// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
* linux / fs / buffer . c
*
* Copyright ( C ) 1991 , 1992 , 2002 Linus Torvalds
*/
/*
* Start bdflush ( ) with kernel_thread not syscall - Paul Gortmaker , 12 / 95
*
* Removed a lot of unnecessary code and simplified things now that
* the buffer cache isn ' t our primary cache - Andrew Tridgell 12 / 96
*
* Speed up hash , lru , and free list operations . Use gfp ( ) for allocating
* hash table , use SLAB cache for buffer heads . SMP threading . - DaveM
*
* Added 32 k buffer block sizes - these are required older ARM systems . - RMK
*
* async buffer flushing , 1999 Andrea Arcangeli < andrea @ suse . de >
*/
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/iomap.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/capability.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/quotaops.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/suspend.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h>
#include <linux/task_io_accounting_ops.h>
#include <linux/bio.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/bitops.h>
#include <linux/mpage.h>
#include <linux/bit_spinlock.h>
#include <linux/pagevec.h>
#include <linux/sched/mm.h>
#include <trace/events/block.h>
#include <linux/fscrypt.h>
#include <linux/fsverity.h>
#include <linux/sched/isolation.h>
#include "internal.h"
static int fsync_buffers_list(spinlock_t *lock, struct list_head *list);
static void submit_bh_wbc(blk_opf_t opf, struct buffer_head *bh,
enum rw_hint hint, struct writeback_control *wbc);
#define BH_ENTRY(list) list_entry((list), struct buffer_head, b_assoc_buffers)
inline void touch_buffer(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
trace_block_touch_buffer(bh);
folio_mark_accessed(bh->b_folio);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(touch_buffer);
void __lock_buffer(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
wait_on_bit_lock_io(&bh->b_state, BH_Lock, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__lock_buffer);
void unlock_buffer(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
clear_bit_unlock(BH_Lock, &bh->b_state);
smp_mb__after_atomic();
wake_up_bit(&bh->b_state, BH_Lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(unlock_buffer);
/*
* Returns if the folio has dirty or writeback buffers . If all the buffers
* are unlocked and clean then the folio_test_dirty information is stale . If
* any of the buffers are locked , it is assumed they are locked for IO .
*/
void buffer_check_dirty_writeback(struct folio *folio,
bool *dirty, bool *writeback)
{
struct buffer_head *head, *bh;
*dirty = false ;
*writeback = false ;
BUG_ON(!folio_test_locked(folio));
head = folio_buffers(folio);
if (!head)
return ;
if (folio_test_writeback(folio))
*writeback = true ;
bh = head;
do {
if (buffer_locked(bh))
*writeback = true ;
if (buffer_dirty(bh))
*dirty = true ;
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh != head);
}
/*
* Block until a buffer comes unlocked . This doesn ' t stop it
* from becoming locked again - you have to lock it yourself
* if you want to preserve its state .
*/
void __wait_on_buffer(struct buffer_head * bh)
{
wait_on_bit_io(&bh->b_state, BH_Lock, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__wait_on_buffer);
static void buffer_io_error(struct buffer_head *bh, char *msg)
{
if (!test_bit(BH_Quiet, &bh->b_state))
printk_ratelimited(KERN_ERR
"Buffer I/O error on dev %pg, logical block %llu%s\n" ,
bh->b_bdev, (unsigned long long )bh->b_blocknr, msg);
}
/*
* End - of - IO handler helper function which does not touch the bh after
* unlocking it .
* Note : unlock_buffer ( ) sort - of does touch the bh after unlocking it , but
* a race there is benign : unlock_buffer ( ) only use the bh ' s address for
* hashing after unlocking the buffer , so it doesn ' t actually touch the bh
* itself .
*/
static void __end_buffer_read_notouch(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate)
{
if (uptodate) {
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
} else {
/* This happens, due to failed read-ahead attempts. */
clear_buffer_uptodate(bh);
}
unlock_buffer(bh);
}
/*
* Default synchronous end - of - IO handler . . Just mark it up - to - date and
* unlock the buffer .
*/
void end_buffer_read_sync(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate)
{
put_bh(bh);
__end_buffer_read_notouch(bh, uptodate);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(end_buffer_read_sync);
void end_buffer_write_sync(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate)
{
if (uptodate) {
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
} else {
buffer_io_error(bh, ", lost sync page write" );
mark_buffer_write_io_error(bh);
clear_buffer_uptodate(bh);
}
unlock_buffer(bh);
put_bh(bh);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(end_buffer_write_sync);
static struct buffer_head *
__find_get_block_slow(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block, bool atomic)
{
struct address_space *bd_mapping = bdev->bd_mapping;
const int blkbits = bd_mapping->host->i_blkbits;
struct buffer_head *ret = NULL;
pgoff_t index;
struct buffer_head *bh;
struct buffer_head *head;
struct folio *folio;
int all_mapped = 1 ;
static DEFINE_RATELIMIT_STATE(last_warned, HZ, 1 );
index = ((loff_t)block << blkbits) / PAGE_SIZE;
folio = __filemap_get_folio(bd_mapping, index, FGP_ACCESSED, 0 );
if (IS_ERR(folio))
goto out;
/*
* Folio lock protects the buffers . Callers that cannot block
* will fallback to serializing vs try_to_free_buffers ( ) via
* the i_private_lock .
*/
if (atomic)
spin_lock(&bd_mapping->i_private_lock);
else
folio_lock(folio);
head = folio_buffers(folio);
if (!head)
goto out_unlock;
/*
* Upon a noref migration , the folio lock serializes here ;
* otherwise bail .
*/
if (test_bit_acquire(BH_Migrate, &head->b_state)) {
WARN_ON(!atomic);
goto out_unlock;
}
bh = head;
do {
if (!buffer_mapped(bh))
all_mapped = 0 ;
else if (bh->b_blocknr == block) {
ret = bh;
get_bh(bh);
goto out_unlock;
}
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh != head);
/* we might be here because some of the buffers on this page are
* not mapped . This is due to various races between
* file io on the block device and getblk . It gets dealt with
* elsewhere , don ' t buffer_error if we had some unmapped buffers
*/
ratelimit_set_flags(&last_warned, RATELIMIT_MSG_ON_RELEASE);
if (all_mapped && __ratelimit(&last_warned)) {
printk("__find_get_block_slow() failed. block=%llu, "
"b_blocknr=%llu, b_state=0x%08lx, b_size=%zu, "
"device %pg blocksize: %d\n" ,
(unsigned long long )block,
(unsigned long long )bh->b_blocknr,
bh->b_state, bh->b_size, bdev,
1 << blkbits);
}
out_unlock:
if (atomic)
spin_unlock(&bd_mapping->i_private_lock);
else
folio_unlock(folio);
folio_put(folio);
out:
return ret;
}
static void end_buffer_async_read(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate)
{
unsigned long flags;
struct buffer_head *first;
struct buffer_head *tmp;
struct folio *folio;
int folio_uptodate = 1 ;
BUG_ON(!buffer_async_read(bh));
folio = bh->b_folio;
if (uptodate) {
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
} else {
clear_buffer_uptodate(bh);
buffer_io_error(bh, ", async page read" );
}
/*
* Be _ very_ careful from here on . Bad things can happen if
* two buffer heads end IO at almost the same time and both
* decide that the page is now completely done .
*/
first = folio_buffers(folio);
spin_lock_irqsave(&first->b_uptodate_lock, flags);
clear_buffer_async_read(bh);
unlock_buffer(bh);
tmp = bh;
do {
if (!buffer_uptodate(tmp))
folio_uptodate = 0 ;
if (buffer_async_read(tmp)) {
BUG_ON(!buffer_locked(tmp));
goto still_busy;
}
tmp = tmp->b_this_page;
} while (tmp != bh);
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&first->b_uptodate_lock, flags);
folio_end_read(folio, folio_uptodate);
return ;
still_busy:
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&first->b_uptodate_lock, flags);
}
struct postprocess_bh_ctx {
struct work_struct work;
struct buffer_head *bh;
};
static void verify_bh(struct work_struct *work)
{
struct postprocess_bh_ctx *ctx =
container_of(work, struct postprocess_bh_ctx, work);
struct buffer_head *bh = ctx->bh;
bool valid;
valid = fsverity_verify_blocks(bh->b_folio, bh->b_size, bh_offset(bh));
end_buffer_async_read(bh, valid);
kfree(ctx);
}
static bool need_fsverity(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
struct folio *folio = bh->b_folio;
struct inode *inode = folio->mapping->host;
return fsverity_active(inode) &&
/* needed by ext4 */
folio->index < DIV_ROUND_UP(inode->i_size, PAGE_SIZE);
}
static void decrypt_bh(struct work_struct *work)
{
struct postprocess_bh_ctx *ctx =
container_of(work, struct postprocess_bh_ctx, work);
struct buffer_head *bh = ctx->bh;
int err;
err = fscrypt_decrypt_pagecache_blocks(bh->b_folio, bh->b_size,
bh_offset(bh));
if (err == 0 && need_fsverity(bh)) {
/*
* We use different work queues for decryption and for verity
* because verity may require reading metadata pages that need
* decryption , and we shouldn ' t recurse to the same workqueue .
*/
INIT_WORK(&ctx->work, verify_bh);
fsverity_enqueue_verify_work(&ctx->work);
return ;
}
end_buffer_async_read(bh, err == 0 );
kfree(ctx);
}
/*
* I / O completion handler for block_read_full_folio ( ) - pages
* which come unlocked at the end of I / O .
*/
static void end_buffer_async_read_io(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate)
{
struct inode *inode = bh->b_folio->mapping->host;
bool decrypt = fscrypt_inode_uses_fs_layer_crypto(inode);
bool verify = need_fsverity(bh);
/* Decrypt (with fscrypt) and/or verify (with fsverity) if needed. */
if (uptodate && (decrypt || verify)) {
struct postprocess_bh_ctx *ctx =
kmalloc(sizeof (*ctx), GFP_ATOMIC);
if (ctx) {
ctx->bh = bh;
if (decrypt) {
INIT_WORK(&ctx->work, decrypt_bh);
fscrypt_enqueue_decrypt_work(&ctx->work);
} else {
INIT_WORK(&ctx->work, verify_bh);
fsverity_enqueue_verify_work(&ctx->work);
}
return ;
}
uptodate = 0 ;
}
end_buffer_async_read(bh, uptodate);
}
/*
* Completion handler for block_write_full_folio ( ) - folios which are unlocked
* during I / O , and which have the writeback flag cleared upon I / O completion .
*/
static void end_buffer_async_write(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate)
{
unsigned long flags;
struct buffer_head *first;
struct buffer_head *tmp;
struct folio *folio;
BUG_ON(!buffer_async_write(bh));
folio = bh->b_folio;
if (uptodate) {
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
} else {
buffer_io_error(bh, ", lost async page write" );
mark_buffer_write_io_error(bh);
clear_buffer_uptodate(bh);
}
first = folio_buffers(folio);
spin_lock_irqsave(&first->b_uptodate_lock, flags);
clear_buffer_async_write(bh);
unlock_buffer(bh);
tmp = bh->b_this_page;
while (tmp != bh) {
if (buffer_async_write(tmp)) {
BUG_ON(!buffer_locked(tmp));
goto still_busy;
}
tmp = tmp->b_this_page;
}
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&first->b_uptodate_lock, flags);
folio_end_writeback(folio);
return ;
still_busy:
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&first->b_uptodate_lock, flags);
}
/*
* If a page ' s buffers are under async readin ( end_buffer_async_read
* completion ) then there is a possibility that another thread of
* control could lock one of the buffers after it has completed
* but while some of the other buffers have not completed . This
* locked buffer would confuse end_buffer_async_read ( ) into not unlocking
* the page . So the absence of BH_Async_Read tells end_buffer_async_read ( )
* that this buffer is not under async I / O .
