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<div class="ChapSects"><a href="chap35.html#X873E502F7D21C39C">35 <span class="Heading">Magmas</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7E1248B186E7BB44">35.1 <span class="Heading">Magma Categories</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X87D3F38B7EAB13FA">35.1-1 IsMagma</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X86071DE7835F1C7C">35.1-2 IsMagmaWithOne</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X83E4903D7FBB2E24">35.1-3 IsMagmaWithInversesIfNonzero</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X82CBFF648574B830">35.1-4 IsMagmaWithInverses</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X808F1A148398733D">35.2 <span class="Heading">Magma Generation</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X839147CF813312D6">35.2-1 Magma</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7854B23286B17321">35.2-2 MagmaWithOne</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7A2B51F67EF4DA28">35.2-3 MagmaWithInverses</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7F629A498383A0AD">35.2-4 MagmaByGenerators</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X84DABBEB803107EB">35.2-5 MagmaWithOneByGenerators</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X82C08CFB854E3F1A">35.2-6 MagmaWithInversesByGenerators</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X8268EAA47E4A3A64">35.2-7 Submagma</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7F295EBC7A9CE87E">35.2-8 SubmagmaWithOne</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X79441F1F7A277E28">35.2-9 SubmagmaWithInverses</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X84ED076D7E46AB79">35.2-10 AsMagma</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X87EEEC018129F0F4">35.2-11 AsSubmagma</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X8553F44D8123B2C6">35.2-12 IsMagmaWithZeroAdjoined</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X8620878D7FD98823">35.2-13 InjectionZeroMagma</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7B353674859BF659">35.2-14 UnderlyingInjectionZeroMagma</a></span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X782215B982F2F01C">35.3 <span class="Heading">Magmas Defined by Multiplication Tables</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X85CD1E7678295CA6">35.3-1 MagmaByMultiplicationTable</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X865526C881645D65">35.3-2 MagmaWithOneByMultiplicationTable</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7EDAFB987EE8A770">35.3-3 MagmaWithInversesByMultiplicationTable</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X828BED4580D28FB8">35.3-4 MagmaElement</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X849BDCC27C4C3191">35.3-5 <span class="Heading">MultiplicationTable</span></a>
</span>
</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X87036FCE868FFEE9">35.4 <span class="Heading">Attributes and Properties for Magmas</span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X872E05B478EC20CA">35.4-1 GeneratorsOfMagma</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X87DD93EC8061DD81">35.4-2 GeneratorsOfMagmaWithOne</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X83A901B1857C8489">35.4-3 GeneratorsOfMagmaWithInverses</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7A2BF4527E08803C">35.4-4 <span class="Heading">Centralizer</span></a>
</span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X847ABE6F781C7FE8">35.4-5 Centre</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7C651C9C78398FFF">35.4-6 Idempotents</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7C83B5A47FD18FB7">35.4-7 IsAssociative</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X857B0E507D745ADB">35.4-8 IsCentral</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X830A4A4C795FBC2D">35.4-9 IsCommutative</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7EE2EA5F7EB7FEC2">35.4-10 MultiplicativeNeutralElement</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X7B39F93C8136D642">35.4-11 MultiplicativeZero</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X867DB05A8218FB1E">35.4-12 SquareRoots</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap35.html#X837DA95883CFB985">35.4-13 TrivialSubmagmaWithOne</a></span>
</div></div>
</div>
<h3>35 <span class="Heading">Magmas</span></h3>
<p>This chapter deals with domains (see <a href="chap31.html#X7E651AC287AFDCC1"><span class="RefLink">31</span></a>) that are closed under multiplication <code class="code">*</code>. Following <a href="chapBib.html#biBBourbaki70">[Bou70]</a>, we call them <em>magmas</em> in <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong>. Together with the domains closed under addition <code class="code">+</code> (see <a href="chap55.html#X7D0D096B81365B02"><span class="RefLink">55</span></a>), they are the basic algebraic structures; every semigroup, monoid (see <a href="chap51.html#X8665D8737FDD5B10"><span class="RefLink">51</span></a>), group (see <a href="chap39.html#X8716635F7951801B"><span class="RefLink">39</span></a>), ring (see <a href="chap56.html#X81897F6082CACB59"><span class="RefLink">56</span></a>), or field (see <a href="chap58.html#X80A8E676814A19FD"><span class="RefLink">58</span></a>) is a magma. In the cases of a <em>magma-with-one</em> or <em>magma-with-inverses</em>, additional multiplicative structure is present, see <a href="chap35.html#X7E1248B186E7BB44"><span class="RefLink">35.1</span></a>. For functions to create free magmas, see <a href="chap36.html#X7F51B17983019D3E"><span class="RefLink">36.4</span></a>.</p>
