sectionopen>Big sum and product over finite (non-empty) setsjava.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "String.equals(Object)" because "brackoff" is null
lemmasesnitejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 24 out of bounds for length 24 assumes"finiteA"and"finiteB" showsg<>B)=-\bold>F-<^bold>*Fg(A\<inter>B)" proof have"A\<union>B=A-B\<union"Fh{<>I.gi\<noteq>\<^bold>1}\<unionI.hi\<noteq>\<^old1})=GhI" byauto withassmsshow?thesis bysimp(substunion_disjoint,auto)java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [101, 1) out of bounds for length 208 qed
lemmaassumesfinite{<n>I.fi\<noteq>0}" assumes"B\<subseteq>A"and"finiteA" shows"Fg proofjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 7 out of bounds for length 7 fromassmshave"finite(A-B)"byauto moreoverfromassmshave"finiteB"by(rulefinite_subset) fromassmshave"A-B\\nterB={}"byauto ultimatelyhave"Fg(A-B\<union>B)=Fg(Aavee..\Sum>y\<in>g`S.\<Sum>x\<in>?clsy.f(gx))" moreoverfromassmshave"A\<union>B=A"byauto ultimatelyshow?thesisbysimp qed
lemmanot_neutral_contains_not_neutral: assumes"FgA\<noteq>\<^bold>1" obtainsawhere"a\<in>A"and"ga\<noteq>\<^bold>1" proof- fromassmshave"\<exists>a\<in>A.ga\<noteq>\<^bold>1" (inductArule:infinite_finite_induct caseinfinite thenshow?casebysimp next caseempty thenshow?casebysimp next case(insertaA) thenshow?casebyfastforce qed withthatshowthesisbyblast qed
lemmareindex: assumes"inj_onhA" shows"Fg(h`A)=F(g\<circ>h)A" proof caseTrue withassmsshow?thesis by(impaddd:_olddd_imagecomp_assocassocssococjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 48 out of bounds for length 48 next caseFalse withassmshave"\<not>finite(h`A)"by(blastdest:finite_imageD) withFalseshow?thesisbysimp qed
lemmaUNION_disjoint: assumes"finiteI"and"\<forall>i\<in>I.finite(Ai)" and"\<forall>i\<in>I.\<forall>j\<in>I.i\<noteq>j\<longrightarrow>Ai\<interA} shows"Fg(\<Union> withjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 32 out of bounds for length 32 usingassms proof(inductionrule:finite_induct) case(insertiI) thenhave"\<forall>j\<in>I.j\<noteq>i" byblast withinsert.premshave"Ai\<inter>\<Union>(A`I)={}" byblast withinsertshow?case by(simpadd:union_disjoint) qedauto
lemmaUnion_disjoint: assumes"\<forall>A\<in>C.finiteA""\<forall>A\<in>C.\casejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [15, 14) out of bounds for length 19 shows"Fgjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0 proof(cases"finiteC") caseTrue fromUNION_disjoint[OFthisassms]showsprodjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 24 out of bounds for length 24 next caseFalse thenshow?thesisby(autodest:finite_UnionDintro:infinite) qed
lemmadistrib:"F(\<lambda>x.gx\<^bold>*hx)A=FgA\<^bold>*FhA" by(inductArule:infinite_finite_induct)java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [56, 54) out of bounds for length 87
lemmaSigma: assumes"finiteA""\<forall>x\<in>A.finite(Bx)" "F<>x.F(gx)B=_dMjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [71, 69) out of bounds for length 76 unfoldingSigma_def proofoint) show"F(\<lambda>x t) show"F(gx)(Bx)=F(\<lambda>(x,yasey if"x\<in>A"forx usingthatassmsby(simpadd:UNION_disjoint) qed qed(useassmsinauto)
lemmarelated: assumesRe:"R\thenhavea<or(\<exists>a<inAajava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [56, 53) out of bounds for length 63 andRop:"\<forall>x1y1x2y2.Rx1x2java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 44) out of bounds for length 28 andfin:"finiteS" nd<>x<(gjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [48, 49) out of bounds for length 48 shows"R(Fh moreover from ejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 50 out of bounds for length 50 using ultimatelyjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [35, 34) out of bounds for length 45
lemmamono_neutral_cong_left: <java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [23, 21) out of bounds for length 25 and"\<forall>i\<in>T-S.hi=\<^bold>1" and"\<And>x.x\java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 1) out of bounds for length 0 shows"FgS=FhT" proof- haveeq:"T=S\<union>(T-S)"using\<open>S\<subseteq>T\<close>byblast haved:"S\<inter>(T-S)={}"using\e caseFalse by(autointro:finite_subset) show?thesisusingassms(4) by(simpadd:union_disjoint[OFf qed
lemmamono_neutral_cong_rightt <S\<subseteq>T\<Longrightarrow>\<forall>i\<in>T-S.gi=\<^bold>1\<Longrightarrow>(\<And>x.x\<in>S\<Longrightarrow>gx=hx)\<Longrightarrow> java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [18, 17) out of bounds for length 18 by showjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 30 out of bounds for length 30
lemmamono_neutral_leftqed java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 3 out of bounds for length 3
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [25, 24) out of bounds for length 160 by(lastoral_leftricjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [50, 51) out of bounds for length 50
lemmamono_neutral_cong: assumeslemmajava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [16, 15) out of bounds for length 16 and*:"\<And>i.i\<in>Tassumes"A<subseteqA""<>\iB\<Longrightarrow>fx<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 92 out of bounds for length 92 'java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [48, 47) out of bounds for length 48 shows"Fglemma sum_zero_power'[simp]: proof- have"FgS=Fg(S\<inter>T)"
by(rule mono_neutral_right)(auto intro: *) alsohavefor 'afjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 40 out of bounds for length 40 alsohave" f) A = inverse (prod f A)" by(ruleprooftjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 25 out of bounds for length 25 finallyshowbytll qed
lemma java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 22 out of bounds for length 20 by (auto
lemma reindex_bij_witness: assumes witness: " "∧ assumes"finite A" ande "∧forall>x\in∩ B. f x ≠ assumes eq: "∧ shows java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [24, 17) out of bounds for length 87 proof -
tw with moreover(\<>x.h)java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 51 out of bounds for length 51 by (intro cong) (auto simp: eq dom ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (simp add: reindex_bij_betw) qed
ljava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 35 out of bounds for length 35
a fin: "finite S'""finite T'" assumes bij: "bij_betw h (S - S') (T - T')" assumes nn: "∧a. a \<in g (h a) = z" "∧ shows "F (λx. g (h x)) S = F g T" proof -
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [24, 22) out of bounds for length 56 using bij_betw_finite[OF bij] fin by ext \open> show ?thesis proof (cases "finite S") case True with nn have "F (λx. g (h x)) S = F (λx. g (h x)) (S - S')" by (intro mono_neutral_cong_right) auto also have "… = F g (T - T')" using bij by (rule reindex_bij_betw) a"dots= F g T" using nn ‹ finally show ?thesis . next case False then show ?thesis by simp qed qed
lemma reindex_nontrivial: assumes " A"
and nz: "∧ also have "🚫
shows "F g (h ` A) = F (g ∘
lemma prod_le_power:
show "bij_betw h (A - {x ∈ A. (g ∘ h) x = 1}) (h ` A - h ` {x ∈ A. (g ∘ h) x = 1})"
using nz by (auto intro!: inj_onI simp: bij_betw_def)
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [9, 8) out of bounds for length 9
reindex_bij_witness_not_neutral:
assumes fin: "finite S'" "finite T'"
assumes witness:
"∧ S - S' ==>
"\<
"∧b. b \<>
"∧
assumes nn:
java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "String.equals(Object)" because "brackoff" is null
