// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Dynamic function tracing support .
*
* Copyright ( C ) 2007 - 2008 Steven Rostedt < srostedt @ redhat . com >
*
* Thanks goes to Ingo Molnar , for suggesting the idea .
* Mathieu Desnoyers , for suggesting postponing the modifications .
* Arjan van de Ven , for keeping me straight , and explaining to me
* the dangers of modifying code on the run .
*/
#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/hardirq.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/ftrace.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/memory.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/set_memory.h>
#include <linux/execmem.h>
#include <trace/syscall.h>
#include <asm /kprobes.h>
#include <asm /ftrace.h>
#include <asm /nops.h>
#include <asm /text-patching.h>
#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE
static int ftrace_poke_late = 0 ;
void ftrace_arch_code_modify_prepare(void )
__acquires(&text_mutex)
{
/*
* Need to grab text_mutex to prevent a race from module loading
* and live kernel patching from changing the text permissions while
* ftrace has it set to " read / write " .
*/
mutex_lock(&text_mutex);
ftrace_poke_late = 1 ;
}
void ftrace_arch_code_modify_post_process(void )
__releases(&text_mutex)
{
/*
* ftrace_make_ { call , nop } ( ) may be called during
* module load , and we need to finish the smp_text_poke_batch_add ( )
* that they do , here .
*/
smp_text_poke_batch_finish();
ftrace_poke_late = 0 ;
mutex_unlock(&text_mutex);
}
static const char *ftrace_nop_replace(void )
{
return x86_nops[5 ];
}
static const char *ftrace_call_replace(unsigned long ip, unsigned long addr)
{
/*
* No need to translate into a callthunk . The trampoline does
* the depth accounting itself .
*/
return text_gen_insn(CALL_INSN_OPCODE, (void *)ip, (void *)addr);
}
static int ftrace_verify_code(unsigned long ip, const char *old_code)
{
char cur_code[MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE];
/*
* Note :
* We are paranoid about modifying text , as if a bug was to happen , it
* could cause us to read or write to someplace that could cause harm .
* Carefully read and modify the code with probe_kernel_ * ( ) , and make
* sure what we read is what we expected it to be before modifying it .
*/
/* read the text we want to modify */
if (copy_from_kernel_nofault(cur_code, (void *)ip, MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE)) {
WARN_ON(1 );
return -EFAULT;
}
/* Make sure it is what we expect it to be */
if (memcmp(cur_code, old_code, MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE) != 0 ) {
ftrace_expected = old_code;
WARN_ON(1 );
return -EINVAL;
}
return 0 ;
}
/*
* Marked _ _ ref because it calls text_poke_early ( ) which is . init . text . That is
* ok because that call will happen early , during boot , when . init sections are
* still present .
*/
static int __ref
ftrace_modify_code_direct(unsigned long ip, const char *old_code,
const char *new_code)
{
int ret = ftrace_verify_code(ip, old_code);
if (ret)
return ret;
/* replace the text with the new text */
if (ftrace_poke_late)
smp_text_poke_batch_add((void *)ip, new_code, MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE, NULL);
else
text_poke_early((void *)ip, new_code, MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE);
return 0 ;
}
int ftrace_make_nop(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long addr)
{
unsigned long ip = rec->ip;
const char *new , *old;
old = ftrace_call_replace(ip, addr);
new = ftrace_nop_replace();
/*
* On boot up , and when modules are loaded , the MCOUNT_ADDR
* is converted to a nop , and will never become MCOUNT_ADDR
* again . This code is either running before SMP ( on boot up )
* or before the code will ever be executed ( module load ) .
* We do not want to use the breakpoint version in this case ,
* just modify the code directly .
*/
if (addr == MCOUNT_ADDR)
return ftrace_modify_code_direct(ip, old, new );
/*
* x86 overrides ftrace_replace_code - - this function will never be used
* in this case .