<p><a id="X7E1248B186E7BB44" name="X7E1248B186E7BB44"></a></p>
<h4>35.1 <span class="Heading">Magma Categories</span></h4>
<p><a id="X87D3F38B7EAB13FA" name="X87D3F38B7EAB13FA"></a></p>
<h5>35.1-1 IsMagma</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsMagma</code>( <var class="Arg">obj</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( category )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>A <em>magma</em> in <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> is a domain <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> with (not necessarily associative) multiplication <code class="code">*</code><span class="SimpleMath">: M × M → M</span>.</p>
<p><a id="X86071DE7835F1C7C" name="X86071DE7835F1C7C"></a></p>
<h5>35.1-2 IsMagmaWithOne</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsMagmaWithOne</code>( <var class="Arg">obj</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( category )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>A <em>magma-with-one</em> in <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> is a magma <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> with an operation <code class="code">^0</code> (or <code class="func">One</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8046262384895B2A"><span class="RefLink">31.10-2</span></a>)) that yields the identity of <span class="SimpleMath">M</span>.</p>
<p>So a magma-with-one <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> does always contain a unique multiplicatively neutral element <span class="SimpleMath">e</span>, i.e., <span class="SimpleMath">e</span><code class="code"> * </code><span class="SimpleMath">m = m = m</span><code class="code"> * </code><span class="SimpleMath">e</span> holds for all <span class="SimpleMath">m ∈ M</span> (see <code class="func">MultiplicativeNeutralElement</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7EE2EA5F7EB7FEC2"><span class="RefLink">35.4-10</span></a>)). This element <span class="SimpleMath">e</span> can be computed with the operation <code class="func">One</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8046262384895B2A"><span class="RefLink">31.10-2</span></a>) as <code class="code">One( </code><span class="SimpleMath">M</span><code class="code"> )</code>, and <span class="SimpleMath">e</span> is also equal to <code class="code">One( </code><span class="SimpleMath">m</span><code class="code"> )</code> and to <span class="SimpleMath">m</span><code class="code">^0</code> for each element <span class="SimpleMath">m ∈ M</span>.</p>
<p><em>Note</em> that a magma may contain a multiplicatively neutral element but <em>not</em> an identity (see <code class="func">One</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8046262384895B2A"><span class="RefLink">31.10-2</span></a>)), and a magma containing an identity may <em>not</em> lie in the category <code class="func">IsMagmaWithOne</code> (see Section <a href="chap31.html#X7D72F11B82F4A036"><span class="RefLink">31.6</span></a>).</p>
<p><a id="X83E4903D7FBB2E24" name="X83E4903D7FBB2E24"></a></p>
<h5>35.1-3 IsMagmaWithInversesIfNonzero</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsMagmaWithInversesIfNonzero</code>( <var class="Arg">obj</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( category )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>An object in this <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> category is a magma-with-one <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> with an operation <code class="code">^-1</code><span class="SimpleMath">: M ∖ Z → M ∖ Z</span> that maps each element <span class="SimpleMath">m</span> of <span class="SimpleMath">M ∖ Z</span> to its inverse <span class="SimpleMath">m</span><code class="code">^-1</code> (or <code class="code">Inverse( </code><span class="SimpleMath">m</span><code class="code"> )</code>, see <code class="func">Inverse</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X78EE524E83624057"><span class="RefLink">31.10-8</span></a>)), where <span class="SimpleMath">Z</span> is either empty or consists exactly of one element of <span class="SimpleMath">M</span>.</p>
<p>This category was introduced mainly to describe division rings, since the nonzero elements in a division ring form a group; So an object <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> in <code class="func">IsMagmaWithInversesIfNonzero</code> will usually have both a multiplicative and an additive structure (see <a href="chap55.html#X7D0D096B81365B02"><span class="RefLink">55</span></a>), and the set <span class="SimpleMath">Z</span>, if it is nonempty, contains exactly the zero element (see <code class="func">Zero</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8040AC7A79FFC442"><span class="RefLink">31.10-3</span></a>)) of <span class="SimpleMath">M</span>.</p>
<p><a id="X82CBFF648574B830" name="X82CBFF648574B830"></a></p>