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [43, 41) out of bounds for length 51
assumes eq:
"∧a. a ∈ S ==> h (j a) = g a"
shows "F g S = F h T"
-
have bij: "bij_betw j (S - (S' ∩have "prod f A ≤ prod f A * prod f (B-A)"
using witness by (intro bij_betw_byWitness[where f'=i]) auto
have F_eq: "F g S = F (λx. h (j x)) S"
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [8, 6) out of bounds for length 35
show ?thesis
unfolding F_eq using fin nn eq
by (intro reindex_bij_betw_not_neutral[OF _ _ bij]) auto
delta_remove:
assumes fS: "finite S"
shows "F (λk. if k = a then b k else c k) S = (if a \<in
-
let ?f = "(λk. if k = a then b k else c k)"
show ?thesis
proof (cases "a ∈shows "finte I ==> I ≠ {} ==> (∧i. i ∈ I ==> 1 < f
case False
have "\<>k
with False show ?thesis by simp
next
case True
let ?A = "S - {a}"
let ?B = "{a}"
from True have eq: "S = ?A \<unionp
have dj: "?A \< have eI les_ult less_etans mulle_cl_lt1 prod_ge_1)
from fS also have "\dots
have "F ?f S = F ?f ?A ms
using union_disjoint [OF fAB dj, of ?f, unfolded eq [symmetric]] by simp
using comm_monoid_set.remove comm_monoid_set_axioms fS by fastforce
qed
delta [simp]:
assumes fS: "finite S"
shows "F (λk. if k = a then b k else prod f A = 1 \<longleftrightarrow<A. f a = 1)"
by (simp add: delta_remove [OF assms])
induct A rule: finite_induct) simp_all
assumes fin: "finite S"
java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "java.lang.CharSequence.toString()" because "replacement" is null
b (simp del: neq0_conv add:zeros_if_neq_zero)
If_cases:
P "b\> bol"and g h ::"'b ==> 'a"
assumesfor y :'a:comm_mono
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 16 out of bounds for length 0
-
have a: "A = a: "A = A \i> {x. P x} \ ∪ A ∩ -{x. P x}" "(A ∩ {x. P x}) ∩ (A ∩ -{x. P x}) = {}"
by blast+
from fin have f: "finite (A ∩ {x. P x})" "finite (A ∩ -{x. P x})" by auto
let ?g = "λx. if P x then h x else g x"
from union_disjoint [OF f a(2), of ?g] a(1) sho ?tthesis
by (subst (1 2) cong) simp_all
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [3, 4) out of bounds for length 3
cartesian_product: "F (λx. F (g x) B) A = F (case_prod g) (A ×x. (f x) ^ n) A"
for f :: "'a ==> 'b::comm_semiring_1"
case True
then show ?thesis
by auto
power_in':
then have "A \<<> 1" "a > (0 :: 'a :: linordered_seidom)"java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 62 out of bounds for length 62
show ?t power_inject_exp)
proof (cases "finite A ∧
True
then show ?thesis
by (simp add: Sigma)
next
case False
then consider "infinite A" | "infinite B" by auto
then have "infinite (A × B)"
fixes b \ 'a::comm_monoid_mult"
then show ?thesis
using False by auto
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [5, 6) out of bounds for length 5
cartesian_product':
"F g (A × B) = F (λx. F (λy. g (x,y)) B) A"
unfolding cartesian_product by simp
inter_restrict:
assumes "finite A"
shows "F g (A \>B) = F (λx. if x ∈ B then g x else 1) A"
-
> \in A ∩1"
have "∀i∈A - A ∩ B. (if i ∈ A ∩ B then g i else 1) = let ?f = "(lambda>k. if k=a then b k else c)"
moreover have "A ∩ B ⊆ A" by blast
ultimately have "F ?g (A \proof<>
using \< then
then show ?thesis by simp
inter_filter:
"finite A \S
by (simp add: inter_restrict [symmetric, of A "{x. P x}" g, simplified mem_Collect_eq] Int_def)
from True have eq: "S = ?A \union ?B" by blblast
assumes "∀ B. finite A"
and "∧ hhave disjoint: "?A ∩ ?B = {}" by simp
shows "F g (∪
have f_A0: "prod ?f ?A = prod (λi. c) ?A"
(induct B rule: infinite_finite_induct)
(ite )
then have "¬ finite (\ fromin Truehvcard_A: "car ?A = cardard S-1 yat
with infinite show ?case by simp
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [3, 2) out of bounds for length 12
then show ?case by simp
case (insert A B)
then have "finite A" "finite B" "finite (∪
and "∀x∈
and H: "F g (∪B) = (F ∘fixes g :: "'a \<Rightarrow b::ordered_comm_monoid_add"
then have "F g (A ∪∪B) = F g assumes "finite I" "∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ g(f i)"
by (simp add: union_inter_neutral)
with \\open>finite B\close> ‹ B›
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [20, 21) out of bounds for length 20
"dots> \le g (f i) + sum g (f ` I)" by (simp add: * insert sum.insert_if)
A ==> finite B ==>
F (λ<> y. F (\<da f) (insert i I)" by (simp add: sum.insert_i)
by (simp add: inter_filter) (rule swap)
image_gen:
assumes
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [10, 7) out of bounds for length 75
-
have "{y. y∈12 :: "a \Rightarrow': ommrng_
using that by auto
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [79, 78) out of bounds for length 114
by simp
proof ( (induction A rule:e: finnite_induct)java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 39 out of bounds for length 39
by (rule swap_restrict [OF n finite_e_igeI [OF F fin]])
finally show ?thesis .
(\Sum∈Pow A. (∏X. f1 x) * (∏insert x A-X. f2 x)) +
group:
assumes fS: "finite S" and fT: "finite T" and fST: "g ` S ⊆ T unfolding Pow_insert by (rule sum.union_disjoint) (use insert.hyps in auto)
shows "F (λy. F h {x. x ∈ S ∧ g x = y}) T = F h S"
unfolding image_en[ fS, of h g]g]
by (auto intro: neutral mono_neutral_right[OF fT fST])
Plus:
fixes A :: "'b set" and B :: "'c set"
assumes fin: "finite A" "finite B"
shows "F g (A 🪙 B) = F (g ∘ Inl) A * F (g ∘ Inr) B"
-
have "A 🪙 B = : "X \<in A"
moreover from fin have "finite (Inl ` A)" "finite (Inr ` B)" by auto
moreoverv n A \< Inr ` B = {}" by auto
moreover have "inj_on Inl A" "inj_on Inr B" by (auto intro: inj_onI)
ultimately show ?thesis
n by imp add:niondisjoint reindex)
same_carrier:
assumes "finite C"
assumes subset: "A ⊆ C" "B ⊆ C"
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [66, 65) out of bounds for length 136
-
have "finite A" and "finite B" and "finite (C - A)" and "finite (C - B)" \openfinite C› subset by (auto elim: : finite_ubset)
lso have "((\SumX\>insert x ` (Pow A). (∏x∈∏insert x A-X. f2 x)) =
from subset have [simp]: "B - (C - B) = B" by auto
from subset have "C = A ∪ (C - A)" by auto
then have by (subst sum.reindex) (use insert.hyps in ‹auto intro!: inj_onI simp: o_def›)
also have "… = F g (A - (C - ) \^>* F g (C - A - A) * F g (A ∩(\X∈. x * ( \in>X. f1 x)* (\Prod>xnA-X. f2 x))"
(rule sum.cong)java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 23 out of bounds for length 23
finally have *: "F g C = F g A" using trivial by simp
from subset have "C = B ∪>x\in>insert x X. f1 x) * (∏insert x A-insert x X. f2 x) =
f1 xf1 x * (\<>f>A-X. fX. f2 x)"
also have "… = F h (B - (C - B)) prod
g finite B\<se<Pow A. f2 x * prod f1 X * prod f2 (A - X)) +
finally have "F h C = F h B"
using trivial by simp
with * show ?thesis by simp
same_carrierI:
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [15, 9) out of bounds for length 20
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [11, 9) out of bounds for length 53
assumes trivial: "∧
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 25 out of bounds for length 25
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [12, 10) out of bounds for length 23
using assms same_carrier [of C A B] by simp
eq_general:
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [50, 49) out of bounds for length 130
shows "F φ A = F γ B"
-
have eq: "B = h ` A"
by (auto dest: assms)
have h: "inj_on h A"
by siby simp
have "F φ A = F (γ ∘ h) A"
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 19 out of bounds for length 19
alsoh"dots> = F γ B"
by (simp add: eq reindex h)
finally show ?thesis .
