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Quelle proof-mode.rst
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.. _proofhandling:
----------
Proof mode
----------
:gdef:`Proof mode <proof mode>` is used to prove theorems.
Rocq enters proof mode when you begin a proof,
such as with the :cmd:`Theorem` command. It exits proof mode when
you complete a proof, such as with the :cmd:`Qed` command. Tactics,
which are available only in proof mode, incrementally transform incomplete
proofs to eventually generate a complete proof.
When you run Rocq interactively, such as through RocqIDE, Proof General or
`rocq repl`, Rocq shows the current proof state (the incomplete proof) as you
enter tactics. This information isn't shown when you run Rocq in batch
mode with `rocq compile`.
Proof State
-----------
The :gdef:`proof state` consists of one or more unproven goals.
Each goal has a :gdef:`conclusion` (the statement that is to be proven)
and a :gdef:`local context`, which contains named :term:`hypotheses <hypothesis>`
(which are propositions), variables and local definitions that can be used in
proving the conclusion. The proof may also use *constants* from the :term:`global environmen t`
such as definitions and proven theorems.
.. _conclusion_meaning_2:
(Note that *conclusion* is also used to refer to the last part of an implication.
For example, in `A -> B -> C`, `A` and `B` are :term:`premises <premise>` and `C`
is the conclusion.)
The term ":gdef:`goal`" may refer to an entire goal or to the conclusion
of a goal, depending on the context.
The conclusion appears below a line and the local context appears above the line.
The conclusion is a type. Each item in the local context begins with a name
and ends, after a colon, with an associated type.
:gdef:`Local definitions <context-local definition>`
are shown in the form `n := 0 : nat`, for example, in which `nat` is the
type of `0`.
The local context of a goal contains items specific to the goal as well
as section-local variables and hypotheses (see :ref:`gallina-assumptions`) defined
in the current :ref:`section <section-mechanism>`. The latter are included in the
initial proof state.
Items in the local context are ordered; an item can only refer to items that appear
before it. (A more mathematical description of the *local context* is
:ref:`here <Local-context>`.)
The :gdef:`global environment` has definitions and proven theorems that are global in scope.
(A more mathematical description of the *global environment* is :ref:`here <Global-environment>`.)
When you begin proving a theorem, the proof state shows
the statement of the theorem below the line and often nothing in the
local context:
.. rocqtop:: none
Parameter P: nat -> Prop.
.. rocqtop:: out
Goal forall n m: nat, n > m -> P 1 /\ P 2.
After applying the :tacn:`intros` :term:`tactic`, we see hypotheses above the line.
The names of variables (`n` and `m`) and hypotheses (`H`) appear before a colon, followed by
their type. The type doesn't have to be a provable statement.
For example, `0 = 1` and `False` are both valid and useful types.
.. rocqtop:: all
intros.
Some tactics, such as :tacn:`split`, create new goals, which may
be referred to as :gdef:`subgoals <subgoal>` for clarity.
Goals are numbered from 1 to N at each step of the proof to permit applying a
tactic to specific goals. The local context is only shown for the first goal.
.. rocqtop:: all
split.
:gdef:`"Variables" <variable>` may refer specifically to local context items introduced
from :n:`forall` variables for which the type of their type
is `Set` or `Type`. :gdef:`"Hypotheses" <hypothesis>` refers to items that are
:term:`propositions <proposition>`,
for which the type of their type is `Prop` or `SProp`,
but these terms are also used interchangeably.
.. rocqtop:: out
let t_n := type of n in idtac "type of n :" t_n;
let tt_n := type of t_n in idtac "type of" t_n ":" tt_n.
let t_H := type of H in idtac "type of H :" t_H;
let tt_H := type of t_H in idtac "type of" t_H ":" tt_H.
A proof script, consisting of the tactics that are applied to prove a
theorem, is often informally referred to as a "proof".
The real proof, whether complete or incomplete, is the associated term,
the :gdef:`proof term`, which users may occasionally want to examine.
(This is based on the
*Curry-Howard isomorphism* :cite:`How80,Bar81,Gir89,H89`, which is
a correspondence between between proofs and terms and between
:term:`propositions <proposition>` and types of λ-calculus. The isomorphism
is also sometimes called the "propositions-as-types correspondence".)
The :cmd:`Show Proof` command displays the incomplete proof term
before you've completed the proof. For example, here's the proof
term after using the :tacn:`split` tactic above:
.. rocqtop:: all
Show Proof.
The incomplete parts, the goals, are represented by
:term:`existential variables <existential variable>`
with names that begin with `?Goal`. (Note that some existential variables
are not goals.) The :cmd:`Show Existentials` command shows each existential with
the hypotheses and conclusion for the associated goal.
.. rocqtop:: all
Show Existentials.
Users can control which goals are displayed in the context by :term:`focusing <focus>`
goals. Focusing lets the user (initially) pick a single goal to work on. Focusing
operations can be nested.
Tactics such as :tacn:`eapply` create existential variables as placeholders for
undetermined variables that become :term:`shelved <shelved>` goals.
Shelved goals are not shown in the context by default, but they can be unshelved
to make them visible. Other tactics may automatically resolve these goals
(whether shelved or not); the purpose of shelving is to hide goals that the
user usually doesn't need to think about. See :ref:`existential-variables`
and :ref:`this example <automatic-evar-resolution>`.
Rocq's kernel verifies the correctness of proof terms when it exits
proof mode by checking that the proof term is :term:`well-typed` and
that its type is the same as the theorem statement.
After a proof is completed, :cmd:`Print` `<theorem_name>`
shows the proof term and its type. The type appears after
the colon (`forall ...`), as for this theorem from Rocq's standard library:
.. rocqtop:: all
Print proj1.
