/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* Copyright ( C ) 1991 , 1992 Linus Torvalds
*
* entry_32 . S contains the system - call and low - level fault and trap handling routines .
*
* Stack layout while running C code :
* ptrace needs to have all registers on the stack .
* If the order here is changed , it needs to be
* updated in fork . c : copy_process ( ) , signal . c : do_signal ( ) ,
* ptrace . c and ptrace . h
*
* 0 ( % esp ) - % ebx
* 4 ( % esp ) - % ecx
* 8 ( % esp ) - % edx
* C ( % esp ) - % esi
* 10 ( % esp ) - % edi
* 14 ( % esp ) - % ebp
* 18 ( % esp ) - % eax
* 1 C ( % esp ) - % ds
* 20 ( % esp ) - % es
* 24 ( % esp ) - % fs
* 28 ( % esp ) - unused - - was % gs on old stackprotector kernels
* 2 C ( % esp ) - orig_eax
* 30 ( % esp ) - % eip
* 34 ( % esp ) - % cs
* 38 ( % esp ) - % eflags
* 3 C ( % esp ) - % oldesp
* 40 ( % esp ) - % oldss
*/
#include <linux/linkage.h>
#include <linux/err.h>
#include <asm/thread_info.h>
#include <asm/irqflags.h>
#include <asm/errno.h>
#include <asm/segment.h>
#include <asm/smp.h>
#include <asm/percpu.h>
#include <asm/processor-flags.h>
#include <asm/irq_vectors.h>
#include <asm/cpufeatures.h>
#include <asm/alternative.h>
#include <asm/asm.h>
#include <asm/smap.h>
#include <asm/frame.h>
#include <asm/trapnr.h>
#include <asm/nospec-branch.h>
#include "calling.h"
.section .entry.text, "ax"
#define PTI_SWITCH_MASK (1 << PAGE_SHIFT)
/* Unconditionally switch to user cr3 */
.macro SWITCH_TO_USER_CR3 scratch_reg:req
ALTERNATIVE "jmp .Lend_\@" , "" , X86_FEATURE_PTI
movl %cr3, \scratch_reg
orl $PTI_SWITCH_MASK, \scratch_reg
movl \scratch_reg, %cr3
.Lend_\@:
.endm
.macro BUG_IF_WRONG_CR3 no_user_check=0
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_ENTRY
ALTERNATIVE "jmp .Lend_\@" , "" , X86_FEATURE_PTI
.if \no_user_check == 0
/* coming from usermode? */
testl $USER_SEGMENT_RPL_MASK, PT_CS(%esp)
jz .Lend_\@
.endif
/* On user-cr3? */
movl %cr3, %eax
testl $PTI_SWITCH_MASK, %eax
jnz .Lend_\@
/* From userspace with kernel cr3 - BUG */
ud2
.Lend_\@:
#endif
.endm
/*
* Switch to kernel cr3 if not already loaded and return current cr3 in
* \ scratch_reg
*/
.macro SWITCH_TO_KERNEL_CR3 scratch_reg:req
ALTERNATIVE "jmp .Lend_\@" , "" , X86_FEATURE_PTI
movl %cr3, \scratch_reg
/* Test if we are already on kernel CR3 */
testl $PTI_SWITCH_MASK, \scratch_reg
jz .Lend_\@
andl $(~PTI_SWITCH_MASK), \scratch_reg
movl \scratch_reg, %cr3
/* Return original CR3 in \scratch_reg */
orl $PTI_SWITCH_MASK, \scratch_reg
.Lend_\@:
.endm
#define CS_FROM_ENTRY_STACK (1 << 31 )
#define CS_FROM_USER_CR3 (1 << 30 )
#define CS_FROM_KERNEL (1 << 29 )
#define CS_FROM_ESPFIX (1 << 28 )
.macro FIXUP_FRAME
/*
* The high bits of the CS dword ( _ _ csh ) are used for CS_FROM_ * .
* Clear them in case hardware didn ' t do this for us .