*
* The page comes unlocked when it has no locked buffer_async buffers
* left .
*
* PageLocked prevents anyone starting new async I / O reads any of
* the buffers .
*
* PageWriteback is used to prevent simultaneous writeout of the same
* page .
*
* PageLocked prevents anyone from starting writeback of a page which is
* under read I / O ( PageWriteback is only ever set against a locked page ) .
*/
static void mark_buffer_async_read(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
bh->b_end_io = end_buffer_async_read_io;
set_buffer_async_read(bh);
}
static void mark_buffer_async_write_endio(struct buffer_head *bh,
bh_end_io_t *handler)
{
bh->b_end_io = handler;
set_buffer_async_write(bh);
}
void mark_buffer_async_write(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
mark_buffer_async_write_endio(bh, end_buffer_async_write);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mark_buffer_async_write);
/*
* fs / buffer . c contains helper functions for buffer - backed address space ' s
* fsync functions . A common requirement for buffer - based filesystems is
* that certain data from the backing blockdev needs to be written out for
* a successful fsync ( ) . For example , ext2 indirect blocks need to be
* written back and waited upon before fsync ( ) returns .
*
* The functions mark_buffer_dirty_inode ( ) , fsync_inode_buffers ( ) ,
* inode_has_buffers ( ) and invalidate_inode_buffers ( ) are provided for the
* management of a list of dependent buffers at - > i_mapping - > i_private_list .
*
* Locking is a little subtle : try_to_free_buffers ( ) will remove buffers
* from their controlling inode ' s queue when they are being freed . But
* try_to_free_buffers ( ) will be operating against the * blockdev * mapping
* at the time , not against the S_ISREG file which depends on those buffers .
* So the locking for i_private_list is via the i_private_lock in the address_space
* which backs the buffers . Which is different from the address_space
* against which the buffers are listed . So for a particular address_space ,
* mapping - > i_private_lock does * not * protect mapping - > i_private_list ! In fact ,
* mapping - > i_private_list will always be protected by the backing blockdev ' s
* - > i_private_lock .
*
* Which introduces a requirement : all buffers on an address_space ' s
* - > i_private_list must be from the same address_space : the blockdev ' s .
*
* address_spaces which do not place buffers at - > i_private_list via these
* utility functions are free to use i_private_lock and i_private_list for
* whatever they want . The only requirement is that list_empty ( i_private_list )
* be true at clear_inode ( ) time .
*
* FIXME : clear_inode should not call invalidate_inode_buffers ( ) . The
* filesystems should do that . invalidate_inode_buffers ( ) should just go
* BUG_ON ( ! list_empty ) .
*
* FIXME : mark_buffer_dirty_inode ( ) is a data - plane operation . It should
* take an address_space , not an inode . And it should be called
* mark_buffer_dirty_fsync ( ) to clearly define why those buffers are being
* queued up .
*
* FIXME : mark_buffer_dirty_inode ( ) doesn ' t need to add the buffer to the
* list if it is already on a list . Because if the buffer is on a list ,
* it * must * already be on the right one . If not , the filesystem is being
* silly . This will save a ton of locking . But first we have to ensure
* that buffers are taken * off * the old inode ' s list when they are freed
* ( presumably in truncate ) . That requires careful auditing of all
* filesystems ( do it inside bforget ( ) ) . It could also be done by bringing
* b_inode back .
*/
/*
* The buffer ' s backing address_space ' s i_private_lock must be held
*/
static void __remove_assoc_queue(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
list_del_init(&bh->b_assoc_buffers);
WARN_ON(!bh->b_assoc_map);
bh->b_assoc_map = NULL;
}
int inode_has_buffers(struct inode *inode)
{
return !list_empty(&inode->i_data.i_private_list);
}
/*
* osync is designed to support O_SYNC io . It waits synchronously for
* all already - submitted IO to complete , but does not queue any new
* writes to the disk .
*
* To do O_SYNC writes , just queue the buffer writes with write_dirty_buffer
* as you dirty the buffers , and then use osync_inode_buffers to wait for
* completion . Any other dirty buffers which are not yet queued for
* write will not be flushed to disk by the osync .
*/
static int osync_buffers_list(spinlock_t *lock, struct list_head *list)
{
struct buffer_head *bh;
struct list_head *p;
int err = 0 ;
spin_lock(lock);
repeat:
list_for_each_prev(p, list) {
bh = BH_ENTRY(p);
if (buffer_locked(bh)) {
get_bh(bh);
spin_unlock(lock);
wait_on_buffer(bh);
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh))
err = -EIO;
brelse(bh);
spin_lock(lock);
goto repeat;
}
}
spin_unlock(lock);
return err;
}
/**
* sync_mapping_buffers - write out & wait upon a mapping ' s " associated " buffers
* @ mapping : the mapping which wants those buffers written
*
* Starts I / O against the buffers at mapping - > i_private_list , and waits upon
* that I / O .
*
* Basically , this is a convenience function for fsync ( ) .
* @ mapping is a file or directory which needs those buffers to be written for
* a successful fsync ( ) .
*/
int sync_mapping_buffers(struct address_space *mapping)
{
struct address_space *buffer_mapping = mapping->i_private_data;
if (buffer_mapping == NULL || list_empty(&mapping->i_private_list))
return 0 ;
return fsync_buffers_list(&buffer_mapping->i_private_lock,
&mapping->i_private_list);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_mapping_buffers);
/**
* generic_buffers_fsync_noflush - generic buffer fsync implementation
* for simple filesystems with no inode lock
*
* @ file : file to synchronize
* @ start : start offset in bytes
* @ end : end offset in bytes ( inclusive )
* @ datasync : only synchronize essential metadata if true
*
* This is a generic implementation of the fsync method for simple
* filesystems which track all non - inode metadata in the buffers list
* hanging off the address_space structure .
*/
int generic_buffers_fsync_noflush(struct file *file, loff_t start, loff_t end,
bool datasync)
{
struct inode *inode = file->f_mapping->host;
int err;
int ret;
err = file_write_and_wait_range(file, start, end);
if (err)
return err;
ret = sync_mapping_buffers(inode->i_mapping);
if (!(inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_ALL))
goto out;
if (datasync && !(inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_DATASYNC))
goto out;
err = sync_inode_metadata(inode, 1 );
if (ret == 0 )
ret = err;
out:
/* check and advance again to catch errors after syncing out buffers */
err = file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file);
if (ret == 0 )
ret = err;
return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_buffers_fsync_noflush);
/**
* generic_buffers_fsync - generic buffer fsync implementation
* for simple filesystems with no inode lock
*
* @ file : file to synchronize
* @ start : start offset in bytes
* @ end : end offset in bytes ( inclusive )
* @ datasync : only synchronize essential metadata if true
*
* This is a generic implementation of the fsync method for simple
* filesystems which track all non - inode metadata in the buffers list
* hanging off the address_space structure . This also makes sure that
* a device cache flush operation is called at the end .
*/
int generic_buffers_fsync(struct file *file, loff_t start, loff_t end,
bool datasync)
{
struct inode *inode = file->f_mapping->host;
int ret;
ret = generic_buffers_fsync_noflush(file, start, end, datasync);
if (!ret)
ret = blkdev_issue_flush(inode->i_sb->s_bdev);
return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_buffers_fsync);
/*
* Called when we ' ve recently written block ` bblock ' , and it is known that
* ` bblock ' was for a buffer_boundary ( ) buffer . This means that the block at
* ` bblock + 1 ' is probably a dirty indirect block . Hunt it down and , if it ' s
* dirty , schedule it for IO . So that indirects merge nicely with their data .
*/
void write_boundary_block(struct block_device *bdev,
sector_t bblock, unsigned blocksize)
{
struct buffer_head *bh;
bh = __find_get_block_nonatomic(bdev, bblock + 1 , blocksize);
if (bh) {
if (buffer_dirty(bh))
write_dirty_buffer(bh, 0 );
put_bh(bh);
}
}
void mark_buffer_dirty_inode(struct buffer_head *bh, struct inode *inode)
{
struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
struct address_space *buffer_mapping = bh->b_folio->mapping;
mark_buffer_dirty(bh);
if (!mapping->i_private_data) {
mapping->i_private_data = buffer_mapping;
} else {
BUG_ON(mapping->i_private_data != buffer_mapping);
}
if (!bh->b_assoc_map) {
spin_lock(&buffer_mapping->i_private_lock);
list_move_tail(&bh->b_assoc_buffers,
&mapping->i_private_list);
bh->b_assoc_map = mapping;
spin_unlock(&buffer_mapping->i_private_lock);
}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mark_buffer_dirty_inode);
/**
* block_dirty_folio - Mark a folio as dirty .
* @ mapping : The address space containing this folio .
* @ folio : The folio to mark dirty .
*
* Filesystems which use buffer_heads can use this function as their
* - > dirty_folio implementation . Some filesystems need to do a little
* work before calling this function . Filesystems which do not use
* buffer_heads should call filemap_dirty_folio ( ) instead .
*
* If the folio has buffers , the uptodate buffers are set dirty , to
* preserve dirty - state coherency between the folio and the buffers .
* Buffers added to a dirty folio are created dirty .
*
* The buffers are dirtied before the folio is dirtied . There ' s a small
* race window in which writeback may see the folio cleanness but not the
* buffer dirtiness . That ' s fine . If this code were to set the folio
* dirty before the buffers , writeback could clear the folio dirty flag ,
* see a bunch of clean buffers and we ' d end up with dirty buffers / clean
* folio on the dirty folio list .
*
* We use i_private_lock to lock against try_to_free_buffers ( ) while
* using the folio ' s buffer list . This also prevents clean buffers
* being added to the folio after it was set dirty .
*
* Context : May only be called from process context . Does not sleep .
* Caller must ensure that @ folio cannot be truncated during this call ,
* typically by holding the folio lock or having a page in the folio
* mapped and holding the page table lock .
*
* Return : True if the folio was dirtied ; false if it was already dirtied .
*/
bool block_dirty_folio(struct address_space *mapping, struct folio *folio)
{
struct buffer_head *head;
bool newly_dirty;
spin_lock(&mapping->i_private_lock);
head = folio_buffers(folio);
if (head) {
struct buffer_head *bh = head;
do {
set_buffer_dirty(bh);
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh != head);
}
/*
* Lock out page ' s memcg migration to keep PageDirty
* synchronized with per - memcg dirty page counters .