.. note::
Many tactics accept :n:`@term`\s as arguments and frequently
refer to them with wording such as "the type of :token:`term`".
When :n:`@term` is the name of a theorem or lemma, this wording
refers to the type of the proof term, which is what's given in the
:cmd:`Theorem` statement. When :n:`@term` is the name of a hypothesis,
the wording refers to the type shown in the context for the hypothesis
(i.e., after the colon).
For terms that are more complex than just an :token:`ident`,
you can use :cmd:`Check` :n:`@term` to display their type.
.. _proof-editing-mode:
Entering and exiting proof mode
-------------------------------
Rocq enters :term:`proof mode` when you begin a proof through
commands such as :cmd:`Theorem` or :cmd:`Goal`. Rocq user interfaces
usually have a way to indicate that you're in proof mode.
:term:`Tactics <tactic>` are available only in proof mode (currently they give syntax
errors outside of proof mode). Most :term:`commands <command>` can be used both in and out of
proof mode, but some commands only work in or outside of proof mode.
When the proof is completed, you can exit proof mode with commands such as
:cmd:`Qed`, :cmd:`Defined` and :cmd:`Save`.
.. cmd:: Goal @type
Asserts an unnamed proposition. This is intended for quick tests that
a proposition is provable. If the proof is eventually completed and
validated, you can assign a name with the :cmd:`Save` or :cmd:`Defined`
commands. If no name is given, the name will be `Unnamed_thm` (or,
if that name is already defined, a variant of that).
.. cmd:: Qed
Passes a completed :term:`proof term` to Rocq's kernel
to check that the proof term is :term:`well-typed` and
to verify that its type matches the theorem statement. If it's verified, the
proof term is added to the global environment as an :term:`opaque` constant
using the declared name from the original goal.
It's very rare for a proof term to fail verification. Generally this
indicates a bug in a tactic you used or that you misused some
unsafe tactics.
.. exn:: Attempt to save an incomplete proof.
:undocumented:
.. exn:: No focused proof (No proof-editing in progress).
You tried to use a proof mode command such as :cmd:`Qed` outside of proof
mode.
.. note::
Sometimes an error occurs when building the proof term, because
tactics do not enforce completely the term construction
constraints.
The user should also be aware of the fact that since the
proof term is completely rechecked at this point, one may have to wait
a while when the proof is large. In some exceptional cases one may
even incur a memory overflow.
.. cmd:: Save @ident
Similar to :cmd:`Qed`, except that the proof term is added to the global
context with the name :token:`ident`, which
overrides any name provided by the :cmd:`Theorem` command or
its variants.
.. cmd:: Defined {? @ident }
Similar to :cmd:`Qed` and :cmd:`Save`, except the proof is made
:term:`transparent`, which means
that its content can be explicitly used for type checking and that it can be
unfolded in conversion tactics (see :ref:`applyingconversionrules`,
:cmd:`Opaque`, :cmd:`Transparent`). If :token:`ident` is specified,
the proof is defined with the given name, which overrides any name
provided by the :cmd:`Theorem` command or its variants.
.. cmd:: Admitted
This command is available in proof mode to give up
the current proof and declare the initial goal as an axiom.
.. cmd:: Abort {? All }
Aborts the current proof. If the current proof is a nested proof, the previous
proof becomes current. If :n:`All` is given, all nested proofs are aborted.
See :flag:`Nested Proofs Allowed`.
:n:`All`
Aborts all current proofs.
.. cmd:: Proof @term
:name: Proof `term`
This command applies in proof mode. It is equivalent to
:n:`exact @term. Qed.`
That is, you have to give the full proof in one gulp, as a
proof term (see Section :ref:`applyingtheorems`).
.. warning::
Use of this command is discouraged. In particular, it
doesn't work in Proof General because it must
immediately follow the command that opened proof mode, but
Proof General inserts :cmd:`Unset` :flag:`Silent` before it (see
`Proof General issue #498
<https://github.com/ProofGeneral/PG/issues/498>`_).
.. cmd:: Proof
Is a no-op which is useful to delimit the sequence of tactic commands
which start a proof, after a :cmd:`Theorem` command. It is a good practice to
use :cmd:`Proof` as an opening parenthesis, closed in the script with a
closing :cmd:`Qed`.
.. seealso:: :cmd:`Proof with`
.. cmd:: Proof using @section_var_expr {? with @generic_tactic }
.. insertprodn section_var_expr starred_ident_ref
.. prodn::
section_var_expr ::= {* @starred_ident_ref }
| {? - } @section_var_expr50
section_var_expr50 ::= @section_var_expr0 - @section_var_expr0
| @section_var_expr0 + @section_var_expr0
| @section_var_expr0
section_var_expr0 ::= @starred_ident_ref
| ()
| ( @section_var_expr ) {? * }
starred_ident_ref ::= @ident {? * }
| Type {? * }
| All
Opens proof mode, declaring the set of
:ref:`section <section-mechanism>` variables (see :ref:`gallina-assumptions`)
used by the proof.
These :ref:`proof annotations <proof-annotations>` are useful to enable asynchronous
processing of proofs. This :ref:`example <example-print-using>` shows how they work.
The :cmd:`Qed` command verifies that the set of section variables
used in the proof is a subset of the declared ones.
The set of declared variables is closed under type dependency. For
example, if ``T`` is a variable and ``a`` is a variable of type
``T``, then the commands ``Proof using a`` and ``Proof using T a``
are equivalent.