*/
andl $0 x0000ffff, 4 *4 (%esp)
#ifdef CONFIG_VM86
testl $X86_EFLAGS_VM, 5 *4 (%esp)
jnz .Lfrom_usermode_no_fixup_\@
#endif
testl $USER_SEGMENT_RPL_MASK, 4 *4 (%esp)
jnz .Lfrom_usermode_no_fixup_\@
orl $CS_FROM_KERNEL, 4 *4 (%esp)
/*
* When we ' re here from kernel mode ; the ( exception ) stack looks like :
*
* 6 * 4 ( % esp ) - < previous context >
* 5 * 4 ( % esp ) - flags
* 4 * 4 ( % esp ) - cs
* 3 * 4 ( % esp ) - ip
* 2 * 4 ( % esp ) - orig_eax
* 1 * 4 ( % esp ) - gs / function
* 0 * 4 ( % esp ) - fs
*
* Lets build a 5 entry IRET frame after that , such that struct pt_regs
* is complete and in particular regs - > sp is correct . This gives us
* the original 6 entries as gap :
*
* 14 * 4 ( % esp ) - < previous context >
* 13 * 4 ( % esp ) - gap / flags
* 12 * 4 ( % esp ) - gap / cs
* 11 * 4 ( % esp ) - gap / ip
* 10 * 4 ( % esp ) - gap / orig_eax
* 9 * 4 ( % esp ) - gap / gs / function
* 8 * 4 ( % esp ) - gap / fs
* 7 * 4 ( % esp ) - ss
* 6 * 4 ( % esp ) - sp
* 5 * 4 ( % esp ) - flags
* 4 * 4 ( % esp ) - cs
* 3 * 4 ( % esp ) - ip
* 2 * 4 ( % esp ) - orig_eax
* 1 * 4 ( % esp ) - gs / function
* 0 * 4 ( % esp ) - fs
*/
pushl %ss # ss
pushl %esp # sp (points at ss)
addl $7 *4 , (%esp) # point sp back at the previous context
pushl 7 *4 (%esp) # flags
pushl 7 *4 (%esp) # cs
pushl 7 *4 (%esp) # ip
pushl 7 *4 (%esp) # orig_eax
pushl 7 *4 (%esp) # gs / function
pushl 7 *4 (%esp) # fs
.Lfrom_usermode_no_fixup_\@:
.endm
.macro IRET_FRAME
/*
* We ' re called with % ds , % es , % fs , and % gs from the interrupted
* frame , so we shouldn ' t use them . Also , we may be in ESPFIX
* mode and therefore have a nonzero SS base and an offset ESP ,
* so any attempt to access the stack needs to use SS . ( except for
* accesses through % esp , which automatically use SS . )
*/
testl $CS_FROM_KERNEL, 1 *4 (%esp)
jz .Lfinished_frame_\@
/*
* Reconstruct the 3 entry IRET frame right after the ( modified )
* regs - > sp without lowering % esp in between , such that an NMI in the
* middle doesn ' t scribble our stack .
*/
pushl %eax
pushl %ecx
movl 5 *4 (%esp), %eax # (modified) regs->sp
movl 4 *4 (%esp), %ecx # flags
movl %ecx, %ss:-1 *4 (%eax)
movl 3 *4 (%esp), %ecx # cs
andl $0 x0000ffff, %ecx
movl %ecx, %ss:-2 *4 (%eax)
movl 2 *4 (%esp), %ecx # ip
movl %ecx, %ss:-3 *4 (%eax)
movl 1 *4 (%esp), %ecx # eax
movl %ecx, %ss:-4 *4 (%eax)
popl %ecx
lea -4 *4 (%eax), %esp
popl %eax
.Lfinished_frame_\@:
.endm
.macro SAVE_ALL pt_regs_ax=%eax switch_stacks=0 skip_gs=0 unwind_espfix=0
cld
.if \skip_gs == 0
pushl $0
.endif
pushl %fs
pushl %eax
movl $(__KERNEL_PERCPU), %eax
movl %eax, %fs
.if \unwind_espfix > 0
UNWIND_ESPFIX_STACK
.endif
popl %eax
FIXUP_FRAME
pushl %es
pushl %ds
pushl \pt_regs_ax
pushl %ebp
pushl %edi
pushl %esi
pushl %edx
pushl %ecx
pushl %ebx
movl $(__USER_DS), %edx
movl %edx, %ds
movl %edx, %es
/* Switch to kernel stack if necessary */
.if \switch_stacks > 0
SWITCH_TO_KERNEL_STACK
.endif
.endm
.macro SAVE_ALL_NMI cr3_reg:req unwind_espfix=0
SAVE_ALL unwind_espfix=\unwind_espfix
BUG_IF_WRONG_CR3
/*
* Now switch the CR3 when PTI is enabled .
*
* We can enter with either user or kernel cr3 , the code will
* store the old cr3 in \ cr3_reg and switches to the kernel cr3
* if necessary .
*/
SWITCH_TO_KERNEL_CR3 scratch_reg=\cr3_reg
.Lend_\@:
.endm
.macro RESTORE_INT_REGS
popl %ebx
popl %ecx
popl %edx
popl %esi
popl %edi
popl %ebp
popl %eax
.endm
.macro RESTORE_REGS pop=0
RESTORE_INT_REGS
1 : popl %ds
2 : popl %es
3 : popl %fs
4 : addl $(4 + \pop), %esp /* pop the unused "gs" slot */
IRET_FRAME
/*
* There is no _ ASM_EXTABLE_TYPE_REG ( ) for ASM , however since this is
* ASM the registers are known and we can trivially hard - code them .
*/
_ASM_EXTABLE_TYPE(1 b, 2 b, EX_TYPE_POP_ZERO|EX_REG_DS)
_ASM_EXTABLE_TYPE(2 b, 3 b, EX_TYPE_POP_ZERO|EX_REG_ES)
_ASM_EXTABLE_TYPE(3 b, 4 b, EX_TYPE_POP_ZERO|EX_REG_FS)
.endm
.macro RESTORE_ALL_NMI cr3_reg:req pop=0
/*
* Now switch the CR3 when PTI is enabled .
*
* We enter with kernel cr3 and switch the cr3 to the value
* stored on \ cr3_reg , which is either a user or a kernel cr3 .
