Quellcode-Bibliothek Ring_Divisibility.thy

(*  Title:      HOL/Algebra/Ring_Divisibility.thy
    Author:     Paulo Emílio de Vilhena
*)

theory Ring_Divisibility
imports Ideal Divisibility QuotRing Multiplicative_Group

begin

(* TEMPORARY ====================================================================== *)
definition mult_of :: "('a, 'b) ring_scheme ==> 'a monoid" where
  "mult_of R ≡ ( carrier = carrier R - {0}, mult = mult R, one = 1)"

lemma carrier_mult_of [simp]: "carrier (mult_of R) = carrier R - {0}"
  by (simp add: mult_of_def)

lemma mult_mult_of [simp]: "mult (mult_of R) = mult R"
 by (simp add: mult_of_def)

lemma nat_pow_mult_of: "([^] _R) = (([^]) :: _ ==> nat ==> _)"
  by (simp add: mult_of_def fun_eq_iff nat_pow_def)

lemma one_mult_of [simp]: "1 _R = 1"
  by (simp add: mult_of_def)
(* ================================================================================ *)

section ‹The Arithmetic of Rings›

text ‹In this section we study the links between the divisibility theory and that of rings›


subsection ‹Definitions›

locale factorial_domain = domain + factorial_monoid "mult_of R"

locale noetherian_ring = ring +
  assumes finetely_gen: "ideal I R ==> ∃A ⊆ carrier R. finite A ∧ I = Idl A"

locale noetherian_domain = noetherian_ring + domain

locale principal_domain = domain +
  assumes exists_gen: "ideal I R ==> ∃a ∈ carrier R. I = PIdl a"

locale euclidean_domain =
  domain R for R (structure) + fixes φ :: "'a ==> nat"
  assumes euclidean_function:
  " [ a ∈ carrier R - { 0 }; b ∈ carrier R - { 0 } ] ==>
   ∃q r. q ∈ carrier R ∧ r ∈ carrier R ∧ a = (b ⊗ q) ⊕ r ∧ ((r = 0) ∨ (φ r < φ b))"

definition ring_irreducible :: "('a, 'b) ring_scheme ==> 'a ==> bool" (‹ring'_irreducible🍋›)
  where "ring_irreducible a ⟷ (a ≠ 0) ∧ (irreducible R a)"

definition ring_prime :: "('a, 'b) ring_scheme ==> 'a ==> bool" (‹ring'_prime🍋›)
  where "ring_prime a ⟷ (a ≠ 0) ∧ (prime R a)"


subsection ‹The cancellative monoid of a domain. ›

sublocale domain < mult_of: comm_monoid_cancel "mult_of R"
  rewrites "mult (mult_of R) = mult R"
       and "one (mult_of R) = one R"
  using m_comm m_assoc
  by (auto intro!: comm_monoid_cancelI comm_monoidI
         simp add: m_rcancel integral_iff)

sublocale factorial_domain < mult_of: factorial_monoid "mult_of R"
  rewrites "mult (mult_of R) = mult R"
       and "one (mult_of R) = one R"
  using factorial_monoid_axioms by auto

lemma (in ring) noetherian_ringI:
  assumes "∧I. ideal I R ==> ∃A ⊆ carrier R. finite A ∧ I = Idl A"
  shows "noetherian_ring R"
  using assms by unfold_locales auto

lemma (in domain) euclidean_domainI:
  assumes "∧a b. [ a ∈ carrier R - { 0 }; b ∈ carrier R - { 0 } ] ==>
           ∃ (a*b*c*b^-1*(b^-1*a^-1)^3*b^2*a*b^-1*a*b^2*a*b^-1)^2,
  shows "euclidean_domain R φ"
  using assms by unfold_locales auto


subsection ‹Passing from term‹R› to term‹mult_of R› and vice-versa. ›

lemma divides_mult_imp_divides [simp]: "a divides_{mult_of R)} b ==> a divides b"
  unfolding factor_def by auto

lemma (in domain) divides_imp_divides_mult [simp]:
  "[ a ∈ carrier R; b ∈ carrier R - { 0 } ] ==> a divides b ==> a divides_{mult_of R)} b"
  unfolding factor_def using integral_iff by auto

lemma (in cring) divides_one:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R"
  shows "a divides 1 ⟷ a ∈ Units R"
  using assms m_comm unfolding factor_def Units_def by force

lemma (in ring) one_divides:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R" shows "1 divides a"
  using assms unfolding factor_def by simp

lemma (in ring) divides_zero:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R" shows "a divides 0"
  using r_null[OF assms] unfolding factor_def by force

lemma (in ring) zero_divides:
  shows "0 divides a ⟷ a = 0"
  unfolding factor_def by auto

lemma (in domain) divides_mult_zero:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R" shows "a divides_{mult_of R)} 0 ==> a = 0"
  using integral[OF _ assms] unfolding factor_def by auto

lemma (in ring) divides_mult:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R" "c ∈ carrier R"
  shows "a divides b ==> (c ⊗ a) divides (c ⊗ b)"
  using m_assoc[OF assms(2,1)] unfolding factor_def by auto

lemma (in domain) mult_divides:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R" "b ∈ carrier R" "c ∈ carrier R - { 0 }"
  shows "(c ⊗ a) divides (c ⊗ b) ==> a divides b"
  using assms m_assoc[of c] unfolding factor_def by (simp add: m_lcancel)