The set of declared variables always includes the variables used by
the statement. In other words ``Proof using e`` is equivalent to
``Proof using Type + e`` for any declaration expression ``e``.
:n:`- @section_var_expr50`
Use all section variables except those specified by :n:`@section_var_expr50`
:n:`@section_var_expr0 + @section_var_expr0`
Use section variables from the union of both collections.
See :ref:`nameaset` to see how to form a named collection.
:n:`@section_var_expr0 - @section_var_expr0`
Use section variables which are in the first collection but not in the
second one.
:n:`{? * }`
Use the transitive closure of the specified collection.
:n:`Type`
Use only section variables occurring in the statement. Specifying :n:`*`
uses the forward transitive closure of all the section variables occurring
in the statement. For example, if the variable ``H`` has type ``p < 5`` then
``H`` is in ``p*`` since ``p`` occurs in the type of ``H``.
:n:`All`
Use all section variables.
.. warn:: @ident is both name of a Collection and Variable, Collection @ident takes precedence over Variable.
If a specified name is ambiguous (it could be either a :cmd:`Collection` or a :cmd:`Variable`),
then it is assumed to be a :cmd:`Collection` name.
.. warn:: Variable All is shadowed by Collection named All containing all variables.
This is variant of the previous warning for the **All** collection.
.. seealso:: :ref:`tactics-implicit-automation`
.. attr:: using
This :term:`attribute` can be applied to the :cmd:`Definition`, :cmd:`Example`,
:cmd:`Fixpoint` and :cmd:`CoFixpoint` commands as well as to :cmd:`Lemma` and
its variants. It takes
a :n:`@section_var_expr`, in quotes, as its value. This is equivalent to
specifying the same :n:`@section_var_expr` in
:cmd:`Proof using`.
.. example::
.. rocqtop:: all reset
Section Test.
Variable n : nat.
Hypothesis Hn : n <> 0.
#[using="Hn"]
Lemma example : 0 < n.
.. rocqtop:: in
Abort.
End Test.
.. _example-print-using:
.. example :: Declaring section variables
When a :ref:`section <section-mechanism>` is closed with :cmd:`End`, section
variables declared with :cmd:`Proof using` are added to the theorem as
additional variables. You can see the effect on the theorem's statement
with commands such as :cmd:`Check`, :cmd:`Print` and :cmd:`About` after the
section is closed. Currently there is no command that shows the section variables
associated with a theorem before the section is closed.
Adding the unnecessary section variable `radixNotZero` changes how `foo'` can be
applied.
.. rocqtop:: in
Section bar.
Variable radix : nat.
Hypothesis radixNotZero : 0 < radix.
Lemma foo : 0 = 0.
Proof. reflexivity. Qed.
Lemma foo' : 0 = 0.
Proof using radixNotZero. reflexivity. Qed. (* radixNotZero is not needed *)
.. rocqtop:: all
Print foo'. (* Doesn't show radixNotZero yet *)
End bar.
Print foo. (* Doesn't change after the End *)
Print foo'. (* "End" added type radix (used by radixNotZero) and radixNotZero *)
Goal 0 = 0.
.. rocqtop:: in
Fail apply foo'. (* Fails because of the extra variable *)
.. rocqtop:: all
apply (foo' 5). (* Can be used if the extra variable is provided explicitly *)
.. rocqtop:: abort none
Proof using options
```````````````````
The following options modify the behavior of ``Proof using``.
.. opt:: Default Proof Using "@section_var_expr"
Set this :term:`option` to use :n:`@section_var_expr` as the
default ``Proof using`` value. E.g. ``Set Default Proof Using "a
b"`` will complete all ``Proof`` commands not followed by a
``using`` part with ``using a b``.
Note that :n:`@section_var_expr` isn't validated immediately. An
invalid value will generate an error on a subsequent :cmd:`Proof`
or :cmd:`Qed` command.
.. flag:: Suggest Proof Using
When this :term:`flag` is on, :cmd:`Qed` suggests
a ``using`` annotation if the user did not provide one.
.. flag:: Keep Admitted Variables
When on, proofs terminated with :cmd:`Admitted` use the section
variables from `Proof using` if one was provided (including through
`Default Proof Using`), otherwise the variables used in the partial
proof (including any variables visible from the still open goals).
When off, only the section variables used in the type are used.
On by default.
.. _`nameaset`:
Name a set of section hypotheses for ``Proof using``
````````````````````````````````````````````````````
.. cmd:: Collection @ident := @section_var_expr
This can be used to name a set of section
hypotheses, with the purpose of making ``Proof using`` annotations more
compact.
.. example::
Define the collection named ``Some`` containing ``x``, ``y`` and ``z``::
Collection Some := x y z.
Define the collection named ``Fewer`` containing only ``x`` and ``y``::
Collection Fewer := Some - z
Define the collection named ``Many`` containing the set union or set
difference of ``Fewer`` and ``Some``::
Collection Many := Fewer + Some
Collection Many := Fewer - Some
Define the collection named ``Many`` containing the set difference of
``Fewer`` and the unnamed collection ``x y``::
Collection Many := Fewer - (x y)
.. deprecated:: 8.15
Redefining a collection, defining a collection with the same name as a variable,
and invoking the :cmd:`Proof using` command when collection and variable names overlap
are deprecated. See the warnings below and in the :cmd:`Proof using` command.
.. exn:: "All" is a predefined collection containing all variables. It can't be redefined.
:name: All is a predefined collection containing all variables. It can't be redefined.
When issuing a :cmd:`Proof using` command, **All** used as a collection name always means
"use all variables".
.. warn:: New Collection definition of @ident shadows the previous one.
Redefining a :cmd:`Collection` overwrites the previous definition.
