locale weak_complete_lattice = weak_partial_order + assumes sup_exists: "[| A ⊆ carrier L |] ==> ∃s. least L s (Upper L A)" and inf_exists: "[| A ⊆ carrier L |] ==> ∃i. greatest L i (Lower L A)"
sublocale weak_complete_lattice ⊆ weak_lattice proof fix x y assume a: "x ∈ carrier L""y ∈ carrier L" thus"∃s. is_lub L s {x, y}" by (rule_tac sup_exists[of "{x, y}"], auto) from a show"∃s. is_glb L s {x, y}" by (rule_tac inf_exists[of "{x, y}"], auto) qed
text‹Introduction rule: the usual definition of complete lattice›
lemma (in weak_partial_order) weak_complete_latticeI: assumes sup_exists: "!!A. [| A ⊆ carrier L |] ==> ∃s. least L s (Upper L A)" and inf_exists: "!!A. [| A ⊆ carrier L |] ==> ∃i. greatest L i (Lower L A)" shows"weak_complete_lattice L" by standard (auto intro: sup_exists inf_exists)
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) dual_weak_complete_lattice: "weak_complete_lattice (inv_gorder L)" proof - interpret dual: weak_lattice "inv_gorder L" by (metis dual_weak_lattice) show ?thesis by (unfold_locales) (simp_all add:inf_exists sup_exists) qed
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) supI: "[| !!l. least L l (Upper L A) ==> P l; A ⊆ carrier L |] ==> P (⊔A)" proof (unfold sup_def) assume L: "A ⊆ carrier L" and P: "!!l. least L l (Upper L A) ==> P l" with sup_exists obtain s where"least L s (Upper L A)"by blast with L show"P (SOME l. least L l (Upper L A))" by (fast intro: someI2 weak_least_unique P) qed
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) sup_closed [simp]: "A ⊆ carrier L ==> ⊔A ∈ carrier L" by (rule supI) simp_all
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) sup_cong: assumes"A ⊆ carrier L""B ⊆ carrier L""A {.=} B" shows"⊔ A .= ⊔ B" proof - have"∧ x. is_lub L x A ⟷ is_lub L x B" by (rule least_Upper_cong_r, simp_all add: assms) moreoverhave"⊔ B ∈ carrier L" by (simp add: assms(2)) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (simp add: sup_def) qed
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) infI: "[| !!i. greatest L i (Lower L A) ==> P i; A ⊆ carrier L |] ==> P (⊓A)" proof (unfold inf_def) assume L: "A ⊆ carrier L" and P: "!!l. greatest L l (Lower L A) ==> P l" with inf_exists obtain s where"greatest L s (Lower L A)"by blast with L show"P (SOME l. greatest L l (Lower L A))" by (fast intro: someI2 weak_greatest_unique P) qed
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) inf_closed [simp]: "A ⊆ carrier L ==> ⊓A ∈ carrier L" by (rule infI) simp_all
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) inf_cong: assumes"A ⊆ carrier L""B ⊆ carrier L""A {.=} B" shows"⊓ A .= ⊓ B" proof - have"∧ x. is_glb L x A ⟷ is_glb L x B" by (rule greatest_Lower_cong_r, simp_all add: assms) moreoverhave"⊓ B ∈ carrier L" by (simp add: assms(2)) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (simp add: inf_def) qed
theorem (in weak_partial_order) weak_complete_lattice_criterion1: assumes top_exists: "∃g. greatest L g (carrier L)" and inf_exists: "∧A. [| A ⊆ carrier L; A ≠ {} |] ==> ∃i. greatest L i (Lower L A)" shows"weak_complete_lattice L" proof (rule weak_complete_latticeI) from top_exists obtain top where top: "greatest L top (carrier L)" .. fix A assume L: "A ⊆ carrier L" let ?B = "Upper L A" from L top have"top ∈ ?B"by (fast intro!: Upper_memI intro: greatest_le) thenhave B_non_empty: "?B ≠ {}"by fast have B_L: "?B ⊆ carrier L"by simp from inf_exists [OF B_L B_non_empty] obtain b where b_inf_B: "greatest L b (Lower L ?B)" .. thenhave bcarr: "b ∈ carrier L" by auto have"least L b (Upper L A)" proof (rule least_UpperI) show"∧x. x ∈ A ==> x ⊑ b" by (meson L Lower_memI Upper_memD b_inf_B greatest_le subsetD) show"∧y. y ∈ Upper L A ==> b ⊑ y" by (meson B_L b_inf_B greatest_Lower_below) qed (use bcarr L in auto) thenshow"∃s. least L s (Upper L A)" .. next fix A assume L: "A ⊆ carrier L" show"∃i. greatest L i (Lower L A)" by (metis L Lower_empty inf_exists top_exists) qed
text‹Supremum›
declare (in partial_order) weak_sup_of_singleton [simp del]
lemma (in partial_order) sup_of_singleton [simp]: "x ∈ carrier L ==> ⊔{x} = x" using weak_sup_of_singleton unfolding eq_is_equal .
lemma (in upper_semilattice) join_assoc_lemma: assumes L: "x ∈ carrier L""y ∈ carrier L""z ∈ carrier L" shows"x ⊔ (y ⊔ z) = ⊔{x, y, z}" using weak_join_assoc_lemma L unfolding eq_is_equal .
lemma (in upper_semilattice) join_assoc: assumes L: "x ∈ carrier L""y ∈ carrier L""z ∈ carrier L" shows"(x ⊔ y) ⊔ z = x ⊔ (y ⊔ z)" using weak_join_assoc L unfolding eq_is_equal .
