
/* Case 3 - left rotate at gparent */
WRITE_ONCE(gparent->rb_right, tmp); /* == parent->rb_left */
WRITE_ONCE(parent->rb_left, gparent);
if (tmp)
rb_set_parent_color(tmp, gparent, RB_BLACK);
__rb_rotate_set_parents(gparent, parent, root, RB_RED);
augment_rotate(gparent, parent);
break ;
}
}
}
/*
* Inline version for rb_erase ( ) use - we want to be able to inline
* and eliminate the dummy_rotate callback there
*/
static __always_inline void
____rb_erase_color(struct rb_node *parent, struct rb_root *root,
void (*augment_rotate)(struct rb_node *old, struct rb_node *new ))
{
struct rb_node *node = NULL, *sibling, *tmp1, *tmp2;
while (true ) {
/*
* Loop invariants :
* - node is black ( or NULL on first iteration )
* - node is not the root ( parent is not NULL )
* - All leaf paths going through parent and node have a
* black node count that is 1 lower than other leaf paths .
*/
sibling = parent->rb_right;
if (node != sibling) { /* node == parent->rb_left */
if (rb_is_red(sibling)) {
/*
* Case 1 - left rotate at parent
*
* P S
* / \ / \
* N s - - > p Sr
* / \ / \
* Sl Sr N Sl
*/
tmp1 = sibling->rb_left;
WRITE_ONCE(parent->rb_right, tmp1);
WRITE_ONCE(sibling->rb_left, parent);
rb_set_parent_color(tmp1, parent, RB_BLACK);
__rb_rotate_set_parents(parent, sibling, root,
RB_RED);
augment_rotate(parent, sibling);
sibling = tmp1;
}
tmp1 = sibling->rb_right;
if (!tmp1 || rb_is_black(tmp1)) {
tmp2 = sibling->rb_left;
if (!tmp2 || rb_is_black(tmp2)) {
/*
* Case 2 - sibling color flip
* ( p could be either color here )
*
* ( p ) ( p )
* / \ / \
* N S - - > N s
* / \ / \
* Sl Sr Sl Sr
*
* This leaves us violating 5 ) which
* can be fixed by flipping p to black
* if it was red , or by recursing at p .
* p is red when coming from Case 1 .
*/
rb_set_parent_color(sibling, parent,
RB_RED);
if (rb_is_red(parent))
rb_set_black(parent);
else {
node = parent;
parent = rb_parent(node);
if (parent)
continue ;
}
break ;
}
/*
* Case 3 - right rotate at sibling
* ( p could be either color here )
*
* ( p ) ( p )
* / \ / \
* N S - - > N sl
* / \ \
* sl Sr S
* \
* Sr
*
* Note : p might be red , and then both
* p and sl are red after rotation ( which
* breaks property 4 ) . This is fixed in
* Case 4 ( in _ _ rb_rotate_set_parents ( )
* which set sl the color of p
* and set p RB_BLACK )
*
* ( p ) ( sl )
* / \ / \
* N sl - - > P S
* \ / \
* S N Sr
* \
* Sr
*/
tmp1 = tmp2->rb_right;
WRITE_ONCE(sibling->rb_left, tmp1);
WRITE_ONCE(tmp2->rb_right, sibling);
WRITE_ONCE(parent->rb_right, tmp2);
if (tmp1)
rb_set_parent_color(tmp1, sibling,
RB_BLACK);
augment_rotate(sibling, tmp2);
tmp1 = sibling;
sibling = tmp2;
}
/*
* Case 4 - left rotate at parent + color flips
* ( p and sl could be either color here .
* After rotation , p becomes black , s acquires
* p ' s color , and sl keeps its color )
*
* ( p ) ( s )
* / \ / \
* N S - - > P Sr
* / \ / \
* ( sl ) sr N ( sl )
*/
tmp2 = sibling->rb_left;
WRITE_ONCE(parent->rb_right, tmp2);
WRITE_ONCE(sibling->rb_left, parent);
rb_set_parent_color(tmp1, sibling, RB_BLACK);
if (tmp2)
rb_set_parent(tmp2, parent);
__rb_rotate_set_parents(parent, sibling, root,
RB_BLACK);
augment_rotate(parent, sibling);
break ;
} else {
sibling = parent->rb_left;
if (rb_is_red(sibling)) {
/* Case 1 - right rotate at parent */
tmp1 = sibling->rb_right;
WRITE_ONCE(parent->rb_left, tmp1);
WRITE_ONCE(sibling->rb_right, parent);
rb_set_parent_color(tmp1, parent, RB_BLACK);
__rb_rotate_set_parents(parent, sibling, root,
RB_RED);
augment_rotate(parent, sibling);
sibling = tmp1;
}
tmp1 = sibling->rb_left;
if (!tmp1 || rb_is_black(tmp1)) {
tmp2 = sibling->rb_right;
if (!tmp2 || rb_is_black(tmp2)) {
/* Case 2 - sibling color flip */
rb_set_parent_color(sibling, parent,
RB_RED);
if (rb_is_red(parent))
rb_set_black(parent);
else {
node = parent;
parent = rb_parent(node);
if (parent)
continue ;
}
break ;
}
/* Case 3 - left rotate at sibling */
tmp1 = tmp2->rb_left;
WRITE_ONCE(sibling->rb_right, tmp1);
WRITE_ONCE(tmp2->rb_left, sibling);
WRITE_ONCE(parent->rb_left, tmp2);
if (tmp1)
rb_set_parent_color(tmp1, sibling,
RB_BLACK);
augment_rotate(sibling, tmp2);
tmp1 = sibling;
sibling = tmp2;
}
/* Case 4 - right rotate at parent + color flips */
tmp2 = sibling->rb_right;
WRITE_ONCE(parent->rb_left, tmp2);
WRITE_ONCE(sibling->rb_right, parent);
rb_set_parent_color(tmp1, sibling, RB_BLACK);
if (tmp2)
rb_set_parent(tmp2, parent);
__rb_rotate_set_parents(parent, sibling, root,
RB_BLACK);
augment_rotate(parent, sibling);
break ;
}
}
}
/* Non-inline version for rb_erase_augmented() use */
void __rb_erase_color(struct rb_node *parent, struct rb_root *root,
void (*augment_rotate)(struct rb_node *old, struct rb_node *new ))
{
____rb_erase_color(parent, root, augment_rotate);
}
/*
* Non - augmented rbtree manipulation functions .