.. warn:: @ident was already a defined Variable, the name @ident will refer to Collection when executing "Proof using" command.
The :cmd:`Proof using` command allows specifying both :cmd:`Collection` and
:cmd:`Variable` names. In case of ambiguity, a name is assumed to be Collection name.
Proof modes
-----------
When entering proof mode through commands such as :cmd:`Goal` and
:cmd:`Proof`, Rocq picks by default the |Ltac| mode. Nonetheless,
there exist other proof modes shipped in the standard Rocq
installation, and furthermore some plugins define their own proof
modes. The default proof mode used when opening a proof can be changed
using the following option.
The default proof mode is also used for tactic arguments to
commands through :n:`generic_tactic`. By default,
.. insertprodn generic_tactic generic_tactic
.. prodn::
generic_tactic ::= @ltac_expr
.. opt:: Default Proof Mode @string
This :term:`option` selects the proof mode to use when starting a proof. Depending on the proof
mode, various syntactic constructs are allowed when writing a
proof. All proof modes support commands; the proof mode determines
which tactic language and set of tactic definitions are available. The
possible option values are:
`"Classic"`
Activates the |Ltac| language and the tactics with the syntax documented
in this manual.
Some tactics are not available until the associated plugin is loaded,
such as `SSR` or `micromega`.
This proof mode is set when the :term:`prelude` is loaded.
`"Noedit"`
No tactic
language is activated at all. This is the default when the :term:`prelude`
is not loaded, e.g. through the `-noinit` option for `rocq`.
`"Ltac2"`
Activates the Ltac2 language and the Ltac2-specific variants of the documented
tactics.
This value is only available after :cmd:`Requiring <Require>` Ltac2.
:cmd:`Importing <Import>` Ltac2 sets this mode.
Some external plugins also define their own proof mode, which can be
activated with this command.
.. cmd:: Proof Mode @string
Sets the proof mode within the current proof.
Managing goals
--------------
.. cmd:: Undo {? {? To } @natural }
Cancels the effect of the last :token:`natural` commands or tactics.
The :n:`To @natural` form goes back to the specified state number.
If :token:`natural` is not specified, the command goes back one command or tactic.
.. cmd:: Restart
Restores the proof to the original goal.
.. exn:: No focused proof to restart.
:undocumented:
.. _focused_goals:
Focusing goals
``````````````
:gdef:`Focusing <focus>` lets you limit the context display to (initially) a
single goal. If a tactic creates additional goals from a focused goal, the
subgoals are also focused. The two focusing constructs are
:ref:`curly braces <curly-braces>` (`{` and `}`) and :ref:`bullets <bullets>`
(e.g. `-`, `+` or `*`). These constructs can be nested.
.. _curly-braces:
Curly braces
~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. tacn:: {? {| @natural | [ @ident ] } : } %{
%}
:name: {; }
.. todo
See https://github.com/coq/coq/issues/12004 and
https://github.com/coq/coq/issues/12825.
``{`` (without a terminating period) focuses on the first
goal. The subproof can only be
unfocused when it has been fully solved (*i.e.*, when there is no
focused goal left). Unfocusing is then handled by ``}`` (again, without a
terminating period). See also an example in the next section.
Note that when a focused goal is proved a message is displayed
together with a suggestion about the right bullet or ``}`` to unfocus it
or focus the next goal.
:n:`@natural:`
Focuses on the :token:`natural`\-th goal to prove.
.. _focus_shelved_goal:
:n:`[ @ident ]: %{`
Focuses on the goal named :token:`ident` even if the goal is not in focus.
Goals are :term:`existential variables <existential variable>`, which don't
have names by default. You can give a name to a goal by using
:n:`refine ?[@ident]`.
.. example:: Working with named goals
.. rocqtop:: in
Ltac name_goal name := refine ?[name]. (* for convenience *)
Set Printing Goal Names. (* show goal names, e.g. "(?base)" and "(?step)" *)
.. rocqtop:: all
Goal forall n, n + 0 = n.
Proof.
induction n; [ name_goal base | name_goal step ].
(* focus on the goal named "base" *)
[base]: {
reflexivity.
.. rocqtop:: in
}
This can also be a way of focusing on a shelved goal, for instance:
.. rocqtop:: all reset
Goal exists n : nat, n = n.
eexists ?[x].
reflexivity.
[x]: exact 0.
Qed.
.. exn:: This proof is focused, but cannot be unfocused this way.
You are trying to use ``}`` but the current subproof has not been fully solved.
.. exn:: No such goal (@natural).
:undocumented:
.. exn:: No such goal (@ident).
:undocumented:
.. exn:: Brackets do not support multi-goal selectors.
Brackets are used to focus on a single goal given either by its position
or by its name if it has one.
.. seealso:: The error messages for bullets below.
.. _bullets:
Bullets
~~~~~~~
Alternatively, proofs can be structured with bullets instead of ``{`` and ``}``. The
first use of a bullet ``b`` focuses on the first goal ``g``. The
same bullet can't be used again until the proof of ``g`` is completed,
then the next goal must be focused with another ``b``. Thus,
all the goals present just before the first use of the bullet must be focused with the
same bullet ``b``. See the example below.
Different bullets can be used to nest levels. The scope of each bullet
is limited to the enclosing ``{`` and ``}``, so bullets can be reused as further
nesting levels provided they are delimited by curly braces. A :production:`bullet`
is made from ``-``, ``+`` or ``*`` characters (with no spaces and no period afterward):
.. tacn:: {| {+ - } | {+ + } | {+ * } }
:undocumented:
:name: bullet (- + *)
When a focused goal is proved, Rocq displays a message suggesting use of
``}`` or the correct matching bullet to unfocus the goal or focus the next subgoal.