<h5>35.1-4 IsMagmaWithInverses</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsMagmaWithInverses</code>( <var class="Arg">obj</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( category )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>A <em>magma-with-inverses</em> in <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> is a magma-with-one <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> with an operation <code class="code">^-1</code><span class="SimpleMath">: M → M</span> that maps each element <span class="SimpleMath">m</span> of <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> to its inverse <span class="SimpleMath">m</span><code class="code">^-1</code> (or <code class="code">Inverse( </code><span class="SimpleMath">m</span><code class="code"> )</code>, see <code class="func">Inverse</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X78EE524E83624057"><span class="RefLink">31.10-8</span></a>)).</p>
<p>Note that not every trivial magma is a magma-with-one, but every trivial magma-with-one is a magma-with-inverses. This holds also if the identity of the magma-with-one is a zero element. So a magma-with-inverses-if-nonzero can be a magma-with-inverses if either it contains no zero element or consists of a zero element that has itself as zero-th power.</p>
<p><a id="X808F1A148398733D" name="X808F1A148398733D"></a></p>
<h4>35.2 <span class="Heading">Magma Generation</span></h4>
<p>This section describes functions that create magmas from generators (see <code class="func">Magma</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X839147CF813312D6"><span class="RefLink">35.2-1</span></a>), <code class="func">MagmaWithOne</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7854B23286B17321"><span class="RefLink">35.2-2</span></a>), <code class="func">MagmaWithInverses</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7A2B51F67EF4DA28"><span class="RefLink">35.2-3</span></a>)), the underlying operations for which methods can be installed (see <code class="func">MagmaByGenerators</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7F629A498383A0AD"><span class="RefLink">35.2-4</span></a>), <code class="func">MagmaWithOneByGenerators</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X84DABBEB803107EB"><span class="RefLink">35.2-5</span></a>), <code class="func">MagmaWithInversesByGenerators</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X82C08CFB854E3F1A"><span class="RefLink">35.2-6</span></a>)), functions for forming submagmas (see <code class="func">Submagma</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X8268EAA47E4A3A64"><span class="RefLink">35.2-7</span></a>), <code class="func">SubmagmaWithOne</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7F295EBC7A9CE87E"><span class="RefLink">35.2-8</span></a>), <code class="func">SubmagmaWithInverses</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X79441F1F7A277E28"><span class="RefLink">35.2-9</span></a>)), and functions that form a magma equal to a given collection (see <code class="func">AsMagma</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X84ED076D7E46AB79"><span class="RefLink">35.2-10</span></a>), <code class="func">AsSubmagma</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X87EEEC018129F0F4"><span class="RefLink">35.2-11</span></a>)).</p>
<p><code class="func">InjectionZeroMagma</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X8620878D7FD98823"><span class="RefLink">35.2-13</span></a>) creates a new magma which is the original magma with a zero adjoined.</p>
<p><a id="X839147CF813312D6" name="X839147CF813312D6"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-1 Magma</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ Magma</code>( [<var class="Arg">Fam</var>, ]<var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the magma <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> that is generated by the elements in the list <var class="Arg">gens</var>, that is, the closure of <var class="Arg">gens</var> under multiplication <code class="func">\*</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8481C9B97B214C23"><span class="RefLink">31.12-1</span></a>). The family <var class="Arg">Fam</var> of <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> can be entered as the first argument; this is obligatory if <var class="Arg">gens</var> is empty (and hence also <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> is empty).</p>
<p><a id="X7854B23286B17321" name="X7854B23286B17321"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-2 MagmaWithOne</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MagmaWithOne</code>( [<var class="Arg">Fam</var>, ]<var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the magma-with-one <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> that is generated by the elements in the list <var class="Arg">gens</var>, that is, the closure of <var class="Arg">gens</var> under multiplication <code class="func">\*</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8481C9B97B214C23"><span class="RefLink">31.12-1</span></a>) and <code class="func">One</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8046262384895B2A"><span class="RefLink">31.10-2</span></a>). The family <var class="Arg">Fam</var> of <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> can be entered as first argument; this is obligatory if <var class="Arg">gens</var> is empty (and hence <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> is trivial).</p>