*/
newly_dirty = !folio_test_set_dirty(folio);
spin_unlock(&mapping->i_private_lock);
if (newly_dirty)
__folio_mark_dirty(folio, mapping, 1 );
if (newly_dirty)
__mark_inode_dirty(mapping->host, I_DIRTY_PAGES);
return newly_dirty;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(block_dirty_folio);
/*
* Write out and wait upon a list of buffers .
*
* We have conflicting pressures : we want to make sure that all
* initially dirty buffers get waited on , but that any subsequently
* dirtied buffers don ' t . After all , we don ' t want fsync to last
* forever if somebody is actively writing to the file .
*
* Do this in two main stages : first we copy dirty buffers to a
* temporary inode list , queueing the writes as we go . Then we clean
* up , waiting for those writes to complete .
*
* During this second stage , any subsequent updates to the file may end
* up refiling the buffer on the original inode ' s dirty list again , so
* there is a chance we will end up with a buffer queued for write but
* not yet completed on that list . So , as a final cleanup we go through
* the osync code to catch these locked , dirty buffers without requeuing
* any newly dirty buffers for write .
*/
static int fsync_buffers_list(spinlock_t *lock, struct list_head *list)
{
struct buffer_head *bh;
struct address_space *mapping;
int err = 0 , err2;
struct blk_plug plug;
LIST_HEAD(tmp);
blk_start_plug(&plug);
spin_lock(lock);
while (!list_empty(list)) {
bh = BH_ENTRY(list->next);
mapping = bh->b_assoc_map;
__remove_assoc_queue(bh);
/* Avoid race with mark_buffer_dirty_inode() which does
* a lockless check and we rely on seeing the dirty bit */
smp_mb();
if (buffer_dirty(bh) || buffer_locked(bh)) {
list_add(&bh->b_assoc_buffers, &tmp);
bh->b_assoc_map = mapping;
if (buffer_dirty(bh)) {
get_bh(bh);
spin_unlock(lock);
/*
* Ensure any pending I / O completes so that
* write_dirty_buffer ( ) actually writes the
* current contents - it is a noop if I / O is
* still in flight on potentially older
* contents .
*/
write_dirty_buffer(bh, REQ_SYNC);
/*
* Kick off IO for the previous mapping . Note
* that we will not run the very last mapping ,
* wait_on_buffer ( ) will do that for us
* through sync_buffer ( ) .
*/
brelse(bh);
spin_lock(lock);
}
}
}
spin_unlock(lock);
blk_finish_plug(&plug);
spin_lock(lock);
while (!list_empty(&tmp)) {
bh = BH_ENTRY(tmp.prev);
get_bh(bh);
mapping = bh->b_assoc_map;
__remove_assoc_queue(bh);
/* Avoid race with mark_buffer_dirty_inode() which does
* a lockless check and we rely on seeing the dirty bit */
smp_mb();
if (buffer_dirty(bh)) {
list_add(&bh->b_assoc_buffers,
&mapping->i_private_list);
bh->b_assoc_map = mapping;
}
spin_unlock(lock);
wait_on_buffer(bh);
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh))
err = -EIO;
brelse(bh);
spin_lock(lock);
}
spin_unlock(lock);
err2 = osync_buffers_list(lock, list);
if (err)
return err;
else
return err2;
}
/*
* Invalidate any and all dirty buffers on a given inode . We are
* probably unmounting the fs , but that doesn ' t mean we have already
* done a sync ( ) . Just drop the buffers from the inode list .
*
* NOTE : we take the inode ' s blockdev ' s mapping ' s i_private_lock . Which
* assumes that all the buffers are against the blockdev .
*/
void invalidate_inode_buffers(struct inode *inode)
{
if (inode_has_buffers(inode)) {
struct address_space *mapping = &inode->i_data;
struct list_head *list = &mapping->i_private_list;
struct address_space *buffer_mapping = mapping->i_private_data;
spin_lock(&buffer_mapping->i_private_lock);
while (!list_empty(list))
__remove_assoc_queue(BH_ENTRY(list->next));
spin_unlock(&buffer_mapping->i_private_lock);
}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(invalidate_inode_buffers);
/*
* Remove any clean buffers from the inode ' s buffer list . This is called
* when we ' re trying to free the inode itself . Those buffers can pin it .
*
* Returns true if all buffers were removed .
*/
int remove_inode_buffers(struct inode *inode)
{
int ret = 1 ;
if (inode_has_buffers(inode)) {
struct address_space *mapping = &inode->i_data;
struct list_head *list = &mapping->i_private_list;
struct address_space *buffer_mapping = mapping->i_private_data;
spin_lock(&buffer_mapping->i_private_lock);
while (!list_empty(list)) {
struct buffer_head *bh = BH_ENTRY(list->next);
if (buffer_dirty(bh)) {
ret = 0 ;
break ;
}
__remove_assoc_queue(bh);
}
spin_unlock(&buffer_mapping->i_private_lock);
}
return ret;
}
/*
* Create the appropriate buffers when given a folio for data area and
* the size of each buffer . . Use the bh - > b_this_page linked list to
* follow the buffers created . Return NULL if unable to create more
* buffers .
*
* The retry flag is used to differentiate async IO ( paging , swapping )
* which may not fail from ordinary buffer allocations .
*/
struct buffer_head *folio_alloc_buffers(struct folio *folio, unsigned long size,
gfp_t gfp)
{
struct buffer_head *bh, *head;
long offset;
struct mem_cgroup *memcg, *old_memcg;
/* The folio lock pins the memcg */
memcg = folio_memcg(folio);
old_memcg = set_active_memcg(memcg);
head = NULL;
offset = folio_size(folio);
while ((offset -= size) >= 0 ) {
bh = alloc_buffer_head(gfp);
if (!bh)
goto no_grow;
bh->b_this_page = head;
bh->b_blocknr = -1 ;
head = bh;
bh->b_size = size;
/* Link the buffer to its folio */
folio_set_bh(bh, folio, offset);
}
out:
set_active_memcg(old_memcg);
return head;
/*
* In case anything failed , we just free everything we got .
*/
no_grow:
if (head) {
do {
bh = head;
head = head->b_this_page;
free_buffer_head(bh);
} while (head);
}
goto out;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(folio_alloc_buffers);
struct buffer_head *alloc_page_buffers(struct page *page, unsigned long size)
{
gfp_t gfp = GFP_NOFS | __GFP_ACCOUNT;
return folio_alloc_buffers(page_folio(page), size, gfp);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(alloc_page_buffers);
static inline void link_dev_buffers(struct folio *folio,
struct buffer_head *head)
{
struct buffer_head *bh, *tail;
bh = head;
do {
tail = bh;
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh);
tail->b_this_page = head;
folio_attach_private(folio, head);
}
static sector_t blkdev_max_block(struct block_device *bdev, unsigned int size)
{
sector_t retval = ~((sector_t)0 );
loff_t sz = bdev_nr_bytes(bdev);
if (sz) {
unsigned int sizebits = blksize_bits(size);
retval = (sz >> sizebits);
}
return retval;
}
/*
* Initialise the state of a blockdev folio ' s buffers .
*/
static sector_t folio_init_buffers(struct folio *folio,
struct block_device *bdev, unsigned size)
{
struct buffer_head *head = folio_buffers(folio);
struct buffer_head *bh = head;
bool uptodate = folio_test_uptodate(folio);
sector_t block = div_u64(folio_pos(folio), size);
sector_t end_block = blkdev_max_block(bdev, size);
do {
if (!buffer_mapped(bh)) {
bh->b_end_io = NULL;
bh->b_private = NULL;
bh->b_bdev = bdev;
bh->b_blocknr = block;
if (uptodate)
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
if (block < end_block)
set_buffer_mapped(bh);
}
block++;
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh != head);
/*
* Caller needs to validate requested block against end of device .
*/
return end_block;
}
/*
* Create the page - cache folio that contains the requested block .
*
* This is used purely for blockdev mappings .
*
* Returns false if we have a failure which cannot be cured by retrying
* without sleeping . Returns true if we succeeded , or the caller should retry .
*/
static bool grow_dev_folio(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block,
pgoff_t index, unsigned size, gfp_t gfp)
{
struct address_space *mapping = bdev->bd_mapping;
struct folio *folio;
struct buffer_head *bh;
sector_t end_block = 0 ;
folio = __filemap_get_folio(mapping, index,
FGP_LOCK | FGP_ACCESSED | FGP_CREAT, gfp);
if (IS_ERR(folio))
return false ;
bh = folio_buffers(folio);
if (bh) {
if (bh->b_size == size) {
end_block = folio_init_buffers(folio, bdev, size);
goto unlock;
}
/*
* Retrying may succeed ; for example the folio may finish
* writeback , or buffers may be cleaned . This should not
* happen very often ; maybe we have old buffers attached to
* this blockdev ' s page cache and we ' re trying to change
* the block size ?
*/
if (!try_to_free_buffers(folio)) {
end_block = ~0 ULL;
goto unlock;
}
}
bh = folio_alloc_buffers(folio, size, gfp | __GFP_ACCOUNT);
if (!bh)
goto unlock;
/*
* Link the folio to the buffers and initialise them . Take the
* lock to be atomic wrt _ _ find_get_block ( ) , which does not
* run under the folio lock .
*/
spin_lock(&mapping->i_private_lock);
link_dev_buffers(folio, bh);
end_block = folio_init_buffers(folio, bdev, size);
spin_unlock(&mapping->i_private_lock);
unlock:
folio_unlock(folio);
folio_put(folio);
return block < end_block;
}
/*
* Create buffers for the specified block device block ' s folio . If
* that folio was dirty , the buffers are set dirty also . Returns false
* if we ' ve hit a permanent error .
*/
static bool grow_buffers(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block,
unsigned size, gfp_t gfp)
{
loff_t pos;
/*
* Check for a block which lies outside our maximum possible
* pagecache index .
*/
if (check_mul_overflow(block, (sector_t)size, &pos) || pos > MAX_LFS_FILESIZE) {
printk(KERN_ERR "%s: requested out-of-range block %llu for device %pg\n" ,
__func__, (unsigned long long )block,
bdev);
return false ;
}
/* Create a folio with the proper size buffers */
return grow_dev_folio(bdev, block, pos / PAGE_SIZE, size, gfp);
}
static struct buffer_head *
__getblk_slow(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block,
unsigned size, gfp_t gfp)
{
bool blocking = gfpflags_allow_blocking(gfp);
if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!IS_ALIGNED(size, bdev_logical_block_size(bdev)))) {
printk(KERN_ERR "getblk(): block size %d not aligned to logical block size %d\n" ,
size, bdev_logical_block_size(bdev));
return NULL;
}
for (;;) {
struct buffer_head *bh;
if (!grow_buffers(bdev, block, size, gfp))
return NULL;
if (blocking)
bh = __find_get_block_nonatomic(bdev, block, size);
else
bh = __find_get_block(bdev, block, size);
if (bh)
return bh;
}
}
/*
* The relationship between dirty buffers and dirty pages :
*
* Whenever a page has any dirty buffers , the page ' s dirty bit is set , and
* the page is tagged dirty in the page cache .
*
* At all times , the dirtiness of the buffers represents the dirtiness of
* subsections of the page . If the page has buffers , the page dirty bit is
* merely a hint about the true dirty state .
*
* When a page is set dirty in its entirety , all its buffers are marked dirty
* ( if the page has buffers ) .