.. note::
In Proof General (``Emacs`` interface to Rocq), you must use
bullets with the priority ordering shown above to have correct
indentation. For example ``-`` must be the outer bullet and ``+`` the inner
one in the example below.
.. example:: Use of bullets
For the sake of brevity, the output for this example is summarized in comments.
Note that the tactic following a bullet is frequently put on the same line with the bullet.
Observe that this proof still works even if all the bullets in it are omitted.
.. rocqtop:: in
Goal (1=1 /\ 2=2) /\ 3=3.
Proof.
split. (* 1 = 1 /\ 2 = 2 and 3 = 3 *)
- (* 1 = 1 /\ 2 = 2 *)
split. (* 1 = 1 and 2 = 2 *)
+ (* 1 = 1 *)
trivial. (* subproof complete *)
+ (* 2 = 2 *)
trivial. (* subproof complete *)
- (* 3 = 3 *)
trivial. (* No more subgoals *)
Qed.
.. exn:: Wrong bullet @bullet__1: Current bullet @bullet__2 is not finished.
Before using bullet :n:`@bullet__1` again, you should first finish proving
the current focused goal.
Note that :n:`@bullet__1` and :n:`@bullet__2` may be the same.
.. exn:: Wrong bullet @bullet__1: Bullet @bullet__2 is mandatory here.
You must put :n:`@bullet__2` to focus on the next goal. No other bullet is
allowed here.
.. exn:: No such goal. Focus next goal with bullet @bullet.
You tried to apply a tactic but no goals were under focus.
Using :n:`@bullet` is mandatory here.
.. exn:: No such goal. Try unfocusing with %}.
You just finished a goal focused by ``{``, you must unfocus it with ``}``.
.. note:: Use :opt:`Default Goal Selector` with the ``!`` selector to force
the use of focusing mechanisms (bullets, braces) and goal selectors so
that it is always explicit to which goal(s) a tactic is applied.
.. opt:: Bullet Behavior {| "None" | "Strict Subproofs" }
This :term:`option` controls the bullet behavior and can take two possible values:
- "None": this makes bullets inactive.
- "Strict Subproofs": this makes bullets active (this is the default behavior).
Other focusing commands
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. cmd:: Unfocused
Succeeds if there are no unfocused goals. Otherwise the command fails.
.. cmd:: Focus {? @natural }
Focuses the attention on the first goal to prove or, if :token:`natural` is
specified, the :token:`natural`\-th. The
printing of the other goals is suspended until the focused goal
is solved or unfocused.
.. deprecated:: 8.8
Prefer the use of bullets or focusing braces with a goal selector (see above).
.. cmd:: Unfocus
Restores to focus the goals that were suspended by the last :cmd:`Focus` command.
.. deprecated:: 8.8
.. _shelved_goals:
Shelving goals
``````````````
Goals can be :gdef:`shelved` so they are no longer displayed in the proof state.
Shelved goals can be unshelved with the :cmd:`Unshelve` command, which
makes all shelved goals visible in the proof state. You can use
the goal selector :n:`[ @ident ]: %{` to focus on a single shelved goal
(see :ref:`here <focus_shelved_goal>`). Currently there's no single command or
tactic that unshelves goals by name.
.. tacn:: shelve
Moves the focused goals to the shelf. They will no longer be displayed in
the context. The :cmd:`Show Existentials` command will still show
these goals, which will be marked "(shelved)".
.. tacn:: shelve_unifiable
Shelves only the goals under focus that are mentioned in other goals.
Goals that appear in the type of other goals can be solved by unification.
.. example:: shelve_unifiable
.. rocqtop:: all abort
Goal exists n, n=0.
refine (ex_intro _ _ _).
all: shelve_unifiable.
reflexivity.
.. cmd:: Unshelve
This command moves all the goals on the shelf (see :tacn:`shelve`)
from the shelf into focus, by appending them to the end of the current
list of focused goals.
.. tacn:: unshelve @ltac_expr1
Performs :n:`@tactic`, then unshelves existential variables added to the
shelf by the execution of :n:`@tactic`, prepending them to the current goal.
.. tacn:: admit
give_up
Allows skipping a subgoal to permit further progress on the rest of the
proof. The selected goals are removed from the context. They are not
solved and cannot be solved later in the proof. Since the goals are not
solved, the proof cannot be closed with :cmd:`Qed` but only with :cmd:`Admitted`.
Reordering goals
````````````````
.. tacn:: cycle @int_or_var
Reorders the selected goals so that the first :n:`@integer` goals appear after the
other selected goals.
If :n:`@integer` is negative, it puts the last :n:`@integer` goals at the
beginning of the list.
The tactic is only useful with a goal selector, most commonly `all:`.
Note that other selectors reorder goals; `1,3: cycle 1` is not equivalent
to `all: cycle 1`. See :tacn:`… : … (goal selector)`.
.. example:: cycle
.. rocqtop:: none reset
Parameter P : nat -> Prop.
.. rocqtop:: in abort
Goal P 1 /\ P 2 /\ P 3 /\ P 4 /\ P 5.
repeat split. (* P 1, P 2, P 3, P 4, P 5 *)
all: cycle 2. (* P 3, P 4, P 5, P 1, P 2 *)
all: cycle -3. (* P 5, P 1, P 2, P 3, P 4 *)
.. tacn:: swap @int_or_var @int_or_var
Exchanges the position of the specified goals.
Negative values for :n:`@integer` indicate counting goals
backward from the end of the list of selected goals. Goals are indexed from 1.
