Quelle  Sorting_Algorithms.thy

(*  Title:      HOL/Library/Sorting_Algorithms.thy
    Author:     Florian Haftmann, TU Muenchen
*)

theory Sorting_Algorithms
  imports Main Multiset Comparator
begin

section ‹Stably sorted lists›

abbreviation (input) stable_segment :: ‹'a comparator ==> 'a ==> 'a list ==> 'a list›
  where ‹stable_segment cmp x ≡ filter (λy. compare cmp x y = Equiv)›

fun sorted :: ‹'a comparator ==> 'a list ==> bool›
  where sorted_Nil: ‹sorted cmp [] ⟷ True›
  | sorted_single: ‹sorted cmp [x] ⟷ True›
  | sorted_rec: ‹sorted cmp (y # x # xs) ⟷ compare cmp y x ≠ Greater ∧ sorted cmp (x # xs)›

lemma sorted_ConsI:
  ‹sorted cmp (x # xs)› if ‹sorted cmp xs›
    and ‹∧y ys. xs = y # ys ==> compare cmp x y ≠ Greater›
  using that by (cases xs) simp_all

lemma sorted_Cons_imp_sorted:
  ‹sorted cmp xs› if ‹sorted cmp (x # xs)›
  using that by (cases xs) simp_all

lemma sorted_Cons_imp_not_less:
  ‹compare cmp y x ≠ Greater› if ‹sorted cmp (y # xs)›
    and ‹x ∈ set xs›
  using that by (induction xs arbitrary: y) (auto dest: compare.trans_not_greater)

lemma sorted_induct [consumes 1, case_names Nil Cons, induct pred: sorted]:
  ‹P xs› if ‹sorted cmp xs› and ‹P []›
    and *: ‹∧x xs. sorted cmp xs ==> P xs
 ==> (∧y. y ∈ set xs ==> compare cmp x y ≠ Greater) ==> P (x # xs)›
using ‹sorted cmp xs› proof (induction xs)
  case Nil
  show ?case
    by (rule ‹P []›)
next
  case (Cons x xs)
  from ‹sorted cmp (x # xs)› have ‹sorted cmp xs›
    by (cases xs) simp_all
  moreover have ‹P xs› using ‹sorted cmp xs›
    by (rule Cons.IH)
  moreover have ‹compare cmp x y ≠ Greater› if ‹y ∈ set xs› for y
  using that ‹sorted cmp (x # xs)› proof (induction xs)
    case Nil
    then show ?case
      by simp
  next
    case (Cons z zs)
    then show ?case
    proof (cases zs)
      case Nil
      with Cons.prems show ?thesis
        by simp
    next
      case (Cons w ws)
      with Cons.prems have ‹compare cmp z w ≠ Greater› ‹compare cmp x z ≠ Greater›
        by auto
      then have ‹compare cmp x w ≠ Greater›
        by (auto dest: compare.trans_not_greater)
      with Cons show ?thesis
        using Cons.prems Cons.IH by auto
    qed
  qed
  ultimately show ?case
    by (rule *)
qed

lemma sorted_induct_remove1 [consumes 1, case_names Nil minimum]:
  ‹P xs› if ‹sorted cmp xs› and ‹P []›
    and *: ‹∧x xs. sorted cmp xs ==> P (remove1 x xs)
 ==> x ∈ set xs ==> hd (stable_segment cmp x xs) = x ==> (∧y. y ∈ set xs ==> compare cmp x y ≠ Greater)
 ==> P xs›
using ‹sorted cmp xs› proof (induction xs)
  case Nil
  show ?case
    by (rule ‹P []›)
next
  case (Cons x xs)
  then have ‹sorted cmp (x # xs)›
    by (simp add: sorted_ConsI)
  moreover note Cons.IH
  moreover have ‹∧y. compare cmp x y = Greater ==> y ∈ set xs ==> False›
    using Cons.hyps by simp
  ultimately show ?case
    by (auto intro!: * [of ‹x # xs› x]) blast
qed