*
* When a buffer is marked dirty , its page is dirtied , but the page ' s other
* buffers are not .
*
* Also . When blockdev buffers are explicitly read with bread ( ) , they
* individually become uptodate . But their backing page remains not
* uptodate - even if all of its buffers are uptodate . A subsequent
* block_read_full_folio ( ) against that folio will discover all the uptodate
* buffers , will set the folio uptodate and will perform no I / O .
*/
/**
* mark_buffer_dirty - mark a buffer_head as needing writeout
* @ bh : the buffer_head to mark dirty
*
* mark_buffer_dirty ( ) will set the dirty bit against the buffer , then set
* its backing page dirty , then tag the page as dirty in the page cache
* and then attach the address_space ' s inode to its superblock ' s dirty
* inode list .
*
* mark_buffer_dirty ( ) is atomic . It takes bh - > b_folio - > mapping - > i_private_lock ,
* i_pages lock and mapping - > host - > i_lock .
*/
void mark_buffer_dirty(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
WARN_ON_ONCE(!buffer_uptodate(bh));
trace_block_dirty_buffer(bh);
/*
* Very * carefully * optimize the it - is - already - dirty case .
*
* Don ' t let the final " is it dirty " escape to before we
* perhaps modified the buffer .
*/
if (buffer_dirty(bh)) {
smp_mb();
if (buffer_dirty(bh))
return ;
}
if (!test_set_buffer_dirty(bh)) {
struct folio *folio = bh->b_folio;
struct address_space *mapping = NULL;
if (!folio_test_set_dirty(folio)) {
mapping = folio->mapping;
if (mapping)
__folio_mark_dirty(folio, mapping, 0 );
}
if (mapping)
__mark_inode_dirty(mapping->host, I_DIRTY_PAGES);
}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mark_buffer_dirty);
void mark_buffer_write_io_error(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
set_buffer_write_io_error(bh);
/* FIXME: do we need to set this in both places? */
if (bh->b_folio && bh->b_folio->mapping)
mapping_set_error(bh->b_folio->mapping, -EIO);
if (bh->b_assoc_map)
mapping_set_error(bh->b_assoc_map, -EIO);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mark_buffer_write_io_error);
/**
* _ _ brelse - Release a buffer .
* @ bh : The buffer to release .
*
* This variant of brelse ( ) can be called if @ bh is guaranteed to not be NULL .
*/
void __brelse(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
if (atomic_read(&bh->b_count)) {
put_bh(bh);
return ;
}
WARN(1 , KERN_ERR "VFS: brelse: Trying to free free buffer\n" );
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__brelse);
/**
* _ _ bforget - Discard any dirty data in a buffer .
* @ bh : The buffer to forget .
*
* This variant of bforget ( ) can be called if @ bh is guaranteed to not
* be NULL .
*/
void __bforget(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
clear_buffer_dirty(bh);
if (bh->b_assoc_map) {
struct address_space *buffer_mapping = bh->b_folio->mapping;
spin_lock(&buffer_mapping->i_private_lock);
list_del_init(&bh->b_assoc_buffers);
bh->b_assoc_map = NULL;
spin_unlock(&buffer_mapping->i_private_lock);
}
__brelse(bh);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__bforget);
static struct buffer_head *__bread_slow(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
lock_buffer(bh);
if (buffer_uptodate(bh)) {
unlock_buffer(bh);
return bh;
} else {
get_bh(bh);
bh->b_end_io = end_buffer_read_sync;
submit_bh(REQ_OP_READ, bh);
wait_on_buffer(bh);
if (buffer_uptodate(bh))
return bh;
}
brelse(bh);
return NULL;
}
/*
* Per - cpu buffer LRU implementation . To reduce the cost of _ _ find_get_block ( ) .
* The bhs [ ] array is sorted - newest buffer is at bhs [ 0 ] . Buffers have their
* refcount elevated by one when they ' re in an LRU . A buffer can only appear
* once in a particular CPU ' s LRU . A single buffer can be present in multiple
* CPU ' s LRUs at the same time .
*
* This is a transparent caching front - end to sb_bread ( ) , sb_getblk ( ) and
* sb_find_get_block ( ) .
*
* The LRUs themselves only need locking against invalidate_bh_lrus . We use
* a local interrupt disable for that .
*/
#define BH_LRU_SIZE 16
struct bh_lru {
struct buffer_head *bhs[BH_LRU_SIZE];
};
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct bh_lru, bh_lrus) = {{ NULL }};
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
#define bh_lru_lock() local_irq_disable()
#define bh_lru_unlock() local_irq_enable()
#else
#define bh_lru_lock() preempt_disable()
#define bh_lru_unlock() preempt_enable()
#endif
static inline void check_irqs_on(void )
{
#ifdef irqs_disabled
BUG_ON(irqs_disabled());
#endif
}
/*
* Install a buffer_head into this cpu ' s LRU . If not already in the LRU , it is
* inserted at the front , and the buffer_head at the back if any is evicted .
* Or , if already in the LRU it is moved to the front .
*/
static void bh_lru_install(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
struct buffer_head *evictee = bh;
struct bh_lru *b;
int i;
check_irqs_on();
bh_lru_lock();
/*
* the refcount of buffer_head in bh_lru prevents dropping the
* attached page ( i . e . , try_to_free_buffers ) so it could cause
* failing page migration .
* Skip putting upcoming bh into bh_lru until migration is done .
*/
if (lru_cache_disabled() || cpu_is_isolated(smp_processor_id())) {
bh_lru_unlock();
return ;
}
b = this_cpu_ptr(&bh_lrus);
for (i = 0 ; i < BH_LRU_SIZE; i++) {
swap(evictee, b->bhs[i]);
if (evictee == bh) {
bh_lru_unlock();
return ;
}
}
get_bh(bh);
bh_lru_unlock();
brelse(evictee);
}
/*
* Look up the bh in this cpu ' s LRU . If it ' s there , move it to the head .
*/
static struct buffer_head *
lookup_bh_lru(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block, unsigned size)
{
struct buffer_head *ret = NULL;
unsigned int i;
check_irqs_on();
bh_lru_lock();
if (cpu_is_isolated(smp_processor_id())) {
bh_lru_unlock();
return NULL;
}
for (i = 0 ; i < BH_LRU_SIZE; i++) {
struct buffer_head *bh = __this_cpu_read(bh_lrus.bhs[i]);
if (bh && bh->b_blocknr == block && bh->b_bdev == bdev &&
bh->b_size == size) {
if (i) {
while (i) {
__this_cpu_write(bh_lrus.bhs[i],
__this_cpu_read(bh_lrus.bhs[i - 1 ]));
i--;
}
__this_cpu_write(bh_lrus.bhs[0 ], bh);
}
get_bh(bh);
ret = bh;
break ;
}
}
bh_lru_unlock();
return ret;
}
/*
* Perform a pagecache lookup for the matching buffer . If it ' s there , refresh
* it in the LRU and mark it as accessed . If it is not present then return
* NULL . Atomic context callers may also return NULL if the buffer is being
* migrated ; similarly the page is not marked accessed either .
*/
static struct buffer_head *
find_get_block_common(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block,
unsigned size, bool atomic)
{
struct buffer_head *bh = lookup_bh_lru(bdev, block, size);
if (bh == NULL) {
/* __find_get_block_slow will mark the page accessed */
bh = __find_get_block_slow(bdev, block, atomic);
if (bh)
bh_lru_install(bh);
} else
touch_buffer(bh);
return bh;
}
struct buffer_head *
__find_get_block(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block, unsigned size)
{
return find_get_block_common(bdev, block, size, true );
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__find_get_block);
/* same as __find_get_block() but allows sleeping contexts */
struct buffer_head *
__find_get_block_nonatomic(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block,
unsigned size)
{
return find_get_block_common(bdev, block, size, false );
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__find_get_block_nonatomic);
/**
* bdev_getblk - Get a buffer_head in a block device ' s buffer cache .
* @ bdev : The block device .
* @ block : The block number .
* @ size : The size of buffer_heads for this @ bdev .
* @ gfp : The memory allocation flags to use .
*
* The returned buffer head has its reference count incremented , but is
* not locked . The caller should call brelse ( ) when it has finished
* with the buffer . The buffer may not be uptodate . If needed , the
* caller can bring it uptodate either by reading it or overwriting it .
*
* Return : The buffer head , or NULL if memory could not be allocated .
*/
struct buffer_head *bdev_getblk(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block,
unsigned size, gfp_t gfp)
{
struct buffer_head *bh;
if (gfpflags_allow_blocking(gfp))
bh = __find_get_block_nonatomic(bdev, block, size);
else
bh = __find_get_block(bdev, block, size);
might_alloc(gfp);
if (bh)
return bh;
return __getblk_slow(bdev, block, size, gfp);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(bdev_getblk);
/*
* Do async read - ahead on a buffer . .
*/
void __breadahead(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block, unsigned size)
{
struct buffer_head *bh = bdev_getblk(bdev, block, size,
GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_MOVABLE);
if (likely(bh)) {
bh_readahead(bh, REQ_RAHEAD);
brelse(bh);
}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__breadahead);
/**
* _ _ bread_gfp ( ) - Read a block .
* @ bdev : The block device to read from .
* @ block : Block number in units of block size .
* @ size : The block size of this device in bytes .
* @ gfp : Not page allocation flags ; see below .
*
* You are not expected to call this function . You should use one of
* sb_bread ( ) , sb_bread_unmovable ( ) or _ _ bread ( ) .
*
* Read a specified block , and return the buffer head that refers to it .
* If @ gfp is 0 , the memory will be allocated using the block device ' s
* default GFP flags . If @ gfp is _ _ GFP_MOVABLE , the memory may be
* allocated from a movable area . Do not pass in a complete set of
* GFP flags .
*
* The returned buffer head has its refcount increased . The caller should
* call brelse ( ) when it has finished with the buffer .
*
* Context : May sleep waiting for I / O .
* Return : NULL if the block was unreadable .
*/
struct buffer_head *__bread_gfp(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block,
unsigned size, gfp_t gfp)
{
struct buffer_head *bh;
gfp |= mapping_gfp_constraint(bdev->bd_mapping, ~__GFP_FS);
/*
* Prefer looping in the allocator rather than here , at least that
* code knows what it ' s doing .
*/
gfp |= __GFP_NOFAIL;
bh = bdev_getblk(bdev, block, size, gfp);
if (likely(bh) && !buffer_uptodate(bh))
bh = __bread_slow(bh);
return bh;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__bread_gfp);
static void __invalidate_bh_lrus(struct bh_lru *b)
{
int i;
for (i = 0 ; i < BH_LRU_SIZE; i++) {
brelse(b->bhs[i]);
b->bhs[i] = NULL;
}
}
/*
* invalidate_bh_lrus ( ) is called rarely - but not only at unmount .
* This doesn ' t race because it runs in each cpu either in irq
* or with preempt disabled .