*/
ALTERNATIVE "jmp .Lswitched_\@" , "" , X86_FEATURE_PTI
testl $PTI_SWITCH_MASK, \cr3_reg
jz .Lswitched_\@
/* User cr3 in \cr3_reg - write it to hardware cr3 */
movl \cr3_reg, %cr3
.Lswitched_\@:
BUG_IF_WRONG_CR3
RESTORE_REGS pop=\pop
.endm
.macro CHECK_AND_APPLY_ESPFIX
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_ESPFIX32
#define GDT_ESPFIX_OFFSET (GDT_ENTRY_ESPFIX_SS * 8 )
#define GDT_ESPFIX_SS PER_CPU_VAR(gdt_page + GDT_ESPFIX_OFFSET)
ALTERNATIVE "jmp .Lend_\@" , "" , X86_BUG_ESPFIX
movl PT_EFLAGS(%esp), %eax # mix EFLAGS, SS and CS
/*
* Warning : PT_OLDSS ( % esp ) contains the wrong / random values if we
* are returning to the kernel .
* See comments in process . c : copy_thread ( ) for details .
*/
movb PT_OLDSS(%esp), %ah
movb PT_CS(%esp), %al
andl $(X86_EFLAGS_VM | (SEGMENT_TI_MASK << 8 ) | SEGMENT_RPL_MASK), %eax
cmpl $((SEGMENT_LDT << 8 ) | USER_RPL), %eax
jne .Lend_\@ # returning to user-space with LDT SS
/*
* Setup and switch to ESPFIX stack
*
* We ' re returning to userspace with a 16 bit stack . The CPU will not
* restore the high word of ESP for us on executing iret . . . This is an
* " official " bug of all the x86 - compatible CPUs , which we can work
* around to make dosemu and wine happy . We do this by preloading the
* high word of ESP with the high word of the userspace ESP while
* compensating for the offset by changing to the ESPFIX segment with
* a base address that matches for the difference .
*/
mov %esp, %edx /* load kernel esp */
mov PT_OLDESP(%esp), %eax /* load userspace esp */
mov %dx, %ax /* eax: new kernel esp */
sub %eax, %edx /* offset (low word is 0) */
shr $16 , %edx
mov %dl, GDT_ESPFIX_SS + 4 /* bits 16..23 */
mov %dh, GDT_ESPFIX_SS + 7 /* bits 24..31 */
pushl $__ESPFIX_SS
pushl %eax /* new kernel esp */
/*
* Disable interrupts , but do not irqtrace this section : we
* will soon execute iret and the tracer was already set to
* the irqstate after the IRET :
*/
cli
lss (%esp), %esp /* switch to espfix segment */
.Lend_\@:
#endif /* CONFIG_X86_ESPFIX32 */
.endm
/*
* Called with pt_regs fully populated and kernel segments loaded ,
* so we can access PER_CPU and use the integer registers .
*
* We need to be very careful here with the % esp switch , because an NMI
* can happen everywhere . If the NMI handler finds itself on the
* entry - stack , it will overwrite the task - stack and everything we
* copied there . So allocate the stack - frame on the task - stack and
* switch to it before we do any copying .
*/
.macro SWITCH_TO_KERNEL_STACK
BUG_IF_WRONG_CR3
SWITCH_TO_KERNEL_CR3 scratch_reg=%eax
/*
* % eax now contains the entry cr3 and we carry it forward in
* that register for the time this macro runs
*/
/* Are we on the entry stack? Bail out if not! */
movl PER_CPU_VAR(cpu_entry_area), %ecx
addl $CPU_ENTRY_AREA_entry_stack + SIZEOF_entry_stack, %ecx
subl %esp, %ecx /* ecx = (end of entry_stack) - esp */
cmpl $SIZEOF_entry_stack, %ecx
jae .Lend_\@
/* Load stack pointer into %esi and %edi */
movl %esp, %esi
movl %esi, %edi
/* Move %edi to the top of the entry stack */
andl $(MASK_entry_stack), %edi
addl $(SIZEOF_entry_stack), %edi
/* Load top of task-stack into %edi */
movl TSS_entry2task_stack(%edi), %edi
/* Special case - entry from kernel mode via entry stack */
#ifdef CONFIG_VM86
movl PT_EFLAGS(%esp), %ecx # mix EFLAGS and CS
movb PT_CS(%esp), %cl
andl $(X86_EFLAGS_VM | SEGMENT_RPL_MASK), %ecx
#else
movl PT_CS(%esp), %ecx
andl $SEGMENT_RPL_MASK, %ecx
#endif
cmpl $USER_RPL, %ecx
jb .Lentry_from_kernel_\@
/* Bytes to copy */
movl $PTREGS_SIZE, %ecx
#ifdef CONFIG_VM86
testl $X86_EFLAGS_VM, PT_EFLAGS(%esi)
jz .Lcopy_pt_regs_\@
/*
* Stack - frame contains 4 additional segment registers when
* coming from VM86 mode
*/
addl $(4 * 4 ), %ecx
#endif
.Lcopy_pt_regs_\@:
/* Allocate frame on task-stack */
subl %ecx, %edi
/* Switch to task-stack */
movl %edi, %esp
/*
* We are now on the task - stack and can safely copy over the
* stack - frame
*/
shrl $2 , %ecx
cld
rep movsl
jmp .Lend_\@
.Lentry_from_kernel_\@:
/*
* This handles the case when we enter the kernel from
* kernel - mode and % esp points to the entry - stack . When this
* happens we need to switch to the task - stack to run C code ,
* but switch back to the entry - stack again when we approach
* iret and return to the interrupted code - path . This usually
* happens when we hit an exception while restoring user - space
* segment registers on the way back to user - space or when the
* sysenter handler runs with eflags . tf set .