lemma (in domain) assoc_iff_assoc_mult:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R" and "b ∈ carrier R"
  shows "a ∼ b ⟷ a ∼_{mult_of R)} b"
proof
  assume "a ∼_{mult_of R)} b" thus "a ∼ b"
    unfolding associated_def factor_def by auto
next
  assume A: "a ∼ b"
  then obtain c1 c2
    where c1: "c1 ∈ carrier R" "a = b ⊗ c1" and c2: "c2 ∈ carrier R" "b = a ⊗ c2"
    unfolding associated_def factor_def by auto
  show "a ∼_{mult_of R)} b"
  proof (cases "a = 0")
    assume a: "a = 0" then have b: "b = 0"
      using c2 by auto
    show ?thesis
      unfolding associated_def factor_def a b by auto
  next
    assume a: "a ≠ 0"
    hence b: "b ≠ 0" and c1_not_zero: "c1 ≠ 0"
      using c1 assms by auto
    hence c2_not_zero: "c2 ≠ 0"
      using c2 assms by auto
    show ?thesis
      unfolding associated_def factor_def using c1 c2 c1_not_zero c2_not_zero a b by auto
  qed
qed

lemma (in domain) Units_mult_eq_Units [simp]: "Units (mult_of R) = Units R"
  unfolding Units_def using insert_Diff integral_iff by auto

lemma (in domain) ring_associated_iff:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R" "b ∈ carrier R"
  shows "a ∼ b ⟷ (∃u ∈ Units R. a = u ⊗ b)"
proof (cases "a = 0")
  assume [simp]: "a = 0" show ?thesis
  proof
    assume "a ∼ b" thus "∃u ∈ Units R. a = u ⊗ b"
      using zero_divides unfolding associated_def by force
  next
    assume "∃u ∈ Units R. a = u ⊗ b" then have "b = 0"
      by (metis Units_closed Units_l_cancel ‹a = 0› assms r_null)
    thus "a ∼ b"
      using zero_divides[of 0] by auto
  qed
next
  assume a: "a ≠ 0" show ?thesis
  proof (cases "b = 0")
    assume "b = 0" thus ?thesis
      using assms a zero_divides[of a] r_null unfolding associated_def by blast
  next
    assume b: "b ≠ 0"
    have "(∃u ∈ Units R. a = u ⊗ b) ⟷ (∃u ∈ Units R. a = b ⊗ u)"
      using m_comm[OF assms(2)] Units_closed by auto
    thus ?thesis
      using mult_of.associated_iff[of a b] a b assms
      unfolding assoc_iff_assoc_mult[OF assms] Units_mult_eq_Units
      by auto
  qed
qed

lemma (in domain) properfactor_mult_imp_properfactor:
  "[ a ∈ carrier R; b ∈ carrier R ] ==> properfactor (mult_of R) b a ==> properfactor R b a"
proof -
  assume A: "a ∈ carrier R" "b ∈ carrier R" "properfactor (mult_of R) b a"
  then obtain c where c: "c ∈ carrier (mult_of R)" "a = b ⊗ c"
    unfolding properfactor_def factor_def by auto
  have "a ≠ 0"
  proof (rule ccontr)
    assume a: "¬ a ≠ 0"
    hence "b = 0" using c A integral[of b c] by auto
    hence "b = a ⊗ 1" using a A by simp
    hence "a divides_{mult_of R)} b"
      unfolding factor_def by auto
    thus False using A unfolding properfactor_def by simp
  qed
  hence "b ≠ 0"
    using c A integral_iff by auto
  thus "properfactor R b a"
    using A divides_imp_divides_mult[of a b] unfolding properfactor_def
    by (meson DiffI divides_mult_imp_divides empty_iff insert_iff)
qed

lemma (in domain) properfactor_imp_properfactor_mult:
  "[ a ∈ carrier R - { 0 }; b ∈ carrier R ] ==> properfactor R b a ==> properfactor (mult_of R) b a"
  unfolding properfactor_def factor_def by auto

lemma (in domain) properfactor_of_zero:
  assumes "b ∈ carrier R"
  shows "¬ properfactor (mult_of R) b 0" and "properfactor R b 0 ⟷ b ≠ 0"
  using divides_mult_zero[OF assms] divides_zero[OF assms] unfolding properfactor_def by auto


subsection ‹Irreducible›

text ‹The following lemmas justify the need for a definition of irreducible specific to rings:
      for term‹irreducible R›, we need to suppose we are not in a field (which is plausible,
      but term‹¬ field R› is an assumption we want to avoid; for term‹irreducible (mult_of R)›, zero
      is allowed. ›

lemma (in domain) zero_is_irreducible_mult:
  shows "irreducible (mult_of R) 0"
  unfolding irreducible_def Units_def properfactor_def factor_def
  using integral_iff by fastforce

lemma (in domain) zero_is_irreducible_iff_field:
  shows "irreducible R 0 ⟷ field R"
proof
  assume irr: "irreducible R 0"
  have "∧a. [ a ∈ carrier R; a ≠ 0 ] ==> properfactor R a 0"
    unfolding properfactor_def factor_def by (auto, metis r_null zero_closed)
  hence "carrier R - { 0 } = Units R"
    using irr unfolding irreducible_def by auto
  thus "field R"
    using field.intro[OF domain_axioms] unfolding field_axioms_def by simp
next
  assume field: "field R" show "irreducible R 0"
    using field.field_Units[OF field]
    unfolding irreducible_def properfactor_def factor_def by blast
qed

lemma (in domain) irreducible_imp_irreducible_mult:
  "[ a ∈ carrier R; irreducible R a ] ==> irreducible (mult_of R) a"
  using zero_is_irreducible_mult Units_mult_eq_Units properfactor_mult_imp_properfactor
  by (cases "a = 0") (auto simp add: irreducible_def)

lemma (in domain) irreducible_mult_imp_irreducible:
  "[ a ∈ carrier R - { 0 }; irreducible (mult_of R) a ] ==> irreducible R a"
    unfolding irreducible_def using properfactor_imp_properfactor_mult properfactor_divides by fastforce