*/
static void invalidate_bh_lru(void *arg)
{
struct bh_lru *b = &get_cpu_var(bh_lrus);
__invalidate_bh_lrus(b);
put_cpu_var(bh_lrus);
}
bool has_bh_in_lru(int cpu, void *dummy)
{
struct bh_lru *b = per_cpu_ptr(&bh_lrus, cpu);
int i;
for (i = 0 ; i < BH_LRU_SIZE; i++) {
if (b->bhs[i])
return true ;
}
return false ;
}
void invalidate_bh_lrus(void )
{
on_each_cpu_cond(has_bh_in_lru, invalidate_bh_lru, NULL, 1 );
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(invalidate_bh_lrus);
/*
* It ' s called from workqueue context so we need a bh_lru_lock to close
* the race with preemption / irq .
*/
void invalidate_bh_lrus_cpu(void )
{
struct bh_lru *b;
bh_lru_lock();
b = this_cpu_ptr(&bh_lrus);
__invalidate_bh_lrus(b);
bh_lru_unlock();
}
void folio_set_bh(struct buffer_head *bh, struct folio *folio,
unsigned long offset)
{
bh->b_folio = folio;
BUG_ON(offset >= folio_size(folio));
if (folio_test_highmem(folio))
/*
* This catches illegal uses and preserves the offset :
*/
bh->b_data = (char *)(0 + offset);
else
bh->b_data = folio_address(folio) + offset;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_set_bh);
/*
* Called when truncating a buffer on a page completely .
*/
/* Bits that are cleared during an invalidate */
#define BUFFER_FLAGS_DISCARD \
(1 << BH_Mapped | 1 << BH_New | 1 << BH_Req | \
1 << BH_Delay | 1 << BH_Unwritten)
static void discard_buffer(struct buffer_head * bh)
{
unsigned long b_state;
lock_buffer(bh);
clear_buffer_dirty(bh);
bh->b_bdev = NULL;
b_state = READ_ONCE(bh->b_state);
do {
} while (!try_cmpxchg_relaxed(&bh->b_state, &b_state,
b_state & ~BUFFER_FLAGS_DISCARD));
unlock_buffer(bh);
}
/**
* block_invalidate_folio - Invalidate part or all of a buffer - backed folio .
* @ folio : The folio which is affected .
* @ offset : start of the range to invalidate
* @ length : length of the range to invalidate
*
* block_invalidate_folio ( ) is called when all or part of the folio has been
* invalidated by a truncate operation .
*
* block_invalidate_folio ( ) does not have to release all buffers , but it must
* ensure that no dirty buffer is left outside @ offset and that no I / O
* is underway against any of the blocks which are outside the truncation
* point . Because the caller is about to free ( and possibly reuse ) those
* blocks on - disk .
*/
void block_invalidate_folio(struct folio *folio, size_t offset, size_t length)
{
struct buffer_head *head, *bh, *next;
size_t curr_off = 0 ;
size_t stop = length + offset;
BUG_ON(!folio_test_locked(folio));
/*
* Check for overflow
*/
BUG_ON(stop > folio_size(folio) || stop < length);
head = folio_buffers(folio);
if (!head)
return ;
bh = head;
do {
size_t next_off = curr_off + bh->b_size;
next = bh->b_this_page;
/*
* Are we still fully in range ?
*/
if (next_off > stop)
goto out;
/*
* is this block fully invalidated ?
*/
if (offset <= curr_off)
discard_buffer(bh);
curr_off = next_off;
bh = next;
} while (bh != head);
/*
* We release buffers only if the entire folio is being invalidated .
* The get_block cached value has been unconditionally invalidated ,
* so real IO is not possible anymore .
*/
if (length == folio_size(folio))
filemap_release_folio(folio, 0 );
out:
folio_clear_mappedtodisk(folio);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(block_invalidate_folio);
/*
* We attach and possibly dirty the buffers atomically wrt
* block_dirty_folio ( ) via i_private_lock . try_to_free_buffers
* is already excluded via the folio lock .
*/
struct buffer_head *create_empty_buffers(struct folio *folio,
unsigned long blocksize, unsigned long b_state)
{
struct buffer_head *bh, *head, *tail;
gfp_t gfp = GFP_NOFS | __GFP_ACCOUNT | __GFP_NOFAIL;
head = folio_alloc_buffers(folio, blocksize, gfp);
bh = head;
do {
bh->b_state |= b_state;
tail = bh;
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh);
tail->b_this_page = head;
spin_lock(&folio->mapping->i_private_lock);
if (folio_test_uptodate(folio) || folio_test_dirty(folio)) {
bh = head;
do {
if (folio_test_dirty(folio))
set_buffer_dirty(bh);
if (folio_test_uptodate(folio))
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh != head);
}
folio_attach_private(folio, head);
spin_unlock(&folio->mapping->i_private_lock);
return head;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(create_empty_buffers);
/**
* clean_bdev_aliases : clean a range of buffers in block device
* @ bdev : Block device to clean buffers in
* @ block : Start of a range of blocks to clean
* @ len : Number of blocks to clean
*
* We are taking a range of blocks for data and we don ' t want writeback of any
* buffer - cache aliases starting from return from this function and until the
* moment when something will explicitly mark the buffer dirty ( hopefully that
* will not happen until we will free that block ; - ) We don ' t even need to mark
* it not - uptodate - nobody can expect anything from a newly allocated buffer
* anyway . We used to use unmap_buffer ( ) for such invalidation , but that was
* wrong . We definitely don ' t want to mark the alias unmapped , for example - it
* would confuse anyone who might pick it with bread ( ) afterwards . . .
*
* Also . . Note that bforget ( ) doesn ' t lock the buffer . So there can be
* writeout I / O going on against recently - freed buffers . We don ' t wait on that
* I / O in bforget ( ) - it ' s more efficient to wait on the I / O only if we really
* need to . That happens here .
*/
void clean_bdev_aliases(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t block, sector_t len)
{
struct address_space *bd_mapping = bdev->bd_mapping;
const int blkbits = bd_mapping->host->i_blkbits;
struct folio_batch fbatch;
pgoff_t index = ((loff_t)block << blkbits) / PAGE_SIZE;
pgoff_t end;
int i, count;
struct buffer_head *bh;
struct buffer_head *head;
end = ((loff_t)(block + len - 1 ) << blkbits) / PAGE_SIZE;
folio_batch_init(&fbatch);
while (filemap_get_folios(bd_mapping, &index, end, &fbatch)) {
count = folio_batch_count(&fbatch);
for (i = 0 ; i < count; i++) {
struct folio *folio = fbatch.folios[i];
if (!folio_buffers(folio))
continue ;
/*
* We use folio lock instead of bd_mapping - > i_private_lock
* to pin buffers here since we can afford to sleep and
* it scales better than a global spinlock lock .
*/
folio_lock(folio);
/* Recheck when the folio is locked which pins bhs */
head = folio_buffers(folio);
if (!head)
goto unlock_page;
bh = head;
do {
if (!buffer_mapped(bh) || (bh->b_blocknr < block))
goto next;
if (bh->b_blocknr >= block + len)
break ;
clear_buffer_dirty(bh);
wait_on_buffer(bh);
clear_buffer_req(bh);
next:
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh != head);
unlock_page:
folio_unlock(folio);
}
folio_batch_release(&fbatch);
cond_resched();
/* End of range already reached? */
if (index > end || !index)
break ;
}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(clean_bdev_aliases);
static struct buffer_head *folio_create_buffers(struct folio *folio,
struct inode *inode,
unsigned int b_state)
{
struct buffer_head *bh;
BUG_ON(!folio_test_locked(folio));
bh = folio_buffers(folio);
if (!bh)
bh = create_empty_buffers(folio,
1 << READ_ONCE(inode->i_blkbits), b_state);
return bh;
}
/*
* NOTE ! All mapped / uptodate combinations are valid :
*
* Mapped Uptodate Meaning
*
* No No " unknown " - must do get_block ( )
* No Yes " hole " - zero - filled
* Yes No " allocated " - allocated on disk , not read in
* Yes Yes " valid " - allocated and up - to - date in memory .
*
* " Dirty " is valid only with the last case ( mapped + uptodate ) .
*/
/*
* While block_write_full_folio is writing back the dirty buffers under
* the page lock , whoever dirtied the buffers may decide to clean them
* again at any time . We handle that by only looking at the buffer
* state inside lock_buffer ( ) .
*
* If block_write_full_folio ( ) is called for regular writeback
* ( wbc - > sync_mode = = WB_SYNC_NONE ) then it will redirty a page which has a
* locked buffer . This only can happen if someone has written the buffer
* directly , with submit_bh ( ) . At the address_space level PageWriteback
* prevents this contention from occurring .
*
* If block_write_full_folio ( ) is called with wbc - > sync_mode = =
* WB_SYNC_ALL , the writes are posted using REQ_SYNC ; this
* causes the writes to be flagged as synchronous writes .
*/
int __block_write_full_folio(struct inode *inode, struct folio *folio,
get_block_t *get_block, struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
int err;
sector_t block;
sector_t last_block;
struct buffer_head *bh, *head;
size_t blocksize;
int nr_underway = 0 ;
blk_opf_t write_flags = wbc_to_write_flags(wbc);
head = folio_create_buffers(folio, inode,
(1 << BH_Dirty) | (1 << BH_Uptodate));
/*
* Be very careful . We have no exclusion from block_dirty_folio
* here , and the ( potentially unmapped ) buffers may become dirty at
* any time . If a buffer becomes dirty here after we ' ve inspected it
* then we just miss that fact , and the folio stays dirty .
*
* Buffers outside i_size may be dirtied by block_dirty_folio ;
* handle that here by just cleaning them .
*/
bh = head;
blocksize = bh->b_size;
block = div_u64(folio_pos(folio), blocksize);
last_block = div_u64(i_size_read(inode) - 1 , blocksize);
/*
* Get all the dirty buffers mapped to disk addresses and
* handle any aliases from the underlying blockdev ' s mapping .
*/
do {
if (block > last_block) {
/*
* mapped buffers outside i_size will occur , because
* this folio can be outside i_size when there is a
* truncate in progress .
*/
/*
* The buffer was zeroed by block_write_full_folio ( )
*/
clear_buffer_dirty(bh);
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
} else if ((!buffer_mapped(bh) || buffer_delay(bh)) &&
buffer_dirty(bh)) {
WARN_ON(bh->b_size != blocksize);
err = get_block(inode, block, bh, 1 );
if (err)
goto recover;
clear_buffer_delay(bh);
if (buffer_new(bh)) {
/* blockdev mappings never come here */
clear_buffer_new(bh);
clean_bdev_bh_alias(bh);
}
}
bh = bh->b_this_page;
block++;
} while (bh != head);
do {
if (!buffer_mapped(bh))
continue ;
/*
* If it ' s a fully non - blocking write attempt and we cannot
* lock the buffer then redirty the folio . Note that this can
* potentially cause a busy - wait loop from writeback threads
* and kswapd activity , but those code paths have their own
* higher - level throttling .
*/
if (wbc->sync_mode != WB_SYNC_NONE) {
lock_buffer(bh);
} else if (!trylock_buffer(bh)) {
folio_redirty_for_writepage(wbc, folio);
continue ;
}
if (test_clear_buffer_dirty(bh)) {
mark_buffer_async_write_endio(bh,
end_buffer_async_write);
} else {
unlock_buffer(bh);
}
} while ((bh = bh->b_this_page) != head);
/*
* The folio and its buffers are protected by the writeback flag ,
* so we can drop the bh refcounts early .