eq_general_i
assumes B: "\v_sum
"F φ A = F γ B"
by (rule eq_general [where h=h]) (force intro: dest: A B)+
‹x∈X∈Prod>x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))"
>∈>x\>A. f1 x + (-f2 x))"
by simp
also have "… = (∑X∈by (uepodd) act+
bby (simp add prod_uminus mulac)
<brakk\^bold>* y i ≠1}"
apply (rule finite_subset [where B = "{i ∈ I. x i ≠
using left_neutral by force+
by (auto simp: G_def)
eq_sum [simp]: "finite I ==> G p I = F p I"
by (auto simp: G_def intro: mono_neutral_cong_left)
insert' [simp]:
assumes "finite {x ∈ I. p x ≠1}"
shows "G p (insert i I) = (if i ∈ I then G p I else p i * G p I)"
-
have "{x. x = i ∧ p x ≠1∨ x ∈ I ∧ p x ≠1} = (if p i = 1 then {x ∈ I. p x ≠1} else insert i {x ∈ I. p x ≠1})"
by auto
then show ?thesis
using assms by (simp add: G_def conj_disj_distribR insert_absorb)
distrib_triv':
assumes "finite I"
shows "G (λi. g i * h i) I = G g I * G h I"
by (simp add: assms local.distrib)
non_neutral': "G g {x ∈ I. g x ≠1} = G g I"
by (simp add: G_def)
distrib':
assumes "finite {x ∈ I. g x ≠1}" "finite {x ∈ I. h x ≠1}"
shows "G (λi. g i * h i) I = G g I * G h I"
-
have "a * a ≠ a ==> a ≠1" for a
by auto
then have "G (λi. g i * h i) I = G (λi. g i * h i) ({i ∈ I. g i ≠1} ∪ {i ∈ I. h i≠1})"
using assms by (force simp: G_def finite_Collect_op intro!: mono_neutral_cong)
also have "… = G g I * G h I"
proof -
have "F g ({i ∈ I. g i ≠1} ∪ {i ∈ I. h i ≠1}) = G g I"
"F h ({i ∈ I. g i ≠1} ∪ {i ∈ I. h i ≠1}) = G h I"
by (auto simp: G_def assms intro: mono_neutral_right)
then show ?thesis
using assms by (simp add: distrib)
qed
finally show ?thesis .
cong':
assumes "A = B"
assumes g_h: "∧x. x ∈ B ==> g x = h x"
shows "G g A = G h B"
using assms by (auto simp: G_def cong: conj_cong intro: cong)
mono_neutral_cong_left':
assumes "S ⊆ T"
and "∧i. i ∈ T - S ==> h i = 1"
and "∧x. x ∈ S ==> g x = h x"
shows "G g S = G h T"
-
have *: "{x ∈ S. g x ≠1} = {x ∈ T. h x ≠1}"
using assms by (metis DiffI subset_eq)
then have "finite {x ∈ S. g x ≠1} = finite {x ∈ T. h x ≠1}"
by simp
then show ?thesis
using assms by (auto simp add: G_def * intro: cong)
mono_neutral_cong_right':
"S ⊆ T ==>∀i ∈ T - S. g i = 1==> (∧x. x ∈ S ==> g x = h x) ==>
G g T = G h S"
by (auto intro!: mono_neutral_cong_left' [symmetric])
mono_neutral_left': "S ⊆ T ==>∀i ∈ T - S. g i = 1==> G g S = G g T"
by (blast intro: mono_neutral_cong_left')
mono_neutral_right': "S ⊆ T ==>∀i ∈ T - S. g i = 1==> G g T = G g S"
by (blast intro!: mono_neutral_left' [symmetric])
‹Generalized summation over a set›
comm_monoid_add
sum: comm_monoid_set plus 0
defines sum = sum.F and sum' = sum.G ..
Sum (‹∑›)
where "∑≡ sum (λx. x)"
‹Now: lots of fancy syntax. First, term‹sum (λx. e) A› is written ‹∑x∈A. e›.›
(ASCII)
"_sum" :: "pttrn ==> 'a set ==> 'b ==> 'b::comm_monoid_add" (‹(‹indent=3 notation=‹binder SUM››SUM (_/:_)./ _)› [0, 51, 10] 10)
"_sum" :: "pttrn ==> 'a set ==> 'b ==> 'b::comm_monoid_add" (‹(‹indent=2 notation=‹binder ∑››∑(_/∈_)./ _)› [0, 51, 10] 10)
"_sum" ⇌ sum
― ‹Beware of argument permutation!›
"∑i∈A. b" ⇌ "CONST sum (λi. b) A"
‹Instead of term‹∑x∈{x. P}. e› we introduce the shorter ‹∑x|P. e›.›
"∑x|P. t" => "CONST sum (λx. t) {x. P}" ‹
[(🍋‹sum›, K (Collect_binder_tr' 🍋‹_qsum›))] ›
‹Properties in more restricted classes of structures›
sum_Un:
"finite A ==> finite B ==> sum f (A ∪ B) = sum f A + sum f B - sum f (A ∩ B)"
for f :: "'b ==> 'a::ab_group_add"
by (subst sum.union_inter [symmetric]) (auto simp add: algebra_simps)
sum_Un2:
assumes "finite (A ∪ B)"
shows "sum f (A ∪ B) = sum f (A - B) + sum f (B - A) + sum f (A ∩ B)"
-
have "A ∪ B = A - B ∪ (B - A) ∪ A ∩ B"
by auto
with assms show ?thesis
by simp (subst sum.union_disjoint, auto)+
(*Like sum.subset_diff but expressed perhaps more conveniently using subtraction*) lemma sum_diff: fixes f :: "'b ==> 'a::ab_group_add" assumes"finite A""B ⊆ A" shows"sum f (A - B) = sum f A - sum f B" using sum.subset_diff [of B A f] assms by simp
lemma sum_diff1: fixes f :: "'b ==> 'a::ab_group_add" assumes"finite A" shows"sum f (A - {a}) = (if a ∈ A then sum f A - f a else sum f A)" using assms by (simp add: sum_diff)
lemma sum_diff1'_aux: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::ab_group_add" assumes"finite F""{i ∈ I. f i ≠ 0} ⊆ F" shows"sum' f (I - {i}) = (if i ∈ I then sum' f I - f i else sum' f I)" using assms proof induct case (insert x F) have1: "finite {x ∈ I. f x ≠ 0} ==> finite {x ∈ I. x ≠ i ∧ f x ≠ 0}" by (erule rev_finite_subset) auto have2: "finite {x ∈ I. x ≠ i ∧ f x ≠ 0} ==> finite {x ∈ I. f x ≠ 0}" apply (drule finite_insert [THEN iffD2]) by (erule rev_finite_subset) auto have3: "finite {i ∈ I. f i ≠ 0}" using finite_subset insert by blast show ?case using insert sum_diff1 [of "{i ∈ I. f i ≠ 0}" f i] by (auto simp: sum.G_def 123 set_diff_eq conj_ac) qed (simp add: sum.G_def)
lemma sum_diff1': fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::ab_group_add" assumes"finite {i ∈ I. f i ≠ 0}" shows"sum' f (I - {i}) = (if i ∈ I then sum' f I - f i else sum' f I)" by (rule sum_diff1'_aux [OF assms order_refl])
lemma (in ordered_comm_monoid_add) sum_mono: "(∧i. i∈K ==> f i ≤ g i) ==> (∑i∈K. f i) ≤ (∑i∈K. g i)" by (induct K rule: infinite_finite_induct) (use add_mono in auto)
lemma (in ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add) sum_strict_mono_strong: assumes"finite A""a ∈ A""f a < g a" and"∧x. x ∈ A ==> f x ≤ g x" shows"sum f A < sum g A" proof - have"sum f A = f a + sum f (A-{a})" by (simp add: assms sum.remove) alsohave"…≤ f a + sum g (A-{a})" using assms by (meson DiffD1 add_left_mono sum_mono) alsohave"… < g a + sum g (A-{a})" using assms add_less_le_mono by blast alsohave"… = sum g A" using assms by (intro sum.remove [symmetric]) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma (in strict_ordered_comm_monoid_add) sum_strict_mono: assumes"finite A""A ≠ {}" and"∧x. x ∈ A ==> f x < g x" shows"sum f A < sum g A" using assms proof (induct rule: finite_ne_induct) case singleton thenshow ?caseby simp next case insert thenshow ?caseby (auto simp: add_strict_mono) qed