lemma sorted_remove1:
  ‹sorted cmp (remove1 x xs)› if ‹sorted cmp xs›
proof (cases ‹x ∈ set xs›)
  case False
  with that show ?thesis
    by (simp add: remove1_idem)
next
  case True
  with that show ?thesis proof (induction xs)
    case Nil
    then show ?case
      by simp
  next
    case (Cons y ys)
    show ?case proof (cases ‹x = y›)
      case True
      with Cons.hyps show ?thesis
        by simp
    next
      case False
      then have ‹sorted cmp (remove1 x ys)›
        using Cons.IH Cons.prems by auto
      then have ‹sorted cmp (y # remove1 x ys)›
      proof (rule sorted_ConsI)
        fix z zs
        assume ‹remove1 x ys = z # zs›
        with ‹x ≠ y› have ‹z ∈ set ys›
          using notin_set_remove1 [of z ys x] by auto
        then show ‹compare cmp y z ≠ Greater›
          by (rule Cons.hyps(2))
      qed
      with False show ?thesis
        by simp
    qed
  qed
qed

lemma sorted_stable_segment:
  ‹sorted cmp (stable_segment cmp x xs)›
proof (induction xs)
  case Nil
  show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (Cons y ys)
  then show ?case
    by (auto intro!: sorted_ConsI simp add: filter_eq_Cons_iff compare.sym)
      (auto dest: compare.trans_equiv simp add: compare.sym compare.greater_iff_sym_less)

qed

primrec insort :: ‹'a comparator ==> 'a ==> 'a list ==> 'a list›
  where ‹insort cmp y [] = [y]›
  | ‹insort cmp y (x # xs) = (if compare cmp y x ≠ Greater
 then y # x # xs
 else x # insort cmp y xs)›

lemma mset_insort [simp]:
  ‹mset (insort cmp x xs) = add_mset x (mset xs)›
  by (induction xs) simp_all

lemma length_insort [simp]:
  ‹length (insort cmp x xs) = Suc (length xs)›
  by (induction xs) simp_all

lemma sorted_insort:
  ‹sorted cmp (insort cmp x xs)› if ‹sorted cmp xs›
using that proof (induction xs)
  case Nil
  then show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (Cons y ys)
  then show ?case by (cases ys)
    (auto, simp_all add: compare.greater_iff_sym_less)
qed

lemma stable_insort_equiv:
  ‹stable_segment cmp y (insort cmp x xs) = x # stable_segment cmp y xs›
    if ‹compare cmp y x = Equiv›
proof (induction xs)
  case Nil
  from that show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (Cons z xs)
  moreover from that have ‹compare cmp y z = Equiv ==> compare cmp z x = Equiv›
    by (auto intro: compare.trans_equiv simp add: compare.sym)
  ultimately show ?case
    using that by (auto simp add: compare.greater_iff_sym_less)
qed

lemma stable_insort_not_equiv:
  ‹stable_segment cmp y (insort cmp x xs) = stable_segment cmp y xs›
    if ‹compare cmp y x ≠ Equiv›
  using that by (induction xs) simp_all

lemma remove1_insort_same_eq [simp]:
  ‹remove1 x (insort cmp x xs) = xs›
  by (induction xs) simp_all

lemma insort_eq_ConsI:
  ‹insort cmp x xs = x # xs›
    if ‹sorted cmp xs› ‹∧y. y ∈ set xs ==> compare cmp x y ≠ Greater›
  using that by (induction xs) (simp_all add: compare.greater_iff_sym_less)

lemma remove1_insort_not_same_eq [simp]:
  ‹remove1 y (insort cmp x xs) = insort cmp x (remove1 y xs)›
    if ‹sorted cmp xs› ‹x ≠ y›
using that proof (induction xs)
  case Nil
  then show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (Cons z zs)
  show ?case
  proof (cases ‹compare cmp x z = Greater›)
    case True
    with Cons show ?thesis
      by simp
  next
    case False
    then have ‹compare cmp x y ≠ Greater› if ‹y ∈ set zs› for y
      using that Cons.hyps
      by (auto dest: compare.trans_not_greater)
    with Cons show ?thesis
      by (simp add: insort_eq_ConsI)
  qed
qed