*
* When we switch to the task - stack here , we can ' t trust the
* contents of the entry - stack anymore , as the exception handler
* might be scheduled out or moved to another CPU . Therefore we
* copy the complete entry - stack to the task - stack and set a
* marker in the iret - frame ( bit 31 of the CS dword ) to detect
* what we ' ve done on the iret path .
*
* On the iret path we copy everything back and switch to the
* entry - stack , so that the interrupted kernel code - path
* continues on the same stack it was interrupted with .
*
* Be aware that an NMI can happen anytime in this code .
*
* % esi : Entry - Stack pointer ( same as % esp )
* % edi : Top of the task stack
* % eax : CR3 on kernel entry
*/
/* Calculate number of bytes on the entry stack in %ecx */
movl %esi, %ecx
/* %ecx to the top of entry-stack */
andl $(MASK_entry_stack), %ecx
addl $(SIZEOF_entry_stack), %ecx
/* Number of bytes on the entry stack to %ecx */
sub %esi, %ecx
/* Mark stackframe as coming from entry stack */
orl $CS_FROM_ENTRY_STACK, PT_CS(%esp)
/*
* Test the cr3 used to enter the kernel and add a marker
* so that we can switch back to it before iret .
*/
testl $PTI_SWITCH_MASK, %eax
jz .Lcopy_pt_regs_\@
orl $CS_FROM_USER_CR3, PT_CS(%esp)
/*
* % esi and % edi are unchanged , % ecx contains the number of
* bytes to copy . The code at . Lcopy_pt_regs_ \ @ will allocate
* the stack - frame on task - stack and copy everything over
*/
jmp .Lcopy_pt_regs_\@
.Lend_\@:
.endm
/*
* Switch back from the kernel stack to the entry stack .
*
* The % esp register must point to pt_regs on the task stack . It will
* first calculate the size of the stack - frame to copy , depending on
* whether we return to VM86 mode or not . With that it uses ' rep movsl '
* to copy the contents of the stack over to the entry stack .
*
* We must be very careful here , as we can ' t trust the contents of the
* task - stack once we switched to the entry - stack . When an NMI happens
* while on the entry - stack , the NMI handler will switch back to the top
* of the task stack , overwriting our stack - frame we are about to copy .
* Therefore we switch the stack only after everything is copied over .
*/
.macro SWITCH_TO_ENTRY_STACK
/* Bytes to copy */
movl $PTREGS_SIZE, %ecx
#ifdef CONFIG_VM86
testl $(X86_EFLAGS_VM), PT_EFLAGS(%esp)
jz .Lcopy_pt_regs_\@
/* Additional 4 registers to copy when returning to VM86 mode */
addl $(4 * 4 ), %ecx
.Lcopy_pt_regs_\@:
#endif
/* Initialize source and destination for movsl */
movl PER_CPU_VAR(cpu_tss_rw + TSS_sp0), %edi
subl %ecx, %edi
movl %esp, %esi
/* Save future stack pointer in %ebx */
movl %edi, %ebx
/* Copy over the stack-frame */
shrl $2 , %ecx
cld
rep movsl
/*
* Switch to entry - stack - needs to happen after everything is
* copied because the NMI handler will overwrite the task - stack
* when on entry - stack
*/
movl %ebx, %esp
.Lend_\@:
.endm
/*
* This macro handles the case when we return to kernel - mode on the iret
* path and have to switch back to the entry stack and / or user - cr3
*
* See the comments below the . Lentry_from_kernel_ \ @ label in the
* SWITCH_TO_KERNEL_STACK macro for more details .
*/
.macro PARANOID_EXIT_TO_KERNEL_MODE
/*
* Test if we entered the kernel with the entry - stack . Most
* likely we did not , because this code only runs on the
* return - to - kernel path .
*/
testl $CS_FROM_ENTRY_STACK, PT_CS(%esp)
jz .Lend_\@
/* Unlikely slow-path */
/* Clear marker from stack-frame */
andl $(~CS_FROM_ENTRY_STACK), PT_CS(%esp)
/* Copy the remaining task-stack contents to entry-stack */
movl %esp, %esi
movl PER_CPU_VAR(cpu_tss_rw + TSS_sp0), %edi
/* Bytes on the task-stack to ecx */
movl PER_CPU_VAR(cpu_tss_rw + TSS_sp1), %ecx
subl %esi, %ecx
/* Allocate stack-frame on entry-stack */
subl %ecx, %edi
/*
* Save future stack - pointer , we must not switch until the
* copy is done , otherwise the NMI handler could destroy the
* contents of the task - stack we are about to copy .
*/
movl %edi, %ebx
/* Do the copy */
shrl $2 , %ecx
cld
rep movsl
/* Safe to switch to entry-stack now */
movl %ebx, %esp
/*
* We came from entry - stack and need to check if we also need to
* switch back to user cr3 .
