// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
/*
* x86 instruction analysis
*
* Copyright ( C ) IBM Corporation , 2002 , 2004 , 2009
*/
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#ifdef __KERNEL__
#include <linux/string.h>
#else
#include <string.h>
#endif
#include <asm /inat.h> /*__ignore_sync_check__ */
#include <asm /insn.h> /* __ignore_sync_check__ */
#include <linux/unaligned.h> /* __ignore_sync_check__ */
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/kconfig.h>
#include <asm /emulate_prefix.h> /* __ignore_sync_check__ */
#define leXX_to_cpu(t, r) \
({ \
__typeof__(t) v; \
switch (sizeof (t)) { \
case 4 : v = le32_to_cpu(r); break ; \
case 2 : v = le16_to_cpu(r); break ; \
case 1 : v = r; break ; \
default : \
BUILD_BUG(); break ; \
} \
v; \
})
/* Verify next sizeof(t) bytes can be on the same instruction */
#define validate_next(t, insn, n) \
((insn)->next_byte + sizeof (t) + n <= (insn)->end_kaddr)
#define __get_next(t, insn) \
({ t r = get_unaligned((t *)(insn)->next_byte); (insn)->next_byte += sizeof (t); leXX_to_cpu(t, r); })
#define __peek_nbyte_next(t, insn, n) \
({ t r = get_unaligned((t *)(insn)->next_byte + n); leXX_to_cpu(t, r); })
#define get_next(t, insn) \
({ if (unlikely(!validate_next(t, insn, 0 ))) goto err_out; __get_next(t, insn); })
#define peek_nbyte_next(t, insn, n) \
({ if (unlikely(!validate_next(t, insn, n))) goto err_out; __peek_nbyte_next(t, insn, n); })
#define peek_next(t, insn) peek_nbyte_next(t, insn, 0 )
/**
* insn_init ( ) - initialize struct insn
* @ insn : & struct insn to be initialized
* @ kaddr : address ( in kernel memory ) of instruction ( or copy thereof )
* @ buf_len : length of the insn buffer at @ kaddr
* @ x86_64 : ! 0 for 64 - bit kernel or 64 - bit app
*/
void insn_init(struct insn *insn, const void *kaddr, int buf_len, int x86_64)
{
/*
* Instructions longer than MAX_INSN_SIZE ( 15 bytes ) are invalid
* even if the input buffer is long enough to hold them .
*/
if (buf_len > MAX_INSN_SIZE)
buf_len = MAX_INSN_SIZE;
memset(insn, 0 , sizeof (*insn));
insn->kaddr = kaddr;
insn->end_kaddr = kaddr + buf_len;
insn->next_byte = kaddr;
insn->x86_64 = x86_64;
insn->opnd_bytes = 4 ;
if (x86_64)
insn->addr_bytes = 8 ;
else
insn->addr_bytes = 4 ;
}
static const insn_byte_t xen_prefix[] = { __XEN_EMULATE_PREFIX };
static const insn_byte_t kvm_prefix[] = { __KVM_EMULATE_PREFIX };
static int __insn_get_emulate_prefix(struct insn *insn,
const insn_byte_t *prefix, size_t len)
{
size_t i;
for (i = 0 ; i < len; i++) {
if (peek_nbyte_next(insn_byte_t, insn, i) != prefix[i])
goto err_out;
}
insn->emulate_prefix_size = len;
insn->next_byte += len;
return 1 ;
err_out:
return 0 ;
}
static void insn_get_emulate_prefix(struct insn *insn)
{
if (__insn_get_emulate_prefix(insn, xen_prefix, sizeof (xen_prefix)))
return ;
__insn_get_emulate_prefix(insn, kvm_prefix, sizeof (kvm_prefix));
}
/**
* insn_get_prefixes - scan x86 instruction prefix bytes
* @ insn : & struct insn containing instruction
*
* Populates the @ insn - > prefixes bitmap , and updates @ insn - > next_byte
* to point to the ( first ) opcode . No effect if @ insn - > prefixes . got
* is already set .