lemma insort_remove1_same_eq:
  ‹insort cmp x (remove1 x xs) = xs›
    if ‹sorted cmp xs› and ‹x ∈ set xs› and ‹hd (stable_segment cmp x xs) = x›
using that proof (induction xs)
  case Nil
  then show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (Cons y ys)
  then have ‹compare cmp x y ≠ Less›
    by (auto simp add: compare.greater_iff_sym_less)
  then consider ‹compare cmp x y = Greater› | ‹compare cmp x y = Equiv›
    by (cases ‹compare cmp x y›) auto
  then show ?case proof cases
    case 1
    with Cons.prems Cons.IH show ?thesis
      by auto
  next
    case 2
    with Cons.prems have ‹x = y›
      by simp
    with Cons.hyps show ?thesis
      by (simp add: insort_eq_ConsI)
  qed
qed

lemma sorted_append_iff:
  ‹sorted cmp (xs @ ys) ⟷ sorted cmp xs ∧ sorted cmp ys
 ∧ (∀x ∈ set xs. ∀y ∈ set ys. compare cmp x y ≠ Greater)› (is ‹?P ⟷ ?R ∧ ?S ∧ ?Q›)
proof
  assume ?P
  have ?R
    using ‹?P› by (induction xs)
      (auto simp add: sorted_Cons_imp_not_less,
        auto simp add: sorted_Cons_imp_sorted intro: sorted_ConsI)
  moreover have ?S
    using ‹?P› by (induction xs) (auto dest: sorted_Cons_imp_sorted)
  moreover have ?Q
    using ‹?P› by (induction xs) (auto simp add: sorted_Cons_imp_not_less,
      simp add: sorted_Cons_imp_sorted)
  ultimately show ‹?R ∧ ?S ∧ ?Q›
    by simp
next
  assume ‹?R ∧ ?S ∧ ?Q›
  then have ?R ?S ?Q
    by simp_all
  then show ?P
    by (induction xs)
      (auto simp add: append_eq_Cons_conv intro!: sorted_ConsI)
qed

definition sort :: ‹'a comparator ==> 'a list ==> 'a list›
  where ‹sort cmp xs = foldr (insort cmp) xs []›

lemma sort_simps [simp]:
  ‹sort cmp [] = []›
  ‹sort cmp (x # xs) = insort cmp x (sort cmp xs)›
  by (simp_all add: sort_def)

lemma mset_sort [simp]:
  ‹mset (sort cmp xs) = mset xs›
  by (induction xs) simp_all

lemma length_sort [simp]:
  ‹length (sort cmp xs) = length xs›
  by (induction xs) simp_all

lemma sorted_sort [simp]:
  ‹sorted cmp (sort cmp xs)›
  by (induction xs) (simp_all add: sorted_insort)

lemma stable_sort:
  ‹stable_segment cmp x (sort cmp xs) = stable_segment cmp x xs›
  by (induction xs) (simp_all add: stable_insort_equiv stable_insort_not_equiv)

lemma sort_remove1_eq [simp]:
  ‹sort cmp (remove1 x xs) = remove1 x (sort cmp xs)›
  by (induction xs) simp_all

lemma set_insort [simp]:
  ‹set (insort cmp x xs) = insert x (set xs)›
  by (induction xs) auto