text‹Infimum›
declare (in partial_order) weak_inf_of_singleton [simp del]
lemma (in partial_order) inf_of_singleton [simp]: "x ∈ carrier L ==> ⊓{x} = x" using weak_inf_of_singleton unfolding eq_is_equal .
text‹Condition on ‹A›: infimum exists.›
lemma (in lower_semilattice) meet_assoc_lemma: assumes L: "x ∈ carrier L""y ∈ carrier L""z ∈ carrier L" shows"x ⊓ (y ⊓ z) = ⊓{x, y, z}" using weak_meet_assoc_lemma L unfolding eq_is_equal .
lemma (in lower_semilattice) meet_assoc: assumes L: "x ∈ carrier L""y ∈ carrier L""z ∈ carrier L" shows"(x ⊓ y) ⊓ z = x ⊓ (y ⊓ z)" using weak_meet_assoc L unfolding eq_is_equal .
subsection‹Infimum Laws›
context weak_complete_lattice begin
lemma inf_glb: assumes"A ⊆ carrier L" shows"greatest L (⊓A) (Lower L A)" proof - obtain i where"greatest L i (Lower L A)" by (metis assms inf_exists) thus ?thesis by (metis inf_def someI_ex) qed
lemma weak_inf_carrier [simp]: "⊓carrier L .= ⊥" by (metis bottom_weak_eq inf_closed inf_lower subset_refl)
lemma weak_inf_insert [simp]: assumes"a ∈ carrier L""A ⊆ carrier L" shows"⊓insert a A .= a ⊓⊓A" proof (rule weak_le_antisym) show"⊓insert a A ⊑ a ⊓⊓A" by (simp add: assms inf_lower local.inf_greatest meet_le) show aA: "a ⊓⊓A ∈ carrier L" using assms by simp show"a ⊓⊓A ⊑⊓insert a A" apply (rule inf_greatest) using assms apply (simp_all add: aA) by (meson aA inf_closed inf_lower local.le_trans meet_left meet_right subsetCE) show"⊓insert a A ∈ carrier L" using assms by (force intro: le_trans inf_closed meet_right meet_left inf_lower) qed
subsection‹Supremum Laws›
lemma sup_lub: assumes"A ⊆ carrier L" shows"least L (⊔A) (Upper L A)" by (metis Upper_is_closed assms least_closed least_cong supI sup_closed sup_exists weak_least_unique)
lemma weak_sup_carrier [simp]: "⊔carrier L .= ⊤" by (metis Lower_closed Lower_empty sup_closed sup_upper top_closed top_higher weak_le_antisym)
lemma weak_sup_insert [simp]: assumes"a ∈ carrier L""A ⊆ carrier L" shows"⊔insert a A .= a ⊔⊔A" proof (rule weak_le_antisym) show aA: "a ⊔⊔A ∈ carrier L" using assms by simp show"⊔insert a A ⊑ a ⊔⊔A" apply (rule sup_least) using assms apply (simp_all add: aA) by (meson aA join_left join_right local.le_trans subsetCE sup_closed sup_upper) show"a ⊔⊔A ⊑⊔insert a A" by (simp add: assms join_le local.sup_least sup_upper) show"⊔insert a A ∈ carrier L" using assms by (force intro: le_trans inf_closed meet_right meet_left inf_lower) qed
end
subsection‹Fixed points of a lattice›
definition"fps L f = {x ∈ carrier L. f x .= x}"
abbreviation"fpl L f ≡ L(carrier := fps L f)"
lemma (in weak_partial_order)
use_fps: "x ∈ fps L f ==> f x .= x" by (simp add: fps_def)
lemma fps_carrier [simp]: "fps L f ⊆ carrier L" by (auto simp add: fps_def)
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) fps_sup_image: assumes"f ∈ carrier L → carrier L""A ⊆ fps L f" shows"⊔ (f ` A) .= ⊔ A" proof - from assms(2) have AL: "A ⊆ carrier L" by (auto simp add: fps_def) show ?thesis proof (rule sup_cong, simp_all add: AL) from assms(1) AL show"f ` A ⊆ carrier L" by auto thenhave *: "∧b. [A ⊆ {x ∈ carrier L. f x .= x}; b ∈ A]==>∃a∈f ` A. b .= a" by (meson AL assms(2) image_eqI local.sym subsetCE use_fps) from assms(2) show"f ` A {.=} A" by (auto simp add: fps_def intro: set_eqI2 [OF _ *]) qed qed
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) fps_idem: assumes"f ∈ carrier L → carrier L""Idem f" shows"fps L f {.=} f ` carrier L" proof (rule set_eqI2) show"∧a. a ∈ fps L f ==>∃b∈f ` carrier L. a .= b" using assms by (force simp add: fps_def intro: local.sym) show"∧b. b ∈ f ` carrier L ==>∃a∈fps L f. b .= a" using assms by (force simp add: idempotent_def fps_def) qed
context weak_complete_lattice begin
lemma weak_sup_pre_fixed_point: assumes"f ∈ carrier L → carrier L""isotone L L f""A ⊆ fps L f" shows"(⊔ A) ⊑ f (⊔ A)" proof (rule sup_least) from assms(3) show AL: "A ⊆ carrier L" by (auto simp add: fps_def) thus fA: "f (⊔A) ∈ carrier L" by (simp add: assms funcset_carrier[of f L L]) fix x assume xA: "x ∈ A" hence"x ∈ fps L f" using assms subsetCE by blast hence"f x .= x" by (auto simp add: fps_def) moreoverhave"f x ⊑ f (⊔A)" by (meson AL assms(2) subsetCE sup_closed sup_upper use_iso1 xA) ultimatelyshow"x ⊑ f (⊔A)" by (meson AL fA assms(1) funcset_carrier le_cong local.refl subsetCE xA) qed