*/
WARN_ONCE(1 , "invalid use of ftrace_make_nop" );
return -EINVAL;
}
int ftrace_make_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long addr)
{
unsigned long ip = rec->ip;
const char *new , *old;
old = ftrace_nop_replace();
new = ftrace_call_replace(ip, addr);
/* Should only be called when module is loaded */
return ftrace_modify_code_direct(rec->ip, old, new );
}
/*
* Should never be called :
* As it is only called by _ _ ftrace_replace_code ( ) which is called by
* ftrace_replace_code ( ) that x86 overrides , and by ftrace_update_code ( )
* which is called to turn mcount into nops or nops into function calls
* but not to convert a function from not using regs to one that uses
* regs , which ftrace_modify_call ( ) is for .
*/
int ftrace_modify_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long old_addr,
unsigned long addr)
{
WARN_ON(1 );
return -EINVAL;
}
int ftrace_update_ftrace_func(ftrace_func_t func)
{
unsigned long ip;
const char *new ;
ip = (unsigned long )(&ftrace_call);
new = ftrace_call_replace(ip, (unsigned long )func);
smp_text_poke_single((void *)ip, new , MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE, NULL);
ip = (unsigned long )(&ftrace_regs_call);
new = ftrace_call_replace(ip, (unsigned long )func);
smp_text_poke_single((void *)ip, new , MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE, NULL);
return 0 ;
}
void ftrace_replace_code(int enable)
{
struct ftrace_rec_iter *iter;
struct dyn_ftrace *rec;
const char *new , *old;
int ret;
for_ftrace_rec_iter(iter) {
rec = ftrace_rec_iter_record(iter);
switch (ftrace_test_record(rec, enable)) {
case FTRACE_UPDATE_IGNORE:
default :
continue ;
case FTRACE_UPDATE_MAKE_CALL:
old = ftrace_nop_replace();
break ;
case FTRACE_UPDATE_MODIFY_CALL:
case FTRACE_UPDATE_MAKE_NOP:
old = ftrace_call_replace(rec->ip, ftrace_get_addr_curr(rec));
break ;
}
ret = ftrace_verify_code(rec->ip, old);
if (ret) {
ftrace_expected = old;
ftrace_bug(ret, rec);
ftrace_expected = NULL;
return ;
}
}
for_ftrace_rec_iter(iter) {
rec = ftrace_rec_iter_record(iter);
switch (ftrace_test_record(rec, enable)) {
case FTRACE_UPDATE_IGNORE:
default :
continue ;
case FTRACE_UPDATE_MAKE_CALL:
case FTRACE_UPDATE_MODIFY_CALL:
new = ftrace_call_replace(rec->ip, ftrace_get_addr_new(rec));
break ;
case FTRACE_UPDATE_MAKE_NOP:
new = ftrace_nop_replace();
break ;
}
smp_text_poke_batch_add((void *)rec->ip, new , MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE, NULL);
ftrace_update_record(rec, enable);
}
smp_text_poke_batch_finish();
}
void arch_ftrace_update_code(int command)
{
ftrace_modify_all_code(command);
}
/* Currently only x86_64 supports dynamic trampolines */
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
static inline void *alloc_tramp(unsigned long size)
{
return execmem_alloc_rw(EXECMEM_FTRACE, size);
}
static inline void tramp_free(void *tramp)
{
execmem_free(tramp);
}
/* Defined as markers to the end of the ftrace default trampolines */
extern void ftrace_regs_caller_end(void );
extern void ftrace_caller_end(void );
extern void ftrace_caller_op_ptr(void );
extern void ftrace_regs_caller_op_ptr(void );
extern void ftrace_regs_caller_jmp(void );
/* movq function_trace_op(%rip), %rdx */
/* 0x48 0x8b 0x15 <offset-to-ftrace_trace_op (4 bytes)> */
#define OP_REF_SIZE 7
/*
* The ftrace_ops is passed to the function callback . Since the
* trampoline only services a single ftrace_ops , we can pass in
* that ops directly .