lemma set_sort [simp]:
  ‹set (sort cmp xs) = set xs›
  by (induction xs) auto

lemma sort_eqI:
  ‹sort cmp ys = xs›
    if permutation: ‹mset ys = mset xs›
    and sorted: ‹sorted cmp xs›
    and stable: ‹∧y. y ∈ set ys ==>
 stable_segment cmp y ys = stable_segment cmp y xs›
proof -
  have stable': ‹stable_segment cmp y ys =
 stable_segment cmp y xs› for y
  proof (cases ‹∃x∈set ys. compare cmp y x = Equiv›)
    case True
    then obtain z where ‹z ∈ set ys› and ‹compare cmp y z = Equiv›
      by auto
    then have ‹compare cmp y x = Equiv ⟷ compare cmp z x = Equiv› for x
      by (meson compare.sym compare.trans_equiv)
    moreover have ‹stable_segment cmp z ys =
 stable_segment cmp z xs›
      using ‹z ∈ set ys› by (rule stable)
    ultimately show ?thesis
      by simp
  next
    case False
    moreover from permutation have ‹set ys = set xs›
      by (rule mset_eq_setD)
    ultimately show ?thesis
      by simp
  qed
  show ?thesis
  using sorted permutation stable' proof (induction xs arbitrary: ys rule: sorted_induct_remove1)
    case Nil
    then show ?case
      by simp
  next
    case (minimum x xs)
    from ‹mset ys = mset xs› have ys: ‹set ys = set xs›
      by (rule mset_eq_setD)
    then have ‹compare cmp x y ≠ Greater› if ‹y ∈ set ys› for y
      using that minimum.hyps by simp
    from minimum.prems have stable: ‹stable_segment cmp x ys = stable_segment cmp x xs›
      by simp
    have ‹sort cmp (remove1 x ys) = remove1 x xs›
      by (rule minimum.IH) (simp_all add: minimum.prems filter_remove1)
    then have ‹remove1 x (sort cmp ys) = remove1 x xs›
      by simp
    then have ‹insort cmp x (remove1 x (sort cmp ys)) =
 insort cmp x (remove1 x xs)›
      by simp
    also from minimum.hyps ys stable have ‹insort cmp x (remove1 x (sort cmp ys)) = sort cmp ys›
      by (simp add: stable_sort insort_remove1_same_eq)
    also from minimum.hyps have ‹insort cmp x (remove1 x xs) = xs›
      by (simp add: insort_remove1_same_eq)
    finally show ?case .
  qed
qed

lemma filter_insort:
  ‹filter P (insort cmp x xs) = insort cmp x (filter P xs)›
    if ‹sorted cmp xs› and ‹P x›
  using that by (induction xs)
    (auto simp add: compare.trans_not_greater insort_eq_ConsI)

lemma filter_insort_triv:
  ‹filter P (insort cmp x xs) = filter P xs›
    if ‹¬ P x›
  using that by (induction xs) simp_all

lemma filter_sort:
  ‹filter P (sort cmp xs) = sort cmp (filter P xs)›
  by (induction xs) (auto simp add: filter_insort filter_insort_triv)


section ‹Alternative sorting algorithms›

subsection ‹Quicksort›

definition quicksort :: ‹'a comparator ==> 'a list ==> 'a list›
  where quicksort_is_sort [simp]: ‹quicksort = sort›

lemma sort_by_quicksort:
  ‹sort = quicksort›
  by simp

lemma sort_by_quicksort_rec:
  ‹sort cmp xs = sort cmp [x←xs. compare cmp x (xs ! (length xs div 2)) = Less]
 @ stable_segment cmp (xs ! (length xs div 2)) xs
 @ sort cmp [x←xs. compare cmp x (xs ! (length xs div 2)) = Greater]› (is ‹_ = ?rhs›)
proof (rule sort_eqI)
  show ‹mset xs = mset ?rhs›
    by (rule multiset_eqI) (auto simp add: compare.sym intro: comp.exhaust)
next
  show ‹sorted cmp ?rhs›
    by (auto simp add: sorted_append_iff sorted_stable_segment compare.equiv_subst_right dest: compare.trans_greater)
next
  let ?pivot = ‹xs ! (length xs div 2)›
  fix l
  have ‹compare cmp x ?pivot = comp ∧ compare cmp l x = Equiv
 ⟷ compare cmp l ?pivot = comp ∧ compare cmp l x = Equiv› for x comp
  proof -
    have ‹compare cmp x ?pivot = comp ⟷ compare cmp l ?pivot = comp›
      if ‹compare cmp l x = Equiv›
      using that by (simp add: compare.equiv_subst_left compare.sym)
    then show ?thesis by blast
  qed
  then show ‹stable_segment cmp l xs = stable_segment cmp l ?rhs›
    by (simp add: stable_sort compare.sym [of _ ?pivot])
      (cases ‹compare cmp l ?pivot›, simp_all)
qed