lemma weak_sup_post_fixed_point: assumes"f ∈ carrier L → carrier L""isotone L L f""A ⊆ fps L f" shows"f (⊓ A) ⊑ (⊓ A)" proof (rule inf_greatest) from assms(3) show AL: "A ⊆ carrier L" by (auto simp add: fps_def) thus fA: "f (⊓A) ∈ carrier L" by (simp add: assms funcset_carrier[of f L L]) fix x assume xA: "x ∈ A" hence"x ∈ fps L f" using assms subsetCE by blast hence"f x .= x" by (auto simp add: fps_def) moreoverhave"f (⊓A) ⊑ f x" by (meson AL assms(2) inf_closed inf_lower subsetCE use_iso1 xA) ultimatelyshow"f (⊓A) ⊑ x" by (meson AL assms(1) fA funcset_carrier le_cong_r subsetCE xA) qed
subsubsection‹Least fixed points›
lemma LFP_closed [intro, simp]: "LFP f ∈ carrier L" by (metis (lifting) LEAST_FP_def inf_closed mem_Collect_eq subsetI)
lemma LFP_lowerbound: assumes"x ∈ carrier L""f x ⊑ x" shows"LFP f ⊑ x" by (auto intro:inf_lower assms simp add:LEAST_FP_def)
lemma LFP_greatest: assumes"x ∈ carrier L" "(∧u. [ u ∈ carrier L; f u ⊑ u ]==> x ⊑ u)" shows"x ⊑ LFP f" by (auto simp add:LEAST_FP_def intro:inf_greatest assms)
lemma LFP_lemma2: assumes"Mono f""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L" shows"f (LFP f) ⊑ LFP f" proof (rule LFP_greatest) have f: "∧x. x ∈ carrier L ==> f x ∈ carrier L" using assms by (auto simp add: Pi_def) with assms show"f (LFP f) ∈ carrier L" by blast show"∧u. [u ∈ carrier L; f u ⊑ u]==> f (LFP f) ⊑ u" by (meson LFP_closed LFP_lowerbound assms(1) f local.le_trans use_iso1) qed
lemma LFP_lemma3: assumes"Mono f""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L" shows"LFP f ⊑ f (LFP f)" using assms by (simp add: Pi_def) (metis LFP_closed LFP_lemma2 LFP_lowerbound assms(2) use_iso2)
lemma LFP_weak_unfold: "[ Mono f; f ∈ carrier L → carrier L ]==> LFP f .= f (LFP f)" by (auto intro: LFP_lemma2 LFP_lemma3 funcset_mem)
lemma LFP_fixed_point [intro]: assumes"Mono f""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L" shows"LFP f ∈ fps L f" proof - have"f (LFP f) ∈ carrier L" using assms(2) by blast with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: LFP_weak_unfold fps_def local.sym) qed
lemma LFP_least_fixed_point: assumes"Mono f""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L""x ∈ fps L f" shows"LFP f ⊑ x" using assms by (force intro: LFP_lowerbound simp add: fps_def)
lemma LFP_idem: assumes"f ∈ carrier L → carrier L""Mono f""Idem f" shows"LFP f .= (f ⊥)" proof (rule weak_le_antisym) from assms(1) show fb: "f ⊥∈ carrier L" by (rule funcset_mem, simp) from assms show mf: "LFP f ∈ carrier L" by blast show"LFP f ⊑ f ⊥" proof - have"f (f ⊥) .= f ⊥" by (auto simp add: fps_def fb assms(3) idempotent) moreoverhave"f (f ⊥) ∈ carrier L" by (rule funcset_mem[of f "carrier L"], simp_all add: assms fb) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (auto intro: LFP_lowerbound simp add: fb) qed show"f ⊥⊑ LFP f" proof - have"f ⊥⊑ f (LFP f)" by (auto intro: use_iso1[of _ f] simp add: assms) moreoverhave"... .= LFP f" using assms(1) assms(2) fps_def by force moreoverfrom assms(1) have"f (LFP f) ∈ carrier L" by (auto) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using fb by blast qed qed
subsubsection‹Greatest fixed points›
lemma GFP_closed [intro, simp]: "GFP f ∈ carrier L" by (auto intro:sup_closed simp add:GREATEST_FP_def)
lemma GFP_upperbound: assumes"x ∈ carrier L""x ⊑ f x" shows"x ⊑ GFP f" by (auto intro:sup_upper assms simp add:GREATEST_FP_def)
lemma GFP_least: assumes"x ∈ carrier L" "(∧u. [ u ∈ carrier L; u ⊑ f u ]==> u ⊑ x)" shows"GFP f ⊑ x" by (auto simp add:GREATEST_FP_def intro:sup_least assms)
lemma GFP_lemma2: assumes"Mono f""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L" shows"GFP f ⊑ f (GFP f)" proof (rule GFP_least) have f: "∧x. x ∈ carrier L ==> f x ∈ carrier L" using assms by (auto simp add: Pi_def) with assms show"f (GFP f) ∈ carrier L" by blast show"∧u. [u ∈ carrier L; u ⊑ f u]==> u ⊑ f (GFP f)" by (meson GFP_closed GFP_upperbound le_trans assms(1) f local.le_trans use_iso1) qed