*
* * Returns :
* 0 : on success
* < 0 : on error
*/
int insn_get_prefixes(struct insn *insn)
{
struct insn_field *prefixes = &insn->prefixes;
insn_attr_t attr;
insn_byte_t b, lb;
int i, nb;
if (prefixes->got)
return 0 ;
insn_get_emulate_prefix(insn);
nb = 0 ;
lb = 0 ;
b = peek_next(insn_byte_t, insn);
attr = inat_get_opcode_attribute(b);
while (inat_is_legacy_prefix(attr)) {
/* Skip if same prefix */
for (i = 0 ; i < nb; i++)
if (prefixes->bytes[i] == b)
goto found;
if (nb == 4 )
/* Invalid instruction */
break ;
prefixes->bytes[nb++] = b;
if (inat_is_address_size_prefix(attr)) {
/* address size switches 2/4 or 4/8 */
if (insn->x86_64)
insn->addr_bytes ^= 12 ;
else
insn->addr_bytes ^= 6 ;
} else if (inat_is_operand_size_prefix(attr)) {
/* oprand size switches 2/4 */
insn->opnd_bytes ^= 6 ;
}
found:
prefixes->nbytes++;
insn->next_byte++;
lb = b;
b = peek_next(insn_byte_t, insn);
attr = inat_get_opcode_attribute(b);
}
/* Set the last prefix */
if (lb && lb != insn->prefixes.bytes[3 ]) {
if (unlikely(insn->prefixes.bytes[3 ])) {
/* Swap the last prefix */
b = insn->prefixes.bytes[3 ];
for (i = 0 ; i < nb; i++)
if (prefixes->bytes[i] == lb)
insn_set_byte(prefixes, i, b);
}
insn_set_byte(&insn->prefixes, 3 , lb);
}
/* Decode REX prefix */
if (insn->x86_64) {
b = peek_next(insn_byte_t, insn);
attr = inat_get_opcode_attribute(b);
if (inat_is_rex_prefix(attr)) {
insn_field_set(&insn->rex_prefix, b, 1 );
insn->next_byte++;
if (X86_REX_W(b))
/* REX.W overrides opnd_size */
insn->opnd_bytes = 8 ;
} else if (inat_is_rex2_prefix(attr)) {
insn_set_byte(&insn->rex_prefix, 0 , b);
b = peek_nbyte_next(insn_byte_t, insn, 1 );
insn_set_byte(&insn->rex_prefix, 1 , b);
insn->rex_prefix.nbytes = 2 ;
insn->next_byte += 2 ;
if (X86_REX_W(b))
/* REX.W overrides opnd_size */
insn->opnd_bytes = 8 ;
insn->rex_prefix.got = 1 ;
goto vex_end;
}
}
insn->rex_prefix.got = 1 ;
/* Decode VEX prefix */
b = peek_next(insn_byte_t, insn);
attr = inat_get_opcode_attribute(b);
if (inat_is_vex_prefix(attr)) {
insn_byte_t b2 = peek_nbyte_next(insn_byte_t, insn, 1 );
if (!insn->x86_64) {
/*
* In 32 - bits mode , if the [ 7 : 6 ] bits ( mod bits of
* ModRM ) on the second byte are not 11 b , it is
* LDS or LES or BOUND .