*
* We use dummy augmented callbacks here , and have the compiler optimize them
* out of the rb_insert_color ( ) and rb_erase ( ) function definitions .
*/
static inline void dummy_propagate(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_node *stop) {}
static inline void dummy_copy(struct rb_node *old, struct rb_node *new ) {}
static inline void dummy_rotate(struct rb_node *old, struct rb_node *new ) {}
static const struct rb_augment_callbacks dummy_callbacks = {
.propagate = dummy_propagate,
.copy = dummy_copy,
.rotate = dummy_rotate
};
void rb_insert_color(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_root *root)
{
__rb_insert(node, root, dummy_rotate);
}
void rb_erase(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_root *root)
{
struct rb_node *rebalance;
rebalance = __rb_erase_augmented(node, root, &dummy_callbacks);
if (rebalance)
____rb_erase_color(rebalance, root, dummy_rotate);
}
/*
* Augmented rbtree manipulation functions .
*
* This instantiates the same _ _ always_inline functions as in the non - augmented
* case , but this time with user - defined callbacks .
*/
void __rb_insert_augmented(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_root *root,
void (*augment_rotate)(struct rb_node *old, struct rb_node *new ))
{
__rb_insert(node, root, augment_rotate);
}
/*
* This function returns the first node ( in sort order ) of the tree .
*/
struct rb_node *rb_first(const struct rb_root *root)
{
struct rb_node *n;
n = root->rb_node;
if (!n)
return NULL;
while (n->rb_left)
n = n->rb_left;
return n;
}
struct rb_node *rb_last(const struct rb_root *root)
{
struct rb_node *n;
n = root->rb_node;
if (!n)
return NULL;
while (n->rb_right)
n = n->rb_right;
return n;
}
struct rb_node *rb_next(const struct rb_node *node)
{
struct rb_node *parent;
if (RB_EMPTY_NODE(node))
return NULL;
/*
* If we have a right - hand child , go down and then left as far
* as we can .
*/
if (node->rb_right) {
node = node->rb_right;
while (node->rb_left)
node = node->rb_left;
return (struct rb_node *)node;
}
/*
* No right - hand children . Everything down and left is smaller than us ,
* so any ' next ' node must be in the general direction of our parent .
* Go up the tree ; any time the ancestor is a right - hand child of its
* parent , keep going up . First time it ' s a left - hand child of its
* parent , said parent is our ' next ' node .
*/
while ((parent = rb_parent(node)) && node == parent->rb_right)
node = parent;
return parent;
}
struct rb_node *rb_prev(const struct rb_node *node)
{
struct rb_node *parent;
if (RB_EMPTY_NODE(node))
return NULL;
/*
* If we have a left - hand child , go down and then right as far
* as we can .
*/
if (node->rb_left) {
node = node->rb_left;
while (node->rb_right)
node = node->rb_right;
return (struct rb_node *)node;
}
/*
* No left - hand children . Go up till we find an ancestor which
* is a right - hand child of its parent .
*/
while ((parent = rb_parent(node)) && node == parent->rb_left)
node = parent;
return parent;
}
void rb_replace_node(struct rb_node *victim, struct rb_node *new ,
struct rb_root *root)
{
struct rb_node *parent = rb_parent(victim);
/* Copy the pointers/colour from the victim to the replacement */
*new = *victim;
/* Set the surrounding nodes to point to the replacement */
if (victim->rb_left)
rb_set_parent(victim->rb_left, new );
if (victim->rb_right)
rb_set_parent(victim->rb_right, new );
__rb_change_child(victim, new , parent, root);
}
static struct rb_node *rb_left_deepest_node(const struct rb_node *node)
{
for (;;) {
if (node->rb_left)
node = node->rb_left;
else if (node->rb_right)
node = node->rb_right;
else
return (struct rb_node *)node;
}
}
struct rb_node *rb_next_postorder(const struct rb_node *node)
{
const struct rb_node *parent;
if (!node)
return NULL;
parent = rb_parent(node);
/* If we're sitting on node, we've already seen our children */
if (parent && node == parent->rb_left && parent->rb_right) {
/* If we are the parent's left node, go to the parent's right
* node then all the way down to the left */
return rb_left_deepest_node(parent->rb_right);
} else
/* Otherwise we are the parent's right node, and the parent
* should be next */
return (struct rb_node *)parent;
}
struct rb_node *rb_first_postorder(const struct rb_root *root)
{
if (!root->rb_node)
return NULL;
return rb_left_deepest_node(root->rb_node);
}
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(vorverarbeitet am 2026-09-28)
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