lemma GFP_weak_unfold: "[ Mono f; f ∈ carrier L → carrier L ]==> GFP f .= f (GFP f)" by (auto intro: GFP_lemma2 GFP_lemma3 funcset_mem)
lemma (in weak_complete_lattice) GFP_fixed_point [intro]: assumes"Mono f""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L" shows"GFP f ∈ fps L f" using assms proof - have"f (GFP f) ∈ carrier L" using assms(2) by blast with assms show ?thesis by (simp add: GFP_weak_unfold fps_def local.sym) qed
lemma GFP_greatest_fixed_point: assumes"Mono f""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L""x ∈ fps L f" shows"x ⊑ GFP f" using assms by (rule_tac GFP_upperbound, auto simp add: fps_def, meson PiE local.sym weak_refl)
lemma GFP_idem: assumes"f ∈ carrier L → carrier L""Mono f""Idem f" shows"GFP f .= (f ⊤)" proof (rule weak_le_antisym) from assms(1) show fb: "f ⊤∈ carrier L" by (rule funcset_mem, simp) from assms show mf: "GFP f ∈ carrier L" by blast show"f ⊤⊑ GFP f" proof - have"f (f ⊤) .= f ⊤" by (auto simp add: fps_def fb assms(3) idempotent) moreoverhave"f (f ⊤) ∈ carrier L" by (rule funcset_mem[of f "carrier L"], simp_all add: assms fb) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (rule_tac GFP_upperbound, simp_all add: fb local.sym) qed show"GFP f ⊑ f ⊤" proof - have"GFP f ⊑ f (GFP f)" by (simp add: GFP_lemma2 assms(1) assms(2)) moreoverhave"... ⊑ f ⊤" by (auto intro: use_iso1[of _ f] simp add: assms) moreoverfrom assms(1) have"f (GFP f) ∈ carrier L" by (auto) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using fb local.le_trans by blast qed qed
end
subsection‹Complete lattices where ‹eq› is the Equality›
locale complete_lattice = partial_order + assumes sup_exists: "[| A ⊆ carrier L |] ==> ∃s. least L s (Upper L A)" and inf_exists: "[| A ⊆ carrier L |] ==> ∃i. greatest L i (Lower L A)"
sublocale complete_lattice ⊆ lattice proof fix x y assume a: "x ∈ carrier L""y ∈ carrier L" thus"∃s. is_lub L s {x, y}" by (rule_tac sup_exists[of "{x, y}"], auto) from a show"∃s. is_glb L s {x, y}" by (rule_tac inf_exists[of "{x, y}"], auto) qed
sublocale complete_lattice ⊆ weak?: weak_complete_lattice by standard (auto intro: sup_exists inf_exists)
lemma complete_lattice_lattice [simp]: assumes"complete_lattice X" shows"lattice X" proof - interpret c: complete_lattice X by (simp add: assms) show ?thesis by (unfold_locales) qed
text‹Introduction rule: the usual definition of complete lattice›
lemma (in partial_order) complete_latticeI: assumes sup_exists: "!!A. [| A ⊆ carrier L |] ==> ∃s. least L s (Upper L A)" and inf_exists: "!!A. [| A ⊆ carrier L |] ==> ∃i. greatest L i (Lower L A)" shows"complete_lattice L" by standard (auto intro: sup_exists inf_exists)
theorem (in partial_order) complete_lattice_criterion1: assumes top_exists: "∃g. greatest L g (carrier L)" and inf_exists: "!!A. [| A ⊆ carrier L; A ≠ {} |] ==> ∃i. greatest L i (Lower L A)" shows"complete_lattice L" proof (rule complete_latticeI) from top_exists obtain top where top: "greatest L top (carrier L)" .. fix A assume L: "A ⊆ carrier L" let ?B = "Upper L A" from L top have"top ∈ ?B"by (fast intro!: Upper_memI intro: greatest_le) thenhave B_non_empty: "?B ≠ {}"by fast have B_L: "?B ⊆ carrier L"by simp from inf_exists [OF B_L B_non_empty] obtain b where b_inf_B: "greatest L b (Lower L ?B)" .. thenhave bcarr: "b ∈ carrier L" by blast have"least L b (Upper L A)" proof (rule least_UpperI) show"∧x. x ∈ A ==> x ⊑ b" by (meson L Lower_memI Upper_memD b_inf_B greatest_le rev_subsetD) show"∧y. y ∈ Upper L A ==> b ⊑ y" by (auto elim: greatest_Lower_below [OF b_inf_B]) qed (use L bcarr in auto) thenshow"∃s. least L s (Upper L A)" .. next fix A assume L: "A ⊆ carrier L" show"∃i. greatest L i (Lower L A)" proof (cases "A = {}") case True thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: top_exists) next case False with L show ?thesis by (rule inf_exists) qed qed
(* TODO: prove dual version *)
subsection‹Fixed points›
context complete_lattice begin
lemma LFP_unfold: "[ Mono f; f ∈ carrier L → carrier L ]==> LFP f = f (LFP f)" using eq_is_equal weak.LFP_weak_unfold by auto
lemma LFP_const: "t ∈ carrier L ==> LFP (λ x. t) = t" by (simp add: local.le_antisym weak.LFP_greatest weak.LFP_lowerbound)