The tactic is only useful with a goal selector, most commonly `all:`.
Note that other selectors reorder goals; `1,3: swap 1 3` is not equivalent
to `all: swap 1 3`. See :tacn:`… : … (goal selector)`.
.. example:: swap
.. rocqtop:: in abort
Goal P 1 /\ P 2 /\ P 3 /\ P 4 /\ P 5.
repeat split. (* P 1, P 2, P 3, P 4, P 5 *)
all: swap 1 3. (* P 3, P 2, P 1, P 4, P 5 *)
all: swap 1 -1. (* P 5, P 2, P 1, P 4, P 3 *)
.. tacn:: revgoals
Reverses the order of the selected goals. The tactic is only useful with a goal
selector, most commonly `all :`. Note that other selectors reorder goals;
`1,3: revgoals` is not equivalent to `all: revgoals`. See :tacn:`… : … (goal selector)`.
.. example:: revgoals
.. rocqtop:: in abort
Goal P 1 /\ P 2 /\ P 3 /\ P 4 /\ P 5.
repeat split. (* P 1, P 2, P 3, P 4, P 5 *)
all: revgoals. (* P 5, P 4, P 3, P 2, P 1 *)
Proving a subgoal as a separate lemma: abstract
-----------------------------------------------
.. tacn:: abstract @ltac_expr2 {? using @ident__name }
Does a :tacn:`solve` :n:`[ @ltac_expr2 ]` and saves the subproof as an auxiliary lemma.
if :n:`@ident__name` is specified, the lemma is saved with that name; otherwise
the lemma is saved with the name :n:`@ident`\ `_subproof`\ :n:`{? @natural }` where
:token:`ident` is the name of the current goal (e.g. the theorem name) and :token:`natural`
is chosen to get a fresh name. If the proof is closed with :cmd:`Qed`, the auxiliary lemma
is inlined in the final proof term.
This is useful with tactics such as
:tacn:`discriminate` that generate huge proof terms with many intermediate
goals. It can significantly reduce peak memory use. In most cases it doesn't
have a significant impact on run time. One case in which it can reduce run time
is when a tactic `foo` is known to always pass type checking when it
succeeds, such as in reflective proofs. In this case, the idiom
":tacn:`abstract` :tacn:`exact_no_check` `foo`" will save half the type
checking type time compared to ":tacn:`exact` `foo`".
:tacn:`abstract` is an :token:`l3_tactic`.
.. warning::
The abstract tactic, while very useful, still has some known
limitations. See `#9146 <https://github.com/coq/coq/issues/9146>`_ for more
details. We recommend caution when using it in some
"non-standard" contexts. In particular, ``abstract`` doesn't
work properly when used inside quotations ``ltac:(...)``.
If used as part of typeclass resolution, it may produce incorrect
terms when in polymorphic universe mode.
.. warning::
There are no guarantees with fresh name generation. In particular,
you should not rely on the generated constant being available in your
proof script. Even when providing an explicit :n:`@ident__name`, do it at
your own risk. Explicitly named and reused subterms don't play well with
asynchronous proofs. Furthermore the binding is only made available when
exiting the current tactic block, i.e. after a dot. The only guarantee
with explicit naming is that the subproof will be accessible with this
name after the :cmd:`Defined` command.
.. tacn:: transparent_abstract @ltac_expr3 {? using @ident }
Like :tacn:`abstract`, but save the subproof in a transparent lemma with a name in
the form :n:`@ident`\ :n:`_subterm`\ :n:`{? @natural }`.
.. warning::
Use this feature at your own risk; building computationally relevant terms
with tactics is fragile, and explicitly named and reused subterms
don’t play well with asynchronous proofs.
.. exn:: Proof is not complete.
:name: Proof is not complete. (abstract)
:undocumented:
.. _requestinginformation:
Requesting information
----------------------
.. cmd:: Show {? {| @ident | @natural } }
Displays the current goals.
:n:`@natural`
Display only the :token:`natural`\-th goal.
:n:`@ident`
Displays the named goal :token:`ident`. This is useful in
particular to display a shelved goal but only works if the
corresponding existential variable has been named by the user
(see :ref:`existential-variables`) as in the following example.
.. example::
.. rocqtop:: all abort
Goal exists n, n = 0.
eexists ?[n].
Show n.
.. exn:: No focused proof.
:undocumented:
.. exn:: No such goal.
:undocumented:
.. cmd:: Show Proof {? Diffs {? removed } }
Displays the proof term generated by the tactics
that have been applied so far. If the proof is incomplete, the term
will contain holes, which correspond to subterms which are still to be
constructed. Each hole is an existential variable, which appears as a
question mark followed by an identifier.
Specifying “Diffs” highlights the difference between the
current and previous proof step. By default, the command shows the
output once with additions highlighted. Including “removed” shows
the output twice: once showing removals and once showing additions.
It does not examine the :opt:`Diffs` option. See :ref:`showing_proof_diffs`.
.. cmd:: Show Conjectures
Prints the names of all the
theorems that are currently being proved. As it is possible to start
proving a previous lemma during the proof of a theorem, there may
be multiple names.
.. cmd:: Show Intro
If the current goal begins by at least one product,
prints the name of the first product as it would be
generated by an anonymous :tacn:`intro`. The aim of this command is to ease
the writing of more robust scripts. For example, with an appropriate
Proof General macro, it is possible to transform any anonymous :tacn:`intro`
into a qualified one such as ``intro y13``. In the case of a non-product
goal, it prints nothing.
.. cmd:: Show Intros
Similar to the previous command.
Simulates the naming process of :tacn:`intros`.