*/
if (X86_MODRM_MOD(b2) != 3 )
goto vex_end;
}
insn_set_byte(&insn->vex_prefix, 0 , b);
insn_set_byte(&insn->vex_prefix, 1 , b2);
if (inat_is_evex_prefix(attr)) {
b2 = peek_nbyte_next(insn_byte_t, insn, 2 );
insn_set_byte(&insn->vex_prefix, 2 , b2);
b2 = peek_nbyte_next(insn_byte_t, insn, 3 );
insn_set_byte(&insn->vex_prefix, 3 , b2);
insn->vex_prefix.nbytes = 4 ;
insn->next_byte += 4 ;
if (insn->x86_64 && X86_VEX_W(b2))
/* VEX.W overrides opnd_size */
insn->opnd_bytes = 8 ;
} else if (inat_is_vex3_prefix(attr)) {
b2 = peek_nbyte_next(insn_byte_t, insn, 2 );
insn_set_byte(&insn->vex_prefix, 2 , b2);
insn->vex_prefix.nbytes = 3 ;
insn->next_byte += 3 ;
if (insn->x86_64 && X86_VEX_W(b2))
/* VEX.W overrides opnd_size */
insn->opnd_bytes = 8 ;
} else {
/*
* For VEX2 , fake VEX3 - like byte # 2 .
* Makes it easier to decode vex . W , vex . vvvv ,
* vex . L and vex . pp . Masking with 0 x7f sets vex . W = = 0 .
*/
insn_set_byte(&insn->vex_prefix, 2 , b2 & 0 x7f);
insn->vex_prefix.nbytes = 2 ;
insn->next_byte += 2 ;
}
}
vex_end:
insn->vex_prefix.got = 1 ;
prefixes->got = 1 ;
return 0 ;
err_out:
return -ENODATA;
}
/**
* insn_get_opcode - collect opcode ( s )
* @ insn : & struct insn containing instruction
*
* Populates @ insn - > opcode , updates @ insn - > next_byte to point past the
* opcode byte ( s ) , and set @ insn - > attr ( except for groups ) .
* If necessary , first collects any preceding ( prefix ) bytes .
* Sets @ insn - > opcode . value = opcode1 . No effect if @ insn - > opcode . got
* is already 1 .
*
* Returns :
* 0 : on success
* < 0 : on error
*/
int insn_get_opcode(struct insn *insn)
{
struct insn_field *opcode = &insn->opcode;
int pfx_id, ret;
insn_byte_t op;
if (opcode->got)
return 0 ;
ret = insn_get_prefixes(insn);
if (ret)
return ret;
/* Get first opcode */
op = get_next(insn_byte_t, insn);
insn_set_byte(opcode, 0 , op);
opcode->nbytes = 1 ;
/* Check if there is VEX prefix or not */
if (insn_is_avx(insn)) {
insn_byte_t m, p;
m = insn_vex_m_bits(insn);
p = insn_vex_p_bits(insn);
insn->attr = inat_get_avx_attribute(op, m, p);
/* SCALABLE EVEX uses p bits to encode operand size */
if (inat_evex_scalable(insn->attr) && !insn_vex_w_bit(insn) &&
p == INAT_PFX_OPNDSZ)
insn->opnd_bytes = 2 ;
if ((inat_must_evex(insn->attr) && !insn_is_evex(insn)) ||
(!inat_accept_vex(insn->attr) &&
!inat_is_group(insn->attr))) {
/* This instruction is bad */
insn->attr = 0 ;
return -EINVAL;
}
/* VEX has only 1 byte for opcode */
goto end;
}
/* Check if there is REX2 prefix or not */
if (insn_is_rex2(insn)) {
if (insn_rex2_m_bit(insn)) {
/* map 1 is escape 0x0f */
insn_attr_t esc_attr = inat_get_opcode_attribute(0 x0f);
pfx_id = insn_last_prefix_id(insn);
insn->attr = inat_get_escape_attribute(op, pfx_id, esc_attr);
} else {
insn->attr = inat_get_opcode_attribute(op);
}
goto end;
}
insn->attr = inat_get_opcode_attribute(op);
if (insn->x86_64 && inat_is_invalid64(insn->attr)) {
/* This instruction is invalid, like UD2. Stop decoding. */
insn->attr &= INAT_INV64;
}
while (inat_is_escape(insn->attr)) {
/* Get escaped opcode */
op = get_next(insn_byte_t, insn);
opcode->bytes[opcode->nbytes++] = op;
pfx_id = insn_last_prefix_id(insn);
insn->attr = inat_get_escape_attribute(op, pfx_id, insn->attr);
}
if (inat_must_vex(insn->attr)) {
/* This instruction is bad */
insn->attr = 0 ;
return -EINVAL;
}
end:
opcode->got = 1 ;
return 0 ;
err_out:
return -ENODATA;
}
/**
* insn_get_modrm - collect ModRM byte , if any
* @ insn : & struct insn containing instruction
*
* Populates @ insn - > modrm and updates @ insn - > next_byte to point past the
* ModRM byte , if any . If necessary , first collects the preceding bytes
* ( prefixes and opcode ( s ) ) . No effect if @ insn - > modrm . got is already 1 .