*/
BUG_ON(folio_test_writeback(folio));
folio_start_writeback(folio);
do {
struct buffer_head *next = bh->b_this_page;
if (buffer_async_write(bh)) {
submit_bh_wbc(REQ_OP_WRITE | write_flags, bh,
inode->i_write_hint, wbc);
nr_underway++;
}
bh = next;
} while (bh != head);
folio_unlock(folio);
err = 0 ;
done:
if (nr_underway == 0 ) {
/*
* The folio was marked dirty , but the buffers were
* clean . Someone wrote them back by hand with
* write_dirty_buffer / submit_bh . A rare case .
*/
folio_end_writeback(folio);
/*
* The folio and buffer_heads can be released at any time from
* here on .
*/
}
return err;
recover:
/*
* ENOSPC , or some other error . We may already have added some
* blocks to the file , so we need to write these out to avoid
* exposing stale data .
* The folio is currently locked and not marked for writeback
*/
bh = head;
/* Recovery: lock and submit the mapped buffers */
do {
if (buffer_mapped(bh) && buffer_dirty(bh) &&
!buffer_delay(bh)) {
lock_buffer(bh);
mark_buffer_async_write_endio(bh,
end_buffer_async_write);
} else {
/*
* The buffer may have been set dirty during
* attachment to a dirty folio .
*/
clear_buffer_dirty(bh);
}
} while ((bh = bh->b_this_page) != head);
BUG_ON(folio_test_writeback(folio));
mapping_set_error(folio->mapping, err);
folio_start_writeback(folio);
do {
struct buffer_head *next = bh->b_this_page;
if (buffer_async_write(bh)) {
clear_buffer_dirty(bh);
submit_bh_wbc(REQ_OP_WRITE | write_flags, bh,
inode->i_write_hint, wbc);
nr_underway++;
}
bh = next;
} while (bh != head);
folio_unlock(folio);
goto done;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__block_write_full_folio);
/*
* If a folio has any new buffers , zero them out here , and mark them uptodate
* and dirty so they ' ll be written out ( in order to prevent uninitialised
* block data from leaking ) . And clear the new bit .
*/
void folio_zero_new_buffers(struct folio *folio, size_t from, size_t to)
{
size_t block_start, block_end;
struct buffer_head *head, *bh;
BUG_ON(!folio_test_locked(folio));
head = folio_buffers(folio);
if (!head)
return ;
bh = head;
block_start = 0 ;
do {
block_end = block_start + bh->b_size;
if (buffer_new(bh)) {
if (block_end > from && block_start < to) {
if (!folio_test_uptodate(folio)) {
size_t start, xend;
start = max(from, block_start);
xend = min(to, block_end);
folio_zero_segment(folio, start, xend);
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
}
clear_buffer_new(bh);
mark_buffer_dirty(bh);
}
}
block_start = block_end;
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh != head);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_zero_new_buffers);
static int
iomap_to_bh(struct inode *inode, sector_t block, struct buffer_head *bh,
const struct iomap *iomap)
{
loff_t offset = (loff_t)block << inode->i_blkbits;
bh->b_bdev = iomap->bdev;
/*
* Block points to offset in file we need to map , iomap contains
* the offset at which the map starts . If the map ends before the
* current block , then do not map the buffer and let the caller
* handle it .
*/
if (offset >= iomap->offset + iomap->length)
return -EIO;
switch (iomap->type) {
case IOMAP_HOLE:
/*
* If the buffer is not up to date or beyond the current EOF ,
* we need to mark it as new to ensure sub - block zeroing is
* executed if necessary .
*/
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh) ||
(offset >= i_size_read(inode)))
set_buffer_new(bh);
return 0 ;
case IOMAP_DELALLOC:
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh) ||
(offset >= i_size_read(inode)))
set_buffer_new(bh);
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
set_buffer_mapped(bh);
set_buffer_delay(bh);
return 0 ;
case IOMAP_UNWRITTEN:
/*
* For unwritten regions , we always need to ensure that regions
* in the block we are not writing to are zeroed . Mark the
* buffer as new to ensure this .
*/
set_buffer_new(bh);
set_buffer_unwritten(bh);
fallthrough;
case IOMAP_MAPPED:
if ((iomap->flags & IOMAP_F_NEW) ||
offset >= i_size_read(inode)) {
/*
* This can happen if truncating the block device races
* with the check in the caller as i_size updates on
* block devices aren ' t synchronized by i_rwsem for
* block devices .
*/
if (S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode))
return -EIO;
set_buffer_new(bh);
}
bh->b_blocknr = (iomap->addr + offset - iomap->offset) >>
inode->i_blkbits;
set_buffer_mapped(bh);
return 0 ;
default :
WARN_ON_ONCE(1 );
return -EIO;
}
}
int __block_write_begin_int(struct folio *folio, loff_t pos, unsigned len,
get_block_t *get_block, const struct iomap *iomap)
{
size_t from = offset_in_folio(folio, pos);
size_t to = from + len;
struct inode *inode = folio->mapping->host;
size_t block_start, block_end;
sector_t block;
int err = 0 ;
size_t blocksize;
struct buffer_head *bh, *head, *wait[2 ], **wait_bh=wait;
BUG_ON(!folio_test_locked(folio));
BUG_ON(to > folio_size(folio));
BUG_ON(from > to);
head = folio_create_buffers(folio, inode, 0 );
blocksize = head->b_size;
block = div_u64(folio_pos(folio), blocksize);
for (bh = head, block_start = 0 ; bh != head || !block_start;
block++, block_start=block_end, bh = bh->b_this_page) {
block_end = block_start + blocksize;
if (block_end <= from || block_start >= to) {
if (folio_test_uptodate(folio)) {
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh))
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
}
continue ;
}
if (buffer_new(bh))
clear_buffer_new(bh);
if (!buffer_mapped(bh)) {
WARN_ON(bh->b_size != blocksize);
if (get_block)
err = get_block(inode, block, bh, 1 );
else
err = iomap_to_bh(inode, block, bh, iomap);
if (err)
break ;
if (buffer_new(bh)) {
clean_bdev_bh_alias(bh);
if (folio_test_uptodate(folio)) {
clear_buffer_new(bh);
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
mark_buffer_dirty(bh);
continue ;
}
if (block_end > to || block_start < from)
folio_zero_segments(folio,
to, block_end,
block_start, from);
continue ;
}
}
if (folio_test_uptodate(folio)) {
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh))
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
continue ;
}
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh) && !buffer_delay(bh) &&
!buffer_unwritten(bh) &&
(block_start < from || block_end > to)) {
bh_read_nowait(bh, 0 );
*wait_bh++=bh;
}
}
/*
* If we issued read requests - let them complete .
*/
while (wait_bh > wait) {
wait_on_buffer(*--wait_bh);
if (!buffer_uptodate(*wait_bh))
err = -EIO;
}
if (unlikely(err))
folio_zero_new_buffers(folio, from, to);
return err;
}
int __block_write_begin(struct folio *folio, loff_t pos, unsigned len,
get_block_t *get_block)
{
return __block_write_begin_int(folio, pos, len, get_block, NULL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__block_write_begin);
void block_commit_write(struct folio *folio, size_t from, size_t to)
{
size_t block_start, block_end;
bool partial = false ;
unsigned blocksize;
struct buffer_head *bh, *head;
bh = head = folio_buffers(folio);
if (!bh)
return ;
blocksize = bh->b_size;
block_start = 0 ;
do {
block_end = block_start + blocksize;
if (block_end <= from || block_start >= to) {
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh))
partial = true ;
} else {
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
mark_buffer_dirty(bh);
}
if (buffer_new(bh))
clear_buffer_new(bh);
block_start = block_end;
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh != head);
/*
* If this is a partial write which happened to make all buffers
* uptodate then we can optimize away a bogus read_folio ( ) for
* the next read ( ) . Here we ' discover ' whether the folio went
* uptodate as a result of this ( potentially partial ) write .
*/
if (!partial)
folio_mark_uptodate(folio);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(block_commit_write);
/*
* block_write_begin takes care of the basic task of block allocation and
* bringing partial write blocks uptodate first .
*
* The filesystem needs to handle block truncation upon failure .
*/
int block_write_begin(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t pos, unsigned len,
struct folio **foliop, get_block_t *get_block)
{
pgoff_t index = pos >> PAGE_SHIFT;
struct folio *folio;
int status;
folio = __filemap_get_folio(mapping, index, FGP_WRITEBEGIN,
mapping_gfp_mask(mapping));
if (IS_ERR(folio))
return PTR_ERR(folio);
status = __block_write_begin_int(folio, pos, len, get_block, NULL);
if (unlikely(status)) {
folio_unlock(folio);
folio_put(folio);
folio = NULL;
}
*foliop = folio;
return status;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(block_write_begin);
int block_write_end(loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
struct folio *folio)
{
size_t start = pos - folio_pos(folio);
if (unlikely(copied < len)) {
/*
* The buffers that were written will now be uptodate , so
* we don ' t have to worry about a read_folio reading them
* and overwriting a partial write . However if we have
* encountered a short write and only partially written
* into a buffer , it will not be marked uptodate , so a
* read_folio might come in and destroy our partial write .
*
* Do the simplest thing , and just treat any short write to a
* non uptodate folio as a zero - length write , and force the
* caller to redo the whole thing .
*/
if (!folio_test_uptodate(folio))
copied = 0 ;
folio_zero_new_buffers(folio, start+copied, start+len);
}
flush_dcache_folio(folio);
/* This could be a short (even 0-length) commit */
block_commit_write(folio, start, start + copied);
return copied;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(block_write_end);
int generic_write_end(const struct kiocb *iocb, struct address_space *mapping,
loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
struct folio *folio, void *fsdata)
{
struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
loff_t old_size = inode->i_size;
bool i_size_changed = false ;
copied = block_write_end(pos, len, copied, folio);
/*
* No need to use i_size_read ( ) here , the i_size cannot change under us
* because we hold i_rwsem .
*
* But it ' s important to update i_size while still holding folio lock :
* page writeout could otherwise come in and zero beyond i_size .
*/
if (pos + copied > inode->i_size) {
i_size_write(inode, pos + copied);
i_size_changed = true ;
}
folio_unlock(folio);
folio_put(folio);
if (old_size < pos)
pagecache_isize_extended(inode, old_size, pos);
/*
* Don ' t mark the inode dirty under page lock . First , it unnecessarily
* makes the holding time of page lock longer . Second , it forces lock
* ordering of page lock and transaction start for journaling
* filesystems .
*/
if (i_size_changed)
mark_inode_dirty(inode);
return copied;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_write_end);
/*
* block_is_partially_uptodate checks whether buffers within a folio are
* uptodate or not .
*
* Returns true if all buffers which correspond to the specified part
* of the folio are uptodate .