*/
testl $CS_FROM_USER_CR3, PT_CS(%esp)
jz .Lend_\@
/* Clear marker from stack-frame */
andl $(~CS_FROM_USER_CR3), PT_CS(%esp)
SWITCH_TO_USER_CR3 scratch_reg=%eax
.Lend_\@:
.endm
/**
* idtentry - Macro to generate entry stubs for simple IDT entries
* @ vector : Vector number
* @ asmsym : ASM symbol for the entry point
* @ cfunc : C function to be called
* @ has_error_code : Hardware pushed error code on stack
*/
.macro idtentry vector asmsym cfunc has_error_code:req
SYM_CODE_START(\asmsym)
ASM_CLAC
cld
.if \has_error_code == 0
pushl $0 /* Clear the error code */
.endif
/* Push the C-function address into the GS slot */
pushl $\cfunc
/* Invoke the common exception entry */
jmp handle_exception
SYM_CODE_END(\asmsym)
.endm
.macro idtentry_irq vector cfunc
.p2align CONFIG_X86_L1_CACHE_SHIFT
SYM_CODE_START_LOCAL(asm_\cfunc)
ASM_CLAC
SAVE_ALL switch_stacks=1
ENCODE_FRAME_POINTER
movl %esp, %eax
movl PT_ORIG_EAX(%esp), %edx /* get the vector from stack */
movl $-1 , PT_ORIG_EAX(%esp) /* no syscall to restart */
call \cfunc
jmp handle_exception_return
SYM_CODE_END(asm_\cfunc)
.endm
/*
* Include the defines which emit the idt entries which are shared
* shared between 32 and 64 bit and emit the _ _ irqentry_text_ * markers
* so the stacktrace boundary checks work .
*/
.align 16
.globl __irqentry_text_start
__irqentry_text_start:
#include <asm/idtentry.h>
.align 16
.globl __irqentry_text_end
__irqentry_text_end:
/*
* % eax : prev task
* % edx : next task
*/
.pushsection .text, "ax"
SYM_CODE_START(__switch_to_asm)
/*
* Save callee - saved registers
* This must match the order in struct inactive_task_frame
*/
pushl %ebp
pushl %ebx
pushl %edi
pushl %esi
/*
* Flags are saved to prevent AC leakage . This could go
* away if objtool would have 32 bit support to verify
* the STAC / CLAC correctness .
*/
pushfl
/* switch stack */
movl %esp, TASK_threadsp(%eax)
movl TASK_threadsp(%edx), %esp
#ifdef CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR
movl TASK_stack_canary(%edx), %ebx
movl %ebx, PER_CPU_VAR(__stack_chk_guard)
#endif
/*
* When switching from a shallower to a deeper call stack
* the RSB may either underflow or use entries populated
* with userspace addresses . On CPUs where those concerns
* exist , overwrite the RSB with entries which capture
* speculative execution to prevent attack .
*/
FILL_RETURN_BUFFER %ebx, RSB_CLEAR_LOOPS, X86_FEATURE_RSB_CTXSW
/* Restore flags or the incoming task to restore AC state. */
popfl
/* restore callee-saved registers */
popl %esi
popl %edi
popl %ebx
popl %ebp
jmp __switch_to
SYM_CODE_END(__switch_to_asm)
.popsection
/*
* A newly forked process directly context switches into this address .
*
* eax : prev task we switched from
* ebx : kernel thread func ( NULL for user thread )
* edi : kernel thread arg
*/
.pushsection .text, "ax"
SYM_CODE_START(ret_from_fork_asm)
movl %esp, %edx /* regs */
/* return address for the stack unwinder */
pushl $.Lsyscall_32_done
FRAME_BEGIN
/* prev already in EAX */
movl %ebx, %ecx /* fn */
pushl %edi /* fn_arg */
call ret_from_fork
addl $4 , %esp
FRAME_END
RET
SYM_CODE_END(ret_from_fork_asm)
.popsection
SYM_ENTRY(__begin_SYSENTER_singlestep_region, SYM_L_GLOBAL, SYM_A_NONE)
/*
* All code from here through _ _ end_SYSENTER_singlestep_region is subject
* to being single - stepped if a user program sets TF and executes SYSENTER .
* There is absolutely nothing that we can do to prevent this from happening
* ( thanks Intel !). To keep our handling of this situation as simple as
* possible , we handle TF just like AC and NT , except that our # DB handler
* will ignore all of the single - step traps generated in this range .
*/
/*
* 32 - bit SYSENTER entry .
*
* 32 - bit system calls through the vDSO ' s _ _ kernel_vsyscall enter here
* if X86_FEATURE_SEP is available . This is the preferred system call
* entry on 32 - bit systems .
*
* The SYSENTER instruction , in principle , should * only * occur in the
* vDSO . In practice , a small number of Android devices were shipped
* with a copy of Bionic that inlined a SYSENTER instruction . This
* never happened in any of Google ' s Bionic versions - - it only happened
* in a narrow range of Intel - provided versions .
*
* SYSENTER loads SS , ESP , CS , and EIP from previously programmed MSRs .
* IF and VM in RFLAGS are cleared ( IOW : interrupts are off ) .
* SYSENTER does not save anything on the stack ,
* and does not save old EIP ( !!!), ESP, or EFLAGS.
*
* To avoid losing track of EFLAGS . VM ( and thus potentially corrupting
* user and / or vm86 state ) , we explicitly disable the SYSENTER
* instruction in vm86 mode by reprogramming the MSRs .