*
* Returns :
* 0 : on success
* < 0 : on error
*/
int insn_get_modrm(struct insn *insn)
{
struct insn_field *modrm = &insn->modrm;
insn_byte_t pfx_id, mod;
int ret;
if (modrm->got)
return 0 ;
ret = insn_get_opcode(insn);
if (ret)
return ret;
if (inat_has_modrm(insn->attr)) {
mod = get_next(insn_byte_t, insn);
insn_field_set(modrm, mod, 1 );
if (inat_is_group(insn->attr)) {
pfx_id = insn_last_prefix_id(insn);
insn->attr = inat_get_group_attribute(mod, pfx_id,
insn->attr);
if (insn_is_avx(insn) && !inat_accept_vex(insn->attr)) {
/* Bad insn */
insn->attr = 0 ;
return -EINVAL;
}
}
}
if (insn->x86_64 && inat_is_force64(insn->attr))
insn->opnd_bytes = 8 ;
modrm->got = 1 ;
return 0 ;
err_out:
return -ENODATA;
}
/**
* insn_rip_relative ( ) - Does instruction use RIP - relative addressing mode ?
* @ insn : & struct insn containing instruction
*
* If necessary , first collects the instruction up to and including the
* ModRM byte . No effect if @ insn - > x86_64 is 0 .
*/
int insn_rip_relative(struct insn *insn)
{
struct insn_field *modrm = &insn->modrm;
int ret;
if (!insn->x86_64)
return 0 ;
ret = insn_get_modrm(insn);
if (ret)
return 0 ;
/*
* For rip - relative instructions , the mod field ( top 2 bits )
* is zero and the r / m field ( bottom 3 bits ) is 0 x5 .
*/
return (modrm->nbytes && (modrm->bytes[0 ] & 0 xc7) == 0 x5);
}
/**
* insn_get_sib ( ) - Get the SIB byte of instruction
* @ insn : & struct insn containing instruction
*
* If necessary , first collects the instruction up to and including the
* ModRM byte .
*
* Returns :
* 0 : if decoding succeeded
* < 0 : otherwise .
*/
int insn_get_sib(struct insn *insn)
{
insn_byte_t modrm;
int ret;
if (insn->sib.got)
return 0 ;
ret = insn_get_modrm(insn);
if (ret)
return ret;
if (insn->modrm.nbytes) {
modrm = insn->modrm.bytes[0 ];
if (insn->addr_bytes != 2 &&
X86_MODRM_MOD(modrm) != 3 && X86_MODRM_RM(modrm) == 4 ) {
insn_field_set(&insn->sib,
get_next(insn_byte_t, insn), 1 );
}
}
insn->sib.got = 1 ;
return 0 ;
err_out:
return -ENODATA;
}
/**
* insn_get_displacement ( ) - Get the displacement of instruction
* @ insn : & struct insn containing instruction
*
* If necessary , first collects the instruction up to and including the
* SIB byte .
* Displacement value is sign - expanded .
*
* * Returns :
* 0 : if decoding succeeded
* < 0 : otherwise .