.. cmd:: Show Existentials
Displays all open goals / existential variables in the current proof
along with the context and type of each variable.
.. cmd:: Show Match @qualid
Displays a template of the Gallina :token:`match<term_match>`
construct with a branch for each constructor of the type
:token:`qualid`. This is used internally by
`company-coq <https://github.com/cpitclaudel/company-coq>`_.
.. example::
.. rocqtop:: all
Show Match nat.
.. exn:: Unknown inductive type.
:undocumented:
.. cmd:: Show Universes
Displays the set of all universe constraints and
its normalized form at the current stage of the proof, useful for
debugging universe inconsistencies.
.. cmd:: Show Goal @natural at @natural
Available in `rocq repl`. Displays a goal at a
proof state using the goal ID number and the proof state ID number.
It is primarily for use by tools such as Prooftree that need to fetch
goal history in this way. Prooftree is a tool for visualizing a proof
as a tree that runs in Proof General.
.. cmd:: Guarded
Some tactics (e.g. :tacn:`refine`) allow to build proofs using
fixpoint or cofixpoint constructions. Due to the incremental nature
of proof construction, the check of the termination (or
guardedness) of the recursive calls in the fixpoint or cofixpoint
constructions is postponed to the time of the completion of the proof.
The command :cmd:`Guarded` allows checking if the guard condition for
fixpoint and cofixpoint is violated at some time of the construction
of the proof without having to wait the completion of the proof.
.. cmd:: Validate Proof
Checks that the current partial proof is well-typed.
It is useful for finding tactic bugs since without it, such errors will only be detected at :cmd:`Qed` time.
It does not check the guard condition. Use :cmd:`Guarded` for that.
.. _showing_diffs:
Showing differences between proof steps
---------------------------------------
Rocq can automatically highlight the differences between successive proof steps
and between values in some error messages. Rocq can also highlight differences
in the proof term.
For example, the following screenshots of RocqIDE and coqtop show the application
of the same :tacn:`intros` tactic. The tactic creates two new hypotheses, highlighted in green.
The conclusion is entirely in pale green because although it’s changed, no tokens were added
to it. The second screenshot uses the "removed" option, so it shows the conclusion a
second time with the old text, with deletions marked in red. Also, since the hypotheses are
new, no line of old text is shown for them.
.. comment screenshot produced with:
Inductive ev : nat -> Prop :=
| ev_0 : ev 0
| ev_SS : forall n : nat, ev n -> ev (S (S n)).
Fixpoint double (n:nat) :=
match n with
| O => O
| S n' => S (S (double n'))
end.
Goal forall n, ev n -> exists k, n = double k.
intros n E.
..
.. image:: ../../_static/diffs-rocqide-on.png
:alt: RocqIDE with Set Diffs on
..
.. image:: ../../_static/diffs-rocqide-removed.png
:alt: RocqIDE with Set Diffs removed
..
.. image:: ../../_static/diffs-coqtop-on3.png
:alt: coqtop with Set Diffs on
This image shows an error message with diff highlighting in RocqIDE:
..
.. image:: ../../_static/diffs-error-message.png
:alt: RocqIDE error message with diffs
How to enable diffs
```````````````````
.. opt:: Diffs {| "on" | "off" | "removed" }
This :term:`option` is used to enable diffs.
The “on” setting highlights added tokens in green, while the “removed” setting
additionally reprints items with removed tokens in red. Unchanged tokens in
modified items are shown with pale green or red. Diffs in error messages
use red and green for the compared values; they appear regardless of the setting.
(Colors are user-configurable.)
For `rocq repl`, showing diffs can be enabled when starting `rocq repl` with the
``-diffs on|off|removed`` command-line option or by setting the :opt:`Diffs` option
within Rocq. You will need to provide the ``-color on|auto`` command-line option when
you start `rocq repl` in either case.
Colors for `rocq repl` can be configured by setting the ``ROCQ_COLORS`` environment
variable. See section :ref:`customization-by-environment-variables`. Diffs
use the tags ``diff.added``, ``diff.added.bg``, ``diff.removed`` and ``diff.removed.bg``.
In RocqIDE, diffs should be enabled from the ``View`` menu. Don’t use the ``Set Diffs``
command in RocqIDE. You can change the background colors shown for diffs from the
``Edit | Preferences | Tags`` panel by changing the settings for the ``diff.added``,
``diff.added.bg``, ``diff.removed`` and ``diff.removed.bg`` tags. This panel also
lets you control other attributes of the highlights, such as the foreground
color, bold, italic, underline and strikeout.
Proof General, VsCoq and Coqtail can also display Rocq-generated proof diffs automatically.
Please see the PG documentation section
`"Showing Proof Diffs" <https://proofgeneral.github.io/doc/master/userman/Coq-Proof-General#Showing-Proof-Diffs>`_
and Coqtail's `"Proof Diffs" <https://github.com/whonore/Coqtail#proof-diffs>`_
for details.
How diffs are calculated
````````````````````````
Diffs are calculated as follows:
1. Select the old proof state to compare to, which is the proof state before
the last tactic that changed the proof. Changes that only affect the view
of the proof, such as ``all: swap 1 2``, are ignored.
2. For each goal in the new proof state, determine what old goal to compare
it to—the one it is derived from or is the same as. Match the hypotheses by
name (order is ignored), handling compacted items specially.
3. For each hypothesis and conclusion (the “items”) in each goal, pass
them as strings to the lexer to break them into tokens. Then apply the
Myers diff algorithm :cite:`Myers` on the tokens and add appropriate highlighting.
Notes:
* Aside from the highlights, output for the "on" option should be identical
to the undiffed output.