<p><a id="X7A2B51F67EF4DA28" name="X7A2B51F67EF4DA28"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-3 MagmaWithInverses</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MagmaWithInverses</code>( [<var class="Arg">Fam</var>, ]<var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the magma-with-inverses <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> that is generated by the elements in the list <var class="Arg">gens</var>, that is, the closure of <var class="Arg">gens</var> under multiplication <code class="func">\*</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8481C9B97B214C23"><span class="RefLink">31.12-1</span></a>), <code class="func">One</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8046262384895B2A"><span class="RefLink">31.10-2</span></a>), and <code class="func">Inverse</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X78EE524E83624057"><span class="RefLink">31.10-8</span></a>). The family <var class="Arg">Fam</var> of <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> can be entered as first argument; this is obligatory if <var class="Arg">gens</var> is empty (and hence <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> is trivial).</p>
<p><a id="X7F629A498383A0AD" name="X7F629A498383A0AD"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-4 MagmaByGenerators</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MagmaByGenerators</code>( [<var class="Arg">Fam</var>, ]<var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>An underlying operation for <code class="func">Magma</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X839147CF813312D6"><span class="RefLink">35.2-1</span></a>).</p>
<p><a id="X84DABBEB803107EB" name="X84DABBEB803107EB"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-5 MagmaWithOneByGenerators</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MagmaWithOneByGenerators</code>( [<var class="Arg">Fam</var>, ]<var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>An underlying operation for <code class="func">MagmaWithOne</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7854B23286B17321"><span class="RefLink">35.2-2</span></a>).</p>
<p><a id="X82C08CFB854E3F1A" name="X82C08CFB854E3F1A"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-6 MagmaWithInversesByGenerators</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MagmaWithInversesByGenerators</code>( [<var class="Arg">Fam</var>, ]<var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>An underlying operation for <code class="func">MagmaWithInverses</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7A2B51F67EF4DA28"><span class="RefLink">35.2-3</span></a>).</p>
<p><a id="X8268EAA47E4A3A64" name="X8268EAA47E4A3A64"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-7 Submagma</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ Submagma</code>( <var class="Arg">D</var>, <var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ SubmagmaNC</code>( <var class="Arg">D</var>, <var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><code class="func">Submagma</code> returns the magma generated by the elements in the list <var class="Arg">gens</var>, with parent the domain <var class="Arg">D</var>. <code class="func">SubmagmaNC</code> does the same, except that it is not checked whether the elements of <var class="Arg">gens</var> lie in <var class="Arg">D</var>.</p>
<p><a id="X7F295EBC7A9CE87E" name="X7F295EBC7A9CE87E"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-8 SubmagmaWithOne</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ SubmagmaWithOne</code>( <var class="Arg">D</var>, <var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ SubmagmaWithOneNC</code>( <var class="Arg">D</var>, <var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><code class="func">SubmagmaWithOne</code> returns the magma-with-one generated by the elements in the list <var class="Arg">gens</var>, with parent the domain <var class="Arg">D</var>. <code class="func">SubmagmaWithOneNC</code> does the same, except that it is not checked whether the elements of <var class="Arg">gens</var> lie in <var class="Arg">D</var>.</p>
<p><a id="X79441F1F7A277E28" name="X79441F1F7A277E28"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-9 SubmagmaWithInverses</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ SubmagmaWithInverses</code>( <var class="Arg">D</var>, <var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ SubmagmaWithInversesNC</code>( <var class="Arg">D</var>, <var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><code class="func">SubmagmaWithInverses</code> returns the magma-with-inverses generated by the elements in the list <var class="Arg">gens</var>, with parent the domain <var class="Arg">D</var>. <code class="func">SubmagmaWithInversesNC</code> does the same, except that it is not checked whether the elements of <var class="Arg">gens</var> lie in <var class="Arg">D</var>.</p>
<p><a id="X84ED076D7E46AB79" name="X84ED076D7E46AB79"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-10 AsMagma</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ AsMagma</code>( <var class="Arg">C</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>For a collection <var class="Arg">C</var> whose elements form a magma, <code class="func">AsMagma</code> returns this magma. Otherwise <code class="keyw">fail</code> is returned.</p>
<p><a id="X87EEEC018129F0F4" name="X87EEEC018129F0F4"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-11 AsSubmagma</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ AsSubmagma</code>( <var class="Arg">D</var>, <var class="Arg">C</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Let <var class="Arg">D</var> be a domain and <var class="Arg">C</var> a collection. If <var class="Arg">C</var> is a subset of <var class="Arg">D</var> that forms a magma then <code class="func">AsSubmagma</code> returns this magma, with parent <var class="Arg">D</var>. Otherwise <code class="keyw">fail</code> is returned.</p>
