(* Title: ZF/Trancl.thy
Author: Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
Copyright 1992 University of Cambridge
*)
section ‹ Relations: Their General Properties and Transitive Closure›
theory Trancl imports Fixedpt Perm begin
definition
refl :: "[i,i]==> o" where
"refl(A,r) ≡ (∀ x∈ A. ⟨ x,x⟩ ∈ r)"
definition
irrefl :: "[i,i]==> o" where
"irrefl(A,r) ≡ ∀ x∈ A. ⟨ x,x⟩ ∉ r"
definition
sym :: "i==> o" where
"sym(r) ≡ ∀ x y. ⟨ x,y⟩ : r ⟶ ⟨ y,x⟩ : r"
definition
asym :: "i==> o" where
"asym(r) ≡ ∀ x y. ⟨ x,y⟩ :r ⟶ ¬ ⟨ y,x⟩ :r"
definition
antisym :: "i==> o" where
"antisym(r) ≡ ∀ x y.⟨ x,y⟩ :r ⟶ ⟨ y,x⟩ :r ⟶ x=y"
definition
trans :: "i==> o" where
"trans(r) ≡ ∀ x y z. ⟨ x,y⟩ : r ⟶ ⟨ y,z⟩ : r ⟶ ⟨ x,z⟩ : r"
definition
trans_on :: "[i,i]==> o" (‹ (‹ open_block notation=‹ mixfix trans_on› \› trans[_]'(_'))› ) where
"trans[A](r) ≡ ∀ x∈ A. ∀ y∈ A. ∀ z∈ A.
⟨ x,y⟩ : r ⟶ ⟨ y,z⟩ : r ⟶ ⟨ x,z⟩ : r"
definition
rtrancl :: "i==> i" (‹ (‹ notation=‹ postfix ^*› \› _^*)› [100] 100) (*refl/transitive closure*) where
"r^* ≡ lfp(field(r)*field(r), λs. id(field(r)) ∪ (r O s))"
definition
trancl :: "i==> i" (‹ (‹ notation=‹ postfix ^+› \› _^+)› [100] 100) (*transitive closure*) where
"r^+ ≡ r O r^*"
definition
equiv :: "[i,i]==> o" where
"equiv(A,r) ≡ r ⊆ A*A ∧ refl(A,r) ∧ sym(r) ∧ trans(r)"
subsection ‹ General properties of relations›
subsubsection‹ irreflexivity›
lemma irreflI:
"[ ∧ x. x ∈ A ==> ⟨ x,x⟩ ∉ r] ==> irrefl(A,r)"
by (simp add: irrefl_def)
lemma irreflE: "[ irrefl(A,r); x ∈ A] ==> ⟨ x,x⟩ ∉ r"
by (simp add: irrefl_def)
subsubsection‹ symmetry›
lemma symI:
"[ ∧ x y.⟨ x,y⟩ : r ==> ⟨ y,x⟩ : r] ==> sym(r)"
by (unfold sym_def, blast)
lemma symE: "[ sym(r); ⟨ x,y⟩ : r] ==> ⟨ y,x⟩ : r"
by (unfold sym_def, blast)
subsubsection‹ antisymmetry›
lemma antisymI:
"[ ∧ x y.[ ⟨ x,y⟩ : r; ⟨ y,x⟩ : r] ==> x=y] ==> antisym(r)"
by (simp add: antisym_def, blast)
lemma antisymE: "[ antisym(r); ⟨ x,y⟩ : r; ⟨ y,x⟩ : r] ==> x=y"
by (simp add: antisym_def, blast)
subsubsection‹ transitivity›
lemma transD: "[ trans(r); ⟨ a,b⟩ :r; ⟨ b,c⟩ :r] ==> ⟨ a,c⟩ :r"
by (unfold trans_def, blast)
lemma trans_onD:
"[ trans[A](r); ⟨ a,b⟩ :r; ⟨ b,c⟩ :r; a ∈ A; b ∈ A; c ∈ A] ==> ⟨ a,c⟩ :r"
by (unfold trans_on_def, blast)
lemma trans_imp_trans_on: "trans(r) ==> trans[A](r)"
by (unfold trans_def trans_on_def, blast)
lemma trans_on_imp_trans: "[ trans[A](r); r ⊆ A*A] ==> trans(r)"
by (simp add: trans_on_def trans_def, blast)
subsection ‹ Transitive closure of a relation›
lemma rtrancl_bnd_mono:
"bnd_mono(field(r)*field(r), λs. id(field(r)) ∪ (r O s))"
by (rule bnd_monoI, blast+)
lemma rtrancl_mono: "r<=s ==> r^* ⊆ s^*"
unfolding rtrancl_def
apply (rule lfp_mono)
apply (rule rtrancl_bnd_mono)+
apply blast
done
(* @{term"r^* = id(field(r)) \<union> ( r O r^* )"} *)
lemmas rtrancl_unfold =
rtrancl_bnd_mono [THEN rtrancl_def [THEN def_lfp_unfold]]
(** The relation rtrancl **)
(* @{term"r^* \<subseteq> field(r) * field(r)"} *)
lemmas rtrancl_type = rtrancl_def [THEN def_lfp_subset]
lemma relation_rtrancl: "relation(r^*)"
apply (simp add: relation_def)
apply (blast dest: rtrancl_type [THEN subsetD])
done
(*Reflexivity of rtrancl*)
lemma rtrancl_refl: "[ a ∈ field(r)] ==> ⟨ a,a⟩ ∈ r^*"
apply (rule rtrancl_unfold [THEN ssubst])
apply (erule idI [THEN UnI1])
done
(*Closure under composition with r *)
lemma rtrancl_into_rtrancl: "[ ⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r^*; ⟨ b,c⟩ ∈ r] ==> ⟨ a,c⟩ ∈ r^*"
apply (rule rtrancl_unfold [THEN ssubst])
apply (rule compI [THEN UnI2], assumption, assumption)
done
(*rtrancl of r contains all pairs in r *)
