// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
/*
* Kernel Probes ( KProbes )
*
* Copyright ( C ) IBM Corporation , 2002 , 2004
*
* 2002 - Oct Created by Vamsi Krishna S < vamsi_krishna @ in . ibm . com > Kernel
* Probes initial implementation ( includes contributions from
* Rusty Russell ) .
* 2004 - July Suparna Bhattacharya < suparna @ in . ibm . com > added jumper probes
* interface to access function arguments .
* 2004 - Oct Jim Keniston < jkenisto @ us . ibm . com > and Prasanna S Panchamukhi
* < prasanna @ in . ibm . com > adapted for x86_64 from i386 .
* 2005 - Mar Roland McGrath < roland @ redhat . com >
* Fixed to handle % rip - relative addressing mode correctly .
* 2005 - May Hien Nguyen < hien @ us . ibm . com > , Jim Keniston
* < jkenisto @ us . ibm . com > and Prasanna S Panchamukhi
* < prasanna @ in . ibm . com > added function - return probes .
* 2005 - May Rusty Lynch < rusty . lynch @ intel . com >
* Added function return probes functionality
* 2006 - Feb Masami Hiramatsu < hiramatu @ sdl . hitachi . co . jp > added
* kprobe - booster and kretprobe - booster for i386 .
* 2007 - Dec Masami Hiramatsu < mhiramat @ redhat . com > added kprobe - booster
* and kretprobe - booster for x86 - 64
* 2007 - Dec Masami Hiramatsu < mhiramat @ redhat . com > , Arjan van de Ven
* < arjan @ infradead . org > and Jim Keniston < jkenisto @ us . ibm . com >
* unified x86 kprobes code .
*/
#include <linux/kprobes.h>
#include <linux/ptrace.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/hardirq.h>
#include <linux/preempt.h>
#include <linux/sched/debug.h>
#include <linux/perf_event.h>
#include <linux/extable.h>
#include <linux/kdebug.h>
#include <linux/kallsyms.h>
#include <linux/kgdb.h>
#include <linux/ftrace.h>
#include <linux/kasan.h>
#include <linux/objtool.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/pgtable.h>
#include <linux/set_memory.h>
#include <linux/cfi.h>
#include <linux/execmem.h>
#include <asm /text-patching.h>
#include <asm /cacheflush.h>
#include <asm /desc.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <asm /alternative.h>
#include <asm /insn.h>
#include <asm /debugreg.h>
#include <asm /ibt.h>
#include "common.h"
DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct kprobe *, current_kprobe) = NULL;
DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct kprobe_ctlblk, kprobe_ctlblk);
#define W(row, b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8, b9, ba, bb, bc, bd, be, bf)\
(((b0## UL << 0 x0)|(b1## UL << 0 x1)|(b2## UL << 0 x2)|(b3## UL << 0 x3) | \
(b4## UL << 0 x4)|(b5## UL << 0 x5)|(b6## UL << 0 x6)|(b7## UL << 0 x7) | \
(b8## UL << 0 x8)|(b9## UL << 0 x9)|(ba## UL << 0 xa)|(bb## UL << 0 xb) | \
(bc## UL << 0 xc)|(bd## UL << 0 xd)|(be## UL << 0 xe)|(bf## UL << 0 xf)) \
<< (row % 32 ))
/*
* Undefined / reserved opcodes , conditional jump , Opcode Extension
* Groups , and some special opcodes can not boost .
* This is non - const and volatile to keep gcc from statically
* optimizing it out , as variable_test_bit makes gcc think only
* * ( unsigned long * ) is used .