<p><a id="X8553F44D8123B2C6" name="X8553F44D8123B2C6"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-12 IsMagmaWithZeroAdjoined</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsMagmaWithZeroAdjoined</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( category )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Returns: <code class="keyw">true</code> or <code class="keyw">false</code>.</p>
<p><code class="code">IsMagmaWithZeroAdjoined</code> returns <code class="keyw">true</code> if the magma <var class="Arg">M</var> was created using <code class="func">InjectionZeroMagma</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X8620878D7FD98823"><span class="RefLink">35.2-13</span></a>) or <code class="func">MagmaWithZeroAdjoined</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X8620878D7FD98823"><span class="RefLink">35.2-13</span></a>) and returns <code class="keyw">false</code> if it was not.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">S:=Semigroup(Transformation([1,1,1]), Transformation([1,3,2]));;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">IsMagmaWithZeroAdjoined(S);</span>
false
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">M:=MagmaWithZeroAdjoined(S);</span>
<<transformation semigroup of degree 3 with 2 generators>
with 0 adjoined>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">IsMagmaWithZeroAdjoined(M);</span>
true
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X8620878D7FD98823" name="X8620878D7FD98823"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-13 InjectionZeroMagma</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ InjectionZeroMagma</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MagmaWithZeroAdjoined</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><code class="func">InjectionZeroMagma</code> returns an embedding from the magma <var class="Arg">M</var> into a new magma formed from <var class="Arg">M</var> by adjoining a single new element which is the multiplicative zero of the resulting magma. The elements of the new magma form a family of elements in the category <code class="func">IsMultiplicativeElementWithZero</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8703BFC2841BBD63"><span class="RefLink">31.14-12</span></a>) and the magma itself satisfies <code class="func">IsMagmaWithZeroAdjoined</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X8553F44D8123B2C6"><span class="RefLink">35.2-12</span></a>).</p>
<p><code class="code">MagmaWithZeroAdjoined</code> is just shorthand for <code class="code">Range(InjectionZeroMagma(<var class="Arg">M</var>)))</code>.</p>
<p>If <code class="code">N</code> is a magma with zero adjoined, then the embedding used to create <code class="code">N</code> can be recovered using <code class="func">UnderlyingInjectionZeroMagma</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7B353674859BF659"><span class="RefLink">35.2-14</span></a>).</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">S:=Monoid(Transformation( [ 7, 7, 5, 3, 1, 3, 7 ] ),</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">></span> <span class="GAPinput">Transformation( [ 5, 1, 4, 1, 4, 4, 7 ] ));;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">MultiplicativeZero(S);</span>
Transformation( [ 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7 ] )
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">T:=MagmaWithZeroAdjoined(S);</span>
<<transformation monoid of degree 7 with 2 generators>
with 0 adjoined>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">map:=UnderlyingInjectionZeroMagma(T);;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">x:=Transformation( [ 7, 7, 7, 3, 7, 3, 7 ] );;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">x^map;</span>
<monoid with 0 adjoined elt: Transformation( [ 7, 7, 7, 3, 7, 3, 7 ]
)>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">PreImage(map, x^map)=x;</span>
true
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7B353674859BF659" name="X7B353674859BF659"></a></p>
<h5>35.2-14 UnderlyingInjectionZeroMagma</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ UnderlyingInjectionZeroMagma</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><code class="code">UnderlyingInjectionZeroMagma</code> returns the embedding used to create the magma with zero adjoined <var class="Arg">M</var>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">S:=Monoid(Transformation( [ 8, 7, 5, 3, 1, 3, 8, 8 ] ),</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">></span> <span class="GAPinput">Transformation( [ 5, 1, 4, 1, 4, 4, 7, 8 ] ));;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">MultiplicativeZero(S);</span>
Transformation( [ 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8 ] )
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">T:=MagmaWithZeroAdjoined(S);</span>
<<transformation monoid of degree 8 with 2 generators>
with 0 adjoined>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">UnderlyingInjectionZeroMagma(T);</span>
MappingByFunction( <transformation monoid of degree 8 with 2
generators>, <<transformation monoid of degree 8 with 2 generators>
with 0 adjoined>, function( elt ) ... end, function( x ) ... end )
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X782215B982F2F01C" name="X782215B982F2F01C"></a></p>
<h4>35.3 <span class="Heading">Magmas Defined by Multiplication Tables</span></h4>