context
begin

qualified definition partition :: ‹'a comparator ==> 'a ==> 'a list ==> 'a list × 'a list × 'a list›
  where ‹partition cmp pivot xs =
 ([x ← xs. compare cmp x pivot = Less], stable_segment cmp pivot xs, [x ← xs. compare cmp x pivot = Greater])›

qualified lemma partition_code [code]:
  ‹partition cmp pivot [] = ([], [], [])›
  ‹partition cmp pivot (x # xs) =
 (let (lts, eqs, gts) = partition cmp pivot xs
 in case compare cmp x pivot of
 Less ==> (x # lts, eqs, gts)
 | Equiv ==> (lts, x # eqs, gts)
 | Greater ==> (lts, eqs, x # gts))›
  using comp.exhaust by (auto simp add: partition_def Let_def compare.sym [of _ pivot])

lemma quicksort_code [code]:
  ‹quicksort cmp xs =
 (case xs of
 [] ==> []
 | [x] ==> xs
 | [x, y] ==> (if compare cmp x y ≠ Greater then xs else [y, x])
 | _ ==>
 let (lts, eqs, gts) = partition cmp (xs ! (length xs div 2)) xs
 in quicksort cmp lts @ eqs @ quicksort cmp gts)›
proof (cases ‹length xs ≥ 3›)
  case False
  then have ‹length xs ∈ {0, 1, 2}›
    by (auto simp add: not_le le_less less_antisym)
  then consider ‹xs = []› | x where ‹xs = [x]› | x y where ‹xs = [x, y]›
    by (auto simp add: length_Suc_conv numeral_2_eq_2)
  then show ?thesis
    by cases simp_all
next
  case True
  then obtain x y z zs where ‹xs = x # y # z # zs›
    by (metis le_0_eq length_0_conv length_Cons list.exhaust not_less_eq_eq numeral_3_eq_3)
  moreover have ‹quicksort cmp xs =
 (let (lts, eqs, gts) = partition cmp (xs ! (length xs div 2)) xs
 in quicksort cmp lts @ eqs @ quicksort cmp gts)›
    using sort_by_quicksort_rec [of cmp xs] by (simp add: partition_def)
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

end


subsection ‹Mergesort›

definition mergesort :: ‹'a comparator ==> 'a list ==> 'a list›
  where mergesort_is_sort [simp]: ‹mergesort = sort›

lemma sort_by_mergesort:
  ‹sort = mergesort›
  by simp

context
  fixes cmp :: ‹'a comparator›
begin

qualified function merge :: ‹'a list ==> 'a list ==> 'a list›
  where ‹merge [] ys = ys›
  | ‹merge xs [] = xs›
  | ‹merge (x # xs) (y # ys) = (if compare cmp x y = Greater
 then y # merge (x # xs) ys else x # merge xs (y # ys))›
  by pat_completeness auto

qualified termination by lexicographic_order

lemma mset_merge:
  ‹mset (merge xs ys) = mset xs + mset ys›
  by (induction xs ys rule: merge.induct) simp_all

lemma merge_eq_Cons_imp:
  ‹xs ≠ [] ∧ z = hd xs ∨ ys ≠ [] ∧ z = hd ys›
    if ‹merge xs ys = z # zs›
  using that by (induction xs ys rule: merge.induct) (auto split: if_splits)