*/
bool block_is_partially_uptodate(struct folio *folio, size_t from, size_t count)
{
unsigned block_start, block_end, blocksize;
unsigned to;
struct buffer_head *bh, *head;
bool ret = true ;
head = folio_buffers(folio);
if (!head)
return false ;
blocksize = head->b_size;
to = min_t(unsigned , folio_size(folio) - from, count);
to = from + to;
if (from < blocksize && to > folio_size(folio) - blocksize)
return false ;
bh = head;
block_start = 0 ;
do {
block_end = block_start + blocksize;
if (block_end > from && block_start < to) {
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh)) {
ret = false ;
break ;
}
if (block_end >= to)
break ;
}
block_start = block_end;
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh != head);
return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(block_is_partially_uptodate);
/*
* Generic " read_folio " function for block devices that have the normal
* get_block functionality . This is most of the block device filesystems .
* Reads the folio asynchronously - - - the unlock_buffer ( ) and
* set / clear_buffer_uptodate ( ) functions propagate buffer state into the
* folio once IO has completed .
*/
int block_read_full_folio(struct folio *folio, get_block_t *get_block)
{
struct inode *inode = folio->mapping->host;
sector_t iblock, lblock;
struct buffer_head *bh, *head, *prev = NULL;
size_t blocksize;
int fully_mapped = 1 ;
bool page_error = false ;
loff_t limit = i_size_read(inode);
/* This is needed for ext4. */
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_FS_VERITY) && IS_VERITY(inode))
limit = inode->i_sb->s_maxbytes;
head = folio_create_buffers(folio, inode, 0 );
blocksize = head->b_size;
iblock = div_u64(folio_pos(folio), blocksize);
lblock = div_u64(limit + blocksize - 1 , blocksize);
bh = head;
do {
if (buffer_uptodate(bh))
continue ;
if (!buffer_mapped(bh)) {
int err = 0 ;
fully_mapped = 0 ;
if (iblock < lblock) {
WARN_ON(bh->b_size != blocksize);
err = get_block(inode, iblock, bh, 0 );
if (err)
page_error = true ;
}
if (!buffer_mapped(bh)) {
folio_zero_range(folio, bh_offset(bh),
blocksize);
if (!err)
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
continue ;
}
/*
* get_block ( ) might have updated the buffer
* synchronously
*/
if (buffer_uptodate(bh))
continue ;
}
lock_buffer(bh);
if (buffer_uptodate(bh)) {
unlock_buffer(bh);
continue ;
}
mark_buffer_async_read(bh);
if (prev)
submit_bh(REQ_OP_READ, prev);
prev = bh;
} while (iblock++, (bh = bh->b_this_page) != head);
if (fully_mapped)
folio_set_mappedtodisk(folio);
/*
* All buffers are uptodate or get_block ( ) returned an error
* when trying to map them - we must finish the read because
* end_buffer_async_read ( ) will never be called on any buffer
* in this folio .
*/
if (prev)
submit_bh(REQ_OP_READ, prev);
else
folio_end_read(folio, !page_error);
return 0 ;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(block_read_full_folio);
/* utility function for filesystems that need to do work on expanding
* truncates . Uses filesystem pagecache writes to allow the filesystem to
* deal with the hole .
*/
int generic_cont_expand_simple(struct inode *inode, loff_t size)
{
struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
const struct address_space_operations *aops = mapping->a_ops;
struct folio *folio;
void *fsdata = NULL;
int err;
err = inode_newsize_ok(inode, size);
if (err)
goto out;
err = aops->write_begin(NULL, mapping, size, 0 , &folio, &fsdata);
if (err)
goto out;
err = aops->write_end(NULL, mapping, size, 0 , 0 , folio, fsdata);
BUG_ON(err > 0 );
out:
return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_cont_expand_simple);
static int cont_expand_zero(const struct kiocb *iocb,
struct address_space *mapping,
loff_t pos, loff_t *bytes)
{
struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
const struct address_space_operations *aops = mapping->a_ops;
unsigned int blocksize = i_blocksize(inode);
struct folio *folio;
void *fsdata = NULL;
pgoff_t index, curidx;
loff_t curpos;
unsigned zerofrom, offset, len;
int err = 0 ;
index = pos >> PAGE_SHIFT;
offset = pos & ~PAGE_MASK;
while (index > (curidx = (curpos = *bytes)>>PAGE_SHIFT)) {
zerofrom = curpos & ~PAGE_MASK;
if (zerofrom & (blocksize-1 )) {
*bytes |= (blocksize-1 );
(*bytes)++;
}
len = PAGE_SIZE - zerofrom;
err = aops->write_begin(iocb, mapping, curpos, len,
&folio, &fsdata);
if (err)
goto out;
folio_zero_range(folio, offset_in_folio(folio, curpos), len);
err = aops->write_end(iocb, mapping, curpos, len, len,
folio, fsdata);
if (err < 0 )
goto out;
BUG_ON(err != len);
err = 0 ;
balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited(mapping);
if (fatal_signal_pending(current)) {
err = -EINTR;
goto out;
}
}
/* page covers the boundary, find the boundary offset */
if (index == curidx) {
zerofrom = curpos & ~PAGE_MASK;
/* if we will expand the thing last block will be filled */
if (offset <= zerofrom) {
goto out;
}
if (zerofrom & (blocksize-1 )) {
*bytes |= (blocksize-1 );
(*bytes)++;
}
len = offset - zerofrom;
err = aops->write_begin(iocb, mapping, curpos, len,
&folio, &fsdata);
if (err)
goto out;
folio_zero_range(folio, offset_in_folio(folio, curpos), len);
err = aops->write_end(iocb, mapping, curpos, len, len,
folio, fsdata);
if (err < 0 )
goto out;
BUG_ON(err != len);
err = 0 ;
}
out:
return err;
}
/*
* For moronic filesystems that do not allow holes in file .
* We may have to extend the file .
*/
int cont_write_begin(const struct kiocb *iocb, struct address_space *mapping,
loff_t pos, unsigned len, struct folio **foliop,
void **fsdata, get_block_t *get_block, loff_t *bytes)
{
struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
unsigned int blocksize = i_blocksize(inode);
unsigned int zerofrom;
int err;
err = cont_expand_zero(iocb, mapping, pos, bytes);
if (err)
return err;
zerofrom = *bytes & ~PAGE_MASK;
if (pos+len > *bytes && zerofrom & (blocksize-1 )) {
*bytes |= (blocksize-1 );
(*bytes)++;
}
return block_write_begin(mapping, pos, len, foliop, get_block);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(cont_write_begin);
/*
* block_page_mkwrite ( ) is not allowed to change the file size as it gets
* called from a page fault handler when a page is first dirtied . Hence we must
* be careful to check for EOF conditions here . We set the page up correctly
* for a written page which means we get ENOSPC checking when writing into
* holes and correct delalloc and unwritten extent mapping on filesystems that
* support these features .
*
* We are not allowed to take the i_rwsem here so we have to play games to
* protect against truncate races as the page could now be beyond EOF . Because
* truncate writes the inode size before removing pages , once we have the
* page lock we can determine safely if the page is beyond EOF . If it is not
* beyond EOF , then the page is guaranteed safe against truncation until we
* unlock the page .
*
* Direct callers of this function should protect against filesystem freezing
* using sb_start_pagefault ( ) - sb_end_pagefault ( ) functions .
*/
int block_page_mkwrite(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf,
get_block_t get_block)
{
struct folio *folio = page_folio(vmf->page);
struct inode *inode = file_inode(vma->vm_file);
unsigned long end;
loff_t size;
int ret;
folio_lock(folio);
size = i_size_read(inode);
if ((folio->mapping != inode->i_mapping) ||
(folio_pos(folio) >= size)) {
/* We overload EFAULT to mean page got truncated */
ret = -EFAULT;
goto out_unlock;
}
end = folio_size(folio);
/* folio is wholly or partially inside EOF */
if (folio_pos(folio) + end > size)
end = size - folio_pos(folio);
ret = __block_write_begin_int(folio, 0 , end, get_block, NULL);
if (unlikely(ret))
goto out_unlock;
block_commit_write(folio, 0 , end);
folio_mark_dirty(folio);
folio_wait_stable(folio);
return 0 ;
out_unlock:
folio_unlock(folio);
return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(block_page_mkwrite);
int block_truncate_page(struct address_space *mapping,
loff_t from, get_block_t *get_block)
{
pgoff_t index = from >> PAGE_SHIFT;
unsigned blocksize;
sector_t iblock;
size_t offset, length, pos;
struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
struct folio *folio;
struct buffer_head *bh;
int err = 0 ;
blocksize = i_blocksize(inode);
length = from & (blocksize - 1 );
/* Block boundary? Nothing to do */
if (!length)
return 0 ;
length = blocksize - length;
iblock = ((loff_t)index * PAGE_SIZE) >> inode->i_blkbits;
folio = filemap_grab_folio(mapping, index);
if (IS_ERR(folio))
return PTR_ERR(folio);
bh = folio_buffers(folio);
if (!bh)
bh = create_empty_buffers(folio, blocksize, 0 );
/* Find the buffer that contains "offset" */
offset = offset_in_folio(folio, from);
pos = blocksize;
while (offset >= pos) {
bh = bh->b_this_page;
iblock++;
pos += blocksize;
}
if (!buffer_mapped(bh)) {
WARN_ON(bh->b_size != blocksize);
err = get_block(inode, iblock, bh, 0 );
if (err)
goto unlock;
/* unmapped? It's a hole - nothing to do */
if (!buffer_mapped(bh))
goto unlock;
}
/* Ok, it's mapped. Make sure it's up-to-date */
if (folio_test_uptodate(folio))
set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh) && !buffer_delay(bh) && !buffer_unwritten(bh)) {
err = bh_read(bh, 0 );
/* Uhhuh. Read error. Complain and punt. */
if (err < 0 )
goto unlock;
}
folio_zero_range(folio, offset, length);
mark_buffer_dirty(bh);
unlock:
folio_unlock(folio);
folio_put(folio);
return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(block_truncate_page);
/*
* The generic write folio function for buffer - backed address_spaces
*/
int block_write_full_folio(struct folio *folio, struct writeback_control *wbc,
void *get_block)
{
struct inode * const inode = folio->mapping->host;
loff_t i_size = i_size_read(inode);
/* Is the folio fully inside i_size? */
if (folio_pos(folio) + folio_size(folio) <= i_size)
return __block_write_full_folio(inode, folio, get_block, wbc);
/* Is the folio fully outside i_size? (truncate in progress) */
if (folio_pos(folio) >= i_size) {
folio_unlock(folio);
return 0 ; /* don't care */
}
/*
* The folio straddles i_size . It must be zeroed out on each and every
* writeback invocation because it may be mmapped . " A file is mapped
* in multiples of the page size . For a file that is not a multiple of
* the page size , the remaining memory is zeroed when mapped , and
* writes to that region are not written out to the file . "
*/
folio_zero_segment(folio, offset_in_folio(folio, i_size),
folio_size(folio));
return __block_write_full_folio(inode, folio, get_block, wbc);
}
sector_t generic_block_bmap(struct address_space *mapping, sector_t block,
get_block_t *get_block)
{
struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
struct buffer_head tmp = {
.b_size = i_blocksize(inode),
};
get_block(inode, block, &tmp, 0 );
return tmp.b_blocknr;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_block_bmap);
static void end_bio_bh_io_sync(struct bio *bio)
{
struct buffer_head *bh = bio->bi_private;
if (unlikely(bio_flagged(bio, BIO_QUIET)))
set_bit(BH_Quiet, &bh->b_state);
bh->b_end_io(bh, !bio->bi_status);
bio_put(bio);
}
static void submit_bh_wbc(blk_opf_t opf, struct buffer_head *bh,
enum rw_hint write_hint,
struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
const enum req_op op = opf & REQ_OP_MASK;
struct bio *bio;
BUG_ON(!buffer_locked(bh));
BUG_ON(!buffer_mapped(bh));
BUG_ON(!bh->b_end_io);
BUG_ON(buffer_delay(bh));
BUG_ON(buffer_unwritten(bh));
/*
* Only clear out a write error when rewriting
*/
if (test_set_buffer_req(bh) && (op == REQ_OP_WRITE))
clear_buffer_write_io_error(bh);
if (buffer_meta(bh))
opf |= REQ_META;
if (buffer_prio(bh))
opf |= REQ_PRIO;
bio = bio_alloc(bh->b_bdev, 1 , opf, GFP_NOIO);
fscrypt_set_bio_crypt_ctx_bh(bio, bh, GFP_NOIO);
bio->bi_iter.bi_sector = bh->b_blocknr * (bh->b_size >> 9 );
bio->bi_write_hint = write_hint;
bio_add_folio_nofail(bio, bh->b_folio, bh->b_size, bh_offset(bh));
bio->bi_end_io = end_bio_bh_io_sync;
bio->bi_private = bh;
/* Take care of bh's that straddle the end of the device */
guard_bio_eod(bio);
if (wbc) {
wbc_init_bio(wbc, bio);
wbc_account_cgroup_owner(wbc, bh->b_folio, bh->b_size);
}
submit_bio(bio);
}
void submit_bh(blk_opf_t opf, struct buffer_head *bh)
{
submit_bh_wbc(opf, bh, WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET, NULL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(submit_bh);
void write_dirty_buffer(struct buffer_head *bh, blk_opf_t op_flags)
{
lock_buffer(bh);
if (!test_clear_buffer_dirty(bh)) {
unlock_buffer(bh);
return ;
}
bh->b_end_io = end_buffer_write_sync;
get_bh(bh);
submit_bh(REQ_OP_WRITE | op_flags, bh);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(write_dirty_buffer);
/*
* For a data - integrity writeout , we need to wait upon any in - progress I / O
* and then start new I / O and then wait upon it . The caller must have a ref on
* the buffer_head .