*
* The ftrace_op_code_union is used to create a pointer to the
* ftrace_ops that will be passed to the callback function .
*/
union ftrace_op_code_union {
char code[OP_REF_SIZE];
struct {
char op[3 ];
int offset;
} __attribute__((packed));
};
#define RET_SIZE \
(IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MITIGATION_RETPOLINE) ? 5 : 1 + IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MITIGATION_SLS))
static unsigned long
create_trampoline(struct ftrace_ops *ops, unsigned int *tramp_size)
{
unsigned long start_offset;
unsigned long end_offset;
unsigned long op_offset;
unsigned long call_offset;
unsigned long jmp_offset;
unsigned long offset;
unsigned long npages;
unsigned long size;
unsigned long *ptr;
void *trampoline;
void *ip, *dest;
/* 48 8b 15 <offset> is movq <offset>(%rip), %rdx */
unsigned const char op_ref[] = { 0 x48, 0 x8b, 0 x15 };
unsigned const char retq[] = { RET_INSN_OPCODE, INT3_INSN_OPCODE };
union ftrace_op_code_union op_ptr;
int ret;
if (ops->flags & FTRACE_OPS_FL_SAVE_REGS) {
start_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_regs_caller;
end_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_regs_caller_end;
op_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_regs_caller_op_ptr;
call_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_regs_call;
jmp_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_regs_caller_jmp;
} else {
start_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_caller;
end_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_caller_end;
op_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_caller_op_ptr;
call_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_call;
jmp_offset = 0 ;
}
size = end_offset - start_offset;
/*
* Allocate enough size to store the ftrace_caller code ,
* the iret , as well as the address of the ftrace_ops this
* trampoline is used for .
*/
trampoline = alloc_tramp(size + RET_SIZE + sizeof (void *));
if (!trampoline)
return 0 ;
*tramp_size = size + RET_SIZE + sizeof (void *);
npages = DIV_ROUND_UP(*tramp_size, PAGE_SIZE);
/* Copy ftrace_caller onto the trampoline memory */
ret = copy_from_kernel_nofault(trampoline, (void *)start_offset, size);
if (WARN_ON(ret < 0 ))
goto fail;
ip = trampoline + size;
if (cpu_wants_rethunk_at(ip))
__text_gen_insn(ip, JMP32_INSN_OPCODE, ip, x86_return_thunk, JMP32_INSN_SIZE);
else
memcpy(ip, retq, sizeof (retq));
/* No need to test direct calls on created trampolines */
if (ops->flags & FTRACE_OPS_FL_SAVE_REGS) {
/* NOP the jnz 1f; but make sure it's a 2 byte jnz */
ip = trampoline + (jmp_offset - start_offset);
if (WARN_ON(*(char *)ip != 0 x75))
goto fail;
ret = copy_from_kernel_nofault(ip, x86_nops[2 ], 2 );
if (ret < 0 )
goto fail;
}
/*
* The address of the ftrace_ops that is used for this trampoline
* is stored at the end of the trampoline . This will be used to
* load the third parameter for the callback . Basically , that
* location at the end of the trampoline takes the place of
* the global function_trace_op variable .
*/
ptr = (unsigned long *)(trampoline + size + RET_SIZE);
*ptr = (unsigned long )ops;
op_offset -= start_offset;
memcpy(&op_ptr, trampoline + op_offset, OP_REF_SIZE);
/* Are we pointing to the reference? */
if (WARN_ON(memcmp(op_ptr.op, op_ref, 3 ) != 0 ))
goto fail;
/* Load the contents of ptr into the callback parameter */
offset = (unsigned long )ptr;
offset -= (unsigned long )trampoline + op_offset + OP_REF_SIZE;
op_ptr.offset = offset;
/* put in the new offset to the ftrace_ops */
memcpy(trampoline + op_offset, &op_ptr, OP_REF_SIZE);
/* put in the call to the function */
mutex_lock(&text_mutex);
call_offset -= start_offset;
/*
* No need to translate into a callthunk . The trampoline does
* the depth accounting before the call already .