* Goals completed in the last proof step will not be shown even with the
"removed" setting.
.. comment The following screenshots show diffs working with multiple goals and with compacted
hypotheses. In the first one, notice that the goal ``P 1`` is not highlighted at
all after the split because it has not changed.
.. todo: Use this script and remove the screenshots when ROCQ_COLORS
works for coqtop in sphinx
.. rocqtop:: none
Set Diffs "on".
Parameter P : nat -> Prop.
Goal P 1 /\ P 2 /\ P 3.
.. rocqtop:: out
split.
.. rocqtop:: all abort
2: split.
..
.. rocqtop:: none
Set Diffs "on".
Goal forall n m : nat, n + m = m + n.
Set Diffs "on".
.. rocqtop:: out
intros n.
.. rocqtop:: all abort
intros m.
This screenshot shows the result of applying a :tacn:`split` tactic that replaces one goal
with 2 goals. Notice that the goal ``P 1`` is not highlighted at all after
the split because it has not changed.
..
.. image:: ../../_static/diffs-rocqide-multigoal.png
:alt: rocqide with Set Diffs on with multiple goals
Diffs may appear like this after applying a :tacn:`intro` tactic that results
in a compacted hypotheses:
..
.. image:: ../../_static/diffs-rocqide-compacted.png
:alt: rocqide with Set Diffs on with compacted hypotheses
.. _showing_proof_diffs:
"Show Proof" differences
````````````````````````
To show differences in the proof term:
- In `rocq repl` and Proof General, use the :cmd:`Show Proof` `Diffs` command.
- In RocqIDE, position the cursor on or just after a tactic to compare the proof term
after the tactic with the proof term before the tactic, then select
`View / Show Proof` from the menu or enter the associated key binding.
Differences will be shown applying the current `Show Diffs` setting
from the `View` menu. If the current setting is `Don't show diffs`, diffs
will not be shown.
Output with the "added and removed" option looks like this:
..
.. image:: ../../_static/diffs-show-proof.png
:alt: rocqide with Set Diffs on with compacted hypotheses
Delaying solving unification constraints
----------------------------------------
.. tacn:: solve_constraints
:undocumented:
.. flag:: Solve Unification Constraints
By default, after each tactic application, postponed typechecking unification
problems are resolved using heuristics. Unsetting this :term:`flag` disables this
behavior, allowing tactics to leave unification constraints unsolved. Use the
:tacn:`solve_constraints` tactic at any point to solve the constraints.
.. _proof-maintenance:
Proof maintenance
-----------------
*Experimental.* Many tactics, such as :tacn:`intros`, can automatically generate names, such
as "H0" or "H1" for a new hypothesis introduced from a goal. Subsequent proof steps
may explicitly refer to these names. However, future versions of Rocq may not assign
names exactly the same way, which could cause the proof to fail because the
new names don't match the explicit references in the proof.
The following :flag:`Mangle Names` settings let users find all the
places where proofs rely on automatically generated names, which can
then be named explicitly to avoid any incompatibility. These
settings cause Rocq to generate different names, producing errors for
references to automatically generated names.
.. flag:: Mangle Names
When this :term:`flag` is set (it is off by default),
generated names use the prefix specified in the following
option instead of the default prefix.
.. opt:: Mangle Names Prefix @string
This :term:`option` specifies the prefix to use when generating names.
.. flag:: Mangle Names Light
When this :term:`flag` is set (it is off by default),
the names generated by :flag:`Mangle Names` only add
the :opt:`Mangle Names Prefix` to the original name.
Controlling proof mode
----------------------
.. opt:: Hyps Limit @natural
This :term:`option` controls the maximum number of hypotheses displayed in goals
after the application of a tactic. All the hypotheses remain usable
in the proof development.
When unset, it goes back to the default mode which is to print all
available hypotheses.
.. flag:: Nested Proofs Allowed
When turned on (it is off by default), this :term:`flag` enables support for nested
proofs: a new assertion command can be inserted before the current proof is
finished, in which case Rocq will temporarily switch to the proof of this
*nested lemma*. When the proof of the nested lemma is finished (with :cmd:`Qed`
or :cmd:`Defined`), its statement will be made available (as if it had been
proved before starting the previous proof) and Rocq will switch back to the
proof of the previous assertion.
.. flag:: Printing Goal Names
When this :term:`flag` is turned on, the name of the goal is printed in
proof mode, which can be useful in cases of cross references
between goals.
.. flag:: Printing Goal Tags
Internal flag used to implement Proof General's proof-tree mode.
Controlling memory usage
------------------------
.. cmd:: Print Debug GC
Prints heap usage statistics, which are values from the `stat` type of the `Gc` module
described
`here <https://caml.inria.fr/pub/docs/manual-ocaml/libref/Gc.html#TYPEstat>`_
in the OCaml documentation.
The `live_words`, `heap_words` and `top_heap_words` values give the basic information.
Words are 8 bytes or 4 bytes, respectively, for 64- and 32-bit executables.
When experiencing high memory usage the following commands can be used
to force Rocq to optimize some of its internal data structures.
.. cmd:: Optimize Proof
Shrink the data structure used to represent the current proof.
.. cmd:: Optimize Heap
Perform a heap compaction. This is generally an expensive operation.
See: `OCaml Gc.compact <http://caml.inria.fr/pub/docs/manual-ocaml/libref/Gc.html#VALcompact>`_
There is also an analogous tactic :tacn:`optimize_heap`.
Memory usage parameters can be set through the :ref:`OCAMLRUNPARAM <OCAMLRUNPARAM>`
environment variable.
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