*/
int insn_get_displacement(struct insn *insn)
{
insn_byte_t mod, rm, base;
int ret;
if (insn->displacement.got)
return 0 ;
ret = insn_get_sib(insn);
if (ret)
return ret;
if (insn->modrm.nbytes) {
/*
* Interpreting the modrm byte :
* mod = 00 - no displacement fields ( exceptions below )
* mod = 01 - 1 - byte displacement field
* mod = 10 - displacement field is 4 bytes , or 2 bytes if
* address size = 2 ( 0 x67 prefix in 32 - bit mode )
* mod = 11 - no memory operand
*
* If address size = 2 . . .
* mod = 00 , r / m = 110 - displacement field is 2 bytes
*
* If address size ! = 2 . . .
* mod ! = 11 , r / m = 100 - SIB byte exists
* mod = 00 , SIB base = 101 - displacement field is 4 bytes
* mod = 00 , r / m = 101 - rip - relative addressing , displacement
* field is 4 bytes
*/
mod = X86_MODRM_MOD(insn->modrm.value);
rm = X86_MODRM_RM(insn->modrm.value);
base = X86_SIB_BASE(insn->sib.value);
if (mod == 3 )
goto out;
if (mod == 1 ) {
insn_field_set(&insn->displacement,
get_next(signed char , insn), 1 );
} else if (insn->addr_bytes == 2 ) {
if ((mod == 0 && rm == 6 ) || mod == 2 ) {
insn_field_set(&insn->displacement,
get_next(short , insn), 2 );
}
} else {
if ((mod == 0 && rm == 5 ) || mod == 2 ||
(mod == 0 && base == 5 )) {
insn_field_set(&insn->displacement,
get_next(int , insn), 4 );
}
}
}
out:
insn->displacement.got = 1 ;
return 0 ;
err_out:
return -ENODATA;
}
/* Decode moffset16/32/64. Return 0 if failed */
static int __get_moffset(struct insn *insn)
{
switch (insn->addr_bytes) {
case 2 :
insn_field_set(&insn->moffset1, get_next(short , insn), 2 );
break ;
case 4 :
insn_field_set(&insn->moffset1, get_next(int , insn), 4 );
break ;
case 8 :
insn_field_set(&insn->moffset1, get_next(int , insn), 4 );
insn_field_set(&insn->moffset2, get_next(int , insn), 4 );
break ;
default : /* opnd_bytes must be modified manually */
goto err_out;
}
insn->moffset1.got = insn->moffset2.got = 1 ;
return 1 ;
err_out:
return 0 ;
}
/* Decode imm v32(Iz). Return 0 if failed */
static int __get_immv32(struct insn *insn)
{
switch (insn->opnd_bytes) {
case 2 :
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate, get_next(short , insn), 2 );
break ;
case 4 :
case 8 :
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate, get_next(int , insn), 4 );
break ;
default : /* opnd_bytes must be modified manually */
goto err_out;
}
return 1 ;
err_out:
return 0 ;
}
/* Decode imm v64(Iv/Ov), Return 0 if failed */
static int __get_immv(struct insn *insn)
{
switch (insn->opnd_bytes) {
case 2 :
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate1, get_next(short , insn), 2 );
break ;
case 4 :
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate1, get_next(int , insn), 4 );
insn->immediate1.nbytes = 4 ;
break ;
case 8 :
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate1, get_next(int , insn), 4 );
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate2, get_next(int , insn), 4 );
break ;
default : /* opnd_bytes must be modified manually */
goto err_out;
}
insn->immediate1.got = insn->immediate2.got = 1 ;
return 1 ;
err_out:
return 0 ;
}
/* Decode ptr16:16/32(Ap) */
static int __get_immptr(struct insn *insn)
{
switch (insn->opnd_bytes) {
case 2 :
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate1, get_next(short , insn), 2 );
break ;
case 4 :
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate1, get_next(int , insn), 4 );
break ;
case 8 :
/* ptr16:64 is not exist (no segment) */
return 0 ;
default : /* opnd_bytes must be modified manually */
goto err_out;
}
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate2, get_next(unsigned short , insn), 2 );
insn->immediate1.got = insn->immediate2.got = 1 ;
return 1 ;
err_out:
return 0 ;
}
/**
* insn_get_immediate ( ) - Get the immediate in an instruction
* @ insn : & struct insn containing instruction
*
* If necessary , first collects the instruction up to and including the
* displacement bytes .