<p>The most elementary (but of course usually not recommended) way to implement a magma with only few elements is via a multiplication table.</p>
<p><a id="X85CD1E7678295CA6" name="X85CD1E7678295CA6"></a></p>
<h5>35.3-1 MagmaByMultiplicationTable</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MagmaByMultiplicationTable</code>( <var class="Arg">A</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>For a square matrix <var class="Arg">A</var> with <span class="SimpleMath">n</span> rows such that all entries of <var class="Arg">A</var> are in the range <span class="SimpleMath">[ 1 .. n ]</span>, <code class="func">MagmaByMultiplicationTable</code> returns a magma <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> with multiplication <code class="code">*</code> defined by <var class="Arg">A</var>. That is, <span class="SimpleMath">M</span> consists of the elements <span class="SimpleMath">m_1, m_2, ..., m_n</span>, and <span class="SimpleMath">m_i * m_j = m_k</span>, with <span class="SimpleMath">k =</span> <var class="Arg">A</var><span class="SimpleMath">[i][j]</span>.</p>
<p>The ordering of elements is defined by <span class="SimpleMath">m_1 < m_2 < ⋯ < m_n</span>, so <span class="SimpleMath">m_i</span> can be accessed as <code class="code">MagmaElement( <var class="Arg">M</var>, <var class="Arg">i</var> )</code>, see <code class="func">MagmaElement</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X828BED4580D28FB8"><span class="RefLink">35.3-4</span></a>).</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">MagmaByMultiplicationTable([[1,2,3],[2,3,1],[1,1,1]]);</span>
<magma with 3 generators>
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X865526C881645D65" name="X865526C881645D65"></a></p>
<h5>35.3-2 MagmaWithOneByMultiplicationTable</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MagmaWithOneByMultiplicationTable</code>( <var class="Arg">A</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>The only differences between <code class="func">MagmaByMultiplicationTable</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X85CD1E7678295CA6"><span class="RefLink">35.3-1</span></a>) and <code class="func">MagmaWithOneByMultiplicationTable</code> are that the latter returns a magma-with-one (see <code class="func">MagmaWithOne</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7854B23286B17321"><span class="RefLink">35.2-2</span></a>)) if the magma described by the matrix <var class="Arg">A</var> has an identity, and returns <code class="keyw">fail</code> if not.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">MagmaWithOneByMultiplicationTable([[1,2,3],[2,3,1],[3,1,1]]);</span>
<magma-with-one with 3 generators>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">MagmaWithOneByMultiplicationTable([[1,2,3],[2,3,1],[1,1,1]]);</span>
fail
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7EDAFB987EE8A770" name="X7EDAFB987EE8A770"></a></p>
<h5>35.3-3 MagmaWithInversesByMultiplicationTable</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MagmaWithInversesByMultiplicationTable</code>( <var class="Arg">A</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><code class="func">MagmaByMultiplicationTable</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X85CD1E7678295CA6"><span class="RefLink">35.3-1</span></a>) and <code class="func">MagmaWithInversesByMultiplicationTable</code> differ only in that the latter returns magma-with-inverses (see <code class="func">MagmaWithInverses</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7A2B51F67EF4DA28"><span class="RefLink">35.2-3</span></a>)) if each element in the magma described by the matrix <var class="Arg">A</var> has an inverse, and returns <code class="keyw">fail</code> if not.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">MagmaWithInversesByMultiplicationTable([[1,2,3],[2,3,1],[3,1,2]]);</span>
<magma-with-inverses with 3 generators>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">MagmaWithInversesByMultiplicationTable([[1,2,3],[2,3,1],[3,2,1]]);</span>
fail
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X828BED4580D28FB8" name="X828BED4580D28FB8"></a></p>
<h5>35.3-4 MagmaElement</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MagmaElement</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var>, <var class="Arg">i</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>For a magma <var class="Arg">M</var> and a positive integer <var class="Arg">i</var>, <code class="func">MagmaElement</code> returns the <var class="Arg">i</var>-th element of <var class="Arg">M</var>, w.r.t. the ordering <code class="code"><</code>. If <var class="Arg">M</var> has less than <var class="Arg">i</var> elements then <code class="keyw">fail</code> is returned.</p>
<p><a id="X849BDCC27C4C3191" name="X849BDCC27C4C3191"></a></p>
<h5>35.3-5 <span class="Heading">MultiplicationTable</span></h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MultiplicationTable</code>( <var class="Arg">elms</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ MultiplicationTable</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>For a list <var class="Arg">elms</var> of elements that form a magma <span class="SimpleMath">M</span>, <code class="func">MultiplicationTable</code> returns a square matrix <span class="SimpleMath">A</span> of positive integers such that <span class="SimpleMath">A[i][j] = k</span> holds if and only if <var class="Arg">elms</var><span class="SimpleMath">[i] *</span> <var class="Arg">elms</var><span class="SimpleMath">[j] =</span> <var class="Arg">elms</var><span class="SimpleMath">[k]</span>. This matrix can be used to construct a magma isomorphic to <span class="SimpleMath">M</span>, using <code class="func">MagmaByMultiplicationTable</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X85CD1E7678295CA6"><span class="RefLink">35.3-1</span></a>).</p>