*/
static volatile u32 twobyte_is_boostable[256 / 32 ] = {
/* 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f */
/* ---------------------------------------------- */
W(0 x00, 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) | /* 00 */
W(0 x10, 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ) , /* 10 */
W(0 x20, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) | /* 20 */
W(0 x30, 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) , /* 30 */
W(0 x40, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ) | /* 40 */
W(0 x50, 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) , /* 50 */
W(0 x60, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ) | /* 60 */
W(0 x70, 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ) , /* 70 */
W(0 x80, 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) | /* 80 */
W(0 x90, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ) , /* 90 */
W(0 xa0, 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 ) | /* a0 */
W(0 xb0, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ) , /* b0 */
W(0 xc0, 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ) | /* c0 */
W(0 xd0, 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 ) , /* d0 */
W(0 xe0, 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 ) | /* e0 */
W(0 xf0, 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 ) /* f0 */
/* ----------------------------------------------- */
/* 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f */
};
#undef W
struct kretprobe_blackpoint kretprobe_blacklist[] = {
{"__switch_to" , }, /* This function switches only current task, but
doesn't switch kernel stack.*/
{NULL, NULL} /* Terminator */
};
const int kretprobe_blacklist_size = ARRAY_SIZE(kretprobe_blacklist);
static nokprobe_inline void
__synthesize_relative_insn(void *dest, void *from, void *to, u8 op)
{
struct __arch_relative_insn {
u8 op;
s32 raddr;
} __packed *insn;
insn = (struct __arch_relative_insn *)dest;
insn->raddr = (s32)((long )(to) - ((long )(from) + 5 ));
insn->op = op;
}
/* Insert a jump instruction at address 'from', which jumps to address 'to'.*/
void synthesize_reljump(void *dest, void *from, void *to)
{
__synthesize_relative_insn(dest, from, to, JMP32_INSN_OPCODE);
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(synthesize_reljump);
/* Insert a call instruction at address 'from', which calls address 'to'.*/
void synthesize_relcall(void *dest, void *from, void *to)
{
__synthesize_relative_insn(dest, from, to, CALL_INSN_OPCODE);
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(synthesize_relcall);
/*
* Returns non - zero if INSN is boostable .
* RIP relative instructions are adjusted at copying time in 64 bits mode
*/
bool can_boost(struct insn *insn, void *addr)
{
kprobe_opcode_t opcode;
insn_byte_t prefix;
int i;
if (search_exception_tables((unsigned long )addr))
return false ; /* Page fault may occur on this address. */
/* 2nd-byte opcode */
if (insn->opcode.nbytes == 2 )
return test_bit(insn->opcode.bytes[1 ],
(unsigned long *)twobyte_is_boostable);
if (insn->opcode.nbytes != 1 )
return false ;
for_each_insn_prefix(insn, i, prefix) {
insn_attr_t attr;
attr = inat_get_opcode_attribute(prefix);
/* Can't boost Address-size override prefix and CS override prefix */
if (prefix == 0 x2e || inat_is_address_size_prefix(attr))
return false ;
}
opcode = insn->opcode.bytes[0 ];
switch (opcode) {
case 0 x62: /* bound */
case 0 x70 ... 0 x7f: /* Conditional jumps */
case 0 x9a: /* Call far */
case 0 xcc ... 0 xce: /* software exceptions */
case 0 xd6: /* (UD) */
case 0 xd8 ... 0 xdf: /* ESC */
case 0 xe0 ... 0 xe3: /* LOOP*, JCXZ */
case 0 xe8 ... 0 xe9: /* near Call, JMP */
case 0 xeb: /* Short JMP */
case 0 xf0 ... 0 xf4: /* LOCK/REP, HLT */
/* ... are not boostable */
return false ;
case 0 xc0 ... 0 xc1: /* Grp2 */
case 0 xd0 ... 0 xd3: /* Grp2 */
/*
* AMD uses nnn = = 110 as SHL / SAL , but Intel makes it reserved .
*/
return X86_MODRM_REG(insn->modrm.bytes[0 ]) != 0 b110;
case 0 xf6 ... 0 xf7: /* Grp3 */
/* AMD uses nnn == 001 as TEST, but Intel makes it reserved. */
return X86_MODRM_REG(insn->modrm.bytes[0 ]) != 0 b001;
case 0 xfe: /* Grp4 */
/* Only INC and DEC are boostable */
return X86_MODRM_REG(insn->modrm.bytes[0 ]) == 0 b000 ||
X86_MODRM_REG(insn->modrm.bytes[0 ]) == 0 b001;
case 0 xff: /* Grp5 */
/* Only INC, DEC, and indirect JMP are boostable */
return X86_MODRM_REG(insn->modrm.bytes[0 ]) == 0 b000 ||
X86_MODRM_REG(insn->modrm.bytes[0 ]) == 0 b001 ||
X86_MODRM_REG(insn->modrm.bytes[0 ]) == 0 b100;
default :
return true ;
}
}
static unsigned long
__recover_probed_insn(kprobe_opcode_t *buf, unsigned long addr)
{
struct kprobe *kp;
bool faddr;
kp = get_kprobe((void *)addr);
faddr = ftrace_location(addr) == addr;
/*
* Use the current code if it is not modified by Kprobe
* and it cannot be modified by ftrace .
*/
if (!kp && !faddr)
return addr;
/*
* Basically , kp - > ainsn . insn has an original instruction .
* However , RIP - relative instruction can not do single - stepping
* at different place , _ _ copy_instruction ( ) tweaks the displacement of
* that instruction . In that case , we can ' t recover the instruction
* from the kp - > ainsn . insn .