lemma sum_strict_mono_ex1: fixes f g :: "'i ==> 'a::ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add" assumes"finite A" and"∀x∈A. f x ≤ g x" and"∃a∈A. f a < g a" shows"sum f A < sum g A" proof- from assms(3) obtain a where a: "a ∈ A""f a < g a"by blast have"sum f A = sum f ((A - {a}) ∪ {a})" by(simp add: insert_absorb[OF ‹a ∈ A›]) alsohave"… = sum f (A - {a}) + sum f {a}" using‹finite A›by(subst sum.union_disjoint) auto alsohave"sum f (A - {a}) ≤ sum g (A - {a})" by (rule sum_mono) (simp add: assms(2)) alsofrom a have"sum f {a} < sum g {a}"by simp alsohave"sum g (A - {a}) + sum g {a} = sum g((A - {a}) ∪ {a})" using‹finite A›by (subst sum.union_disjoint[symmetric]) auto alsohave"… = sum g A"by (simp add: insert_absorb[OF ‹a ∈ A›]) finallyshow ?thesis by (auto simp add: add_right_mono add_strict_left_mono) qed
lemma sum_mono_inv: fixes f g :: "'i ==> 'a :: ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add" assumes eq: "sum f I = sum g I" assumes le: "∧i. i ∈ I ==> f i ≤ g i" assumes i: "i ∈ I" assumes I: "finite I" shows"f i = g i" proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ ?thesis" with le[OF i] have"f i < g i"by simp with i have"∃i∈I. f i < g i" .. from sum_strict_mono_ex1[OF I _ this] le have"sum f I < sum g I" by blast with eq show False by simp qed
lemma member_le_sum: fixes f :: "_ ==> 'b::{semiring_1, ordered_comm_monoid_add}" assumes"i ∈ A" and le: "∧x. x ∈ A - {i} ==> 0 ≤ f x" and"finite A" shows"f i ≤ sum f A" proof - have"f i ≤ sum f (A ∩ {i})" by (simp add: assms) alsohave"... = (∑x∈A. if x ∈ {i} then f x else 0)" using assms sum.inter_restrict by blast alsohave"... ≤ sum f A" apply (rule sum_mono) apply (auto simp: le) done finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma sum_negf: "(∑x∈A. - f x) = - (∑x∈A. f x)" for f :: "'b ==> 'a::ab_group_add" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
lemma sum_subtractf: "(∑x∈A. f x - g x) = (∑x∈A. f x) - (∑x∈A. g x)" for f g :: "'b ==>'a::ab_group_add" using sum.distrib [of f "- g" A] by (simp add: sum_negf)
lemma sum_subtractf_nat: "(∧x. x ∈ A ==> g x ≤ f x) ==> (∑x∈A. f x - g x) = (∑x∈A. f x) - (∑x∈A. g x)" for f g :: "'a ==> nat" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp: sum_mono)
context ordered_comm_monoid_add begin
lemma sum_nonneg: "(∧x. x ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f x) ==> 0 ≤ sum f A" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) thenhave"0 + 0 ≤ f x + sum f F"by (blast intro: add_mono) with insert show ?caseby simp qed
lemma sum_nonpos: "(∧x. x ∈ A ==> f x ≤ 0) ==> sum f A ≤ 0" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) thenhave"f x + sum f F ≤ 0 + 0"by (blast intro: add_mono) with insert show ?caseby simp qed
lemma sum_nonneg_eq_0_iff: "finite A ==> (∧x. x ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f x) ==> sum f A = 0 ⟷ (∀x∈A. f x = 0)" by (induct set: finite) (simp_all add: add_nonneg_eq_0_iff sum_nonneg)
lemma sum_nonneg_0: "finite s ==> (∧i. i ∈ s ==> f i ≥ 0) ==> (∑ i ∈ s. f i) = 0 ==> i ∈ s ==> f i = 0" by (simp add: sum_nonneg_eq_0_iff)
lemma sum_nonneg_leq_bound: assumes"finite s""∧i. i ∈ s ==> f i ≥ 0""(∑i ∈ s. f i) = B""i ∈ s" shows"f i ≤ B" proof - from assms have"f i ≤ f i + (∑i ∈ s - {i}. f i)" by (intro add_increasing2 sum_nonneg) auto alsohave"… = B" using sum.remove[of s i f] assms by simp finallyshow ?thesis by auto qed
lemma sum_mono2: assumes fin: "finite B" and sub: "A ⊆ B" and nn: "∧b. b ∈ B-A ==> 0 ≤ f b" shows"sum f A ≤ sum f B" proof - have"sum f A ≤ sum f A + sum f (B-A)" by (auto intro: add_increasing2 [OF sum_nonneg] nn) alsofrom fin finite_subset[OF sub fin] have"… = sum f (A ∪ (B-A))" by (simp add: sum.union_disjoint del: Un_Diff_cancel) alsofrom sub have"A ∪ (B-A) = B"by blast finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma sum_le_included: assumes"finite s""finite t" and"∀y∈t. 0 ≤ g y""(∀x∈s. ∃y∈t. i y = x ∧ f x ≤ g y)" shows"sum f s ≤ sum g t" proof - have"sum f s ≤ sum (λy. sum g {x. x∈t ∧ i x = y}) s" proof (rule sum_mono) fix y assume"y ∈ s" with assms obtain z where z: "z ∈ t""y = i z""f y ≤ g z"by auto with assms show"f y ≤ sum g {x ∈ t. i x = y}" (is"?A y ≤ ?B y") using order_trans[of "?A (i z)""sum g {z}""?B (i z)", intro] by (auto intro!: sum_mono2) qed alsohave"…≤ sum (λy. sum g {x. x∈t ∧ i x = y}) (i ` t)" using assms(2-4) by (auto intro!: sum_mono2 sum_nonneg) alsohave"…≤ sum g t" using assms by (auto simp: sum.image_gen[symmetric]) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
end
lemma (in canonically_ordered_monoid_add) sum_eq_0_iff [simp]: "finite F ==> (sum f F = 0) = (∀a∈F. f a = 0)" by (intro ballI sum_nonneg_eq_0_iff zero_le)
context semiring_0 begin
lemma sum_distrib_left: "r * sum f A = (∑n∈A. r * f n)" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
lemma sum_distrib_right: "sum f A * r = (∑n∈A. f n * r)" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
end
lemma sum_divide_distrib: "sum f A / r = (∑n∈A. f n / r)" for r :: "'a::field" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case insert thenshow ?caseby (simp add: add_divide_distrib) qed
lemma sum_abs[iff]: "∣sum f A∣≤ sum (λi. ∣f i∣) A" for f :: "'a ==> 'b::ordered_ab_group_add_abs" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case insert thenshow ?caseby (auto intro: abs_triangle_ineq order_trans) qed
lemma sum_abs_ge_zero[iff]: "0 ≤ sum (λi. ∣f i∣) A" for f :: "'a ==> 'b::ordered_ab_group_add_abs" by (simp add: sum_nonneg)
lemma abs_sum_abs[simp]: "∣∑a∈A. ∣f a∣∣ = (∑a∈A. ∣f a∣)" for f :: "'a ==> 'b::ordered_ab_group_add_abs" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert a A) thenhave"∣∑a∈insert a A. ∣f a∣∣ = ∣∣f a∣ + (∑a∈A. ∣f a∣)∣"by simp alsofrom insert have"… = ∣∣f a∣ + ∣∑a∈A. ∣f a∣∣∣"by simp alsohave"… = ∣f a∣ + ∣∑a∈A. ∣f a∣∣"by (simp del: abs_of_nonneg) alsofrom insert have"… = (∑a∈insert a A. ∣f a∣)"by simp finallyshow ?case . qed
lemma sum_product: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::semiring_0" shows"sum f A * sum g B = (∑i∈A. ∑j∈B. f i * g j)" by (simp add: sum_distrib_left sum_distrib_right) (rule sum.swap)
lemma sum_mult_sum_if_inj: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::semiring_0" shows"inj_on (λ(a, b). f a * g b) (A × B) ==> sum f A * sum g B = sum id {f a * g b |a b. a ∈ A ∧ b ∈ B}" by(auto simp: sum_product sum.cartesian_product intro!: sum.reindex_cong[symmetric])
lemma sum_SucD: "sum f A = Suc n ==>∃a∈A. 0 < f a" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
lemma sum_eq_Suc0_iff: "finite A ==> sum f A = Suc 0 ⟷ (∃a∈A. f a = Suc 0 ∧ (∀b∈A. a ≠ b ⟶ f b = 0))" by (induct A rule: finite_induct) (auto simp add: add_is_1)