lemma filter_merge:
  ‹filter P (merge xs ys) = merge (filter P xs) (filter P ys)›
    if ‹sorted cmp xs› and ‹sorted cmp ys›
using that proof (induction xs ys rule: merge.induct)
  case (1 ys)
  then show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (2 xs)
  then show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (3 x xs y ys)
  show ?case
  proof (cases ‹compare cmp x y = Greater›)
    case True
    with 3 have hyp: ‹filter P (merge (x # xs) ys) =
 merge (filter P (x # xs)) (filter P ys)›
      by (simp add: sorted_Cons_imp_sorted)
    show ?thesis
    proof (cases ‹¬ P x ∧ P y›)
      case False
      with ‹compare cmp x y = Greater› show ?thesis
        by (auto simp add: hyp)
    next
      case True
      from ‹compare cmp x y = Greater› "3.prems"
      have *: ‹compare cmp z y = Greater› if ‹z ∈ set (filter P xs)› for z
        using that by (auto dest: compare.trans_not_greater sorted_Cons_imp_not_less)
      from ‹compare cmp x y = Greater› show ?thesis
        by (cases ‹filter P xs›) (simp_all add: hyp *)
    qed
  next
    case False
    with 3 have hyp: ‹filter P (merge xs (y # ys)) =
 merge (filter P xs) (filter P (y # ys))›
      by (simp add: sorted_Cons_imp_sorted)
    show ?thesis
    proof (cases ‹P x ∧ ¬ P y›)
      case False
      with ‹compare cmp x y ≠ Greater› show ?thesis
        by (auto simp add: hyp)
    next
      case True
      from ‹compare cmp x y ≠ Greater› "3.prems"
      have *: ‹compare cmp x z ≠ Greater› if ‹z ∈ set (filter P ys)› for z
        using that by (auto dest: compare.trans_not_greater sorted_Cons_imp_not_less)
      from ‹compare cmp x y ≠ Greater› show ?thesis
        by (cases ‹filter P ys›) (simp_all add: hyp *)
    qed
  qed
qed

lemma sorted_merge:
  ‹sorted cmp (merge xs ys)› if ‹sorted cmp xs› and ‹sorted cmp ys›
using that proof (induction xs ys rule: merge.induct)
  case (1 ys)
  then show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (2 xs)
  then show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (3 x xs y ys)
  show ?case
  proof (cases ‹compare cmp x y = Greater›)
    case True
    with 3 have ‹sorted cmp (merge (x # xs) ys)›
      by (simp add: sorted_Cons_imp_sorted)
    then have ‹sorted cmp (y # merge (x # xs) ys)›
    proof (rule sorted_ConsI)
      fix z zs
      assume ‹merge (x # xs) ys = z # zs›
      with 3(4) True show ‹compare cmp y z ≠ Greater›
        by (clarsimp simp add: sorted_Cons_imp_sorted dest!: merge_eq_Cons_imp)
          (auto simp add: compare.asym_greater sorted_Cons_imp_not_less)
    qed
    with True show ?thesis
      by simp
  next
    case False
    with 3 have ‹sorted cmp (merge xs (y # ys))›
      by (simp add: sorted_Cons_imp_sorted)
    then have ‹sorted cmp (x # merge xs (y # ys))›
    proof (rule sorted_ConsI)
      fix z zs
      assume ‹merge xs (y # ys) = z # zs›
      with 3(3) False show ‹compare cmp x z ≠ Greater›
        by (clarsimp simp add: sorted_Cons_imp_sorted dest!: merge_eq_Cons_imp)
          (auto simp add: compare.asym_greater sorted_Cons_imp_not_less)
    qed
    with False show ?thesis
      by simp
  qed
qed

lemma merge_eq_appendI:
  ‹merge xs ys = xs @ ys›
    if ‹∧x y. x ∈ set xs ==> y ∈ set ys ==> compare cmp x y ≠ Greater›
  using that by (induction xs ys rule: merge.induct) simp_all

