textAn earlier encoding and automation of the wise men puzzle, utilizing a shallow embedding
higher-dern,hasnresented‹. However, this work did o convincinglyaddressthepimpp<>\<ghtarrowtau\<Rightarrow>\<tau>"(infixr<pen\<^bold>\<rightarrow>\<close>49) theuniversal(meta-)logicalreasoningapproachof\<^cite>\<open>"J41"\<>forpublicannouncementlogic(PAL)and wedemonstratehowitcanbeutilizedtoachieveaconvincingencodingandautomationofthe uzzleohatsoeeractionamicsivennhescenarioquatelytelyly addressed.Forfurtherbackgroundinformationontheworkresentedereeferertoo\cite\<open>"R78"and"C90"\<close>.\<close>
theoryPALimportsMainbegintheory PAL imports Main begin (* Sebastian Reiche and Christoph Benzmüller, 2021 *)
nitpick_params==>τD_ _›
text‹
typedecl i (* Type of possible worlds *) type_synonym = "ibool"(*Type of world domains *) type_synonym τ==>booleorlduth type_synonym α = java.lang.NullPointerException type_synonym ρPostulating S5 principles for the agent's accessibility relations.›
text ‹ euclidean i" definition reflexive::"\<alpha>\<Rightarrow>bool" where"reflexiveR\<quiv\forallx.Rxx" definitionsymmetric::"\<alpha>Defsntersection_rel_defel_defs where"symmetricR\<equiv>\<orallRxylongrightarrowRyx" definitiontransitive::"\<alpha>\<Rightarrow>bool" where"transitiveR\<equiv>\<forall>xyz.Rxy\Ryz\<longrightarrow>Rxzjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 90 out of bounds for length 90 definitioneuclidean::"\<alpha>\<Rightarrow>bool" where"euclideanR\<equiv>\<forall>xyz.Rxyand>Rxz\<longrightarrow>Ryjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 89 out of bounds for length 89 definitionintersection_rel:"alpha\<Rightarrow>\<alpha>\<Rightarrow>\alpha where"intersection_rel<quiv\<lambda>uv.Ruv\<and>Quv" definitionunion_rel::"\<alpha>\<Rightarrow>\<alpha>\<><" where"union_relequiv\<lambda>uv.Ruv\<or>Quv" definitionsub_rel::"\<alpha>\<Rightarrowalpha\<Rightarrow>bool" where"ub_relRQ<>\<forall>uv.Ruv\<longrightarrow>Quv" definitionrse_rell:\alpha\<Rightarrow>\<alpha>" where"inverse_relR\<equiv>\<lambda>uv.java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 52 out of bounds for length 52 definitionbig_union_rel::"\<rho>\<Rightarrow>\<alpha>" where"big_union_relX\<equiv>\<lambda>uv.\<exists>R.(XR)and(Rujava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 52 out of bounds for length 52 definitionbig_intersection_rel::"\<rho>\<Rightarrow>\<alpha>" where"big_intersection_relX\<equiv>\<lambda>uv.\<forall>R.(XR)\<longrightarrow>(Ruv)"
text\<open>Consistency:nitpickreportsamodel.\<close>
lemma True nitpick [satisfy] oops (* model found *)
section‹Automating the Wise Men Puzzle›
text‹Agents are modeled as accessibility relations.› consts a::"α" b::"α" c::"α" abbreviation Agent::"α==>bool" (‹A›) where"A x ≡ x = a ∨ x = b ∨ x = c" axiomatizationwhere group_S5: "S5Agents A"
text‹Common knowledge: At least one of a, b and c has a white spot.› consts ws::"α==>σ" axiomatizationwhere WM1: "\<lfloor>C\<A> (Aws a \<or> Aws b \<or> Aws c)\<rfloor>"
textusingf axiomatizationwhere
WM2ab: "\<lfloor>C\<A> (\<not>(Aws a) \<rightarrow> (Kb (\<not>(Aws a))))\<rfloor>"and
WM2ac: "\<lfloor>C\<A> (\<not>(Aws a) \<rightarrow> (Kc (\<not>(Aws a))))\<rfloor>"and
WM2ba: "\<lfloor>C\<A> (\<not>(Aws b) \<rightarrow> (Ka (\<not>(Aws b))))\<rfloor>"and
WM2bc: "\<lfloor>C\<A> (\<not>(Aws b) \<rightarrow> (Kc (\<not>(Aws b))))\<rfloor>"and
WM2ca: "\<lfloor>C\<A> (\<not>(Aws c) \<rightarrow> (Ka (\<not>(Aws c))))\<rfloor>"and
WM2cb: "\<lfloor>C\<A> (\<not>(using assms Expos.exponexponentials_in_sets_cat.ide_(2
text ‹Positive introspection principles are implied.› lemma WM2ab': "\<lfloor>C\<A> ((Aws a) \<rightarrow> Kb (Aws a))\<rfloor>" using WM2ab group_S5 unfolding Defs by metis lemma WM2ac': "\<lfloor>C\<A> ((Aws a) \<rightarrow> by (metisn_homE using WM2ac group_S5 unfoldingDefsby metis lemma WM2ba': "\<lfloor>C\<A> ((Aws b) \<rightarrow> Ka (Aws b))\<rfloor>" using WM2ba group_S5 unfoldingDefsby metis lemma WM2bc': "\<lfloor>C\<A> ((Aws b) \<rightarrow> Kc (Aws b))\<rfloor>" using WM2bc group_S5 unfoldingDefsby metis lemma WM2ca': "\<lfloor>C\<A> ((Aws c) \<rightarrow> Ka (Aws c))\<rfloor>" using WM2ca group_S5 unfoldingDefsby metis lemma WM2cb': java.lang.NullPointerException using WM2cb group_S5 unfolding Defs by metis
text ‹Automated solutions of the Wise Men Puzzle.› theorem whitespot_c: "\<lfloor>[!\<not>Ka(Aws a)]([!\<not>Kb(Aws b)](Kc (Aws c)))\<rfloor>" using WM1 WM2ba WM2ca WM2cb unfolding Defs by (smt (verit))
text ‹For the following, alternative formulation a proof is found by sledgehammer, while the reconstruction of this proof using trusted methods (often) fails; this hints at further opportunities to improve the reasoning tools in Isabelle/HOL.› theorem whitespot_c': "\<lfloor>[!\<not>((Ka (Aws a)) \<or> (Ka (\<not>Aws a)))]([!\<not>((Kb (Aws b)) \<or> (Kb (\<not>Aws b)))](Kc (Aws c)))\<rfloor>" using WM1 WM2ab WM2ac WM2ba WM2bc WM2ca WM2cb unfolding Defs ― ‹sledgehammer by (smt (verit))› oops text ‹Consistency: nitpick reports a model.› lemma True nitpick [satisfy] oops end
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