lemma sum_Un_nat: "finite A ==> finite B ==> sum f (A ∪ B) = sum f A + sum f B - sum f (A ∩ B)" for f :: "'a ==> nat"
― ‹For the natural numbers, we have subtraction.› by (subst sum.union_inter [symmetric]) (auto simp: algebra_simps)
lemma sum_diff1_nat: "sum f (A - {a}) = (if a ∈ A then sum f A - f a else sum f A)" for f :: "'a ==> nat" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) thenshow ?case proof (cases "a ∈ F") case True thenhave"∃B. F = insert a B ∧ a ∉ B" by (auto simp: mk_disjoint_insert) thenshow ?thesis using insert by (auto simp: insert_Diff_if) qed (auto) qed
lemma sum_diff_nat: fixes f :: "'a ==> nat" assumes"finite B"and"B ⊆ A" shows"sum f (A - B) = sum f A - sum f B" using assms proof induct case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) note IH = ‹F ⊆ A ==> sum f (A - F) = sum f A - sum f F› from‹x ∉ F›‹insert x F ⊆ A›have"x ∈ A - F"by simp thenhave A: "sum f ((A - F) - {x}) = sum f (A - F) - f x" by (simp add: sum_diff1_nat) from‹insert x F ⊆ A›have"F ⊆ A"by simp with IH have"sum f (A - F) = sum f A - sum f F"by simp with A have B: "sum f ((A - F) - {x}) = sum f A - sum f F - f x" by simp from‹x ∉ F›have"A - insert x F = (A - F) - {x}"by auto with B have C: "sum f (A - insert x F) = sum f A - sum f F - f x" by simp from‹finite F›‹x ∉ F›have"sum f (insert x F) = sum f F + f x" by simp with C have"sum f (A - insert x F) = sum f A - sum f (insert x F)" by simp thenshow ?caseby simp qed
lemma sum_comp_morphism: "h 0 = 0 ==> (∧x y. h (x + y) = h x + h y) ==> sum (h ∘ g) A = h (sum g A)" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma (in comm_semiring_1) dvd_sum: "(∧a. a ∈ A ==> d dvd f a) ==> d dvd sum f A" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma (in ordered_comm_monoid_add) sum_pos: "finite I ==> I ≠ {} ==> (∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 < f i) ==> 0 < sum f I" by (induct I rule: finite_ne_induct) (auto intro: add_pos_pos)
lemma (in ordered_comm_monoid_add) sum_pos2: assumes I: "finite I""i ∈ I""0 < f i""∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ f i" shows"0 < sum f I" proof - have"0 < f i + sum f (I - {i})" using assms by (intro add_pos_nonneg sum_nonneg) auto alsohave"… = sum f I" using assms by (simp add: sum.remove) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma sum_strict_mono2: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add" assumes"finite B""A ⊆ B""b ∈ B-A""f b > 0"and"∧x. x ∈ B ==> f x ≥ 0" shows"sum f A < sum f B" proof - have"B - A ≠ {}" using assms(3) by blast have"sum f (B-A) > 0" by (rule sum_pos2) (use assms in auto) moreoverhave"sum f B = sum f (B-A) + sum f A" by (rule sum.subset_diff) (use assms in auto) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using add_strict_increasing by auto qed
lemma sum_cong_Suc: assumes"0 ∉ A""∧x. Suc x ∈ A ==> f (Suc x) = g (Suc x)" shows"sum f A = sum g A" proof (rule sum.cong) fix x assume"x ∈ A" with assms(1) show"f x = g x" by (cases x) (auto intro!: assms(2)) qed simp_all
subsubsection‹Cardinality as special case of const‹sum››
lemma card_eq_sum: "card A = sum (λx. 1) A" proof - have"plus ∘ (λ_. Suc 0) = (λ_. Suc)" by (simp add: fun_eq_iff) thenhave"Finite_Set.fold (plus ∘ (λ_. Suc 0)) = Finite_Set.fold (λ_. Suc)" by (rule arg_cong) thenhave"Finite_Set.fold (plus ∘ (λ_. Suc 0)) 0 A = Finite_Set.fold (λ_. Suc) 0 A" by (blast intro: fun_cong) thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: card.eq_fold sum.eq_fold) qed
context semiring_1 begin
lemma sum_constant [simp]: "(∑x ∈ A. y) = of_nat (card A) * y" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: algebra_simps)
context fixes A assumes‹finite A› begin
lemma sum_of_bool_eq [simp]: ‹(∑x ∈ A. of_bool (P x)) = of_nat (card (A ∩ {x. P x}))›if‹finite A› using‹finite A›byinduction simp_all
lemma sum_mult_of_bool_eq [simp]: ‹(∑x ∈ A. f x * of_bool (P x)) = (∑x ∈ (A ∩ {x. P x}). f x)› by (rule sum.mono_neutral_cong) (use‹finite A›in auto)
lemma sum_of_bool_mult_eq [simp]: ‹(∑x ∈ A. of_bool (P x) * f x) = (∑x ∈ (A ∩ {x. P x}). f x)› by (rule sum.mono_neutral_cong) (use‹finite A›in auto)
end
end
lemma sum_Suc: "sum (λx. Suc(f x)) A = sum f A + card A" using sum.distrib[of f "λ_. 1" A] by simp
lemma sum_bounded_above: fixes K :: "'a::{semiring_1,ordered_comm_monoid_add}" assumes le: "∧i. i∈A ==> f i ≤ K" shows"sum f A ≤ of_nat (card A) * K" proof (cases "finite A") case True thenshow ?thesis using le sum_mono[where K=A and g = "λx. K"] by simp next case False thenshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma sum_bounded_above_divide: fixes K :: "'a::linordered_field" assumes le: "∧i. i∈A ==> f i ≤ K / of_nat (card A)"and fin: "finite A""A ≠ {}" shows"sum f A ≤ K" using sum_bounded_above [of A f "K / of_nat (card A)", OF le] fin by simp
lemma sum_bounded_above_strict: fixes K :: "'a::{ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add,semiring_1}" assumes"∧i. i∈A ==> f i < K""card A > 0" shows"sum f A < of_nat (card A) * K" using assms sum_strict_mono[where A=A and g = "λx. K"] by (simp add: card_gt_0_iff)
lemma sum_bounded_below: fixes K :: "'a::{semiring_1,ordered_comm_monoid_add}" assumes le: "∧i. i∈A ==> K ≤ f i" shows"of_nat (card A) * K ≤ sum f A" proof (cases "finite A") case True thenshow ?thesis using le sum_mono[where K=A and f = "λx. K"] by simp next case False thenshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma convex_sum_bound_le: fixes x :: "'a ==> 'b::linordered_idom" assumes0: "∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ x i"and1: "sum x I = 1" and δ: "∧i. i ∈ I ==>∣a i - b∣≤ δ" shows"∣(∑i∈I. a i * x i) - b∣≤ δ" proof - have [simp]: "(∑i∈I. c * x i) = c"for c by (simp flip: sum_distrib_left 1) thenhave"∣(∑i∈I. a i * x i) - b∣ = ∣∑i∈I. (a i - b) * x i∣" by (simp add: sum_subtractf left_diff_distrib) alsohave"…≤ (∑i∈I. ∣(a i - b) * x i∣)" using abs_abs abs_of_nonneg by blast alsohave"…≤ (∑i∈I. ∣(a i - b)∣ * x i)" by (simp add: abs_mult 0) alsohave"…≤ (∑i∈I. δ * x i)" by (rule sum_mono) (use δ "0" mult_right_mono in blast) alsohave"… = δ" by simp finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma card_UN_disjoint: assumes"finite I"and"∀i∈I. finite (A i)" and"∀i∈I. ∀j∈I. i ≠ j ⟶ A i ∩ A j = {}" shows"card (∪(A ` I)) = (∑i∈I. card(A i))" proof - have"(∑i∈I. card (A i)) = (∑i∈I. ∑x∈A i. 1)" by simp with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: card_eq_sum sum.UNION_disjoint del: sum_constant) qed