*
* Arguments :
* eax system call number
* ebx arg1
* ecx arg2
* edx arg3
* esi arg4
* edi arg5
* ebp user stack
* 0 ( % ebp ) arg6
*/
SYM_FUNC_START(entry_SYSENTER_32)
/*
* On entry - stack with all userspace - regs live - save and
* restore eflags and % eax to use it as scratch - reg for the cr3
* switch .
*/
pushfl
pushl %eax
BUG_IF_WRONG_CR3 no_user_check=1
SWITCH_TO_KERNEL_CR3 scratch_reg=%eax
popl %eax
popfl
/* Stack empty again, switch to task stack */
movl TSS_entry2task_stack(%esp), %esp
.Lsysenter_past_esp:
pushl $__USER_DS /* pt_regs->ss */
pushl $0 /* pt_regs->sp (placeholder) */
pushfl /* pt_regs->flags (except IF = 0) */
pushl $__USER_CS /* pt_regs->cs */
pushl $0 /* pt_regs->ip = 0 (placeholder) */
pushl %eax /* pt_regs->orig_ax */
SAVE_ALL pt_regs_ax=$-ENOSYS /* save rest, stack already switched */
/*
* SYSENTER doesn ' t filter flags , so we need to clear NT , AC
* and TF ourselves . To save a few cycles , we can check whether
* either was set instead of doing an unconditional popfq .
* This needs to happen before enabling interrupts so that
* we don ' t get preempted with NT set .
*
* If TF is set , we will single - step all the way to here - - do_debug
* will ignore all the traps . ( Yes , this is slow , but so is
* single - stepping in general . This allows us to avoid having
* a more complicated code to handle the case where a user program
* forces us to single - step through the SYSENTER entry code . )
*
* NB . : . Lsysenter_fix_flags is a label with the code under it moved
* out - of - line as an optimization : NT is unlikely to be set in the
* majority of the cases and instead of polluting the I $ unnecessarily ,
* we ' re keeping that code behind a branch which will predict as
* not - taken and therefore its instructions won ' t be fetched .
*/
testl $X86_EFLAGS_NT|X86_EFLAGS_AC|X86_EFLAGS_TF, PT_EFLAGS(%esp)
jnz .Lsysenter_fix_flags
.Lsysenter_flags_fixed:
movl %esp, %eax
call do_SYSENTER_32
testb %al, %al
jz .Lsyscall_32_done
STACKLEAK_ERASE
/* Opportunistic SYSEXIT */
/*
* Setup entry stack - we keep the pointer in % eax and do the
* switch after almost all user - state is restored .
*/
/* Load entry stack pointer and allocate frame for eflags/eax */
movl PER_CPU_VAR(cpu_tss_rw + TSS_sp0), %eax
subl $(2 *4 ), %eax
/* Copy eflags and eax to entry stack */
movl PT_EFLAGS(%esp), %edi
movl PT_EAX(%esp), %esi
movl %edi, (%eax)
movl %esi, 4 (%eax)
/* Restore user registers and segments */
movl PT_EIP(%esp), %edx /* pt_regs->ip */
movl PT_OLDESP(%esp), %ecx /* pt_regs->sp */
1 : mov PT_FS(%esp), %fs
popl %ebx /* pt_regs->bx */
addl $2 *4 , %esp /* skip pt_regs->cx and pt_regs->dx */
popl %esi /* pt_regs->si */
popl %edi /* pt_regs->di */
popl %ebp /* pt_regs->bp */
/* Switch to entry stack */
movl %eax, %esp
/* Now ready to switch the cr3 */
SWITCH_TO_USER_CR3 scratch_reg=%eax
/* Clobbers ZF */
CLEAR_CPU_BUFFERS
/*
* Restore all flags except IF . ( We restore IF separately because
* STI gives a one - instruction window in which we won ' t be interrupted ,
* whereas POPF does not . )
*/
btrl $X86_EFLAGS_IF_BIT, (%esp)
BUG_IF_WRONG_CR3 no_user_check=1
popfl
popl %eax
/*
* Return back to the vDSO , which will pop ecx and edx .
* Don ' t bother with DS and ES ( they already contain _ _ USER_DS ) .
*/
sti
sysexit
2 : movl $0 , PT_FS(%esp)
jmp 1 b
_ASM_EXTABLE(1 b, 2 b)
.Lsysenter_fix_flags:
pushl $X86_EFLAGS_FIXED
popfl
jmp .Lsysenter_flags_fixed
SYM_ENTRY(__end_SYSENTER_singlestep_region, SYM_L_GLOBAL, SYM_A_NONE)
SYM_FUNC_END(entry_SYSENTER_32)
/*
* 32 - bit legacy system call entry .
*
* 32 - bit x86 Linux system calls traditionally used the INT $ 0 x80
* instruction . INT $ 0 x80 lands here .
*
* This entry point can be used by any 32 - bit perform system calls .
* Instances of INT $ 0 x80 can be found inline in various programs and
* libraries . It is also used by the vDSO ' s _ _ kernel_vsyscall
* fallback for hardware that doesn ' t support a faster entry method .
* Restarted 32 - bit system calls also fall back to INT $ 0 x80
* regardless of what instruction was originally used to do the system
* call . ( 64 - bit programs can use INT $ 0 x80 as well , but they can
* only run on 64 - bit kernels and therefore land in
* entry_INT80_compat . )
*
* This is considered a slow path . It is not used by most libc
* implementations on modern hardware except during process startup .