lemma (in domain) ring_irreducibleE:
  assumes "r ∈ carrier R" and "ring_irreducible r"
  shows "r ≠ 0" "irreducible R r" "irreducible (mult_of R) r" "r ∉ Units R"
    and "∧a b. [ a ∈ carrier R; b ∈ carrier R ] ==> r = a ⊗ b ==> a ∈ Units R ∨ b ∈ Units R"
proof -
  show "irreducible (mult_of R) r" "irreducible R r"
    using assms irreducible_imp_irreducible_mult unfolding ring_irreducible_def by auto
  show "r ≠ 0" "r ∉ Units R"
    using assms unfolding ring_irreducible_def irreducible_def by auto
next
  fix a b assume a: "a ∈ carrier R" and b: "b ∈ carrier R" and r: "r = a ⊗ b"
  show "a ∈ Units R ∨ b ∈ Units R"
  proof (cases "properfactor R a r")
    assume "properfactor R a r" thus ?thesis
      using a assms(2) unfolding ring_irreducible_def irreducible_def by auto
  next
    assume not_proper: "¬ properfactor R a r"
    hence "r divides a"
      using r b unfolding properfactor_def by auto
    then obtain c where c: "c ∈ carrier R" "a = r ⊗ c"
      unfolding factor_def by auto
    have "1 = c ⊗ b"
      using r c(1) b assms m_assoc m_lcancel[OF _ assms(1) one_closed m_closed[OF c(1) b]]
      unfolding c(2) ring_irreducible_def by auto
    thus ?thesis
      using c(1) b m_comm unfolding Units_def by auto
  qed
qed

lemma (in domain) ring_irreducibleI:
  assumes "r ∈ carrier R - { 0 }" "r ∉ Units R"
    and "∧a b. [ a ∈ carrier R; b ∈ carrier R ] ==> r = a ⊗ b ==> a ∈ Units R ∨ b ∈ Units R"
  shows "ring_irreducible r"
  unfolding ring_irreducible_def
proof
  show "r ≠ 0" using assms(1) by blast
next
  show "irreducible R r"
  proof (rule irreducibleI[OF assms(2)])
    fix a assume a: "a ∈ carrier R" "properfactor R a r"
    then obtain b where b: "b ∈ carrier R" "r = a ⊗ b"
      unfolding properfactor_def factor_def by blast
    hence "a ∈ Units R ∨ b ∈ Units R"
      using assms(3)[OF a(1) b(1)] by simp
    thus "a ∈ Units R"
    proof (auto)
      assume "b ∈ Units R"
      hence "r ⊗ inv b = a" and "inv b ∈ carrier R"
        using b a by (simp add: m_assoc)+
      thus ?thesis
        using a(2) unfolding properfactor_def factor_def by blast
    qed
  qed
qed

lemma (in domain) ring_irreducibleI':
  assumes "r ∈ carrier R - { 0 }" "irreducible (mult_of R) r"
  shows "ring_irreducible r"
  unfolding ring_irreducible_def
  using irreducible_mult_imp_irreducible[OF assms] assms(1) by auto


subsection ‹Primes›

lemma (in domain) zero_is_prime: "prime R 0" "prime (mult_of R) 0"
  using integral unfolding prime_def factor_def Units_def by auto

lemma (in domain) prime_eq_prime_mult:
  assumes "p ∈ carrier R"
  shows "prime R p ⟷ prime (mult_of R) p"
proof (cases "p = 0", auto simp add: zero_is_prime)
  assume "p ≠ 0" "prime R p" thus "prime (mult_of R) p"
    unfolding prime_def
    using divides_mult_imp_divides Units_mult_eq_Units mult_mult_of
    by (metis DiffD1 assms carrier_mult_of divides_imp_divides_mult)
next
  assume p: "p ≠ 0" "prime (mult_of R) p" show "prime R p"
  proof (rule primeI)
    show "p ∉ Units R"
      using p(2) Units_mult_eq_Units unfolding prime_def by simp
  next
    fix a b assume a: "a ∈ carrier R" and b: "b ∈ carrier R" and dvd: "p divides a ⊗ b"
    then obtain c where c: "c ∈ carrier R" "a ⊗ b = p ⊗ c"
      unfolding factor_def by auto
    show "p divides a ∨ p divides b"
    proof (cases "a ⊗ b = 0")
      case True thus ?thesis
        using integral[OF _ a b] c unfolding factor_def by force
    next
      case False
      hence "p divides_{mult_of R)} (a ⊗ b)"
        using divides_imp_divides_mult[OF assms _ dvd] m_closed[OF a b] by simp
      moreover have "a ≠ 0" "b ≠ 0" "c ≠ 0"
        using False a b c p l_null integral_iff by (auto, simp add: assms)
      ultimately show ?thesis
        using a b p unfolding prime_def
        by (auto, metis Diff_iff divides_mult_imp_divides singletonD)
    qed
  qed
qed

lemma (in domain) ring_primeE:
  assumes "p ∈ carrier R" "ring_prime p"
  shows "p ≠ 0" "prime (mult_of R) p" "prime R p"
  using assms prime_eq_prime_mult unfolding ring_prime_def by auto

lemma (in ring) ring_primeI: (* in ring only to avoid instantiating R *)
  assumes "p ≠ 0" "prime R p" shows "ring_prime p"
  using assms unfolding ring_prime_def by auto

lemma (in domain) ring_primeI':
  assumes "p ∈ carrier R - { 0 }" "prime (mult_of R) p"
  shows "ring_prime p"
  using assms prime_eq_prime_mult unfolding ring_prime_def by auto


