// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* KCSAN reporting .
*
* Copyright ( C ) 2019 , Google LLC .
*/
#include <linux/debug_locks.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/jiffies.h>
#include <linux/kallsyms.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/lockdep.h>
#include <linux/preempt.h>
#include <linux/printk.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/stacktrace.h>
#include "kcsan.h"
#include "encoding.h"
/*
* Max . number of stack entries to show in the report .
*/
#define NUM_STACK_ENTRIES 64
/* Common access info. */
struct access_info {
const volatile void *ptr;
size_t size;
int access_type;
int task_pid;
int cpu_id;
unsigned long ip;
};
/*
* Other thread info : communicated from other racing thread to thread that set
* up the watchpoint , which then prints the complete report atomically .
*/
struct other_info {
struct access_info ai;
unsigned long stack_entries[NUM_STACK_ENTRIES];
int num_stack_entries;
/*
* Optionally pass @ current . Typically we do not need to pass @ current
* via @ other_info since just @ task_pid is sufficient . Passing @ current
* has additional overhead .
*
* To safely pass @ current , we must either use get_task_struct /
* put_task_struct , or stall the thread that populated @ other_info .
*
* We cannot rely on get_task_struct / put_task_struct in case
* release_report ( ) races with a task being released , and would have to
* free it in release_report ( ) . This may result in deadlock if we want
* to use KCSAN on the allocators .
*
* Since we also want to reliably print held locks for
* CONFIG_KCSAN_VERBOSE , the current implementation stalls the thread
* that populated @ other_info until it has been consumed .
*/
struct task_struct *task;
};
/*
* To never block any producers of struct other_info , we need as many elements
* as we have watchpoints ( upper bound on concurrent races to report ) .
*/
static struct other_info other_infos[CONFIG_KCSAN_NUM_WATCHPOINTS + NUM_SLOTS-1 ];
/*
* Information about reported races ; used to rate limit reporting .
*/
struct report_time {
/*
* The last time the race was reported .
*/
unsigned long time;
/*
* The frames of the 2 threads ; if only 1 thread is known , one frame
* will be 0 .
*/
unsigned long frame1;
unsigned long frame2;
};
/*
* Since we also want to be able to debug allocators with KCSAN , to avoid
* deadlock , report_times cannot be dynamically resized with krealloc in
* rate_limit_report .
*
* Therefore , we use a fixed - size array , which at most will occupy a page . This
* still adequately rate limits reports , assuming that a ) number of unique data
* races is not excessive , and b ) occurrence of unique races within the
* same time window is limited .
*/
#define REPORT_TIMES_MAX (PAGE_SIZE / sizeof (struct report_time))
#define REPORT_TIMES_SIZE \
(CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS > REPORT_TIMES_MAX ? \
REPORT_TIMES_MAX : \
CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS)
static struct report_time report_times[REPORT_TIMES_SIZE];
/*
* Spinlock serializing report generation , and access to @ other_infos . Although
* it could make sense to have a finer - grained locking story for @ other_infos ,
* report generation needs to be serialized either way , so not much is gained .
*/
static DEFINE_RAW_SPINLOCK(report_lock);
/*
* Checks if the race identified by thread frames frame1 and frame2 has
* been reported since ( now - KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS ) .
*/
static bool rate_limit_report(unsigned long frame1, unsigned long frame2)
{
struct report_time *use_entry = &report_times[0 ];
unsigned long invalid_before;
int i;
BUILD_BUG_ON(CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS != 0 && REPORT_TIMES_SIZE == 0 );
if (CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS == 0 )
return false ;
invalid_before = jiffies - msecs_to_jiffies(CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS);
/* Check if a matching race report exists. */
for (i = 0 ; i < REPORT_TIMES_SIZE; ++i) {
struct report_time *rt = &report_times[i];
/*
* Must always select an entry for use to store info as we
* cannot resize report_times ; at the end of the scan , use_entry
* will be the oldest entry , which ideally also happened before
* KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS ago .
*/
if (time_before(rt->time, use_entry->time))
use_entry = rt;
/*
* Initially , no need to check any further as this entry as well
* as following entries have never been used .
*/
if (rt->time == 0 )
break ;
/* Check if entry expired. */
if (time_before(rt->time, invalid_before))
continue ; /* before KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS ago */
/* Reported recently, check if race matches. */
if ((rt->frame1 == frame1 && rt->frame2 == frame2) ||
(rt->frame1 == frame2 && rt->frame2 == frame1))
return true ;
}
use_entry->time = jiffies;
use_entry->frame1 = frame1;
use_entry->frame2 = frame2;
return false ;
}
/*
* Special rules to skip reporting .