*
* Arguments :
* eax system call number
* ebx arg1
* ecx arg2
* edx arg3
* esi arg4
* edi arg5
* ebp arg6
*/
SYM_FUNC_START(entry_INT80_32)
ASM_CLAC
pushl %eax /* pt_regs->orig_ax */
SAVE_ALL pt_regs_ax=$-ENOSYS switch_stacks=1 /* save rest */
movl %esp, %eax
call do_int80_syscall_32
.Lsyscall_32_done:
STACKLEAK_ERASE
restore_all_switch_stack:
SWITCH_TO_ENTRY_STACK
CHECK_AND_APPLY_ESPFIX
/* Switch back to user CR3 */
SWITCH_TO_USER_CR3 scratch_reg=%eax
BUG_IF_WRONG_CR3
/* Restore user state */
RESTORE_REGS pop=4 # skip orig_eax/error_code
CLEAR_CPU_BUFFERS
.Lirq_return:
/*
* ARCH_HAS_MEMBARRIER_SYNC_CORE rely on IRET core serialization
* when returning from IPI handler and when returning from
* scheduler to user - space .
*/
iret
.Lasm_iret_error:
pushl $0 # no error code
pushl $iret_error
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_ENTRY
/*
* The stack - frame here is the one that iret faulted on , so its a
* return - to - user frame . We are on kernel - cr3 because we come here from
* the fixup code . This confuses the CR3 checker , so switch to user - cr3
* as the checker expects it .
*/
pushl %eax
SWITCH_TO_USER_CR3 scratch_reg=%eax
popl %eax
#endif
jmp handle_exception
_ASM_EXTABLE(.Lirq_return, .Lasm_iret_error)
SYM_FUNC_END(entry_INT80_32)
.macro FIXUP_ESPFIX_STACK
/*
* Switch back for ESPFIX stack to the normal zerobased stack
*
* We can ' t call C functions using the ESPFIX stack . This code reads
* the high word of the segment base from the GDT and swiches to the
* normal stack and adjusts ESP with the matching offset .
*
* We might be on user CR3 here , so percpu data is not mapped and we can ' t
* access the GDT through the percpu segment . Instead , use SGDT to find
* the cpu_entry_area alias of the GDT .
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_ESPFIX32
/* fixup the stack */
pushl %ecx
subl $2 *4 , %esp
sgdt (%esp)
movl 2 (%esp), %ecx /* GDT address */
/*
* Careful : ECX is a linear pointer , so we need to force base
* zero . % cs is the only known - linear segment we have right now .
*/
mov %cs:GDT_ESPFIX_OFFSET + 4 (%ecx), %al /* bits 16..23 */
mov %cs:GDT_ESPFIX_OFFSET + 7 (%ecx), %ah /* bits 24..31 */
shl $16 , %eax
addl $2 *4 , %esp
popl %ecx
addl %esp, %eax /* the adjusted stack pointer */
pushl $__KERNEL_DS
pushl %eax
lss (%esp), %esp /* switch to the normal stack segment */
#endif
.endm
.macro UNWIND_ESPFIX_STACK
/* It's safe to clobber %eax, all other regs need to be preserved */
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_ESPFIX32
movl %ss, %eax
/* see if on espfix stack */
cmpw $__ESPFIX_SS, %ax
jne .Lno_fixup_\@
/* switch to normal stack */
FIXUP_ESPFIX_STACK
.Lno_fixup_\@:
#endif
.endm
SYM_CODE_START_LOCAL_NOALIGN(handle_exception)
/* the function address is in %gs's slot on the stack */
SAVE_ALL switch_stacks=1 skip_gs=1 unwind_espfix=1
ENCODE_FRAME_POINTER
movl PT_GS(%esp), %edi # get the function address
/* fixup orig %eax */
movl PT_ORIG_EAX(%esp), %edx # get the error code
movl $-1 , PT_ORIG_EAX(%esp) # no syscall to restart
movl %esp, %eax # pt_regs pointer
CALL_NOSPEC edi
handle_exception_return:
#ifdef CONFIG_VM86
movl PT_EFLAGS(%esp), %eax # mix EFLAGS and CS
movb PT_CS(%esp), %al
andl $(X86_EFLAGS_VM | SEGMENT_RPL_MASK), %eax
#else
/*
* We can be coming here from child spawned by kernel_thread ( ) .
*/
movl PT_CS(%esp), %eax
andl $SEGMENT_RPL_MASK, %eax
#endif
cmpl $USER_RPL, %eax # returning to v8086 or userspace ?
jnb ret_to_user
PARANOID_EXIT_TO_KERNEL_MODE
BUG_IF_WRONG_CR3
RESTORE_REGS 4
jmp .Lirq_return
ret_to_user:
movl %esp, %eax
jmp restore_all_switch_stack
SYM_CODE_END(handle_exception)
SYM_CODE_START(asm_exc_double_fault)
1 :
/*
* This is a task gate handler , not an interrupt gate handler .
* The error code is on the stack , but the stack is otherwise
* empty . Interrupts are off . Our state is sane with the following
* exceptions :
*
* - CR0 . TS is set . " TS " literally means " task switched " .