*
* On the other hand , in case on normal Kprobe , kp - > opcode has a copy
* of the first byte of the probed instruction , which is overwritten
* by int3 . And the instruction at kp - > addr is not modified by kprobes
* except for the first byte , we can recover the original instruction
* from it and kp - > opcode .
*
* In case of Kprobes using ftrace , we do not have a copy of
* the original instruction . In fact , the ftrace location might
* be modified at anytime and even could be in an inconsistent state .
* Fortunately , we know that the original code is the ideal 5 - byte
* long NOP .
*/
if (copy_from_kernel_nofault(buf, (void *)addr,
MAX_INSN_SIZE * sizeof (kprobe_opcode_t)))
return 0 UL;
if (faddr)
memcpy(buf, x86_nops[5 ], 5 );
else
buf[0 ] = kp->opcode;
return (unsigned long )buf;
}
/*
* Recover the probed instruction at addr for further analysis .
* Caller must lock kprobes by kprobe_mutex , or disable preemption
* for preventing to release referencing kprobes .
* Returns zero if the instruction can not get recovered ( or access failed ) .
*/
unsigned long recover_probed_instruction(kprobe_opcode_t *buf, unsigned long addr)
{
unsigned long __addr;
__addr = __recover_optprobed_insn(buf, addr);
if (__addr != addr)
return __addr;
return __recover_probed_insn(buf, addr);
}
/* Check if insn is INT or UD */
static inline bool is_exception_insn(struct insn *insn)
{
/* UD uses 0f escape */
if (insn->opcode.bytes[0 ] == 0 x0f) {
/* UD0 / UD1 / UD2 */
return insn->opcode.bytes[1 ] == 0 xff ||
insn->opcode.bytes[1 ] == 0 xb9 ||
insn->opcode.bytes[1 ] == 0 x0b;
}
/* INT3 / INT n / INTO / INT1 */
return insn->opcode.bytes[0 ] == 0 xcc ||
insn->opcode.bytes[0 ] == 0 xcd ||
insn->opcode.bytes[0 ] == 0 xce ||
insn->opcode.bytes[0 ] == 0 xf1;
}
/*
* Check if paddr is at an instruction boundary and that instruction can
* be probed
*/
static bool can_probe(unsigned long paddr)
{
unsigned long addr, __addr, offset = 0 ;
struct insn insn;
kprobe_opcode_t buf[MAX_INSN_SIZE];
if (!kallsyms_lookup_size_offset(paddr, NULL, &offset))
return false ;
/* Decode instructions */
addr = paddr - offset;
while (addr < paddr) {
/*
* Check if the instruction has been modified by another
* kprobe , in which case we replace the breakpoint by the
* original instruction in our buffer .
* Also , jump optimization will change the breakpoint to
* relative - jump . Since the relative - jump itself is
* normally used , we just go through if there is no kprobe .
*/
__addr = recover_probed_instruction(buf, addr);
if (!__addr)
return false ;
if (insn_decode_kernel(&insn, (void *)__addr) < 0 )
return false ;
#ifdef CONFIG_KGDB
/*
* If there is a dynamically installed kgdb sw breakpoint ,
* this function should not be probed .
*/
if (insn.opcode.bytes[0 ] == INT3_INSN_OPCODE &&
kgdb_has_hit_break(addr))
return false ;
#endif
addr += insn.length;
}
/* Check if paddr is at an instruction boundary */
if (addr != paddr)
return false ;
__addr = recover_probed_instruction(buf, addr);
if (!__addr)
return false ;
if (insn_decode_kernel(&insn, (void *)__addr) < 0 )
return false ;
/* INT and UD are special and should not be kprobed */
if (is_exception_insn(&insn))
return false ;
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CFI_CLANG)) {
/*
* The compiler generates the following instruction sequence
* for indirect call checks and cfi . c decodes this ;
*
* movl - < id > , % r10d ; 6 bytes
* addl - 4 ( % reg ) , % r10d ; 4 bytes
* je . Ltmp1 ; 2 bytes
* ud2 ; < - regs - > ip
* . Ltmp1 :
*
* Also , these movl and addl are used for showing expected
* type . So those must not be touched .