*/
static bool
skip_report(enum kcsan_value_change value_change, unsigned long top_frame)
{
/* Should never get here if value_change==FALSE. */
WARN_ON_ONCE(value_change == KCSAN_VALUE_CHANGE_FALSE);
/*
* The first call to skip_report always has value_change = = TRUE , since we
* cannot know the value written of an instrumented access . For the 2 nd
* call there are 6 cases with CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_VALUE_CHANGE_ONLY :
*
* 1 . read watchpoint , conflicting write ( value_change = = TRUE ) : report ;
* 2 . read watchpoint , conflicting write ( value_change = = MAYBE ) : skip ;
* 3 . write watchpoint , conflicting write ( value_change = = TRUE ) : report ;
* 4 . write watchpoint , conflicting write ( value_change = = MAYBE ) : skip ;
* 5 . write watchpoint , conflicting read ( value_change = = MAYBE ) : skip ;
* 6 . write watchpoint , conflicting read ( value_change = = TRUE ) : report ;
*
* Cases 1 - 4 are intuitive and expected ; case 5 ensures we do not report
* data races where the write may have rewritten the same value ; case 6
* is possible either if the size is larger than what we check value
* changes for or the access type is KCSAN_ACCESS_ASSERT .
*/
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_VALUE_CHANGE_ONLY) &&
value_change == KCSAN_VALUE_CHANGE_MAYBE) {
/*
* The access is a write , but the data value did not change .
*
* We opt - out of this filter for certain functions at request of
* maintainers .
*/
char buf[64 ];
int len = scnprintf(buf, sizeof (buf), "%ps" , (void *)top_frame);
if (!strnstr(buf, "rcu_" , len) &&
!strnstr(buf, "_rcu" , len) &&
!strnstr(buf, "_srcu" , len))
return true ;
}
return kcsan_skip_report_debugfs(top_frame);
}
static const char *get_access_type(int type)
{
if (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_ASSERT) {
if (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED) {
if (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE)
return "assert no accesses (reordered)" ;
else
return "assert no writes (reordered)" ;
} else {
if (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE)
return "assert no accesses" ;
else
return "assert no writes" ;
}
}
switch (type) {
case 0 :
return "read" ;
case KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
return "read (marked)" ;
case KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE:
return "write" ;
case KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE | KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
return "write (marked)" ;
case KCSAN_ACCESS_COMPOUND | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE:
return "read-write" ;
case KCSAN_ACCESS_COMPOUND | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE | KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
return "read-write (marked)" ;
case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED:
return "read (reordered)" ;
case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED | KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
return "read (marked, reordered)" ;
case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE:
return "write (reordered)" ;
case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE | KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
return "write (marked, reordered)" ;
case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED | KCSAN_ACCESS_COMPOUND | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE:
return "read-write (reordered)" ;
case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED | KCSAN_ACCESS_COMPOUND | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE | KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
return "read-write (marked, reordered)" ;
default :
BUG();
}
}
static const char *get_bug_type(int type)
{
return (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_ASSERT) != 0 ? "assert: race" : "data-race" ;
}
/* Return thread description: in task or interrupt. */
static const char *get_thread_desc(int task_id)
{
if (task_id != -1 ) {
static char buf[32 ]; /* safe: protected by report_lock */
snprintf(buf, sizeof (buf), "task %i" , task_id);
return buf;
}
return "interrupt" ;
}
/* Helper to skip KCSAN-related functions in stack-trace. */
static int get_stack_skipnr(const unsigned long stack_entries[], int num_entries)
{
char buf[64 ];
char *cur;
int len, skip;
for (skip = 0 ; skip < num_entries; ++skip) {
len = scnprintf(buf, sizeof (buf), "%ps" , (void *)stack_entries[skip]);
/* Never show tsan_* or {read,write}_once_size. */
if (strnstr(buf, "tsan_" , len) ||
strnstr(buf, "_once_size" , len))
continue ;
cur = strnstr(buf, "kcsan_" , len);
if (cur) {
cur += strlen("kcsan_" );
if (!str_has_prefix(cur, "test" ))
continue ; /* KCSAN runtime function. */
/* KCSAN related test. */
}
/*
* No match for runtime functions - - @ skip entries to skip to
* get to first frame of interest .