lemma LFP_id: "LFP id = ⊥" by (simp add: local.le_antisym weak.LFP_lowerbound)
lemma GFP_unfold: "[ Mono f; f ∈ carrier L → carrier L ]==> GFP f = f (GFP f)" using eq_is_equal weak.GFP_weak_unfold by auto
lemma GFP_const: "t ∈ carrier L ==> GFP (λ x. t) = t" by (simp add: local.le_antisym weak.GFP_least weak.GFP_upperbound)
lemma GFP_id: "GFP id = ⊤" using weak.GFP_upperbound by auto
end
subsection‹Interval complete lattices›
context weak_complete_lattice begin
lemma at_least_at_most_Sup: "[ a ∈ carrier L; b ∈ carrier L; a ⊑ b ]==>⊔{a..b}.= b" by (rule weak_le_antisym [OF sup_least sup_upper]) (auto simp add: at_least_at_most_closed)
lemma at_least_at_most_Inf: "[ a ∈ carrier L; b ∈ carrier L; a ⊑ b ]==>⊓{a..b}.= a" by (rule weak_le_antisym [OF inf_lower inf_greatest]) (auto simp add: at_least_at_most_closed)
show ?thesis proof fix A assume a: "A ⊆ carrier (L(carrier := {a..b}))" show"∃s. is_lub (L(carrier := {a..b})) s A" proof (cases "A = {}") case True thus ?thesis by (rule_tac x="a"in exI, auto simp add: least_def assms) next case False show ?thesis proof (intro exI least_UpperI, simp_all) show b:"∧ x. x ∈ A ==> x ⊑⊔A" using a by (auto intro: L.sup_upper, meson L.at_least_at_most_closed L.sup_upper subset_trans) show"∧y. y ∈ Upper (L(carrier := {a..b})) A ==>⊔A ⊑ y" using a L.at_least_at_most_closed by (rule_tac L.sup_least, auto intro: funcset_mem simp add: Upper_def) from a show *: "A ⊆{a..b}" by auto show"⊔A ∈{a..b}" proof (rule_tac L.at_least_at_most_member) show1: "⊔A ∈ carrier L" by (meson L.at_least_at_most_closed L.sup_closed subset_trans *) show"a ⊑⊔A" by (meson "*" False L.at_least_at_most_closed L.at_least_at_most_lower L.le_trans L.sup_upper 1 all_not_in_conv assms(2) subsetD subset_trans) show"⊔A ⊑ b" proof (rule L.sup_least) show"A ⊆ carrier L""∧x. x ∈ A ==> x ⊑ b" using * L.at_least_at_most_closed by blast+ qed (simp add: assms) qed qed qed show"∃s. is_glb (L(carrier := {a..b})) s A" proof (cases "A = {}") case True thus ?thesis by (rule_tac x="b"in exI, auto simp add: greatest_def assms) next case False show ?thesis proof (rule_tac x="⊓ A"in exI, rule greatest_LowerI, simp_all) show b:"∧x. x ∈ A ==>⊓A ⊑ x" using a L.at_least_at_most_closed by (force intro!: L.inf_lower) show"∧y. y ∈ Lower (L(carrier := {a..b})) A ==> y ⊑⊓A" using a L.at_least_at_most_closed by (rule_tac L.inf_greatest, auto intro: funcset_carrier' simp add: Lower_def) from a show *: "A ⊆{a..b}" by auto show"⊓A ∈{a..b}" proof (rule_tac L.at_least_at_most_member) show1: "⊓A ∈ carrier L" by (meson "*" L.at_least_at_most_closed L.inf_closed subset_trans) show"a ⊑⊓A" by (meson "*" L.at_least_at_most_closed L.at_least_at_most_lower L.inf_greatest assms(2) subsetD subset_trans) show"⊓A ⊑ b" by (meson * 1 False L.at_least_at_most_closed L.at_least_at_most_upper L.inf_lower L.le_trans all_not_in_conv assms(3) subsetD subset_trans) qed qed qed qed qed
subsection‹Knaster-Tarski theorem and variants›
text‹The set of fixed points of a complete lattice is itself a complete lattice›
theorem Knaster_Tarski: assumes"weak_complete_lattice L"and f: "f ∈ carrier L → carrier L"and"isotone L L f" shows"weak_complete_lattice (fpl L f)" (is"weak_complete_lattice ?L'") proof - interpret L: weak_complete_lattice L by (simp add: assms) interpret weak_partial_order ?L' proof - have"{x ∈ carrier L. f x .= x} ⊆ carrier L" by (auto) thus"weak_partial_order ?L'" by (simp add: L.weak_partial_order_axioms weak_partial_order_subset) qed show ?thesis proof (unfold_locales, simp_all) fix A assume A: "A ⊆ fps L f" show"∃s. is_lub (fpl L f) s A" proof from A have AL: "A ⊆ carrier L" by (meson fps_carrier subset_eq)
let ?w = "⊔ A" have w: "f (⊔A) ∈ carrier L" by (rule funcset_mem[of f "carrier L"], simp_all add: AL assms(2))
have pf_w: "(⊔ A) ⊑ f (⊔ A)" by (simp add: A L.weak_sup_pre_fixed_point assms(2) assms(3))