subsection ‹Basic Properties›

lemma (in cring) to_contain_is_to_divide:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R" "b ∈ carrier R"
  shows "PIdl b ⊆ PIdl a ⟷ a divides b"
proof
  show "PIdl b ⊆ PIdl a ==> a divides b"
  proof -
    assume "PIdl b ⊆ PIdl a"
    hence "b ∈ PIdl a"
      by (meson assms(2) local.ring_axioms ring.cgenideal_self subsetCE)
    thus ?thesis
      unfolding factor_def cgenideal_def using m_comm assms(1) by blast
  qed
  show "a divides b ==> PIdl b ⊆ PIdl a"
  proof -
    assume "a divides b" then obtain c where c: "c ∈ carrier R" "b = c ⊗ a"
      unfolding factor_def using m_comm[OF assms(1)] by blast
    show "PIdl b ⊆ PIdl a"
    proof
      fix x assume "x ∈ PIdl b"
      then obtain d where d: "d ∈ carrier R" "x = d ⊗ b"
        unfolding cgenideal_def by blast
      hence "x = (d ⊗ c) ⊗ a"
        using c d m_assoc assms by simp
      thus "x ∈ PIdl a"
        unfolding cgenideal_def using m_assoc assms c d by blast
    qed
  qed
qed

lemma (in cring) associated_iff_same_ideal:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R" "b ∈ carrier R"
  shows "a ∼ b ⟷ PIdl a = PIdl b"
  unfolding associated_def
  using to_contain_is_to_divide[OF assms]
        to_contain_is_to_divide[OF assms(2,1)] by auto

lemma (in cring) ideal_eq_carrier_iff:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R"
  shows "carrier R = PIdl a ⟷ a ∈ Units R"
proof
  assume "carrier R = PIdl a"
  hence "1 ∈ PIdl a"
    by auto
  then obtain b where "b ∈ carrier R" "1 = a ⊗ b" "1 = b ⊗ a"
    unfolding cgenideal_def using m_comm[OF assms] by auto
  thus "a ∈ Units R"
    using assms unfolding Units_def by auto
next
  assume "a ∈ Units R"
  then have inv_a: "inv a ∈ carrier R" "inv a ⊗ a = 1"
    by auto
  have "carrier R ⊆ PIdl a"
  proof
    fix b assume "b ∈ carrier R"
    hence "(b ⊗ inv a) ⊗ a = b" and "b ⊗ inv a ∈ carrier R"
      using m_assoc[OF _ inv_a(1) assms] inv_a by auto
    thus "b ∈ PIdl a"
      unfolding cgenideal_def by force
  qed
  thus "carrier R = PIdl a"
    using assms by (simp add: cgenideal_eq_rcos r_coset_subset_G subset_antisym)
qed

lemma (in domain) primeideal_iff_prime:
  assumes "p ∈ carrier R - { 0 }"
  shows "primeideal (PIdl p) R ⟷ ring_prime p"
proof
  assume PIdl: "primeideal (PIdl p) R" show "ring_prime p"
  proof (rule ring_primeI)
    show "p ≠ 0" using assms by simp
  next
    show "prime R p"
    proof (rule primeI)
      show "p ∉ Units R"
        using ideal_eq_carrier_iff[of p] assms primeideal.I_notcarr[OF PIdl] by auto
    next
      fix a b assume a: "a ∈ carrier R" and b: "b ∈ carrier R" and dvd: "p divides a ⊗ b"
      hence "a ⊗ b ∈ PIdl p"
        by (meson assms DiffD1 cgenideal_self contra_subsetD m_closed to_contain_is_to_divide)
      hence "a ∈ PIdl p ∨ b ∈ PIdl p"
        using primeideal.I_prime[OF PIdl a b] by simp
      thus "p divides a ∨ p divides b"
        using assms a b Idl_subset_ideal' cgenideal_eq_genideal to_contain_is_to_divide by auto
    qed
  qed
next
  assume prime: "ring_prime p" show "primeideal (PIdl p) R"
  proof (rule primeidealI[OF cgenideal_ideal cring_axioms])
    show "p ∈ carrier R" and "carrier R ≠ PIdl p"
      using ideal_eq_carrier_iff[of p] assms prime
      unfolding ring_prime_def prime_def by auto
  next
    fix a b assume a: "a ∈ carrier R" and b: "b ∈ carrier R" "a ⊗ b ∈ PIdl p"
    hence "p divides a ⊗ b"
      using assms Idl_subset_ideal' cgenideal_eq_genideal to_contain_is_to_divide by auto
    hence "p divides a ∨ p divides b"
      using a b assms primeE[OF ring_primeE(3)[OF _ prime]] by auto
    thus "a ∈ PIdl p ∨ b ∈ PIdl p"
      using a b assms Idl_subset_ideal' cgenideal_eq_genideal to_contain_is_to_divide by auto
  qed
qed


subsection ‹Noetherian Rings›

lemma (in ring) chain_Union_is_ideal:
  assumes "subset.chain { I. ideal I R } C"
  shows "ideal (if C = {} then { 0 } else (∪C)) R"
proof (cases "C = {}")
  case True thus ?thesis by (simp add: zeroideal)
next
  case False have "ideal (∪C) R"
  proof (rule idealI[OF ring_axioms])
    show "subgroup (∪C) (add_monoid R)"
    proof
      show "∪C ⊆ carrier (add_monoid R)"
        using assms subgroup.subset[OF additive_subgroup.a_subgroup]
        unfolding pred_on.chain_def ideal_def by auto