* Basically , most of immediates are sign - expanded . Unsigned - value can be
* computed by bit masking with ( ( 1 < < ( nbytes * 8 ) ) - 1 )
*
* Returns :
* 0 : on success
* < 0 : on error
*/
int insn_get_immediate(struct insn *insn)
{
int ret;
if (insn->immediate.got)
return 0 ;
ret = insn_get_displacement(insn);
if (ret)
return ret;
if (inat_has_moffset(insn->attr)) {
if (!__get_moffset(insn))
goto err_out;
goto done;
}
if (!inat_has_immediate(insn->attr))
goto done;
switch (inat_immediate_size(insn->attr)) {
case INAT_IMM_BYTE:
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate, get_next(signed char , insn), 1 );
break ;
case INAT_IMM_WORD:
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate, get_next(short , insn), 2 );
break ;
case INAT_IMM_DWORD:
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate, get_next(int , insn), 4 );
break ;
case INAT_IMM_QWORD:
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate1, get_next(int , insn), 4 );
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate2, get_next(int , insn), 4 );
break ;
case INAT_IMM_PTR:
if (!__get_immptr(insn))
goto err_out;
break ;
case INAT_IMM_VWORD32:
if (!__get_immv32(insn))
goto err_out;
break ;
case INAT_IMM_VWORD:
if (!__get_immv(insn))
goto err_out;
break ;
default :
/* Here, insn must have an immediate, but failed */
goto err_out;
}
if (inat_has_second_immediate(insn->attr)) {
insn_field_set(&insn->immediate2, get_next(signed char , insn), 1 );
}
done:
insn->immediate.got = 1 ;
return 0 ;
err_out:
return -ENODATA;
}
/**
* insn_get_length ( ) - Get the length of instruction
* @ insn : & struct insn containing instruction
*
* If necessary , first collects the instruction up to and including the
* immediates bytes .
*
* Returns :
* - 0 on success
* - < 0 on error
*/
int insn_get_length(struct insn *insn)
{
int ret;
if (insn->length)
return 0 ;
ret = insn_get_immediate(insn);
if (ret)
return ret;
insn->length = (unsigned char )((unsigned long )insn->next_byte
- (unsigned long )insn->kaddr);
return 0 ;
}
/* Ensure this instruction is decoded completely */
static inline int insn_complete(struct insn *insn)
{
return insn->opcode.got && insn->modrm.got && insn->sib.got &&
insn->displacement.got && insn->immediate.got;
}
/**
* insn_decode ( ) - Decode an x86 instruction
* @ insn : & struct insn to be initialized
* @ kaddr : address ( in kernel memory ) of instruction ( or copy thereof )
* @ buf_len : length of the insn buffer at @ kaddr
* @ m : insn mode , see enum insn_mode
*
* Returns :
* 0 : if decoding succeeded
* < 0 : otherwise .
*/
int insn_decode(struct insn *insn, const void *kaddr, int buf_len, enum insn_mode m)
{
int ret;
/* #define INSN_MODE_KERN -1 __ignore_sync_check__ mode is only valid in the kernel */
if (m == INSN_MODE_KERN)
insn_init(insn, kaddr, buf_len, IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_X86_64));
else
insn_init(insn, kaddr, buf_len, m == INSN_MODE_64);
ret = insn_get_length(insn);
if (ret)
return ret;
if (insn_complete(insn))
return 0 ;
return -EINVAL;
}
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