have f_top_chain: "f ` {?w..⊤}⊆{?w..⊤}" proof (auto simp add: at_least_at_most_def) fix x assume b: "x ∈ carrier L""⊔A ⊑ x" from b show fx: "f x ∈ carrier L" using assms(2) by blast show"⊔A ⊑ f x" proof - have"?w ⊑ f ?w" proof (rule_tac L.sup_least, simp_all add: AL w) fix y assume c: "y ∈ A" hence y: "y ∈ fps L f" using A subsetCE by blast with assms have"y .= f y" proof - from y have"y ∈ carrier L" by (simp add: fps_def) moreoverhence"f y ∈ carrier L" by (rule_tac funcset_mem[of f "carrier L"], simp_all add: assms) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using y by (rule_tac L.sym, simp_all add: L.use_fps) qed moreoverhave"y ⊑⊔A" by (simp add: AL L.sup_upper c(1)) ultimatelyshow"y ⊑ f (⊔A)" by (meson fps_def AL funcset_mem L.refl L.weak_complete_lattice_axioms assms(2) assms(3) c(1) isotone_def rev_subsetD weak_complete_lattice.sup_closed weak_partial_order.le_cong) qed thus ?thesis by (meson AL funcset_mem L.le_trans L.sup_closed assms(2) assms(3) b(1) b(2) use_iso2) qed
show"is_lub ?L'' (LFPL' f) A" proof (rule least_UpperI, simp_all) fix x assume x: "x ∈ Upper ?L'' A" have"LFPL' f ⊑L' x" proof (rule L'.LFP_lowerbound, simp_all) show"x ∈{⊔A..⊤}" using x by (auto simp add: Upper_def A AL L.at_least_at_most_member L.sup_least rev_subsetD) with x show"f x ⊑ x" by (simp add: Upper_def) (meson L.at_least_at_most_closed L.use_fps L.weak_refl subsetD f_top_chain imageI) qed thus" LFPL' f ⊑ x" by (simp) next fix x assume xA: "x ∈ A" show"x ⊑ LFPL' f" proof - have"LFPL' f ∈ carrier ?L'" by blast thus ?thesis by (simp, meson AL L.at_least_at_most_closed L.at_least_at_most_lower L.le_trans L.sup_closed L.sup_upper xA subsetCE) qed next show"A ⊆ fps L f" by (simp add: A) next show"LFPL' f ∈ fps L f" proof (auto simp add: fps_def) have"LFPL' f ∈ carrier ?L'" by (rule L'.LFP_closed) thus c:"LFPL' f ∈ carrier L" by (auto simp add: at_least_at_most_def) have"LFPL' f .=L' f (LFPL' f)" proof (rule "L'.LFP_weak_unfold", simp_all) have"∧x. [x ∈ carrier L; ⊔A ⊑ x]==>⊔A ⊑ f x" by (meson AL funcset_mem L.le_trans L.sup_closed assms(2) assms(3) pf_w use_iso2) with f show"f ∈{⊔A..⊤}→{⊔A..⊤}" by (auto simp add: Pi_def at_least_at_most_def) show"Mono(carrier := {⊔A..⊤}) f" using L'.weak_partial_order_axioms assms(3) by (auto simp add: isotone_def) (meson L.at_least_at_most_closed subsetCE) qed thus"f (LFPL' f) .= LFPL' f" by (simp add: L.equivalence_axioms funcset_carrier' c assms(2) equivalence.sym) qed qed qed show"∃i. is_glb (L(carrier := fps L f)) i A" proof from A have AL: "A ⊆ carrier L" by (meson fps_carrier subset_eq)
let ?w = "⊓ A" have w: "f (⊓A) ∈ carrier L" by (simp add: AL funcset_carrier' assms(2))
have pf_w: "f (⊓ A) ⊑ (⊓ A)" by (simp add: A L.weak_sup_post_fixed_point assms(2) assms(3))
have f_bot_chain: "f ` {⊥..?w}⊆{⊥..?w}" proof (auto simp add: at_least_at_most_def) fix x assume b: "x ∈ carrier L""x ⊑⊓A" from b show fx: "f x ∈ carrier L" using assms(2) by blast show"f x ⊑⊓A" proof - have"f ?w ⊑ ?w" proof (rule_tac L.inf_greatest, simp_all add: AL w) fix y assume c: "y ∈ A" with assms have"y .= f y" by (metis (no_types, lifting) A funcset_carrier'[OF assms(2)] L.sym fps_def mem_Collect_eq subset_eq) moreoverhave"⊓A ⊑ y" by (simp add: AL L.inf_lower c) ultimatelyshow"f (⊓A) ⊑ y" by (meson AL L.inf_closed L.le_trans c pf_w rev_subsetD w) qed thus ?thesis by (meson AL L.inf_closed L.le_trans assms(3) b(1) b(2) fx use_iso2 w) qed show"⊥⊑ f x" by (simp add: fx) qed
show"is_glb ?L'' (GFPL' f) A" proof (rule greatest_LowerI, simp_all) fix x assume"x ∈ Lower ?L'' A" thenhave x: "∀y. y ∈ A ∧ y ∈ fps L f ⟶ x ⊑ y""x ∈ fps L f" by (auto simp add: Lower_def) have"x ⊑L' GFPL' f" unfolding Lower_def proof (rule_tac L'.GFP_upperbound; simp) show"x ∈{⊥..⊓A}" by (meson x A AL L.at_least_at_most_member L.bottom_lower L.inf_greatest contra_subsetD fps_carrier) show"x ⊑ f x" using x by (simp add: funcset_carrier' L.sym assms(2) fps_def) qed thus"x ⊑ GFPL' f" by (simp) next fix x assume xA: "x ∈ A" show"GFPL' f ⊑ x" proof - have"GFPL' f ∈ carrier ?L'" by blast thus ?thesis by (simp, meson AL L.at_least_at_most_closed L.at_least_at_most_upper L.inf_closed L.inf_lower L.le_trans subsetCE xA) qed next show"A ⊆ fps L f" by (simp add: A) next show"GFPL' f ∈ fps L f" proof (auto simp add: fps_def) have"GFPL' f ∈ carrier ?L'" by (rule L'.GFP_closed) thus c:"GFPL' f ∈ carrier L" by (auto simp add: at_least_at_most_def) have"GFPL' f .