*/
if (insn.opcode.value == 0 xBA)
offset = 12 ;
else if (insn.opcode.value == 0 x3)
offset = 6 ;
else
goto out;
/* This movl/addl is used for decoding CFI. */
if (is_cfi_trap(addr + offset))
return false ;
}
out:
return true ;
}
/* If x86 supports IBT (ENDBR) it must be skipped. */
kprobe_opcode_t *arch_adjust_kprobe_addr(unsigned long addr, unsigned long offset,
bool *on_func_entry)
{
if (is_endbr((u32 *)addr)) {
*on_func_entry = !offset || offset == 4 ;
if (*on_func_entry)
offset = 4 ;
} else {
*on_func_entry = !offset;
}
return (kprobe_opcode_t *)(addr + offset);
}
/*
* Copy an instruction with recovering modified instruction by kprobes
* and adjust the displacement if the instruction uses the % rip - relative
* addressing mode . Note that since @ real will be the final place of copied
* instruction , displacement must be adjust by @ real , not @ dest .
* This returns the length of copied instruction , or 0 if it has an error .
*/
int __copy_instruction(u8 *dest, u8 *src, u8 *real, struct insn *insn)
{
kprobe_opcode_t buf[MAX_INSN_SIZE];
unsigned long recovered_insn = recover_probed_instruction(buf, (unsigned long )src);
int ret;
if (!recovered_insn || !insn)
return 0 ;
/* This can access kernel text if given address is not recovered */
if (copy_from_kernel_nofault(dest, (void *)recovered_insn,
MAX_INSN_SIZE))
return 0 ;
ret = insn_decode_kernel(insn, dest);
if (ret < 0 )
return 0 ;
/* We can not probe force emulate prefixed instruction */
if (insn_has_emulate_prefix(insn))
return 0 ;
/* Another subsystem puts a breakpoint, failed to recover */
if (insn->opcode.bytes[0 ] == INT3_INSN_OPCODE)
return 0 ;
/* We should not singlestep on the exception masking instructions */
if (insn_masking_exception(insn))
return 0 ;
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
/* Only x86_64 has RIP relative instructions */
if (insn_rip_relative(insn)) {
s64 newdisp;
u8 *disp;
/*
* The copied instruction uses the % rip - relative addressing
* mode . Adjust the displacement for the difference between
* the original location of this instruction and the location
* of the copy that will actually be run . The tricky bit here
* is making sure that the sign extension happens correctly in
* this calculation , since we need a signed 32 - bit result to
* be sign - extended to 64 bits when it ' s added to the % rip
* value and yield the same 64 - bit result that the sign -
* extension of the original signed 32 - bit displacement would
* have given .
*/
newdisp = (u8 *) src + (s64) insn->displacement.value
- (u8 *) real;
if ((s64) (s32) newdisp != newdisp) {
pr_err("Kprobes error: new displacement does not fit into s32 (%llx)\n" , newdisp);
return 0 ;
}
disp = (u8 *) dest + insn_offset_displacement(insn);
*(s32 *) disp = (s32) newdisp;
}
#endif
return insn->length;
}
/* Prepare reljump or int3 right after instruction */
static int prepare_singlestep(kprobe_opcode_t *buf, struct kprobe *p,
struct insn *insn)
{
int len = insn->length;
if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_PREEMPTION) &&
!p->post_handler && can_boost(insn, p->addr) &&
MAX_INSN_SIZE - len >= JMP32_INSN_SIZE) {
/*
* These instructions can be executed directly if it
* jumps back to correct address .
*/
synthesize_reljump(buf + len, p->ainsn.insn + len,
p->addr + insn->length);
len += JMP32_INSN_SIZE;
p->ainsn.boostable = 1 ;
} else {
/* Otherwise, put an int3 for trapping singlestep */
if (MAX_INSN_SIZE - len < INT3_INSN_SIZE)
return -ENOSPC;
buf[len] = INT3_INSN_OPCODE;
len += INT3_INSN_SIZE;
}
return len;
}
/* Kprobe x86 instruction emulation - only regs->ip or IF flag modifiers */
static void kprobe_emulate_ifmodifiers(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
switch (p->ainsn.opcode) {
case 0 xfa: /* cli */
regs->flags &= ~(X86_EFLAGS_IF);
break ;
case 0 xfb: /* sti */
regs->flags |= X86_EFLAGS_IF;
break ;
case 0 x9c: /* pushf */
int3_emulate_push(regs, regs->flags);
break ;
case 0 x9d: /* popf */
regs->flags = int3_emulate_pop(regs);
break ;
}
regs->ip = regs->ip - INT3_INSN_SIZE + p->ainsn.size;
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(kprobe_emulate_ifmodifiers);
static void kprobe_emulate_ret(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
int3_emulate_ret(regs);
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(kprobe_emulate_ret);