*/
break ;
}
return skip;
}
/*
* Skips to the first entry that matches the function of @ ip , and then replaces
* that entry with @ ip , returning the entries to skip with @ replaced containing
* the replaced entry .
*/
static int
replace_stack_entry(unsigned long stack_entries[], int num_entries, unsigned long ip,
unsigned long *replaced)
{
unsigned long symbolsize, offset;
unsigned long target_func;
int skip;
if (kallsyms_lookup_size_offset(ip, &symbolsize, &offset))
target_func = ip - offset;
else
goto fallback;
for (skip = 0 ; skip < num_entries; ++skip) {
unsigned long func = stack_entries[skip];
if (!kallsyms_lookup_size_offset(func, &symbolsize, &offset))
goto fallback;
func -= offset;
if (func == target_func) {
*replaced = stack_entries[skip];
stack_entries[skip] = ip;
return skip;
}
}
fallback:
/* Should not happen; the resulting stack trace is likely misleading. */
WARN_ONCE(1 , "Cannot find frame for %pS in stack trace" , (void *)ip);
return get_stack_skipnr(stack_entries, num_entries);
}
static int
sanitize_stack_entries(unsigned long stack_entries[], int num_entries, unsigned long ip,
unsigned long *replaced)
{
return ip ? replace_stack_entry(stack_entries, num_entries, ip, replaced) :
get_stack_skipnr(stack_entries, num_entries);
}
/* Compares symbolized strings of addr1 and addr2. */
static int sym_strcmp(void *addr1, void *addr2)
{
char buf1[64 ];
char buf2[64 ];
snprintf(buf1, sizeof (buf1), "%pS" , addr1);
snprintf(buf2, sizeof (buf2), "%pS" , addr2);
return strncmp(buf1, buf2, sizeof (buf1));
}
static void
print_stack_trace(unsigned long stack_entries[], int num_entries, unsigned long reordered_to)
{
stack_trace_print(stack_entries, num_entries, 0 );
if (reordered_to)
pr_err(" |\n +-> reordered to: %pS\n" , (void *)reordered_to);
}
static void print_verbose_info(struct task_struct *task)
{
if (!task)
return ;
/* Restore IRQ state trace for printing. */
kcsan_restore_irqtrace(task);
pr_err("\n" );
debug_show_held_locks(task);
print_irqtrace_events(task);
}
static void print_report(enum kcsan_value_change value_change,
const struct access_info *ai,
struct other_info *other_info,
u64 old, u64 new , u64 mask)
{
unsigned long reordered_to = 0 ;
unsigned long stack_entries[NUM_STACK_ENTRIES] = { 0 };
int num_stack_entries = stack_trace_save(stack_entries, NUM_STACK_ENTRIES, 1 );
int skipnr = sanitize_stack_entries(stack_entries, num_stack_entries, ai->ip, &reordered_to);
unsigned long this_frame = stack_entries[skipnr];
unsigned long other_reordered_to = 0 ;
unsigned long other_frame = 0 ;
int other_skipnr = 0 ; /* silence uninit warnings */
/*
* Must check report filter rules before starting to print .
*/
if (skip_report(KCSAN_VALUE_CHANGE_TRUE, stack_entries[skipnr]))
return ;
if (other_info) {
other_skipnr = sanitize_stack_entries(other_info->stack_entries,
other_info->num_stack_entries,
other_info->ai.ip, &other_reordered_to);
other_frame = other_info->stack_entries[other_skipnr];
/* @value_change is only known for the other thread */
if (skip_report(value_change, other_frame))
return ;
}
if (rate_limit_report(this_frame, other_frame))
return ;
/* Print report header. */
pr_err("==================================================================\n" );
if (other_info) {
int cmp;
/*
* Order functions lexographically for consistent bug titles .
* Do not print offset of functions to keep title short .