*/
dest = ftrace_ops_get_func(ops);
memcpy(trampoline + call_offset,
text_gen_insn(CALL_INSN_OPCODE, trampoline + call_offset, dest),
CALL_INSN_SIZE);
mutex_unlock(&text_mutex);
/* ALLOC_TRAMP flags lets us know we created it */
ops->flags |= FTRACE_OPS_FL_ALLOC_TRAMP;
set_memory_rox((unsigned long )trampoline, npages);
return (unsigned long )trampoline;
fail:
tramp_free(trampoline);
return 0 ;
}
void set_ftrace_ops_ro(void )
{
struct ftrace_ops *ops;
unsigned long start_offset;
unsigned long end_offset;
unsigned long npages;
unsigned long size;
do_for_each_ftrace_op(ops, ftrace_ops_list) {
if (!(ops->flags & FTRACE_OPS_FL_ALLOC_TRAMP))
continue ;
if (ops->flags & FTRACE_OPS_FL_SAVE_REGS) {
start_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_regs_caller;
end_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_regs_caller_end;
} else {
start_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_caller;
end_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_caller_end;
}
size = end_offset - start_offset;
size = size + RET_SIZE + sizeof (void *);
npages = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, PAGE_SIZE);
set_memory_ro((unsigned long )ops->trampoline, npages);
} while_for_each_ftrace_op(ops);
}
static unsigned long calc_trampoline_call_offset(bool save_regs)
{
unsigned long start_offset;
unsigned long call_offset;
if (save_regs) {
start_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_regs_caller;
call_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_regs_call;
} else {
start_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_caller;
call_offset = (unsigned long )ftrace_call;
}
return call_offset - start_offset;
}
void arch_ftrace_update_trampoline(struct ftrace_ops *ops)
{
ftrace_func_t func;
unsigned long offset;
unsigned long ip;
unsigned int size;
const char *new ;
if (!ops->trampoline) {
ops->trampoline = create_trampoline(ops, &size);
if (!ops->trampoline)
return ;
ops->trampoline_size = size;
return ;
}
/*
* The ftrace_ops caller may set up its own trampoline .
* In such a case , this code must not modify it .
*/
if (!(ops->flags & FTRACE_OPS_FL_ALLOC_TRAMP))
return ;
offset = calc_trampoline_call_offset(ops->flags & FTRACE_OPS_FL_SAVE_REGS);
ip = ops->trampoline + offset;
func = ftrace_ops_get_func(ops);
mutex_lock(&text_mutex);
/* Do a safe modify in case the trampoline is executing */
new = ftrace_call_replace(ip, (unsigned long )func);
smp_text_poke_single((void *)ip, new , MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE, NULL);
mutex_unlock(&text_mutex);
}
/* Return the address of the function the trampoline calls */
static void *addr_from_call(void *ptr)
{
union text_poke_insn call;
int ret;
ret = copy_from_kernel_nofault(&call, ptr, CALL_INSN_SIZE);
if (WARN_ON_ONCE(ret < 0 ))
return NULL;
/* Make sure this is a call */
if (WARN_ON_ONCE(call.opcode != CALL_INSN_OPCODE)) {
pr_warn("Expected E8, got %x\n" , call.opcode);
return NULL;
}
return ptr + CALL_INSN_SIZE + call.disp;
}
/*
* If the ops - > trampoline was not allocated , then it probably
* has a static trampoline func , or is the ftrace caller itself .
*/
static void *static_tramp_func(struct ftrace_ops *ops, struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
{
unsigned long offset;
bool save_regs = rec->flags & FTRACE_FL_REGS_EN;
void *ptr;
if (ops && ops->trampoline) {
#if !defined (CONFIG_HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_ARGS) && \
defined (CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER)
/*
* We only know about function graph tracer setting as static
* trampoline .