static void kprobe_emulate_call(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
unsigned long func = regs->ip - INT3_INSN_SIZE + p->ainsn.size;
func += p->ainsn.rel32;
int3_emulate_call(regs, func);
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(kprobe_emulate_call);
static void kprobe_emulate_jmp(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
unsigned long ip = regs->ip - INT3_INSN_SIZE + p->ainsn.size;
ip += p->ainsn.rel32;
int3_emulate_jmp(regs, ip);
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(kprobe_emulate_jmp);
static void kprobe_emulate_jcc(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
unsigned long ip = regs->ip - INT3_INSN_SIZE + p->ainsn.size;
int3_emulate_jcc(regs, p->ainsn.jcc.type, ip, p->ainsn.rel32);
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(kprobe_emulate_jcc);
static void kprobe_emulate_loop(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
unsigned long ip = regs->ip - INT3_INSN_SIZE + p->ainsn.size;
bool match;
if (p->ainsn.loop.type != 3 ) { /* LOOP* */
if (p->ainsn.loop.asize == 32 )
match = ((*(u32 *)®s->cx)--) != 0 ;
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
else if (p->ainsn.loop.asize == 64 )
match = ((*(u64 *)®s->cx)--) != 0 ;
#endif
else
match = ((*(u16 *)®s->cx)--) != 0 ;
} else { /* JCXZ */
if (p->ainsn.loop.asize == 32 )
match = *(u32 *)(®s->cx) == 0 ;
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
else if (p->ainsn.loop.asize == 64 )
match = *(u64 *)(®s->cx) == 0 ;
#endif
else
match = *(u16 *)(®s->cx) == 0 ;
}
if (p->ainsn.loop.type == 0 ) /* LOOPNE */
match = match && !(regs->flags & X86_EFLAGS_ZF);
else if (p->ainsn.loop.type == 1 ) /* LOOPE */
match = match && (regs->flags & X86_EFLAGS_ZF);
if (match)
ip += p->ainsn.rel32;
int3_emulate_jmp(regs, ip);
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(kprobe_emulate_loop);
static const int addrmode_regoffs[] = {
offsetof(struct pt_regs, ax),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, cx),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, dx),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, bx),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, sp),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, bp),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, si),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, di),
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
offsetof(struct pt_regs, r8),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, r9),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, r10),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, r11),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, r12),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, r13),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, r14),
offsetof(struct pt_regs, r15),
#endif
};
static void kprobe_emulate_call_indirect(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
unsigned long offs = addrmode_regoffs[p->ainsn.indirect.reg];
int3_emulate_push(regs, regs->ip - INT3_INSN_SIZE + p->ainsn.size);
int3_emulate_jmp(regs, regs_get_register(regs, offs));
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(kprobe_emulate_call_indirect);
static void kprobe_emulate_jmp_indirect(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
unsigned long offs = addrmode_regoffs[p->ainsn.indirect.reg];
int3_emulate_jmp(regs, regs_get_register(regs, offs));
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(kprobe_emulate_jmp_indirect);
static int prepare_emulation(struct kprobe *p, struct insn *insn)
{
insn_byte_t opcode = insn->opcode.bytes[0 ];
switch (opcode) {
case 0 xfa: /* cli */
case 0 xfb: /* sti */
case 0 x9c: /* pushfl */
case 0 x9d: /* popf/popfd */
/*
* IF modifiers must be emulated since it will enable interrupt while
* int3 single stepping .
*/
p->ainsn.emulate_op = kprobe_emulate_ifmodifiers;
p->ainsn.opcode = opcode;
break ;
case 0 xc2: /* ret/lret */
case 0 xc3:
case 0 xca:
case 0 xcb:
p->ainsn.emulate_op = kprobe_emulate_ret;
break ;
case 0 x9a: /* far call absolute -- segment is not supported */
case 0 xea: /* far jmp absolute -- segment is not supported */
case 0 xcc: /* int3 */
case 0 xcf: /* iret -- in-kernel IRET is not supported */
return -EOPNOTSUPP;
break ;
case 0 xe8: /* near call relative */
p->ainsn.emulate_op = kprobe_emulate_call;
if (insn->immediate.nbytes == 2 )