*/
cmp = sym_strcmp((void *)other_frame, (void *)this_frame);
pr_err("BUG: KCSAN: %s in %ps / %ps\n" ,
get_bug_type(ai->access_type | other_info->ai.access_type),
(void *)(cmp < 0 ? other_frame : this_frame),
(void *)(cmp < 0 ? this_frame : other_frame));
} else {
pr_err("BUG: KCSAN: %s in %pS\n" , get_bug_type(ai->access_type),
(void *)this_frame);
}
pr_err("\n" );
/* Print information about the racing accesses. */
if (other_info) {
pr_err("%s to 0x%px of %zu bytes by %s on cpu %i:\n" ,
get_access_type(other_info->ai.access_type), other_info->ai.ptr,
other_info->ai.size, get_thread_desc(other_info->ai.task_pid),
other_info->ai.cpu_id);
/* Print the other thread's stack trace. */
print_stack_trace(other_info->stack_entries + other_skipnr,
other_info->num_stack_entries - other_skipnr,
other_reordered_to);
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_VERBOSE))
print_verbose_info(other_info->task);
pr_err("\n" );
pr_err("%s to 0x%px of %zu bytes by %s on cpu %i:\n" ,
get_access_type(ai->access_type), ai->ptr, ai->size,
get_thread_desc(ai->task_pid), ai->cpu_id);
} else {
pr_err("race at unknown origin, with %s to 0x%px of %zu bytes by %s on cpu %i:\n" ,
get_access_type(ai->access_type), ai->ptr, ai->size,
get_thread_desc(ai->task_pid), ai->cpu_id);
}
/* Print stack trace of this thread. */
print_stack_trace(stack_entries + skipnr, num_stack_entries - skipnr, reordered_to);
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_VERBOSE))
print_verbose_info(current);
/* Print observed value change. */
if (ai->size <= 8 ) {
int hex_len = ai->size * 2 ;
u64 diff = old ^ new ;
if (mask)
diff &= mask;
if (diff) {
pr_err("\n" );
pr_err("value changed: 0x%0*llx -> 0x%0*llx\n" ,
hex_len, old, hex_len, new );
if (mask) {
pr_err(" bits changed: 0x%0*llx with mask 0x%0*llx\n" ,
hex_len, diff, hex_len, mask);
}
}
}
/* Print report footer. */
pr_err("\n" );
pr_err("Reported by Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer on:\n" );
dump_stack_print_info(KERN_DEFAULT);
pr_err("==================================================================\n" );
check_panic_on_warn("KCSAN" );
}
static void release_report(unsigned long *flags, struct other_info *other_info)
{
/*
* Use size to denote valid / invalid , since KCSAN entirely ignores
* 0 - sized accesses .
*/
other_info->ai.size = 0 ;
raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&report_lock, *flags);
}
/*
* Sets @ other_info - > task and awaits consumption of @ other_info .
*
* Precondition : report_lock is held .
* Postcondition : report_lock is held .
*/
static void set_other_info_task_blocking(unsigned long *flags,
const struct access_info *ai,
struct other_info *other_info)
{
/*
* We may be instrumenting a code - path where current - > state is already
* something other than TASK_RUNNING .
*/
const bool is_running = task_is_running(current);
/*
* To avoid deadlock in case we are in an interrupt here and this is a
* race with a task on the same CPU ( KCSAN_INTERRUPT_WATCHER ) , provide a
* timeout to ensure this works in all contexts .
*
* Await approximately the worst case delay of the reporting thread ( if
* we are not interrupted ) .
*/
int timeout = max(kcsan_udelay_task, kcsan_udelay_interrupt);
other_info->task = current;
do {
if (is_running) {
/*
* Let lockdep know the real task is sleeping , to print
* the held locks ( recall we turned lockdep off , so
* locking / unlocking @ report_lock won ' t be recorded ) .
*/
set_current_state(TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
}
raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&report_lock, *flags);
/*
* We cannot call schedule ( ) since we also cannot reliably
* determine if sleeping here is permitted - - see in_atomic ( ) .
*/
udelay(1 );
raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&report_lock, *flags);
if (timeout-- < 0 ) {
/*
* Abort . Reset @ other_info - > task to NULL , since it
* appears the other thread is still going to consume
* it . It will result in no verbose info printed for
* this task .
*/
other_info->task = NULL;
break ;
}
/*
* If invalid , or @ ptr nor @ current matches , then @ other_info
* has been consumed and we may continue . If not , retry .
*/
} while (other_info->ai.size && other_info->ai.ptr == ai->ptr &&
other_info->task == current);
if (is_running)
set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
}
/* Populate @other_info; requires that the provided @other_info not in use. */
static void prepare_report_producer(unsigned long *flags,
const struct access_info *ai,
struct other_info *other_info)
{
raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&report_lock, *flags);
/*
* The same @ other_infos entry cannot be used concurrently , because
* there is a one - to - one mapping to watchpoint slots ( @ watchpoints in
* core . c ) , and a watchpoint is only released for reuse after reporting
* is done by the consumer of @ other_info . Therefore , it is impossible
* for another concurrent prepare_report_producer ( ) to set the same
* @ other_info , and are guaranteed exclusivity for the @ other_infos
* entry pointed to by @ other_info .