*/
int __sync_dirty_buffer(struct buffer_head *bh, blk_opf_t op_flags)
{
WARN_ON(atomic_read(&bh->b_count) < 1 );
lock_buffer(bh);
if (test_clear_buffer_dirty(bh)) {
/*
* The bh should be mapped , but it might not be if the
* device was hot - removed . Not much we can do but fail the I / O .
*/
if (!buffer_mapped(bh)) {
unlock_buffer(bh);
return -EIO;
}
get_bh(bh);
bh->b_end_io = end_buffer_write_sync;
submit_bh(REQ_OP_WRITE | op_flags, bh);
wait_on_buffer(bh);
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh))
return -EIO;
} else {
unlock_buffer(bh);
}
return 0 ;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__sync_dirty_buffer);
int sync_dirty_buffer(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
return __sync_dirty_buffer(bh, REQ_SYNC);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_dirty_buffer);
static inline int buffer_busy(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
return atomic_read(&bh->b_count) |
(bh->b_state & ((1 << BH_Dirty) | (1 << BH_Lock)));
}
static bool
drop_buffers(struct folio *folio, struct buffer_head **buffers_to_free)
{
struct buffer_head *head = folio_buffers(folio);
struct buffer_head *bh;
bh = head;
do {
if (buffer_busy(bh))
goto failed;
bh = bh->b_this_page;
} while (bh != head);
do {
struct buffer_head *next = bh->b_this_page;
if (bh->b_assoc_map)
__remove_assoc_queue(bh);
bh = next;
} while (bh != head);
*buffers_to_free = head;
folio_detach_private(folio);
return true ;
failed:
return false ;
}
/**
* try_to_free_buffers - Release buffers attached to this folio .
* @ folio : The folio .
*
* If any buffers are in use ( dirty , under writeback , elevated refcount ) ,
* no buffers will be freed .
*
* If the folio is dirty but all the buffers are clean then we need to
* be sure to mark the folio clean as well . This is because the folio
* may be against a block device , and a later reattachment of buffers
* to a dirty folio will set * all * buffers dirty . Which would corrupt
* filesystem data on the same device .
*
* The same applies to regular filesystem folios : if all the buffers are
* clean then we set the folio clean and proceed . To do that , we require
* total exclusion from block_dirty_folio ( ) . That is obtained with
* i_private_lock .
*
* Exclusion against try_to_free_buffers may be obtained by either
* locking the folio or by holding its mapping ' s i_private_lock .
*
* Context : Process context . @ folio must be locked . Will not sleep .
* Return : true if all buffers attached to this folio were freed .
*/
bool try_to_free_buffers(struct folio *folio)
{
struct address_space * const mapping = folio->mapping;
struct buffer_head *buffers_to_free = NULL;
bool ret = 0 ;
BUG_ON(!folio_test_locked(folio));
if (folio_test_writeback(folio))
return false ;
if (mapping == NULL) { /* can this still happen? */
ret = drop_buffers(folio, &buffers_to_free);
goto out;
}
spin_lock(&mapping->i_private_lock);
ret = drop_buffers(folio, &buffers_to_free);
/*
* If the filesystem writes its buffers by hand ( eg ext3 )
* then we can have clean buffers against a dirty folio . We
* clean the folio here ; otherwise the VM will never notice
* that the filesystem did any IO at all .
*
* Also , during truncate , discard_buffer will have marked all
* the folio ' s buffers clean . We discover that here and clean
* the folio also .
*
* i_private_lock must be held over this entire operation in order
* to synchronise against block_dirty_folio and prevent the
* dirty bit from being lost .
*/
if (ret)
folio_cancel_dirty(folio);
spin_unlock(&mapping->i_private_lock);
out:
if (buffers_to_free) {
struct buffer_head *bh = buffers_to_free;
do {
struct buffer_head *next = bh->b_this_page;
free_buffer_head(bh);
bh = next;
} while (bh != buffers_to_free);
}
return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(try_to_free_buffers);
/*
* Buffer - head allocation
*/
static struct kmem_cache *bh_cachep __ro_after_init;
/*
* Once the number of bh ' s in the machine exceeds this level , we start
* stripping them in writeback .
*/
static unsigned long max_buffer_heads __ro_after_init;
int buffer_heads_over_limit;
struct bh_accounting {
int nr; /* Number of live bh's */
int ratelimit; /* Limit cacheline bouncing */
};
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct bh_accounting, bh_accounting) = {0 , 0 };
static void recalc_bh_state(void )
{
int i;
int tot = 0 ;
if (__this_cpu_inc_return(bh_accounting.ratelimit) - 1 < 4096 )
return ;
__this_cpu_write(bh_accounting.ratelimit, 0 );
for_each_online_cpu(i)
tot += per_cpu(bh_accounting, i).nr;
buffer_heads_over_limit = (tot > max_buffer_heads);
}
struct buffer_head *alloc_buffer_head(gfp_t gfp_flags)
{
struct buffer_head *ret = kmem_cache_zalloc(bh_cachep, gfp_flags);
if (ret) {
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ret->b_assoc_buffers);
spin_lock_init(&ret->b_uptodate_lock);
preempt_disable();
__this_cpu_inc(bh_accounting.nr);
recalc_bh_state();
preempt_enable();
}
return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(alloc_buffer_head);
void free_buffer_head(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
BUG_ON(!list_empty(&bh->b_assoc_buffers));
kmem_cache_free(bh_cachep, bh);
preempt_disable();
__this_cpu_dec(bh_accounting.nr);
recalc_bh_state();
preempt_enable();
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(free_buffer_head);
static int buffer_exit_cpu_dead(unsigned int cpu)
{
int i;
struct bh_lru *b = &per_cpu(bh_lrus, cpu);
for (i = 0 ; i < BH_LRU_SIZE; i++) {
brelse(b->bhs[i]);
b->bhs[i] = NULL;
}
this_cpu_add(bh_accounting.nr, per_cpu(bh_accounting, cpu).nr);
per_cpu(bh_accounting, cpu).nr = 0 ;
return 0 ;
}
/**
* bh_uptodate_or_lock - Test whether the buffer is uptodate
* @ bh : struct buffer_head
*
* Return true if the buffer is up - to - date and false ,
* with the buffer locked , if not .
*/
int bh_uptodate_or_lock(struct buffer_head *bh)
{
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh)) {
lock_buffer(bh);
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh))
return 0 ;
unlock_buffer(bh);
}
return 1 ;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(bh_uptodate_or_lock);
/**
* _ _ bh_read - Submit read for a locked buffer
* @ bh : struct buffer_head
* @ op_flags : appending REQ_OP_ * flags besides REQ_OP_READ
* @ wait : wait until reading finish
*
* Returns zero on success or don ' t wait , and - EIO on error .
*/
int __bh_read(struct buffer_head *bh, blk_opf_t op_flags, bool wait)
{
int ret = 0 ;
BUG_ON(!buffer_locked(bh));
get_bh(bh);
bh->b_end_io = end_buffer_read_sync;
submit_bh(REQ_OP_READ | op_flags, bh);
if (wait) {
wait_on_buffer(bh);
if (!buffer_uptodate(bh))
ret = -EIO;
}
return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__bh_read);
/**
* _ _ bh_read_batch - Submit read for a batch of unlocked buffers
* @ nr : entry number of the buffer batch
* @ bhs : a batch of struct buffer_head
* @ op_flags : appending REQ_OP_ * flags besides REQ_OP_READ
* @ force_lock : force to get a lock on the buffer if set , otherwise drops any
* buffer that cannot lock .
*
* Returns zero on success or don ' t wait , and - EIO on error .
*/
void __bh_read_batch(int nr, struct buffer_head *bhs[],
blk_opf_t op_flags, bool force_lock)
{
int i;
for (i = 0 ; i < nr; i++) {
struct buffer_head *bh = bhs[i];
if (buffer_uptodate(bh))
continue ;
if (force_lock)
lock_buffer(bh);
else
if (!trylock_buffer(bh))
continue ;
if (buffer_uptodate(bh)) {
unlock_buffer(bh);
continue ;
}
bh->b_end_io = end_buffer_read_sync;
get_bh(bh);
submit_bh(REQ_OP_READ | op_flags, bh);
}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__bh_read_batch);
void __init buffer_init(void )
{
unsigned long nrpages;
int ret;
bh_cachep = KMEM_CACHE(buffer_head,
SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT|SLAB_PANIC);
/*
* Limit the bh occupancy to 10 % of ZONE_NORMAL
*/
nrpages = (nr_free_buffer_pages() * 10 ) / 100 ;
max_buffer_heads = nrpages * (PAGE_SIZE / sizeof (struct buffer_head));
ret = cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls(CPUHP_FS_BUFF_DEAD, "fs/buffer:dead" ,
NULL, buffer_exit_cpu_dead);
WARN_ON(ret < 0 );
}
Messung V0.5 in Prozent C=96 H=81 G=88
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(vorverarbeitet am 2026-09-28)
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