p->ainsn.rel32 = *(s16 *)&insn->immediate.value;
else
p->ainsn.rel32 = *(s32 *)&insn->immediate.value;
break ;
case 0 xeb: /* short jump relative */
case 0 xe9: /* near jump relative */
p->ainsn.emulate_op = kprobe_emulate_jmp;
if (insn->immediate.nbytes == 1 )
p->ainsn.rel32 = *(s8 *)&insn->immediate.value;
else if (insn->immediate.nbytes == 2 )
p->ainsn.rel32 = *(s16 *)&insn->immediate.value;
else
p->ainsn.rel32 = *(s32 *)&insn->immediate.value;
break ;
case 0 x70 ... 0 x7f:
/* 1 byte conditional jump */
p->ainsn.emulate_op = kprobe_emulate_jcc;
p->ainsn.jcc.type = opcode & 0 xf;
p->ainsn.rel32 = insn->immediate.value;
break ;
case 0 x0f:
opcode = insn->opcode.bytes[1 ];
if ((opcode & 0 xf0) == 0 x80) {
/* 2 bytes Conditional Jump */
p->ainsn.emulate_op = kprobe_emulate_jcc;
p->ainsn.jcc.type = opcode & 0 xf;
if (insn->immediate.nbytes == 2 )
p->ainsn.rel32 = *(s16 *)&insn->immediate.value;
else
p->ainsn.rel32 = *(s32 *)&insn->immediate.value;
} else if (opcode == 0 x01 &&
X86_MODRM_REG(insn->modrm.bytes[0 ]) == 0 &&
X86_MODRM_MOD(insn->modrm.bytes[0 ]) == 3 ) {
/* VM extensions - not supported */
return -EOPNOTSUPP;
}
break ;
case 0 xe0: /* Loop NZ */
case 0 xe1: /* Loop */
case 0 xe2: /* Loop */
case 0 xe3: /* J*CXZ */
p->ainsn.emulate_op = kprobe_emulate_loop;
p->ainsn.loop.type = opcode & 0 x3;
p->ainsn.loop.asize = insn->addr_bytes * 8 ;
p->ainsn.rel32 = *(s8 *)&insn->immediate.value;
break ;
case 0 xff:
/*
* Since the 0 xff is an extended group opcode , the instruction
* is determined by the MOD / RM byte .
*/
opcode = insn->modrm.bytes[0 ];
switch (X86_MODRM_REG(opcode)) {
case 0 b010: /* FF /2, call near, absolute indirect */
p->ainsn.emulate_op = kprobe_emulate_call_indirect;
break ;
case 0 b100: /* FF /4, jmp near, absolute indirect */
p->ainsn.emulate_op = kprobe_emulate_jmp_indirect;
break ;
case 0 b011: /* FF /3, call far, absolute indirect */
case 0 b101: /* FF /5, jmp far, absolute indirect */
return -EOPNOTSUPP;
}
if (!p->ainsn.emulate_op)
break ;
if (insn->addr_bytes != sizeof (unsigned long ))
return -EOPNOTSUPP; /* Don't support different size */
if (X86_MODRM_MOD(opcode) != 3 )
return -EOPNOTSUPP; /* TODO: support memory addressing */
p->ainsn.indirect.reg = X86_MODRM_RM(opcode);
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
if (X86_REX_B(insn->rex_prefix.value))
p->ainsn.indirect.reg += 8 ;
#endif
break ;
default :
break ;
}
p->ainsn.size = insn->length;
return 0 ;
}
static int arch_copy_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
{
struct insn insn;
kprobe_opcode_t buf[MAX_INSN_SIZE];
int ret, len;
/* Copy an instruction with recovering if other optprobe modifies it.*/
len = __copy_instruction(buf, p->addr, p->ainsn.insn, &insn);
if (!len)
return -EINVAL;
/* Analyze the opcode and setup emulate functions */
ret = prepare_emulation(p, &insn);
if (ret < 0 )
return ret;
/* Add int3 for single-step or booster jmp */
len = prepare_singlestep(buf, p, &insn);
if (len < 0 )
return len;
/* Also, displacement change doesn't affect the first byte */
p->opcode = buf[0 ];
p->ainsn.tp_len = len;
perf_event_text_poke(p->ainsn.insn, NULL, 0 , buf, len);
/* OK, write back the instruction(s) into ROX insn buffer */
text_poke(p->ainsn.insn, buf, len);
return 0 ;
}
int arch_prepare_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
{
int ret;
if (alternatives_text_reserved(p->addr, p->addr))
return -EINVAL;
if (!can_probe((unsigned long )p->addr))
return -EILSEQ;
memset(&p->ainsn, 0 , sizeof (p->ainsn));
/* insn: must be on special executable page on x86. */
p->ainsn.insn = get_insn_slot();
if (!p->ainsn.insn)
return -ENOMEM;
ret = arch_copy_kprobe(p);
if (ret) {
free_insn_slot(p->ainsn.insn, 0 );
p->ainsn.insn = NULL;
}
return ret;
}
void arch_arm_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
{
u8 int3 = INT3_INSN_OPCODE;
text_poke(p->addr, &int3, 1 );
smp_text_poke_sync_each_cpu();
perf_event_text_poke(p->addr, &p->opcode, 1 , &int3, 1 );
}
void arch_disarm_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
{
u8 int3 = INT3_INSN_OPCODE;
perf_event_text_poke(p->addr, &int3, 1 , &p->opcode, 1 );
text_poke(p->addr, &p->opcode, 1 );
smp_text_poke_sync_each_cpu();
}
void arch_remove_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
{
if (p->ainsn.insn) {
/* Record the perf event before freeing the slot */