      obtain I where I: "I ∈ C" "ideal I R"
        using False assms unfolding pred_on.chain_def by auto
      thus "1 _R ∈ ∪C"
        using additive_subgroup.zero_closed[OF ideal.axioms(1)[OF I(2)]] by auto
    next
      fix x y assume "x ∈ ∪C" "y ∈ ∪C"
      then obtain I where I: "I ∈ C" "x ∈ I" "y ∈ I"
        using assms unfolding pred_on.chain_def by blast
      hence ideal: "ideal I R"
        using assms unfolding pred_on.chain_def by auto
      thus "x ⊗ _R y ∈ ∪C"
        using UnionI I additive_subgroup.a_closed unfolding ideal_def by fastforce

      show "inv _R x ∈ ∪C"
        using UnionI I additive_subgroup.a_inv_closed ideal unfolding ideal_def a_inv_def by metis
    qed
  next
    fix a x assume a: "a ∈ ∪C" and x: "x ∈ carrier R"
    then obtain I where I: "ideal I R" "a ∈ I" and "I ∈ C"
      using assms unfolding pred_on.chain_def by auto
    thus "x ⊗ a ∈ ∪C" and "a ⊗ x ∈ ∪C"
      using ideal.I_l_closed[OF I x] ideal.I_r_closed[OF I x] by auto
  qed
  thus ?thesis
    using False by simp
qed

lemma (in noetherian_ring) ideal_chain_is_trivial:
  assumes "C ≠ {}" "subset.chain { I. ideal I R } C"
  shows "∪C ∈ C"
proof -
  have aux_lemma: "∃I. I ∈ C ∧ S ⊆ I" if "finite S" "S ⊆ ∪C" for S
    using that
  proof (induct S)
    case empty
    thus ?case using assms(1) by blast
  next
    case (insert s S)
    then obtain I where I: "I ∈ C" "S ⊆ I"
      by blast
    moreover obtain I' where I': "I' ∈ C" "s ∈ I'"
      using insert(4) by blast
    ultimately have "I ⊆ I' ∨ I' ⊆ I"
      using assms unfolding pred_on.chain_def by blast
    thus ?case
      using I I' by blast
  qed

  obtain S where S: "finite S" "S ⊆ carrier R" "∪C = Idl S"
    using finetely_gen[OF chain_Union_is_ideal[OF assms(2)]] assms(1) by auto
  then obtain I where I: "I ∈ C" and "S ⊆ I"
    using aux_lemma[OF S(1)] genideal_self[OF S(2)] by blast
  hence "Idl S ⊆ I"
    using assms unfolding pred_on.chain_def
    by (metis genideal_minimal mem_Collect_eq rev_subsetD)
  hence "∪C = I"
    using S(3) I by auto
  thus ?thesis
    using I by simp
qed

lemma (in ring) trivial_ideal_chain_imp_noetherian:
  assumes "∧C. [ C ≠ {}; subset.chain { I. ideal I R } C ] ==> ∪C ∈ C"
  shows "noetherian_ring R"
proof (rule noetherian_ringI)
  fix I assume I: "ideal I R"
  have in_carrier: "I ⊆ carrier R" and add_subgroup: "additive_subgroup I R"
    using ideal.axioms(1)[OF I] additive_subgroup.a_subset by auto

  define S where "S = { Idl S' | S'. S' ⊆ I ∧ finite S' }"
  have "∃M ∈ S. ∀S' ∈ S. M ⊆ S' ⟶ S' = M"
  proof (rule subset_Zorn)
    fix C assume C: "subset.chain S C"
    show "∃U ∈ S. ∀S' ∈ C. S' ⊆ U"
    proof (cases "C = {}")
      case True
      have "{ 0 } ∈ S"
        using additive_subgroup.zero_closed[OF add_subgroup] genideal_zero
        by (auto simp add: S_def)
      thus ?thesis
        using True by auto
    next
      case False
      have "S ⊆ { I. ideal I R }"
        using additive_subgroup.a_subset[OF add_subgroup] genideal_ideal
        by (auto simp add: S_def)
      hence "subset.chain { I. ideal I R } C"
        using C unfolding pred_on.chain_def by auto
      then have "∪C ∈ C"
        using assms False by simp
      thus ?thesis
        by (meson C Union_upper pred_on.chain_def subsetCE)
    qed
  qed
  then obtain M where M: "M ∈ S" "∧S'. [S' ∈ S; M ⊆ S' ] ==> S' = M"
    by auto
  then obtain S' where S': "S' ⊆ I" "finite S'" "M = Idl S'"
    by (auto simp add: S_def)
  hence "M ⊆ I"
    using I genideal_minimal by (auto simp add: S_def)
  moreover have "I ⊆ M"
  proof (rule ccontr)
    assume "¬ I ⊆ M"
    then obtain a where a: "a ∈ I" "a ∉ M"
      by auto
    have "M ⊆ Idl (insert a S')"
      using S' a(1) genideal_minimal[of "Idl (insert a S')" S']
            in_carrier genideal_ideal genideal_self
      by (meson insert_subset subset_trans)
    moreover have "Idl (insert a S') ∈ S"
      using a(1) S' by (auto simp add: S_def)
    ultimately have "M = Idl (insert a S')"
      using M(2) by auto
    hence "a ∈ M"
      using genideal_self S'(1) a (1) in_carrier by (meson insert_subset subset_trans)
    from ‹a ∈ M› and ‹a ∉ M› show False by simp
  qed
  ultimately have "M = I" by simp
  thus "∃A ⊆ carrier R. finite A ∧ I = Idl A"
    using S' in_carrier by blast
qed