lemma merge_stable_segments:
  ‹merge (stable_segment cmp l xs) (stable_segment cmp l ys) =
 stable_segment cmp l xs @ stable_segment cmp l ys›
  by (rule merge_eq_appendI) (auto dest: compare.trans_equiv_greater)

lemma sort_by_mergesort_rec:
  ‹sort cmp xs =
 merge (sort cmp (take (length xs div 2) xs))
 (sort cmp (drop (length xs div 2) xs))› (is ‹_ = ?rhs›)
proof (rule sort_eqI)
  have ‹mset (take (length xs div 2) xs) + mset (drop (length xs div 2) xs) =
 mset (take (length xs div 2) xs @ drop (length xs div 2) xs)›
    by (simp only: mset_append)
  then show ‹mset xs = mset ?rhs›
    by (simp add: mset_merge)
next
  show ‹sorted cmp ?rhs›
    by (simp add: sorted_merge)
next
  fix l
  have ‹stable_segment cmp l (take (length xs div 2) xs) @ stable_segment cmp l (drop (length xs div 2) xs)
 = stable_segment cmp l xs›
    by (simp only: filter_append [symmetric] append_take_drop_id)
  have ‹merge (stable_segment cmp l (take (length xs div 2) xs))
 (stable_segment cmp l (drop (length xs div 2) xs)) =
 stable_segment cmp l (take (length xs div 2) xs) @ stable_segment cmp l (drop (length xs div 2) xs)›
    by (rule merge_eq_appendI) (auto simp add: compare.trans_equiv_greater)
  also have ‹… = stable_segment cmp l xs›
    by (simp only: filter_append [symmetric] append_take_drop_id)
  finally show ‹stable_segment cmp l xs = stable_segment cmp l ?rhs›
    by (simp add: stable_sort filter_merge)
qed

lemma mergesort_code [code]:
  ‹mergesort cmp xs =
 (case xs of
 [] ==> []
 | [x] ==> xs
 | [x, y] ==> (if compare cmp x y ≠ Greater then xs else [y, x])
 | _ ==>
 let
 half = length xs div 2;
 ys = take half xs;
 zs = drop half xs
 in merge (mergesort cmp ys) (mergesort cmp zs))›
proof (cases ‹length xs ≥ 3›)
  case False
  then have ‹length xs ∈ {0, 1, 2}›
    by (auto simp add: not_le le_less less_antisym)
  then consider ‹xs = []› | x where ‹xs = [x]› | x y where ‹xs = [x, y]›
    by (auto simp add: length_Suc_conv numeral_2_eq_2)
  then show ?thesis
    by cases simp_all
next
  case True
  then obtain x y z zs where ‹xs = x # y # z # zs›
    by (metis le_0_eq length_0_conv length_Cons list.exhaust not_less_eq_eq numeral_3_eq_3)
  moreover have ‹mergesort cmp xs =
 (let
 half = length xs div 2;
 ys = take half xs;
 zs = drop half xs
 in merge (mergesort cmp ys) (mergesort cmp zs))›
    using sort_by_mergesort_rec [of xs] by (simp add: Let_def)
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

end


subsection ‹Lexicographic products›

lemma sorted_prod_lex_imp_sorted_fst:
  ‹sorted (key fst cmp1) ps› if ‹sorted (prod_lex cmp1 cmp2) ps›
using that proof (induction rule: sorted_induct)
  case Nil
  then show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (Cons p ps)
  have ‹compare (key fst cmp1) p q ≠ Greater› if ‹ps = q # qs› for q qs
    using that Cons.hyps(2) [of q] by (simp add: compare_prod_lex_apply split: comp.splits)
  with Cons.IH show ?case
    by (rule sorted_ConsI) simp
qed