<p>For a magma <var class="Arg">M</var>, <code class="func">MultiplicationTable</code> returns the multiplication table w.r.t. the sorted list of elements of <var class="Arg">M</var>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">l:= [ (), (1,2)(3,4), (1,3)(2,4), (1,4)(2,3) ];;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">a:= MultiplicationTable( l );</span>
[ [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ], [ 2, 1, 4, 3 ], [ 3, 4, 1, 2 ], [ 4, 3, 2, 1 ] ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">m:= MagmaByMultiplicationTable( a );</span>
<magma with 4 generators>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">One( m );</span>
m1
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">elm:= MagmaElement( m, 2 ); One( elm ); elm^2;</span>
m2
m1
m1
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Inverse( elm );</span>
m2
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">AsGroup( m );</span>
<group of size 4 with 2 generators>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">a:= [ [ 1, 2 ], [ 2, 2 ] ];</span>
[ [ 1, 2 ], [ 2, 2 ] ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">m:= MagmaByMultiplicationTable( a );</span>
<magma with 2 generators>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">One( m ); Inverse( MagmaElement( m, 2 ) );</span>
m1
fail
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X87036FCE868FFEE9" name="X87036FCE868FFEE9"></a></p>
<h4>35.4 <span class="Heading">Attributes and Properties for Magmas</span></h4>
<p><em>Note</em> that <code class="func">IsAssociative</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7C83B5A47FD18FB7"><span class="RefLink">35.4-7</span></a>) and <code class="func">IsCommutative</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X830A4A4C795FBC2D"><span class="RefLink">35.4-9</span></a>) always refer to the multiplication of a domain. If a magma <var class="Arg">M</var> has also an <em>additive structure</em>, e.g., if <var class="Arg">M</var> is a ring (see <a href="chap56.html#X81897F6082CACB59"><span class="RefLink">56</span></a>), then the addition <code class="code">+</code> is always assumed to be associative and commutative, see <a href="chap31.html#X7A2914307963E370"><span class="RefLink">31.12</span></a>.</p>
<p><a id="X872E05B478EC20CA" name="X872E05B478EC20CA"></a></p>
<h5>35.4-1 GeneratorsOfMagma</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ GeneratorsOfMagma</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>is a list <var class="Arg">gens</var> of elements of the magma <var class="Arg">M</var> that generates <var class="Arg">M</var> as a magma, that is, the closure of <var class="Arg">gens</var> under multiplication <code class="func">\*</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8481C9B97B214C23"><span class="RefLink">31.12-1</span></a>) is <var class="Arg">M</var>.</p>
<p>For a free magma, each generator can also be accessed using the <code class="code">.</code> operator (see <code class="func">GeneratorsOfDomain</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X7E353DD1838AB223"><span class="RefLink">31.9-2</span></a>)).</p>
<p><a id="X87DD93EC8061DD81" name="X87DD93EC8061DD81"></a></p>
<h5>35.4-2 GeneratorsOfMagmaWithOne</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ GeneratorsOfMagmaWithOne</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>is a list <var class="Arg">gens</var> of elements of the magma-with-one <var class="Arg">M</var> that generates <var class="Arg">M</var> as a magma-with-one, that is, the closure of <var class="Arg">gens</var> under multiplication <code class="func">\*</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8481C9B97B214C23"><span class="RefLink">31.12-1</span></a>) and <code class="func">One</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8046262384895B2A"><span class="RefLink">31.10-2</span></a>) is <var class="Arg">M</var>.</p>
<p>For a free magma with one, each generator can also be accessed using the <code class="code">.</code> operator (see <code class="func">GeneratorsOfDomain</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X7E353DD1838AB223"><span class="RefLink">31.9-2</span></a>)).</p>
<p><a id="X83A901B1857C8489" name="X83A901B1857C8489"></a></p>
<h5>35.4-3 GeneratorsOfMagmaWithInverses</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ GeneratorsOfMagmaWithInverses</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>is a list <var class="Arg">gens</var> of elements of the magma-with-inverses <var class="Arg">M</var> that generates <var class="Arg">M</var> as a magma-with-inverses, that is, the closure of <var class="Arg">gens</var> under multiplication <code class="func">\*</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8481C9B97B214C23"><span class="RefLink">31.12-1</span></a>) and taking inverses (see <code class="func">Inverse</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X78EE524E83624057"><span class="RefLink">31.10-8</span></a>)) is <var class="Arg">M</var>.</p>
<p><a id="X7A2BF4527E08803C" name="X7A2BF4527E08803C"></a></p>
