(* Title: ZF/ex/Ramsey.thy Author: Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory Copyright 1992 University of Cambridge Ramsey's Theorem (finite exponent 2 version) Based upon the article D Basin and M Kaufmann, The Boyer-Moore Prover and Nuprl: An Experimental Comparison. In G Huet and G Plotkin, editors, Logical Frameworks. (CUP, 1991), pages 89-119 See also M Kaufmann, An example in NQTHM: Ramsey's Theorem Internal Note, Computational Logic, Inc., Austin, Texas 78703 Available from the author: kaufmann@cli.com This function compute Ramsey numbers according to the proof given below (which, does not constrain the base case values at all. fun ram 0 j = 1 | ram i 0 = 1 | ram i j = ram (i-1) j + ram i (j-1) *)
theory Ramsey imports ZF begin
definition
Symmetric :: "i==>o"where "Symmetric(E) ≡ (∀x y. ⟨x,y⟩:E ⟶⟨y,x⟩:E)"
lemma Atleast_Diff_succI: "[Atleast(m, B-{x}); x ∈ B]==> Atleast(succ(m), B)" by (blast intro: Atleast_succI [THEN Atleast_superset])
(*** Main Cardinality Lemma ***)
(*The #-succ(0) strengthens the original theorem statement, but precisely the same proof could be used\<And>*) lemma pigeon2 [rule_format]: "m ∈ nat ==> ∀n ∈ nat. ∀A B. Atleast((m#+n) #- succ(0), A ∪ B) ⟶ Atleast(m,A) | Atleast(n,B)" apply (induct_tac "m") apply (blast intro!: Atleast0, simp) apply (rule ballI) apply (rename_tac m' n) (*simplifier does NOT preserve bound names!*) apply (induct_tac "n", auto) apply (erule Atleast_succD [THEN bexE]) apply (rename_tac n' A B z) apply (erule UnE) (**case z \<in> B. Instantiate the '\<forall>A B' induction hypothesis. **) apply (drule_tac [2] x1 = A and x = "B-{z}"in spec [THEN spec]) apply (erule_tac [2] mp [THEN disjE]) (*cases Atleast(succ(m1),A) and Atleast(succ(k),B)*) apply (erule_tac [3] asm_rl notE Atleast_Diff_succI)+ (*proving the condition*) prefer 2 apply (blast intro: Atleast_superset) (**case z \<in> A. Instantiate the '\<forall>n \<in> nat. \<forall>A B' induction hypothesis. **) apply (drule_tac x2="succ(n')"and x1="A-{z}"and x=B in bspec [THEN spec, THEN spec]) apply (erule nat_succI) apply (erule mp [THEN disjE]) (*cases Atleast(succ(m1),A) and Atleast(succ(k),B)*) apply (erule_tac [2] asm_rl Atleast_Diff_succI notE)+ (*proving the condition*) apply simp apply (blast intro: Atleast_superset) done
(**** Ramsey's Theorem ****)
(** Base cases of induction; they now admit ANY Ramsey number **)
lemma Ramsey0j: "Ramsey(n,0,j)" by (unfold Ramsey_def, blast)
lemma Ramseyi0: "Ramsey(n,i,0)" by (unfold Ramsey_def, blast)
(** Lemmas for induction step **)
(*The use of succ(m) here, rather than #-succ(0), simplifies the proof of Ramsey_step_lemma.*) lemma Atleast_partition: "[Atleast(m #+ n, A); m ∈ nat; n ∈ nat] ==> Atleast(succ(m), {x ∈ A. ¬P(x)}) | Atleast(n, {x ∈ A. P(x)})" apply (rule nat_succI [THEN pigeon2], assumption+) apply (rule Atleast_superset, auto) done
(*For the Atleast part, proves \<not>(a \<in> I) from the second premise!*) lemma Indept_succ: "[Indept(I, {z ∈ V-{a}. ⟨a,z⟩∉ E}, E); Symmetric(E); a ∈ V; Atleast(j,I)]==> Indept(cons(a,I), V, E) ∧ Atleast(succ(j), cons(a,I))" unfolding Symmetric_def Indept_def apply (blast intro!: Atleast_succI) done
(*Published proofs gloss over the need for Ramsey numbers to be POSITIVE.*) lemma Ramsey_step_lemma: "[Ramsey(succ(m), succ(i), j); Ramsey(n, i, succ(j)); m ∈ nat; n ∈ nat]==> Ramsey(succ(m#+n), succ(i), succ(j))" apply (unfold Ramsey_def, clarify) apply (erule Atleast_succD [THEN bexE]) apply (erule_tac P1 = "λz.⟨x,z⟩:E"in Atleast_partition [THEN disjE],
assumption+) (*case m*) apply (fast dest!: Indept_succ elim: Clique_superset) (*case n*) apply (fast dest!: Clique_succ elim: Indept_superset) done
(** The actual proof **)
(*Again, the induction requires Ramsey numbers to be positive.*) lemma ramsey_lemma: "i ∈ nat ==>∀j ∈ nat. ∃n ∈ nat. Ramsey(succ(n), i, j)" apply (induct_tac "i") apply (blast intro!: Ramsey0j) apply (rule ballI) apply (induct_tac "j") apply (blast intro!: Ramseyi0) apply (blast intro!: add_type Ramsey_step_lemma) done
(*Final statement in a tidy form, without succ(...) *) lemma ramsey: "[i ∈ nat; j ∈ nat]==>∃n ∈ nat. Ramsey(n,i,j)" by (blast dest: ramsey_lemma)
end
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