perf_event_text_poke(p->ainsn.insn, p->ainsn.insn,
p->ainsn.tp_len, NULL, 0 );
free_insn_slot(p->ainsn.insn, p->ainsn.boostable);
p->ainsn.insn = NULL;
}
}
static nokprobe_inline void
save_previous_kprobe(struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
{
kcb->prev_kprobe.kp = kprobe_running();
kcb->prev_kprobe.status = kcb->kprobe_status;
kcb->prev_kprobe.old_flags = kcb->kprobe_old_flags;
kcb->prev_kprobe.saved_flags = kcb->kprobe_saved_flags;
}
static nokprobe_inline void
restore_previous_kprobe(struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
{
__this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, kcb->prev_kprobe.kp);
kcb->kprobe_status = kcb->prev_kprobe.status;
kcb->kprobe_old_flags = kcb->prev_kprobe.old_flags;
kcb->kprobe_saved_flags = kcb->prev_kprobe.saved_flags;
}
static nokprobe_inline void
set_current_kprobe(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
{
__this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, p);
kcb->kprobe_saved_flags = kcb->kprobe_old_flags
= (regs->flags & X86_EFLAGS_IF);
}
static void kprobe_post_process(struct kprobe *cur, struct pt_regs *regs,
struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
{
/* Restore back the original saved kprobes variables and continue. */
if (kcb->kprobe_status == KPROBE_REENTER) {
/* This will restore both kcb and current_kprobe */
restore_previous_kprobe(kcb);
} else {
/*
* Always update the kcb status because
* reset_curent_kprobe ( ) doesn ' t update kcb .
*/
kcb->kprobe_status = KPROBE_HIT_SSDONE;
if (cur->post_handler)
cur->post_handler(cur, regs, 0 );
reset_current_kprobe();
}
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(kprobe_post_process);
static void setup_singlestep(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb, int reenter)
{
if (setup_detour_execution(p, regs, reenter))
return ;
#if !defined (CONFIG_PREEMPTION)
if (p->ainsn.boostable) {
/* Boost up -- we can execute copied instructions directly */
if (!reenter)
reset_current_kprobe();
/*
* Reentering boosted probe doesn ' t reset current_kprobe ,
* nor set current_kprobe , because it doesn ' t use single
* stepping .
*/
regs->ip = (unsigned long )p->ainsn.insn;
return ;
}
#endif
if (reenter) {
save_previous_kprobe(kcb);
set_current_kprobe(p, regs, kcb);
kcb->kprobe_status = KPROBE_REENTER;
} else
kcb->kprobe_status = KPROBE_HIT_SS;
if (p->ainsn.emulate_op) {
p->ainsn.emulate_op(p, regs);
kprobe_post_process(p, regs, kcb);
return ;
}
/* Disable interrupt, and set ip register on trampoline */
regs->flags &= ~X86_EFLAGS_IF;
regs->ip = (unsigned long )p->ainsn.insn;
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(setup_singlestep);
/*
* Called after single - stepping . p - > addr is the address of the
* instruction whose first byte has been replaced by the " int3 "
* instruction . To avoid the SMP problems that can occur when we
* temporarily put back the original opcode to single - step , we
* single - stepped a copy of the instruction . The address of this
* copy is p - > ainsn . insn . We also doesn ' t use trap , but " int3 " again
* right after the copied instruction .
* Different from the trap single - step , " int3 " single - step can not
* handle the instruction which changes the ip register , e . g . jmp ,
* call , conditional jmp , and the instructions which changes the IF
* flags because interrupt must be disabled around the single - stepping .
* Such instructions are software emulated , but others are single - stepped
* using " int3 " .
*
* When the 2 nd " int3 " handled , the regs - > ip and regs - > flags needs to
* be adjusted , so that we can resume execution on correct code .
*/
static void resume_singlestep(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
{
unsigned long copy_ip = (unsigned long )p->ainsn.insn;
unsigned long orig_ip = (unsigned long )p->addr;
/* Restore saved interrupt flag and ip register */
regs->flags |= kcb->kprobe_saved_flags;
/* Note that regs->ip is executed int3 so must be a step back */
regs->ip += (orig_ip - copy_ip) - INT3_INSN_SIZE;
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(resume_singlestep);
/*
* We have reentered the kprobe_handler ( ) , since another probe was hit while
* within the handler . We save the original kprobes variables and just single
* step on the instruction of the new probe without calling any user handlers .