*
* To check this property holds , size should never be non - zero here ,
* because every consumer of struct other_info resets size to 0 in
* release_report ( ) .
*/
WARN_ON(other_info->ai.size);
other_info->ai = *ai;
other_info->num_stack_entries = stack_trace_save(other_info->stack_entries, NUM_STACK_ENTRIES, 2 );
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_VERBOSE))
set_other_info_task_blocking(flags, ai, other_info);
raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&report_lock, *flags);
}
/* Awaits producer to fill @other_info and then returns. */
static bool prepare_report_consumer(unsigned long *flags,
const struct access_info *ai,
struct other_info *other_info)
{
raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&report_lock, *flags);
while (!other_info->ai.size) { /* Await valid @other_info. */
raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&report_lock, *flags);
cpu_relax();
raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&report_lock, *flags);
}
/* Should always have a matching access based on watchpoint encoding. */
if (WARN_ON(!matching_access((unsigned long )other_info->ai.ptr & WATCHPOINT_ADDR_MASK, other_info->ai.size,
(unsigned long )ai->ptr & WATCHPOINT_ADDR_MASK, ai->size)))
goto discard;
if (!matching_access((unsigned long )other_info->ai.ptr, other_info->ai.size,
(unsigned long )ai->ptr, ai->size)) {
/*
* If the actual accesses to not match , this was a false
* positive due to watchpoint encoding .
*/
atomic_long_inc(&kcsan_counters[KCSAN_COUNTER_ENCODING_FALSE_POSITIVES]);
goto discard;
}
return true ;
discard:
release_report(flags, other_info);
return false ;
}
static struct access_info prepare_access_info(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size,
int access_type, unsigned long ip)
{
return (struct access_info) {
.ptr = ptr,
.size = size,
.access_type = access_type,
.task_pid = in_task() ? task_pid_nr(current) : -1 ,
.cpu_id = raw_smp_processor_id(),
/* Only replace stack entry with @ip if scoped access. */
.ip = (access_type & KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED) ? ip : 0 ,
};
}
void kcsan_report_set_info(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int access_type,
unsigned long ip, int watchpoint_idx)
{
const struct access_info ai = prepare_access_info(ptr, size, access_type, ip);
unsigned long flags;
kcsan_disable_current();
lockdep_off(); /* See kcsan_report_known_origin(). */
prepare_report_producer(&flags, &ai, &other_infos[watchpoint_idx]);
lockdep_on();
kcsan_enable_current();
}
void kcsan_report_known_origin(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int access_type,
unsigned long ip, enum kcsan_value_change value_change,
int watchpoint_idx, u64 old, u64 new , u64 mask)
{
const struct access_info ai = prepare_access_info(ptr, size, access_type, ip);
struct other_info *other_info = &other_infos[watchpoint_idx];
unsigned long flags = 0 ;
kcsan_disable_current();
/*
* Because we may generate reports when we ' re in scheduler code , the use
* of printk ( ) could deadlock . Until such time that all printing code
* called in print_report ( ) is scheduler - safe , accept the risk , and just
* get our message out . As such , also disable lockdep to hide the
* warning , and avoid disabling lockdep for the rest of the kernel .
*/
lockdep_off();
if (!prepare_report_consumer(&flags, &ai, other_info))
goto out;
/*
* Never report if value_change is FALSE , only when it is
* either TRUE or MAYBE . In case of MAYBE , further filtering may
* be done once we know the full stack trace in print_report ( ) .
*/
if (value_change != KCSAN_VALUE_CHANGE_FALSE)
print_report(value_change, &ai, other_info, old, new , mask);
release_report(&flags, other_info);
out:
lockdep_on();
kcsan_enable_current();
}
void kcsan_report_unknown_origin(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int access_type,
unsigned long ip, u64 old, u64 new , u64 mask)
{
const struct access_info ai = prepare_access_info(ptr, size, access_type, ip);
unsigned long flags;
kcsan_disable_current();
lockdep_off(); /* See kcsan_report_known_origin(). */
raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&report_lock, flags);
print_report(KCSAN_VALUE_CHANGE_TRUE, &ai, NULL, old, new , mask);
raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&report_lock, flags);
lockdep_on();
kcsan_enable_current();
}
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