% \Chapter{Nearrings of transformations on groups} %
We are going to study transformations on the alternating group on four elements
$A_4$.
*The problem*: Let <T> be the nearring of mappings from $A_4$ to $A_4$
generated by the single mapping <t> which maps (2,3,4) to (2,4,3),
(2,4,3) to (1,2)(3,4), (1,2)(3,4) to (1,2,3), (1,2,3) back to (2,3,4)
and all other elements of $A_4$ to the neutral element (). Then,
how many mappings are there in <T> that have (1,2,3) as a fixed point?
If there are only a few we would be interested in a list of all of
these.
*The solution*: \hfill\break
The first thing to do is create the nearring <T>. So we start with
the group $A_4$, which can easily be constructed with the command \beginexample
gap> A4 := AlternatingGroup( 4 );
Alt( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) \endexample
The result is an object which represents the group $A_4$. If we want
to see its elements we have to ask {\GAP} to make a list of elements
out of the group. \beginexample
gap> AsSortedList( A4 );
[ (), (2,3,4), (2,4,3), (1,2)(3,4), (1,2,3), (1,2,4), (1,3,2),
(1,3,4), (1,3)(2,4), (1,4,2), (1,4,3), (1,4)(2,3) ] \endexample
Now we create the mapping <t>. We use the function
`MappingByPositionList' to enter it. \beginexample
t := EndoMappingByPositionList( A4, [1,3,4,5,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] );
<mapping: AlternatingGroup( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) -> AlternatingGroup(
[ 1 .. 4 ] ) > \endexample
For `Mappings' the usual operations `+' and
`*' can be used to add and multiply them. \beginexample
gap> t+t;
<mapping: AlternatingGroup( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) -> AlternatingGroup(
[ 1 .. 4 ] ) >
gap> last * t;
<mapping: AlternatingGroup( [ 1 .. 4 ] ) -> AlternatingGroup(
[ 1 .. 4 ] ) > \endexample
(Recall that `last' stands for the result of the last computation, in
this case this is `t + t').
Now we can construct the nearring. We use the function
`TransformationNearRingByGenerators' which asks for the group ($A_4$)
and a list of generating elements (the list with <t> as the only entry)
as arguments. \beginexample
gap> T := TransformationNearRingByGenerators( A4, [ t ] );; \endexample
Nearrings, allthough generated by a single element can become rather
big. Before we print out all elements we ask for the size of <T>. \beginexample
gap> Size( T );
20736 \endexample
It seems reasonable not to print all elements. *Note* that they are
not even computed, yet. All we wanted to know was the size of <T> and
this can be computed without generating all elements. But, yes, we
could generate them with `AsList' or `AsSortedList'. At last we want
to find out how many of these 20736 `GroupTransformations' have (1,2,3)
as a fixed point. We filter them out, but we use a second semicolon at
the end to suppress printing, because there might be a lot of them.
Then we ask for the length of the resulting list <F> of mappings. \beginexample
gap> F := Filtered( T, tfm -> Image( tfm, (1,2,3) ) = (1,2,3) );;
gap> Length( F );
1728 \endexample
It seems not to be worth printing the whole list. But we could for
example choose a random transformation from this list <F> for testing
purposes. \beginexample
gap> Random( F );; \endexample
There are of course other properties of the nearring <T>
which might be interesting. It is clear that a nearring which is
generated by a single element is not necessarily abelian. <T> is a
counterexample. As for finding counterexamples, SONATA can be used
as a research tool. \beginexample
gap> IsCommutative( T );
false \endexample
Finally, we try to disprove the conjecture that every transformation
nearring on an abelian group that is generated by a single element
must be commutative. \beginexample
gap> g := CyclicGroup(2);;
gap> m := MapNearRing(g);;
gap> Filtered( m, n -> not( IsCommutative(
> TransformationNearRingByGenerators( g, [n] ) ) ) );
gap> [ <mapping: Group( [ f1 ] ) -> Group( [ f1 ] ) >,
<mapping: Group( [ f1 ] ) -> Group( [ f1 ] ) > ]
gap> GraphOfMapping(last[1]);
[ [ <identity> of ..., f1 ], [ f1, <identity> of ... ] ] \endexample
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