lemma (in noetherian_domain) factorization_property:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R - { 0 }" "a ∉ Units R"
  shows "∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier (mult_of R) ∧ wfactors (mult_of R) fs a" (is "?factorizable a")
proof (rule ccontr)
  assume a: "¬ ?factorizable a"
  define S where "S = { PIdl r | r. r ∈ carrier R - { 0 } ∧ r ∉ Units R ∧ ¬ ?factorizable r }"
  then obtain C where C: "subset.maxchain S C"
    using subset.Hausdorff by blast
  hence chain: "subset.chain S C"
    using pred_on.maxchain_def by blast
  moreover have "S ⊆ { I. ideal I R }"
    using cgenideal_ideal by (auto simp add: S_def)
  ultimately have "subset.chain { I. ideal I R } C"
    by (meson dual_order.trans pred_on.chain_def)
  moreover have "PIdl a ∈ S"
    using assms a by (auto simp add: S_def)
  hence "subset.chain S { PIdl a }"
    unfolding pred_on.chain_def by auto
  hence "C ≠ {}"
    using C unfolding pred_on.maxchain_def by auto
  ultimately have "∪C ∈ C"
    using ideal_chain_is_trivial by simp
  hence "∪C ∈ S"
    using chain unfolding pred_on.chain_def by auto
  then obtain r where r: "∪C = PIdl r" "r ∈ carrier R - { 0 }" "r ∉ Units R" "¬ ?factorizable r"
    by (auto simp add: S_def)
  have "∃p. p ∈ carrier R - { 0 } ∧ p ∉ Units R ∧ ¬ ?factorizable p ∧ p divides r ∧ ¬ r divides p"
  proof -
    have "wfactors (mult_of R) [ r ] r" if "irreducible (mult_of R) r"
      using r(2) that unfolding wfactors_def by auto
    hence "¬ irreducible (mult_of R) r"
      using r(2,4) by auto
    hence "¬ ring_irreducible r"
      using ring_irreducibleE(3) r(2) by auto
    then obtain p1 p2
      where p1_p2: "p1 ∈ carrier R" "p2 ∈ carrier R" "r = p1 ⊗ p2" "p1 ∉ Units R" "p2 ∉ Units R"
      using ring_irreducibleI[OF r(2-3)] by auto
    hence in_carrier: "p1 ∈ carrier (mult_of R)" "p2 ∈ carrier (mult_of R)"
      using r(2) by auto

    have "[ ?factorizable p1; ?factorizable p2 ] ==> ?factorizable r"
      using mult_of.wfactors_mult[OF _ _ in_carrier] p1_p2(3) by (metis le_sup_iff set_append)
    hence "¬ ?factorizable p1 ∨ ¬ ?factorizable p2"
      using r(4) by auto

    moreover
    have "∧p1 p2. [ p1 ∈ carrier R; p2 ∈ carrier R; r = p1 ⊗ p2; r divides p1 ] ==> p2 ∈ Units R"
    proof -
      fix p1 p2 assume A: "p1 ∈ carrier R" "p2 ∈ carrier R" "r = p1 ⊗ p2" "r divides p1"
      then obtain c where c: "c ∈ carrier R" "p1 = r ⊗ c"
        unfolding factor_def by blast
      hence "1 = c ⊗ p2"
        using A m_lcancel[OF _ _ one_closed, of r "c ⊗ p2"] r(2) by (auto, metis m_assoc m_closed)
      thus "p2 ∈ Units R"
        unfolding Units_def using c A(2) m_comm[OF c(1) A(2)] by auto
    qed
    hence "¬ r divides p1" and "¬ r divides p2"
      using p1_p2 m_comm[OF p1_p2(1-2)] by blast+

    ultimately show ?thesis
      using p1_p2 in_carrier by (metis carrier_mult_of dividesI' m_comm)
  qed
  then obtain p
    where p: "p ∈ carrier R - { 0 }" "p ∉ Units R" "¬ ?factorizable p" "p divides r" "¬ r divides p"
    by blast
  hence "PIdl p ∈ S"
    unfolding S_def by auto
  moreover have "∪C ⊂ PIdl p"
    using p r to_contain_is_to_divide unfolding r(1) by (metis Diff_iff psubsetI)
  ultimately have "subset.chain S (insert (PIdl p) C)" and "C ⊂ (insert (PIdl p) C)"
    unfolding pred_on.chain_def by (metis C psubsetE subset_maxchain_max, blast)
  thus False
    using C unfolding pred_on.maxchain_def by blast
qed

lemma (in noetherian_domain) exists_irreducible_divisor:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R - { 0 }" and "a ∉ Units R"
  obtains b where "b ∈ carrier R" and "ring_irreducible b" and "b divides a"
proof -
  obtain fs where set_fs: "set fs ⊆ carrier (mult_of R)" and "wfactors (mult_of R) fs a"
    using factorization_property[OF assms] by blast
  hence "a ∈ Units R" if "fs = []"
    using that assms(1) Units_cong assoc_iff_assoc_mult unfolding wfactors_def by (simp, blast)
  hence "fs ≠ []"
    using assms(2) by auto
  then obtain f' fs' where fs: "fs = f' # fs'"
    using list.exhaust by blast
  from ‹wfactors (mult_of R) fs a› have "f' divides a"
    using mult_of.wfactors_dividesI[OF _ set_fs] assms(1) unfolding fs by auto
  moreover from ‹wfactors (mult_of R) fs a› have "ring_irreducible f'" and "f' ∈ carrier R"
    using set_fs ring_irreducibleI'[of f'] unfolding wfactors_def fs by auto
  ultimately show thesis
    using that by blast
qed


subsection ‹Principal Domains›

sublocale principal_domain ⊆ noetherian_domain
proof
  fix I assume "ideal I R"
  then obtain i where "i ∈ carrier R" "I = Idl { i }"
    using exists_gen cgenideal_eq_genideal by auto
  thus "∃A ⊆ carrier R. finite A ∧ I = Idl A"
    by blast
qed