=L' f (GFPL' f)" proof (rule "L'.GFP_weak_unfold", simp_all) have"∧x. [x ∈ carrier L; x ⊑⊓A]==> f x ⊑⊓A" by (meson AL funcset_carrier L.inf_closed L.le_trans assms(2) assms(3) pf_w use_iso2) with assms(2) show"f ∈{⊥..?w}→{⊥..?w}" by (auto simp add: Pi_def at_least_at_most_def) have"∧x y. [x ∈{⊥..⊓A}; y ∈{⊥..⊓A}; x ⊑ y]==> f x ⊑ f y" by (meson L.at_least_at_most_closed subsetD use_iso1 assms(3)) with L'.weak_partial_order_axioms show"Mono(carrier := {⊥..?w}) f" by (auto simp add: isotone_def) qed thus"f (GFPL' f) .= GFPL' f" by (simp add: L.equivalence_axioms funcset_carrier' c assms(2) equivalence.sym) qed qed qed qed qed
theorem Knaster_Tarski_top: assumes"weak_complete_lattice L""isotone L L f""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L" shows"⊤ L f .= GFP f" proof - interpret L: weak_complete_lattice L by (simp add: assms) interpret L': weak_complete_lattice "fpl L f" by (rule Knaster_Tarski, simp_all add: assms) show ?thesis proof (rule L.weak_le_antisym, simp_all) show"⊤ L f⊑ GFP f" by (rule L.GFP_greatest_fixed_point, simp_all add: assms L'.top_closed[simplified]) show"GFP f ⊑⊤ L f" proof - have"GFP f ∈ fps L f" by (rule L.GFP_fixed_point, simp_all add: assms) hence"GFP f ∈ carrier (fpl L f)" by simp hence"GFP f ⊑ L f⊤ L f" by (rule L'.top_higher) thus ?thesis by simp qed show"⊤ L f∈ carrier L" proof - have"carrier (fpl L f) ⊆ carrier L" by (auto simp add: fps_def) with L'.top_closed show ?thesis by blast qed qed qed
theorem Knaster_Tarski_bottom: assumes"weak_complete_lattice L""isotone L L f""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L" shows"⊥ L f .= LFP f" proof - interpret L: weak_complete_lattice L by (simp add: assms) interpret L': weak_complete_lattice "fpl L f" by (rule Knaster_Tarski, simp_all add: assms) show ?thesis proof (rule L.weak_le_antisym, simp_all) show"LFP f ⊑⊥ L f" by (rule L.LFP_least_fixed_point, simp_all add: assms L'.bottom_closed[simplified]) show"⊥ L f⊑ LFP f" proof - have"LFP f ∈ fps L f" by (rule L.LFP_fixed_point, simp_all add: assms) hence"LFP f ∈ carrier (fpl L f)" by simp hence"⊥ L f⊑ L f LFP f" by (rule L'.bottom_lower) thus ?thesis by simp qed show"⊥ L f∈ carrier L" proof - have"carrier (fpl L f) ⊆ carrier L" by (auto simp add: fps_def) with L'.bottom_closed show ?thesis by blast qed qed qed
text‹If a function is both idempotent and isotone then the image of the function forms a complete lattice›
theorem Knaster_Tarski_idem: assumes"complete_lattice L""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L""isotone L L f""idempotent L f" shows"complete_lattice (L(carrier := f ` carrier L))" proof - interpret L: complete_lattice L by (simp add: assms) have"fps L f = f ` carrier L" using L.weak.fps_idem[OF assms(2) assms(4)] by (simp add: L.set_eq_is_eq) theninterpret L': weak_complete_lattice "(L(carrier := f ` carrier L))" by (metis Knaster_Tarski L.weak.weak_complete_lattice_axioms assms(2) assms(3)) show ?thesis using L'.sup_exists L'.inf_exists by (unfold_locales, auto simp add: L.eq_is_equal) qed
theorem Knaster_Tarski_idem_extremes: assumes"weak_complete_lattice L""isotone L L f""idempotent L f""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L" shows"⊤ L f .= f (⊤)""⊥ L f .= f (⊥)" proof - interpret L: weak_complete_lattice "L" by (simp_all add: assms) interpret L': weak_complete_lattice "fpl L f" by (rule Knaster_Tarski, simp_all add: assms) have FA: "fps L f ⊆ carrier L" by (auto simp add: fps_def) show"⊤ L f .= f (⊤)" proof - from FA have"⊤ L f∈ carrier L" proof - have"⊤ L f∈ fps L f" using L'.top_closed by auto thus ?thesis using FA by blast qed moreoverwith assms have"f ⊤∈ carrier L" by (auto)
ultimatelyshow ?thesis using L.trans[OF Knaster_Tarski_top[of L f] L.GFP_idem[of f]] by (simp_all add: assms) qed show"⊥ L f .= f (⊥)" proof - from FA have"⊥ L f∈ carrier L" proof - have"⊥ L f∈ fps L f" using L'.bottom_closed by auto thus ?thesis using FA by blast qed moreoverwith assms have"f ⊥∈ carrier L" by (auto)
ultimatelyshow ?thesis using L.trans[OF Knaster_Tarski_bottom[of L f] L.LFP_idem[of f]] by (simp_all add: assms) qed qed