lemma card_Union_disjoint: assumes"pairwise disjnt C"and fin: "∧A. A ∈ C ==> finite A" shows"card (∪C) = sum card C" proof (cases "finite C") case True thenshow ?thesis using card_UN_disjoint [OF True, of "λx. x"] assms by (simp add: disjnt_def fin pairwise_def) next case False thenshow ?thesis using assms card_eq_0_iff finite_UnionD by fastforce qed
lemma card_Union_le_sum_card_weak: fixes U :: "'a set set" assumes"∀u ∈ U. finite u" shows"card (∪U) ≤ sum card U" proof (cases "finite U") case False thenshow"card (∪U) ≤ sum card U" using card_eq_0_iff finite_UnionD by auto next case True thenshow"card (∪U) ≤ sum card U" proof (induct U rule: finite_induct) case empty thenshow ?caseby auto next case (insert x F) thenhave"card(∪(insert x F)) ≤ card(x) + card (∪F)"using card_Un_le by auto alsohave"... ≤ card(x) + sum card F"using insert.hyps by auto alsohave"... = sum card (insert x F)"using sum.insert_if and insert.hyps by auto finallyshow ?case . qed qed
lemma card_Union_le_sum_card: fixes U :: "'a set set" shows"card (∪U) ≤ sum card U" by (metis Union_upper card.infinite card_Union_le_sum_card_weak finite_subset zero_le)
lemma card_UN_le: assumes"finite I" shows"card(∪i∈I. A i) ≤ (∑i∈I. card(A i))" using assms proofinduction case (insert i I) thenshow ?case using card_Un_le nat_add_left_cancel_le by (force intro: order_trans) qed auto
lemma card_quotient_disjoint: assumes"finite A""inj_on (λx. {x} // r) A" shows"card (A//r) = card A" proof - have"∀i∈A. ∀j∈A. i ≠ j ⟶ r `` {j} ≠ r `` {i}" using assms by (fastforce simp add: quotient_def inj_on_def) with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: quotient_def card_UN_disjoint) qed
lemma sum_multicount_gen: assumes"finite s""finite t""∀j∈t. (card {i∈s. R i j} = k j)" shows"sum (λi. (card {j∈t. R i j})) s = sum k t"
(is"?l = ?r") proof- have"?l = sum (λi. sum (λx.1) {j∈t. R i j}) s" by auto alsohave"… = ?r" unfolding sum.swap_restrict [OF assms(1-2)] using assms(3) by auto finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma sum_multicount: assumes"finite S""finite T""∀j∈T. (card {i∈S. R i j} = k)" shows"sum (λi. card {j∈T. R i j}) S = k * card T" (is"?l = ?r") proof- have"?l = sum (λi. k) T" by (rule sum_multicount_gen) (auto simp: assms) alsohave"… = ?r"by (simp add: mult.commute) finallyshow ?thesis by auto qed
lemma sum_card_image: assumes"finite A" assumes"pairwise (λs t. disjnt (f s) (f t)) A" shows"sum card (f ` A) = sum (λa. card (f a)) A" using assms proof (induct A) case (insert a A) show ?case proof cases assume"f a = {}" with insert show ?case by (subst sum.mono_neutral_right[where S="f ` A"]) (auto simp: pairwise_insert) next assume"f a ≠ {}" thenhave"sum card (insert (f a) (f ` A)) = card (f a) + sum card (f ` A)" using insert by (subst sum.insert) (auto simp: pairwise_insert) with insert show ?caseby (simp add: pairwise_insert) qed qed simp
text‹By Jakub Kądziołka:›
lemma sum_fun_comp: assumes"finite S""finite R""g ` S ⊆ R" shows"(∑x ∈ S. f (g x)) = (∑y ∈ R. of_nat (card {x ∈ S. g x = y}) * f y)" proof - let ?r = "relation_of (λp q. g p = g q) S" have eqv: "equiv S ?r" unfolding relation_of_def by (auto intro: comp_equivI) have finite: "C ∈ S//?r ==> finite C"for C by (fact finite_equiv_class[OF `finite S` equiv_type[OF `equiv S ?r`]]) have disjoint: "A ∈ S//?r ==> B ∈ S//?r ==> A ≠ B ==> A ∩ B = {}"for A B using eqv quotient_disj by blast
let ?cls = "λy. {x ∈ S. y = g x}" have quot_as_img: "S//?r = ?cls ` g ` S" by (auto simp add: relation_of_def quotient_def) have cls_inj: "inj_on ?cls (g ` S)" by (auto intro: inj_onI)
have rest_0: "(∑y ∈ R - g ` S. of_nat (card (?cls y)) * f y) = 0" proof - have"of_nat (card (?cls y)) * f y = 0"if asm: "y ∈ R - g ` S"for y proof - from asm have *: "?cls y = {}"by auto show ?thesis unfolding * by simp qed thus ?thesis by simp qed
have"(∑x ∈ S. f (g x)) = (∑C ∈ S//?r. ∑x ∈ C. f (g x))" using eqv finite disjoint by (simp flip: sum.Union_disjoint[simplified] add: Union_quotient) alsohave"... = (∑y ∈ g ` S. ∑x ∈ ?cls y. f (g x))" unfolding quot_as_img by (simp add: sum.reindex[OF cls_inj]) alsohave"... = (∑y ∈ g ` S. ∑x ∈ ?cls y. f y)" by auto alsohave"... = (∑y ∈ g ` S. of_nat (card (?cls y)) * f y)" by (simp flip: sum_constant) alsohave"... = (∑y ∈ R. of_nat (card (?cls y)) * f y)" using rest_0 by (simp add: sum.subset_diff[OF ‹g ` S ⊆ R›‹finite R›]) finallyshow ?thesis by (simp add: eq_commute) qed
subsubsection‹Cardinality of products›
lemma card_SigmaI [simp]: "finite A ==>∀a∈A. finite (B a) ==> card (SIGMA x: A. B x) = (∑a∈A. card (B a))" by (simp add: card_eq_sum sum.Sigma del: sum_constant)
lemma prod_dvd_prod: "(∧a. a ∈ A ==> f a dvd g a) ==> prod f A dvd prod g A" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby (auto intro: dvdI) next case empty thenshow ?caseby (auto intro: dvdI) next case (insert a A) thenhave"f a dvd g a"and"prod f A dvd prod g A" by simp_all thenobtain r s where"g a = f a * r"and"prod g A = prod f A * s" by (auto elim!: dvdE) thenhave"g a * prod g A = f a * prod f A * (r * s)" by (simp add: ac_simps) with insert.hyps show ?case by (auto intro: dvdI) qed
lemma prod_dvd_prod_subset: "finite B ==> A ⊆ B ==> prod f A dvd prod f B" by (auto simp add: prod.subset_diff ac_simps intro: dvdI)
end
subsubsection‹Properties in more restricted classes of structures›
context linordered_nonzero_semiring begin
lemma prod_ge_1: "(∧x. x ∈ A ==> 1 ≤ f x) ==> 1 ≤ prod f A" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) have"1 * 1 ≤ f x * prod f F" by (rule mult_mono') (use insert in auto) with insert show ?caseby simp qed
lemma prod_le_1: fixes f :: "'b ==> 'a" assumes"∧x. x ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f x ∧ f x ≤ 1" shows"prod f A ≤ 1" using assms proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case infinite thenshow ?caseby simp next case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert x F) thenshow ?caseby (force simp: mult.commute intro: dest: mult_le_one) qed
end
context comm_semiring_1 begin