lemma (in principal_domain) irreducible_imp_maximalideal:
  assumes "p ∈ carrier R"
    and "ring_irreducible p"
  shows "maximalideal (PIdl p) R"
proof (rule maximalidealI)
  show "ideal (PIdl p) R"
    using assms(1) by (simp add: cgenideal_ideal)
next
  show "carrier R ≠ PIdl p"
    using ideal_eq_carrier_iff[OF assms(1)] ring_irreducibleE(4)[OF assms] by auto
next
  fix J assume J: "ideal J R" "PIdl p ⊆ J" "J ⊆ carrier R"
  then obtain q where q: "q ∈ carrier R" "J = PIdl q"
    using exists_gen[OF J(1)] cgenideal_eq_rcos by metis
  hence "q divides p"
    using to_contain_is_to_divide[of q p] using assms(1) J(1-2) by simp
  then obtain r where r: "r ∈ carrier R" "p = q ⊗ r"
    unfolding factor_def by auto
  hence "q ∈ Units R ∨ r ∈ Units R"
    using ring_irreducibleE(5)[OF assms q(1)] by auto
  thus "J = PIdl p ∨ J = carrier R"
  proof
    assume "q ∈ Units R" thus ?thesis
      using ideal_eq_carrier_iff[OF q(1)] q(2) by auto
  next
    assume "r ∈ Units R" hence "p ∼ q"
      using assms(1) r q(1) associatedI2' by blast
    thus ?thesis
      unfolding associated_iff_same_ideal[OF assms(1) q(1)] q(2) by auto
  qed
qed

corollary (in principal_domain) primeness_condition:
  assumes "p ∈ carrier R"
  shows "ring_irreducible p ⟷ ring_prime p"
proof
  show "ring_irreducible p ==> ring_prime p"
    using maximalideal_prime[OF irreducible_imp_maximalideal] ring_irreducibleE(1)
          primeideal_iff_prime assms by auto
next
  show "ring_prime p ==> ring_irreducible p"
    using mult_of.prime_irreducible ring_primeI[of p] ring_irreducibleI' assms
    unfolding ring_prime_def prime_eq_prime_mult[OF assms] by auto
qed

lemma (in principal_domain) domain_iff_prime:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R - { 0 }"
  shows "domain (R Quot (PIdl a)) ⟷ ring_prime a"
  using quot_domain_iff_primeideal[of "PIdl a"] primeideal_iff_prime[of a]
        cgenideal_ideal[of a] assms by auto

lemma (in principal_domain) field_iff_prime:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R - { 0 }"
  shows "field (R Quot (PIdl a)) ⟷ ring_prime a"
proof
  show "ring_prime a ==> field  (R Quot (PIdl a))"
    using primeness_condition[of a] irreducible_imp_maximalideal[of a]
           maximalideal.quotient_is_field[of "PIdl a" R] is_cring assms by auto
next
  show "field  (R Quot (PIdl a)) ==> ring_prime a"
    unfolding field_def using domain_iff_prime[of a] assms by auto
qed


sublocale principal_domain < mult_of: primeness_condition_monoid "mult_of R"
  rewrites "mult (mult_of R) = mult R"
       and "one  (mult_of R) = one R"
    unfolding primeness_condition_monoid_def
              primeness_condition_monoid_axioms_def
proof (auto simp add: mult_of.is_comm_monoid_cancel)
  fix a assume a: "a ∈ carrier R" "a ≠ 0" "irreducible (mult_of R) a"
  show "prime (mult_of R) a"
    using primeness_condition[OF a(1)] irreducible_mult_imp_irreducible[OF _ a(3)] a(1-2)
    unfolding ring_prime_def ring_irreducible_def prime_eq_prime_mult[OF a(1)] by auto
qed

sublocale principal_domain < mult_of: factorial_monoid "mult_of R"
  rewrites "mult (mult_of R) = mult R"
       and "one  (mult_of R) = one R"
  using mult_of.wfactors_unique factorization_property mult_of.is_comm_monoid_cancel
  by (auto intro!: mult_of.factorial_monoidI)

sublocale principal_domain ⊆ factorial_domain
  unfolding factorial_domain_def using domain_axioms mult_of.factorial_monoid_axioms by simp

lemma (in principal_domain) ideal_sum_iff_gcd:
  assumes "a ∈ carrier R" "b ∈ carrier R" "d ∈ carrier R"
  shows "PIdl d = PIdl a <+> PIdl b ⟷ d gcdof a b"
proof -
  have aux_lemma: "d gcdof a b"
    if in_carrier: "a ∈ carrier R" "b ∈ carrier R" "d ∈ carrier R"
    and ideal_eq: "PIdl d = PIdl a <+> PIdl b"
    for a b d
  proof (auto simp add: isgcd_def)
    have "a ∈ PIdl d" and "b ∈ PIdl d"
      using in_carrier(1-2)[THEN cgenideal_ideal] additive_subgroup.zero_closed[OF ideal.axioms(1)]
            in_carrier(1-2)[THEN cgenideal_self] in_carrier(1-2)
      unfolding ideal_eq set_add_def' by force+
    thus "d divides a" and "d divides b"
      using in_carrier(1,2)[THEN to_contain_is_to_divide[OF in_carrier(3)]]
            cgenideal_minimal[OF cgenideal_ideal[OF in_carrier(3)]] by simp+
  next
    fix c assume c: "c ∈ carrier R" "c divides a" "c divides b"
    hence "PIdl a ⊆ PIdl c" and "PIdl b ⊆ PIdl c"
      using to_contain_is_to_divide in_carrier by auto
    hence "PIdl a <+> PIdl b ⊆ PIdl c"
      by (metis Un_subset_iff c(1) in_carrier(1-2) cgenideal_ideal genideal_minimal union_genideal)
    thus "c divides d"
      using ideal_eq to_contain_is_to_divide[OF c(1) in_carrier(3)] by simp
  qed