theorem Knaster_Tarski_idem_inf_eq: assumes"weak_complete_lattice L""isotone L L f""idempotent L f""f ∈ carrier L → carrier L" "A ⊆ fps L f" shows"⊓ L f A .= f (⊓ A)" proof - interpret L: weak_complete_lattice "L" by (simp_all add: assms) interpret L': weak_complete_lattice "fpl L f" by (rule Knaster_Tarski, simp_all add: assms) have FA: "fps L f ⊆ carrier L" by (auto simp add: fps_def) have A: "A ⊆ carrier L" using FA assms(5) by blast have fA: "f (⊓A) ∈ fps L f" by (metis (no_types, lifting) A L.idempotent L.inf_closed PiE assms(3) assms(4) fps_def mem_Collect_eq) have infA: "⊓ L fA ∈ fps L f" by (rule L'.inf_closed[simplified], simp add: assms) show ?thesis proof (rule L.weak_le_antisym) show ic: "⊓ L fA ∈ carrier L" using FA infA by blast show fc: "f (⊓A) ∈ carrier L" using FA fA by blast show"f (⊓A) ⊑⊓ L fA" proof - have"∧x. x ∈ A ==> f (⊓A) ⊑ x" by (meson A FA L.inf_closed L.inf_lower L.le_trans L.weak_sup_post_fixed_point assms(2) assms(4) assms(5) fA subsetCE) hence"f (⊓A) ⊑ L f⊓ L fA" by (rule_tac L'.inf_greatest, simp_all add: fA assms(3,5)) thus ?thesis by (simp) qed show"⊓ L fA ⊑ f (⊓A)" proof - have *: "⊓ L fA ∈ carrier L" using FA infA by blast have"∧x. x ∈ A ==>⊓ L fA ⊑ L f x" by (rule L'.inf_lower, simp_all add: assms) hence"⊓ L fA ⊑ (⊓A)" by (rule_tac L.inf_greatest, simp_all add: A *) hence1:"f(⊓ L fA) ⊑ f(⊓A)" by (metis (no_types, lifting) A FA L.inf_closed assms(2) infA subsetCE use_iso1) have2:"⊓ L fA ⊑ f (⊓ L fA)" by (metis (no_types, lifting) FA L.sym L.use_fps L.weak_complete_lattice_axioms PiE assms(4) infA subsetCE weak_complete_lattice_def weak_partial_order.weak_refl) show ?thesis using FA fA infA by (auto intro!: L.le_trans[OF 21] ic fc, metis FA PiE assms(4) subsetCE) qed qed qed
subsection‹Examples›
subsubsection‹The Powerset of a Set is a Complete Lattice›
theorem powerset_is_complete_lattice: "complete_lattice (carrier = Pow A, eq = (=), le = (⊆))"
(is"complete_lattice ?L") proof (rule partial_order.complete_latticeI) show"partial_order ?L" by standard auto next fix B assume"B ⊆ carrier ?L" thenhave"least ?L (∪ B) (Upper ?L B)" by (fastforce intro!: least_UpperI simp: Upper_def) thenshow"∃s. least ?L s (Upper ?L B)" .. next fix B assume"B ⊆ carrier ?L" thenhave"greatest ?L (∩ B ∩ A) (Lower ?L B)" txt‹term‹∩ B› is not the infimum of term‹B›: term‹∩ {} = UNIV› which is in general bigger than term‹A›! › by (fastforce intro!: greatest_LowerI simp: Lower_def) thenshow"∃i. greatest ?L i (Lower ?L B)" .. qed
text‹Another example, that of the lattice of subgroups of a group,
can be found in Group theory (Section~\ref{sec:subgroup-lattice}).›
subsection‹Limit preserving functions›
definition weak_sup_pres :: "('a, 'c) gorder_scheme ==> ('b, 'd) gorder_scheme ==>('a ==> 'b) ==> bool"where "weak_sup_pres X Y f ≡ complete_lattice X ∧ complete_lattice Y ∧ (∀ A ⊆ carrier X. A ≠ {} ⟶ f (⊔ A) = (⊔ (f ` A)))"
definition sup_pres :: "('a, 'c) gorder_scheme ==> ('b, 'd) gorder_scheme ==> ('a ==> 'b) ==> bool"where "sup_pres X Y f ≡ complete_lattice X ∧ complete_lattice Y ∧ (∀ A ⊆ carrier X. f (⊔ A) = (⊔ (f ` A)))"
definition weak_inf_pres :: "('a, 'c) gorder_scheme ==> ('b, 'd) gorder_scheme ==>('a ==> 'b) ==> bool"where "weak_inf_pres X Y f ≡ complete_lattice X ∧ complete_lattice Y ∧ (∀ A ⊆ carrier X. A ≠ {} ⟶ f (⊓ A) = (⊓ (f ` A)))"
definition inf_pres :: "('a, 'c) gorder_scheme ==> ('b, 'd) gorder_scheme ==> ('a ==> 'b) ==> bool"where "inf_pres X Y f ≡ complete_lattice X ∧ complete_lattice Y ∧ (∀ A ⊆ carrier X. f (⊓ A) = (⊓ (f ` A)))"
lemma weak_sup_pres: "sup_pres X Y f ==> weak_sup_pres X Y f" by (simp add: sup_pres_def weak_sup_pres_def)
lemma weak_inf_pres: "inf_pres X Y f ==> weak_inf_pres X Y f" by (simp add: inf_pres_def weak_inf_pres_def)
lemma sup_pres_is_join_pres: assumes"weak_sup_pres X Y f" shows"join_pres X Y f" using assms by (auto simp: join_pres_def weak_sup_pres_def join_def)
lemma inf_pres_is_meet_pres: assumes"weak_inf_pres X Y f" shows"meet_pres X Y f" using assms by (auto simp: meet_pres_def weak_inf_pres_def meet_def)
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