<h5>35.4-4 <span class="Heading">Centralizer</span></h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ Centralizer</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var>, <var class="Arg">elm</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ Centralizer</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var>, <var class="Arg">S</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ Centralizer</code>( <var class="Arg">class</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>For an element <var class="Arg">elm</var> of the magma <var class="Arg">M</var> this operation returns the <em>centralizer</em> of <var class="Arg">elm</var>. This is the domain of those elements <var class="Arg">m</var> <span class="SimpleMath">∈</span> <var class="Arg">M</var> that commute with <var class="Arg">elm</var>.</p>
<p>For a submagma <var class="Arg">S</var> it returns the domain of those elements that commute with <em>all</em> elements <var class="Arg">s</var> of <var class="Arg">S</var>.</p>
<p>If <var class="Arg">class</var> is a class of objects of a magma (this magma then is stored as the <code class="code">ActingDomain</code> of <var class="Arg">class</var>) such as given by <code class="func">ConjugacyClass</code> (<a href="chap39.html#X7B2F207F7F85F5B8"><span class="RefLink">39.10-1</span></a>), <code class="func">Centralizer</code> returns the centralizer of <code class="code">Representative(<var class="Arg">class</var>)</code> (which is a slight abuse of the notation).</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">g:=Group((1,2,3,4),(1,2));;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Centralizer(g,(1,2,3));</span>
Group([ (1,2,3) ])
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Centralizer(g,Subgroup(g,[(1,2,3)]));</span>
Group([ (1,2,3) ])
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Centralizer(g,Subgroup(g,[(1,2,3),(1,2)]));</span>
Group(())
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X847ABE6F781C7FE8" name="X847ABE6F781C7FE8"></a></p>
<h5>35.4-5 Centre</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ Centre</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ Center</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p><code class="func">Centre</code> returns the <em>centre</em> of the magma <var class="Arg">M</var>, i.e., the domain of those elements <var class="Arg">m</var> <span class="SimpleMath">∈</span> <var class="Arg">M</var> that commute and associate with all elements of <var class="Arg">M</var>. That is, the set <span class="SimpleMath">{ m ∈ M; ∀ a, b ∈ M: ma = am, (ma)b = m(ab), (am)b = a(mb), (ab)m = a(bm) }</span>.</p>
<p><code class="func">Center</code> is just a synonym for <code class="func">Centre</code>.</p>
<p>For associative magmas we have that <code class="code">Centre( <var class="Arg">M</var> ) = Centralizer( <var class="Arg">M</var>, <var class="Arg">M</var> )</code>, see <code class="func">Centralizer</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X7A2BF4527E08803C"><span class="RefLink">35.4-4</span></a>).</p>
<p>The centre of a magma is always commutative (see <code class="func">IsCommutative</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X830A4A4C795FBC2D"><span class="RefLink">35.4-9</span></a>)). (When one installs a new method for <code class="func">Centre</code>, one should set the <code class="func">IsCommutative</code> (<a href="chap35.html#X830A4A4C795FBC2D"><span class="RefLink">35.4-9</span></a>) value of the result to <code class="keyw">true</code>, in order to make this information available.)</p>
<p><a id="X7C651C9C78398FFF" name="X7C651C9C78398FFF"></a></p>
<h5>35.4-6 Idempotents</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ Idempotents</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>The set of elements of <var class="Arg">M</var> which are their own squares.</p>
<p><a id="X7C83B5A47FD18FB7" name="X7C83B5A47FD18FB7"></a></p>
<h5>35.4-7 IsAssociative</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsAssociative</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( property )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>A collection <var class="Arg">M</var> of elements that can be multiplied via <code class="func">\*</code> (<a href="chap31.html#X8481C9B97B214C23"><span class="RefLink">31.12-1</span></a>) is <em>associative</em> if for all elements <span class="SimpleMath">a, b, c ∈</span> <var class="Arg">M</var> the equality <span class="SimpleMath">(a</span><code class="code"> * </code><span class="SimpleMath">b)</span><code class="code"> * </code><span class="SimpleMath">c = a</span><code class="code"> * </code><span class="SimpleMath">(b</span><code class="code"> * </code><span class="SimpleMath">c)</span> holds.</p>
<p>An associative magma is called a <em>semigroup</em> (see <a href="chap51.html#X8665D8737FDD5B10"><span class="RefLink">51</span></a>), an associative magma-with-one is called a <em>monoid</em> (see <a href="chap51.html#X8665D8737FDD5B10"><span class="RefLink">51</span></a>), and an associative magma-with-inverses is called a <em>group</em> (see <a href="chap39.html#X8716635F7951801B"><span class="RefLink">39</span></a>).</p>
<p><a id="X857B0E507D745ADB" name="X857B0E507D745ADB"></a></p>
<h5>35.4-8 IsCentral</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsCentral</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var>, <var class="Arg">obj</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</ | |