*/
static int reenter_kprobe(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
{
switch (kcb->kprobe_status) {
case KPROBE_HIT_SSDONE:
case KPROBE_HIT_ACTIVE:
case KPROBE_HIT_SS:
kprobes_inc_nmissed_count(p);
setup_singlestep(p, regs, kcb, 1 );
break ;
case KPROBE_REENTER:
/* A probe has been hit in the codepath leading up to, or just
* after , single - stepping of a probed instruction . This entire
* codepath should strictly reside in . kprobes . text section .
* Raise a BUG or we ' ll continue in an endless reentering loop
* and eventually a stack overflow .
*/
pr_err("Unrecoverable kprobe detected.\n" );
dump_kprobe(p);
BUG();
default :
/* impossible cases */
WARN_ON(1 );
return 0 ;
}
return 1 ;
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(reenter_kprobe);
static nokprobe_inline int kprobe_is_ss(struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
{
return (kcb->kprobe_status == KPROBE_HIT_SS ||
kcb->kprobe_status == KPROBE_REENTER);
}
/*
* Interrupts are disabled on entry as trap3 is an interrupt gate and they
* remain disabled throughout this function .
*/
int kprobe_int3_handler(struct pt_regs *regs)
{
kprobe_opcode_t *addr;
struct kprobe *p;
struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb;
if (user_mode(regs))
return 0 ;
addr = (kprobe_opcode_t *)(regs->ip - sizeof (kprobe_opcode_t));
/*
* We don ' t want to be preempted for the entire duration of kprobe
* processing . Since int3 and debug trap disables irqs and we clear
* IF while singlestepping , it must be no preemptible .
*/
kcb = get_kprobe_ctlblk();
p = get_kprobe(addr);
if (p) {
if (kprobe_running()) {
if (reenter_kprobe(p, regs, kcb))
return 1 ;
} else {
set_current_kprobe(p, regs, kcb);
kcb->kprobe_status = KPROBE_HIT_ACTIVE;
/*
* If we have no pre - handler or it returned 0 , we
* continue with normal processing . If we have a
* pre - handler and it returned non - zero , that means
* user handler setup registers to exit to another
* instruction , we must skip the single stepping .
*/
if (!p->pre_handler || !p->pre_handler(p, regs))
setup_singlestep(p, regs, kcb, 0 );
else
reset_current_kprobe();
return 1 ;
}
} else if (kprobe_is_ss(kcb)) {
p = kprobe_running();
if ((unsigned long )p->ainsn.insn < regs->ip &&
(unsigned long )p->ainsn.insn + MAX_INSN_SIZE > regs->ip) {
/* Most provably this is the second int3 for singlestep */
resume_singlestep(p, regs, kcb);
kprobe_post_process(p, regs, kcb);
return 1 ;
}
} /* else: not a kprobe fault; let the kernel handle it */
return 0 ;
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(kprobe_int3_handler);
int kprobe_fault_handler(struct pt_regs *regs, int trapnr)
{
struct kprobe *cur = kprobe_running();
struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb = get_kprobe_ctlblk();
if (unlikely(regs->ip == (unsigned long )cur->ainsn.insn)) {
/* This must happen on single-stepping */
WARN_ON(kcb->kprobe_status != KPROBE_HIT_SS &&
kcb->kprobe_status != KPROBE_REENTER);
/*
* We are here because the instruction being single
* stepped caused a page fault . We reset the current
* kprobe and the ip points back to the probe address
* and allow the page fault handler to continue as a
* normal page fault .
*/
regs->ip = (unsigned long )cur->addr;
/*
* If the IF flag was set before the kprobe hit ,
* don ' t touch it :
*/
regs->flags |= kcb->kprobe_old_flags;
if (kcb->kprobe_status == KPROBE_REENTER)
restore_previous_kprobe(kcb);
else
reset_current_kprobe();
}
return 0 ;
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(kprobe_fault_handler);
int __init arch_populate_kprobe_blacklist(void )
{
return kprobe_add_area_blacklist((unsigned long )__entry_text_start,
(unsigned long )__entry_text_end);
}
int __init arch_init_kprobes(void )
{
return 0 ;
}
int arch_trampoline_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
{
return 0 ;
}
Messung V0.5 in Prozent C=88 H=97 G=92
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.23 Sekunden
(vorverarbeitet am 2026-10-01)
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