lemma dvd_prod_eqI [intro]: assumes"finite A"and"a ∈ A"and"b = f a" shows"b dvd prod f A" proof - from‹finite A›have"prod f (insert a (A - {a})) = f a * prod f (A - {a})" by (intro prod.insert) auto alsofrom‹a ∈ A›have"insert a (A - {a}) = A" by blast finallyhave"prod f A = f a * prod f (A - {a})" . with‹b = f a›show ?thesis by simp qed
lemma dvd_prodI [intro]: "finite A ==> a ∈ A ==> f a dvd prod f A" by auto
lemma prod_zero: assumes"finite A"and"∃a∈A. f a = 0" shows"prod f A = 0" using assms proof (induct A) case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert a A) thenhave"f a = 0 ∨ (∃a∈A. f a = 0)"by simp thenhave"f a * prod f A = 0"by (rule disjE) (simp_all add: insert) with insert show ?caseby simp qed
lemma prod_dvd_prod_subset2: assumes"finite B"and"A ⊆ B"and"∧a. a ∈ A ==> f a dvd g a" shows"prod f A dvd prod g B" proof - from assms have"prod f A dvd prod g A" by (auto intro: prod_dvd_prod) moreoverfrom assms have"prod g A dvd prod g B" by (auto intro: prod_dvd_prod_subset) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (rule dvd_trans) qed
end
lemma (in semidom) prod_zero_iff [simp]: fixes f :: "'b ==> 'a" assumes"finite A" shows"prod f A = 0 ⟷ (∃a∈A. f a = 0)" using assms by (induct A) (auto simp: no_zero_divisors)
lemma (in semidom_divide) prod_diff1: assumes"finite A"and"f a ≠ 0" shows"prod f (A - {a}) = (if a ∈ A then prod f A div f a else prod f A)" proof (cases "a ∉ A") case True thenshow ?thesis by simp next case False with assms show ?thesis proof induct case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert b B) thenshow ?case proof (cases "a = b") case True with insert show ?thesis by simp next case False with insert have"a ∈ B"by simp
define C where"C = B - {a}" with‹finite B›‹a ∈ B›have"B = insert a C""finite C""a ∉ C" by auto with insert show ?thesis by (auto simp add: insert_commute ac_simps) qed qed qed
lemma prod_uminus: "(∏x∈A. -f x :: 'a :: comm_ring_1) = (-1) ^ card A * (∏x∈A. f x)" by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp: algebra_simps)
lemma prod_diff: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b :: field" assumes"finite A""B ⊆ A""∧x. x ∈ B ==> f x ≠ 0" shows"prod f (A - B) = prod f A / prod f B" by (metis assms finite_subset nonzero_eq_divide_eq prod.subset_diff
prod_zero_iff)
lemma sum_zero_power [simp]: "(∑i∈A. c i * 0^i) = (if finite A ∧ 0 ∈ A then c 0 else 0)" for c :: "nat ==> 'a::division_ring" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
lemma sum_zero_power' [simp]: "(∑i∈A. c i * 0^i / d i) = (if finite A ∧ 0 ∈ A then c 0 / d 0 else 0)" for c :: "nat ==> 'a::field" using sum_zero_power [of "λi. c i / d i" A] by auto
lemma (in field) prod_inversef: "prod (inverse ∘ f) A = inverse (prod f A)" proof (cases "finite A") case True thenshow ?thesis by (induct A rule: finite_induct) simp_all next case False thenshow ?thesis by auto qed
lemma (in field) prod_dividef: "(∏x∈A. f x / g x) = prod f A / prod g A" using prod_inversef [of g A] by (simp add: divide_inverse prod.distrib)
lemma prod_Un: fixes f :: "'b ==> 'a :: field" assumes"finite A"and"finite B" and"∀x∈A ∩ B. f x ≠ 0" shows"prod f (A ∪ B) = prod f A * prod f B / prod f (A ∩ B)" proof - from assms have"prod f A * prod f B = prod f (A ∪ B) * prod f (A ∩ B)" by (simp add: prod.union_inter [symmetric, of A B]) with assms show ?thesis by simp qed
context linordered_semidom begin
lemma prod_nonneg: "(∧a. a∈A ==> 0 ≤ f a) ==> 0 ≤ prod f A" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma prod_pos: "(∧a. a∈A ==> 0 < f a) ==> 0 < prod f A" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma prod_mono: "(∧i. i ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f i ∧ f i ≤ g i) ==> prod f A ≤ prod g A" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (force intro!: prod_nonneg mult_mono)+
text‹Only one needs to be strict› lemma prod_mono_strict: assumes"i ∈ A""f i < g i" assumes"finite A" assumes"∧i. i ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f i ∧ f i ≤ g i" assumes"∧i. i ∈ A ==> 0 < g i" shows"prod f A < prod g A" proof - have"prod f A = f i * prod f (A - {i})" using assms by (intro prod.remove) alsohave"…≤ f i * prod g (A - {i})" using assms by (intro mult_left_mono prod_mono) auto alsohave"… < g i * prod g (A - {i})" using assms by (intro mult_strict_right_mono prod_pos) auto alsohave"… = prod g A" using assms by (intro prod.remove [symmetric]) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma prod_le_power: assumes A: "∧i. i ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f i ∧ f i ≤ n""card A ≤ k"and"n ≥ 1" shows"prod f A ≤ n ^ k" using A proof (induction A arbitrary: k rule: infinite_finite_induct) case (insert i A) thenobtain k' where k': "card A ≤ k'""k = Suc k'" using Suc_le_D by force have"f i * prod f A ≤ n * n ^ k'" using insert ‹n ≥ 1› k' by (intro prod_nonneg mult_mono; force) thenshow ?case by (auto simp: ‹k = Suc k'› insert.hyps) qed (use‹n ≥ 1›in auto)
end
lemma prod_mono2: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b :: linordered_idom" assumes fin: "finite B" and sub: "A ⊆ B" and nn: "∧b. b ∈ B-A ==> 1 ≤ f b" and A: "∧a. a ∈ A ==> 0 ≤ f a" shows"prod f A ≤ prod f B" proof - have"prod f A ≤ prod f A * prod f (B-A)" by (metis prod_ge_1 A mult_le_cancel_left1 nn not_less prod_nonneg) alsofrom fin finite_subset[OF sub fin] have"… = prod f (A ∪ (B-A))" by (simp add: prod.union_disjoint del: Un_Diff_cancel) alsofrom sub have"A ∪ (B-A) = B"by blast finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma less_1_prod: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::linordered_idom" shows"finite I ==> I ≠ {} ==> (∧i. i ∈ I ==> 1 < f i) ==> 1 < prod f I" by (induct I rule: finite_ne_induct) (auto intro: less_1_mult)
lemma less_1_prod2: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::linordered_idom" assumes I: "finite I""i ∈ I""1 < f i""∧i. i ∈ I ==> 1 ≤ f i" shows"1 < prod f I" proof - have"1 < f i * prod f (I - {i})" using assms by (meson DiffD1 leI less_1_mult less_le_trans mult_le_cancel_left1 prod_ge_1) alsohave"… = prod f I" using assms by (simp add: prod.remove) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma (in linordered_field) abs_prod: "∣prod f A∣ = (∏x∈A. ∣f x∣)" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: abs_mult)
lemma prod_eq_1_iff [simp]: "finite A ==> prod f A = 1 ⟷ (∀a∈A. f a = 1)" for f :: "'a ==> nat" by (induct A rule: finite_induct) simp_all