* - EFLAGS . NT is set because we ' re a " nested task " .
* - The doublefault TSS has back_link set and has been marked busy .
* - TR points to the doublefault TSS and the normal TSS is busy .
* - CR3 is the normal kernel PGD . This would be delightful , except
* that the CPU didn ' t bother to save the old CR3 anywhere . This
* would make it very awkward to return back to the context we came
* from .
*
* The rest of EFLAGS is sanitized for us , so we don ' t need to
* worry about AC or DF .
*
* Don ' t even bother popping the error code . It ' s always zero ,
* and ignoring it makes us a bit more robust against buggy
* hypervisor task gate implementations .
*
* We will manually undo the task switch instead of doing a
* task - switching IRET .
*/
clts /* clear CR0.TS */
pushl $X86_EFLAGS_FIXED
popfl /* clear EFLAGS.NT */
call doublefault_shim
/* We don't support returning, so we have no IRET here. */
1 :
hlt
jmp 1 b
SYM_CODE_END(asm_exc_double_fault)
/*
* NMI is doubly nasty . It can happen on the first instruction of
* entry_SYSENTER_32 ( just like # DB ) , but it can also interrupt the beginning
* of the # DB handler even if that # DB in turn hit before entry_SYSENTER_32
* switched stacks . We handle both conditions by simply checking whether we
* interrupted kernel code running on the SYSENTER stack .
*/
SYM_CODE_START(asm_exc_nmi)
ASM_CLAC
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_ESPFIX32
/*
* ESPFIX_SS is only ever set on the return to user path
* after we ' ve switched to the entry stack .
*/
pushl %eax
movl %ss, %eax
cmpw $__ESPFIX_SS, %ax
popl %eax
je .Lnmi_espfix_stack
#endif
pushl %eax # pt_regs->orig_ax
SAVE_ALL_NMI cr3_reg=%edi
ENCODE_FRAME_POINTER
xorl %edx, %edx # zero error code
movl %esp, %eax # pt_regs pointer
/* Are we currently on the SYSENTER stack? */
movl PER_CPU_VAR(cpu_entry_area), %ecx
addl $CPU_ENTRY_AREA_entry_stack + SIZEOF_entry_stack, %ecx
subl %eax, %ecx /* ecx = (end of entry_stack) - esp */
cmpl $SIZEOF_entry_stack, %ecx
jb .Lnmi_from_sysenter_stack
/* Not on SYSENTER stack. */
call exc_nmi
jmp .Lnmi_return
.Lnmi_from_sysenter_stack:
/*
* We ' re on the SYSENTER stack . Switch off . No one ( not even debug )
* is using the thread stack right now , so it ' s safe for us to use it .
*/
movl %esp, %ebx
movl PER_CPU_VAR(cpu_current_top_of_stack), %esp
call exc_nmi
movl %ebx, %esp
.Lnmi_return:
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_ESPFIX32
testl $CS_FROM_ESPFIX, PT_CS(%esp)
jnz .Lnmi_from_espfix
#endif
CHECK_AND_APPLY_ESPFIX
RESTORE_ALL_NMI cr3_reg=%edi pop=4
CLEAR_CPU_BUFFERS
jmp .Lirq_return
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_ESPFIX32
.Lnmi_espfix_stack:
/*
* Create the pointer to LSS back
*/
pushl %ss
pushl %esp
addl $4 , (%esp)
/* Copy the (short) IRET frame */
pushl 4 *4 (%esp) # flags
pushl 4 *4 (%esp) # cs
pushl 4 *4 (%esp) # ip
pushl %eax # orig_ax
SAVE_ALL_NMI cr3_reg=%edi unwind_espfix=1
ENCODE_FRAME_POINTER
/* clear CS_FROM_KERNEL, set CS_FROM_ESPFIX */
xorl $(CS_FROM_ESPFIX | CS_FROM_KERNEL), PT_CS(%esp)
xorl %edx, %edx # zero error code
movl %esp, %eax # pt_regs pointer
jmp .Lnmi_from_sysenter_stack
.Lnmi_from_espfix:
RESTORE_ALL_NMI cr3_reg=%edi
/*
* Because we cleared CS_FROM_KERNEL , IRET_FRAME ' forgot ' to
* fix up the gap and long frame :
*
* 3 - original frame ( exception )
* 2 - ESPFIX block ( above )
* 6 - gap ( FIXUP_FRAME )
* 5 - long frame ( FIXUP_FRAME )
* 1 - orig_ax
*/
lss (1 +5 +6 )*4 (%esp), %esp # back to espfix stack
CLEAR_CPU_BUFFERS
jmp .Lirq_return
#endif
SYM_CODE_END(asm_exc_nmi)
.pushsection .text, "ax"
SYM_CODE_START(rewind_stack_and_make_dead)
/* Prevent any naive code from trying to unwind to our caller. */
xorl %ebp, %ebp
movl PER_CPU_VAR(cpu_current_top_of_stack), %esi
leal -TOP_OF_KERNEL_STACK_PADDING-PTREGS_SIZE(%esi), %esp
call make_task_dead
1 : jmp 1 b
SYM_CODE_END(rewind_stack_and_make_dead)
.popsection
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(vorverarbeitet am 2026-10-01)
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