lemma sorted_prod_lex_imp_sorted_snd:
  ‹sorted (key snd cmp2) ps› if ‹sorted (prod_lex cmp1 cmp2) ps› ‹∧a' b'. (a', b') ∈ set ps ==> compare cmp1 a a' = Equiv›
using that proof (induction rule: sorted_induct)
  case Nil
  then show ?case
    by simp
next
  case (Cons p ps)
  then show ?case 
    apply (cases p)
    apply (rule sorted_ConsI)
     apply (simp_all add: compare_prod_lex_apply)
     apply (auto cong del: comp.case_cong_weak)
    apply (metis comp.simps(8) compare.equiv_subst_left)
    done
qed

lemma sort_comp_fst_snd_eq_sort_prod_lex:
  ‹sort (key fst cmp1) ∘ sort (key snd cmp2) = sort (prod_lex cmp1 cmp2)›  (is ‹sort ?cmp1 ∘ sort ?cmp2 = sort ?cmp›)
proof
  fix ps :: ‹('a × 'b) list›
  have ‹sort ?cmp1 (sort ?cmp2 ps) = sort ?cmp ps›
  proof (rule sort_eqI)
    show ‹mset (sort ?cmp2 ps) = mset (sort ?cmp ps)›
      by simp
    show ‹sorted ?cmp1 (sort ?cmp ps)›
      by (rule sorted_prod_lex_imp_sorted_fst [of _ cmp2]) simp
  next
    fix p :: ‹'a × 'b›
    define a b where ab: ‹a = fst p› ‹b = snd p›
    moreover assume ‹p ∈ set (sort ?cmp2 ps)›
    ultimately have ‹(a, b) ∈ set (sort ?cmp2 ps)›
      by simp
    let ?qs = ‹filter (λ(a', _). compare cmp1 a a' = Equiv) ps›
    have ‹sort ?cmp2 ?qs = sort ?cmp ?qs›
    proof (rule sort_eqI)
      show ‹mset ?qs = mset (sort ?cmp ?qs)›
        by simp
      show ‹sorted ?cmp2 (sort ?cmp ?qs)›
        by (rule sorted_prod_lex_imp_sorted_snd) auto
    next
      fix q :: ‹'a × 'b›
      define c d where ‹c = fst q› ‹d = snd q›
      moreover assume ‹q ∈ set ?qs›
      ultimately have ‹(c, d) ∈ set ?qs›
        by simp
      from sorted_stable_segment [of ?cmp ‹(a, d)› ps]
      have ‹sorted ?cmp (filter (λ(c, b). compare (prod_lex cmp1 cmp2) (a, d) (c, b) = Equiv) ps)›
        by (simp only: case_prod_unfold prod.collapse)
      also have ‹(λ(c, b). compare (prod_lex cmp1 cmp2) (a, d) (c, b) = Equiv) =
 (λ(c, b). compare cmp1 a c = Equiv ∧ compare cmp2 d b = Equiv)›
        by (simp add: fun_eq_iff compare_prod_lex_apply split: comp.split)
      finally have *: ‹sorted ?cmp (filter (λ(c, b). compare cmp1 a c = Equiv ∧ compare cmp2 d b = Equiv) ps)› .
      let ?rs = ‹filter (λ(_, d'). compare cmp2 d d' = Equiv) ?qs›
      have ‹sort ?cmp ?rs = ?rs›
        by (rule sort_eqI) (use * in ‹simp_all add: case_prod_unfold›)
      then show ‹filter (λr. compare ?cmp2 q r = Equiv) ?qs =
 filter (λr. compare ?cmp2 q r = Equiv) (sort ?cmp ?qs)›
        by (simp add: filter_sort case_prod_unfold flip: ‹d = snd q›)
    qed      
    then show ‹filter (λq. compare ?cmp1 p q = Equiv) (sort ?cmp2 ps) =
 filter (λq. compare ?cmp1 p q = Equiv) (sort ?cmp ps)›
      by (simp add: filter_sort case_prod_unfold flip: ab)
  qed
  then show ‹(sort (key fst cmp1) ∘ sort (key snd cmp2)) ps = sort (prod_lex cmp1 cmp2) ps›
    by simp
qed

end