lemma prod_pos_nat_iff [simp]: "finite A ==> prod f A > 0 ⟷ (∀a∈A. f a > 0)" for f :: "'a ==> nat" using prod_zero_iff by (simp del: neq0_conv add: zero_less_iff_neq_zero)
lemma prod_constant [simp]: "(∏x∈ A. y) = y ^ card A" for y :: "'a::comm_monoid_mult" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) simp_all
lemma prod_diff_swap: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b :: comm_ring_1" shows"prod (λx. f x - g x) A = (-1) ^ card A * prod (λx. g x - f x) A" using prod.distrib[of "λ_. -1""λx. f x - g x" A] by simp
lemma prod_power_distrib: "prod f A ^ n = prod (λx. (f x) ^ n) A" for f :: "'a ==> 'b::comm_semiring_1" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (auto simp add: power_mult_distrib)
lemma power_inject_exp': assumes"a ≠ 1""a > (0 :: 'a :: linordered_semidom)" shows"a ^ m = a ^ n ⟷ m = n" by (metis assms not_less_iff_gr_or_eq order_le_less power_decreasing_iff
power_inject_exp)
lemma power_sum: "c ^ (∑a∈A. f a) = (∏a∈A. c ^ f a)" by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: power_add)
lemma prod_gen_delta: fixes b :: "'b ==> 'a::comm_monoid_mult" assumes fin: "finite S" shows"prod (λk. if k = a then b k else c) S = (if a ∈ S then b a * c ^ (card S - 1) else c ^ card S)" proof - let ?f = "(λk. if k=a then b k else c)" show ?thesis proof (cases "a ∈ S") case False thenhave"∀ k∈ S. ?f k = c"by simp with False show ?thesis by (simp add: prod_constant) next case True let ?A = "S - {a}" let ?B = "{a}" from True have eq: "S = ?A ∪ ?B"by blast have disjoint: "?A ∩ ?B = {}"by simp from fin have fin': "finite ?A""finite ?B"by auto have f_A0: "prod ?f ?A = prod (λi. c) ?A" by (rule prod.cong) auto from fin True have card_A: "card ?A = card S - 1"by auto have f_A1: "prod ?f ?A = c ^ card ?A" unfolding f_A0 by (rule prod_constant) have"prod ?f ?A * prod ?f ?B = prod ?f S" using prod.union_disjoint[OF fin' disjoint, of ?f, unfolded eq[symmetric]] by simp with True card_A show ?thesis by (simp add: f_A1 field_simps cong add: prod.cong cong del: if_weak_cong) qed qed
lemma sum_image_le: fixes g :: "'a ==> 'b::ordered_comm_monoid_add" assumes"finite I""∧i. i ∈ I ==> 0 ≤ g(f i)" shows"sum g (f ` I) ≤ sum (g ∘ f) I" using assms proofinduction case empty thenshow ?caseby auto next case (insert i I) hence *: "sum g (f ` I) ≤ g (f i) + sum g (f ` I)" "sum g (f ` I) ≤ sum (g ∘ f) I"using add_increasing by blast+ have"sum g (f ` insert i I) = sum g (insert (f i) (f ` I))"by simp alsohave"…≤ g (f i) + sum g (f ` I)"by (simp add: * insert sum.insert_if) alsofrom * have"…≤ g (f i) + sum (g ∘ f) I"by (intro add_left_mono) alsofrom insert have"… = sum (g ∘ f) (insert i I)"by (simp add: sum.insert_if) finallyshow ?case . qed
lemma prod_add: fixes f1 f2 :: "'a ==> 'c :: comm_semiring_1" assumes finite: "finite A" shows"(∏x∈A. f1 x + f2 x) = (∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" using assms proof (induction A rule: finite_induct) case (insert x A) have"(∑X∈Pow (insert x A). (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x)) = (∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x)) + (∑X∈insert x ` (Pow A). (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x))" unfolding Pow_insert by (rule sum.union_disjoint) (use insert.hyps in auto) alsohave"(∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x)) = (∑X∈Pow A. f2 x * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" proof (rule sum.cong) fix X assume X: "X ∈ Pow A" have"(∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x (A-X). f2 x) = f2 x * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x)" by (subst prod.insert) (use insert.hyps finite_subset[of X A] X in‹auto simp: mult_ac›) alsohave"insert x (A - X) = insert x A - X" using insert.hyps X by auto finallyshow"(∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x) = f2 x * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x)" . qed auto alsohave"(∑X∈insert x ` (Pow A). (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-X. f2 x)) = (∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈insert x X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-insert x X. f2 x))" by (subst sum.reindex) (use insert.hyps in‹auto intro!: inj_onI simp: o_def›) alsohave"(∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈insert x X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-insert x X. f2 x)) = (∑X∈Pow A. f1 x * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" proof (rule sum.cong) fix X assume X: "X ∈ Pow A" show"(∏x∈insert x X. f1 x) * (∏x∈insert x A-insert x X. f2 x) = f1 x * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x)" by (subst prod.insert) (use insert.hyps finite_subset[of X A] X in auto) qed auto alsohave"(∑X∈Pow A. f2 x * prod f1 X * prod f2 (A - X)) + (∑X∈Pow A. f1 x * prod f1 X * prod f2 (A - X)) = (f1 x + f2 x) * (∑X∈Pow A. prod f1 X * prod f2 (A - X))" by (simp add: algebra_simps flip: sum_distrib_left sum_distrib_right) finallyshow ?case by (subst (asm) insert.IH [symmetric]) (use insert.hyps in simp) qed auto
lemma prod_diff_conv_sum: fixes f1 f2 :: "'a ==> 'c :: comm_ring_1" assumes finite: "finite A" shows"(∏x∈A. f1 x - f2 x) = (∑X∈Pow A. (-1) ^ card X * (∏x∈X. f2 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f1 x))" proof - have"(∏x∈A. f1 x - f2 x) = (∏x∈A. -f2 x + f1 x)" by simp alsohave"… = (∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈X. - f2 x) * prod f1 (A - X))" by (rule prod_add) fact+ alsohave"… = (∑X∈Pow A. (-1) ^ card X * (∏x∈X. f2 x) * prod f1 (A - X))" by (simp add: prod_uminus) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma prod_diff_conv_sum': fixes f1 f2 :: "'a ==> 'c :: comm_ring_1" assumes finite: "finite A" shows"(∏x∈A. f1 x - f2 x) = (∑X∈Pow A. (-1) ^ (card A - card X) * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" proof - have"(∏x∈A. f1 x - f2 x) = (∏x∈A. f1 x + (-f2 x))" by simp alsohave"… = (∑X∈Pow A. (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. -f2 x))" by (rule prod_add) fact+ alsohave"… = (∑X∈Pow A. (-1) ^ card (A - X) * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" by (simp add: prod_uminus mult_ac) alsohave"… = (∑X∈Pow A. (-1) ^ (card A - card X) * (∏x∈X. f1 x) * (∏x∈A-X. f2 x))" using finite_subset[OF _ assms] by (intro sum.cong refl, subst card_Diff_subset) auto finallyshow ?thesis . qed
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