*/
if (ops->trampoline == FTRACE_GRAPH_ADDR)
return (void *)prepare_ftrace_return;
#endif
return NULL;
}
offset = calc_trampoline_call_offset(save_regs);
if (save_regs)
ptr = (void *)FTRACE_REGS_ADDR + offset;
else
ptr = (void *)FTRACE_ADDR + offset;
return addr_from_call(ptr);
}
void *arch_ftrace_trampoline_func(struct ftrace_ops *ops, struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
{
unsigned long offset;
/* If we didn't allocate this trampoline, consider it static */
if (!ops || !(ops->flags & FTRACE_OPS_FL_ALLOC_TRAMP))
return static_tramp_func(ops, rec);
offset = calc_trampoline_call_offset(ops->flags & FTRACE_OPS_FL_SAVE_REGS);
return addr_from_call((void *)ops->trampoline + offset);
}
void arch_ftrace_trampoline_free(struct ftrace_ops *ops)
{
if (!ops || !(ops->flags & FTRACE_OPS_FL_ALLOC_TRAMP))
return ;
tramp_free((void *)ops->trampoline);
ops->trampoline = 0 ;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_X86_64 */
#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE */
#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
#if defined (CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE) && !defined (CONFIG_HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_ARGS)
extern void ftrace_graph_call(void );
static const char *ftrace_jmp_replace(unsigned long ip, unsigned long addr)
{
return text_gen_insn(JMP32_INSN_OPCODE, (void *)ip, (void *)addr);
}
static int ftrace_mod_jmp(unsigned long ip, void *func)
{
const char *new ;
new = ftrace_jmp_replace(ip, (unsigned long )func);
smp_text_poke_single((void *)ip, new , MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE, NULL);
return 0 ;
}
int ftrace_enable_ftrace_graph_caller(void )
{
unsigned long ip = (unsigned long )(&ftrace_graph_call);
return ftrace_mod_jmp(ip, &ftrace_graph_caller);
}
int ftrace_disable_ftrace_graph_caller(void )
{
unsigned long ip = (unsigned long )(&ftrace_graph_call);
return ftrace_mod_jmp(ip, &ftrace_stub);
}
#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE && !CONFIG_HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_ARGS */
static inline bool skip_ftrace_return(void )
{
/*
* When resuming from suspend - to - ram , this function can be indirectly
* called from early CPU startup code while the CPU is in real mode ,
* which would fail miserably . Make sure the stack pointer is a
* virtual address .
*
* This check isn ' t as accurate as virt_addr_valid ( ) , but it should be
* good enough for this purpose , and it ' s fast .
*/
if ((long )__builtin_frame_address(0 ) >= 0 )
return true ;
if (ftrace_graph_is_dead())
return true ;
if (atomic_read(¤t->tracing_graph_pause))
return true ;
return false ;
}
/*
* Hook the return address and push it in the stack of return addrs
* in current thread info .
*/
void prepare_ftrace_return(unsigned long ip, unsigned long *parent,
unsigned long frame_pointer)
{
unsigned long return_hooker = (unsigned long )&return_to_handler;
if (unlikely(skip_ftrace_return()))
return ;
if (!function_graph_enter(*parent, ip, frame_pointer, parent))
*parent = return_hooker;
}
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_ARGS
void ftrace_graph_func(unsigned long ip, unsigned long parent_ip,
struct ftrace_ops *op, struct ftrace_regs *fregs)
{
struct pt_regs *regs = &arch_ftrace_regs(fregs)->regs;
unsigned long *stack = (unsigned long *)kernel_stack_pointer(regs);
unsigned long return_hooker = (unsigned long )&return_to_handler;
unsigned long *parent = (unsigned long *)stack;
if (unlikely(skip_ftrace_return()))
return ;
if (!function_graph_enter_regs(*parent, ip, 0 , parent, fregs))
*parent = return_hooker;
}
#endif
#endif /* CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER */
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