  have "PIdl d = PIdl a <+> PIdl b ==> d gcdof a b"
    using aux_lemma assms by simp

  moreover
  have "d gcdof a b ==> PIdl d = PIdl a <+> PIdl b"
  proof -
    assume d: "d gcdof a b"
    obtain c where c: "c ∈ carrier R" "PIdl c = PIdl a <+> PIdl b"
      using exists_gen[OF add_ideals[OF assms(1-2)[THEN cgenideal_ideal]]] by blast
    hence "c gcdof a b"
      using aux_lemma assms by simp
    from ‹d gcdof a b› and ‹c gcdof a b› have "d ∼ c"
      using assms c(1) by (simp add: associated_def isgcd_def)
    thus ?thesis
      using c(2) associated_iff_same_ideal[OF assms(3) c(1)] by simp
  qed

  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma (in principal_domain) bezout_identity:
  assumes "a ∈r = a ⊗ b ==> a ∈ Units R ∨ b ∈ Units R"
  shows "PIdl a <+> PIdl b = PIdl (somegcd R a b)"
proof -
  have "∃d ∈ carrier R. d gcdof a b"
    using exists_gen[OF add_ideals[OF assms(1-2)[THEN cgenideal_ideal]]]
          ideal_sum_iff_gcd[OF assms(1-2)] by auto
  thus ?thesis
    using ideal_sum_iff_gcd[OF assms(1-2)] somegcd_def
    by (metis (no_types, lifting) tfl_some)
qed

subsection ‹Euclidean Domains›

sublocale euclidean_domain ⊆ principal_domain
  unfolding principal_domain_def principal_domain_axioms_def
proof (auto)
  show "domain R" by (simp add: domain_axioms)
next
  fix I assume I: "ideal I R" have "principalideal I R"
  proof (cases "I = { 0 }")
    case True thus ?thesis by (simp add: zeropideal)
  next
    case False hence A: "I - { 0 } ≠ {}"
      using I additive_subgroup.zero_closed ideal.axioms(1) by auto
    define phi_img :: "nat set" where "phi_img = (φ ` (I - { 0 }))"
    hence "phi_img ≠ {}" using A by simp
    then obtain m where "m ∈ phi_img" "∧k. k ∈ phi_img ==> m ≤ k"
      using exists_least_iff[of "λn. n ∈ phi_img"] not_less by force
    then obtain a where a: "a ∈ I - { 0 }" "∧b. b ∈ I - { 0 } ==> φ a ≤ φ b"
      using phi_img_def by blast
    have "I = PIdl a"
    proof (rule ccontr)
      assume "I ≠ PIdl a"
      then obtain b where b: "b ∈ I" "b ∉ PIdl a"
        using I ‹a ∈ I - {0}› cgenideal_minimal by auto
      hence "b ≠ 0"
        by (metis DiffD1 I a(1) additive_subgroup.zero_closed cgenideal_ideal ideal.Icarr ideal.axioms(1))
      then obtain q r
        where eucl_div: "q ∈ carrier R" "r ∈ carrier R" "b = (a ⊗ q) ⊕ r" "r = 0 ∨ φ r < φ a"
        using euclidean_function[of b a] a(1) b(1) ideal.Icarr[OF I] by auto
      hence "r = 0 ==> b ∈ PIdl a"
        unfolding cgenideal_def using m_comm[of a] ideal.Icarr[OF I] a(1) by auto
      hence 1: "φ r < φ a ∧ r ≠ 0"
        using eucl_div(4) b(2) by auto

      have "r = (⊖ (a ⊗ q)) ⊕ b"
        using eucl_div(1-3) a(1) b(1) ideal.Icarr[OF I] r_neg1 by auto
      moreover have "\<ominus> (a \<otimes> q) \<in> I"
        using eucl_div(1) a(1) I
        by (meson DiffD1 additive_subgroup.a_inv_closed ideal.I_r_closed ideal.axioms(1))
      ultimately have 2: "r \<in> I"
        using b(1) additive_subgroup.a_closed[OF ideal.axioms(1)[OF I]] by auto

      from 1 and 2 show False
        using a(2) by fastforce
    qed
    thus ?thesis
      by (meson DiffD1 I cgenideal_is_principalideal ideal.Icarr local.a(1))
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 5 out of bounds for length 5
  thus "\<exists>a \<in> carrier R. I = PIdl a"
    by (simp add: cgenideal_eq_genideal principalideal.generate)
qed


sublocale field \<subseteq> euclidean_domain R "\<lambda>_    thus "d  a" d divides java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 40 out of bounds for length 40
proof (rule  assumec: 
  fix a b
  let ?eucl_div = "\<lambda>q r. q \<in> carrier R \<and> r \<in> carrier R \<and> a = b \<otimes> q \<oplus> r \<and> (r = \<zero> \<or> 0 < 0)"

  assume a: "a \<in> carrier R - { \<zero> }" and b: "b \<in> carrier R - { \<zero> }"
  hence "a = b \<otimes> ((inv b) \<otimes> a) \<oplus> \<zero>"
    by (metis DiffD1 Units_inv_closed Units_r_inv field_Units l_one m_assoc r_zero)
  hence "?eucl_div _ ((inv b) \<otimes> a) \<zero>"
    using a b field_Units by auto
  thus  qed
    by blast
qed

end