lemma r_into_rtrancl: "⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r ==> ⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r^*"
by (rule rtrancl_refl [THEN rtrancl_into_rtrancl], blast+)
(*The premise ensures that r consists entirely of pairs*)
lemma r_subset_rtrancl: "relation(r) ==> r ⊆ r^*"
by (simp add: relation_def, blast intro: r_into_rtrancl)
lemma rtrancl_field: "field(r^*) = field(r)"
by (blast intro: r_into_rtrancl dest!: rtrancl_type [THEN subsetD])
(** standard induction rule **)
lemma rtrancl_full_induct [case_names initial step, consumes 1]:
"[ ⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r^*;
∧ x. x ∈ field(r) ==> P(⟨ x,x⟩ );
∧ x y z.[ P(⟨ x,y⟩ ); ⟨ x,y⟩ : r^*; ⟨ y,z⟩ : r] ==> P(⟨ x,z⟩ )]
==> P(⟨ a,b⟩ )"
by (erule def_induct [OF rtrancl_def rtrancl_bnd_mono], blast)
(*nice induction rule.
Tried adding the typing hypotheses y,z ∈ field(r), but these
caused expensive case splits!*)
lemma rtrancl_induct [case_names initial step, induct set: rtrancl]:
"[ ⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r^*;
P(a);
∧ y z.[ ⟨ a,y⟩ ∈ r^*; ⟨ y,z⟩ ∈ r; P(y)] ==> P(z)
\ ==> P(b)"
(*by induction on this formula*)
apply (subgoal_tac "∀ y. ⟨ a,b⟩ = ⟨ a,y⟩ ⟶ P (y) " )
(*now solve first subgoal: this formula is sufficient*)
apply (erule spec [THEN mp], rule refl)
(*now do the induction*)
apply (erule rtrancl_full_induct, blast+)
done
(*transitivity of transitive closure\<And>-- by induction.*)
lemma trans_rtrancl: "trans(r^*)"
unfolding trans_def
apply (intro allI impI)
apply (erule_tac b = z in rtrancl_induct, assumption)
apply (blast intro: rtrancl_into_rtrancl)
done
lemmas rtrancl_trans = trans_rtrancl [THEN transD]
(*elimination of rtrancl -- by induction on a special formula*)
lemma rtranclE:
"[ ⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r^*; (a=b) ==> P;
∧ y.[ ⟨ a,y⟩ ∈ r^*; ⟨ y,b⟩ ∈ r] ==> P]
==> P"
apply (subgoal_tac "a = b | (∃ y. ⟨ a,y⟩ ∈ r^* ∧ ⟨ y,b⟩ ∈ r) " )
(*see HOL/trancl*)
apply blast
apply (erule rtrancl_induct, blast+)
done
(**** The relation trancl ****)
(*Transitivity of r^+ is proved by transitivity of r^* *)
lemma trans_trancl: "trans(r^+)"
unfolding trans_def trancl_def
apply (blast intro: rtrancl_into_rtrancl
trans_rtrancl [THEN transD, THEN compI])
done
lemmas trans_on_trancl = trans_trancl [THEN trans_imp_trans_on]
lemmas trancl_trans = trans_trancl [THEN transD]
(** Conversions between trancl and rtrancl **)
lemma trancl_into_rtrancl: "⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r^+ ==> ⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r^*"
unfolding trancl_def
apply (blast intro: rtrancl_into_rtrancl)
done
(*r^+ contains all pairs in r *)
lemma r_into_trancl: "⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r ==> ⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r^+"
unfolding trancl_def
apply (blast intro!: rtrancl_refl)
done
(*The premise ensures that r consists entirely of pairs*)
lemma r_subset_trancl: "relation(r) ==> r ⊆ r^+"
by (simp add: relation_def, blast intro: r_into_trancl)
(*intro rule by definition: from r^* and r *)
lemma rtrancl_into_trancl1: "[ ⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r^*; ⟨ b,c⟩ ∈ r] ==> ⟨ a,c⟩ ∈ r^+"
by (unfold trancl_def, blast)
(*intro rule from r and r^* *)
lemma rtrancl_into_trancl2:
"[ ⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r; ⟨ b,c⟩ ∈ r^*] ==> ⟨ a,c⟩ ∈ r^+"
apply (erule rtrancl_induct)
apply (erule r_into_trancl)
apply (blast intro: r_into_trancl trancl_trans)
done
(*Nice induction rule for trancl*)
lemma trancl_induct [case_names initial step, induct set: trancl]:
"[ ⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r^+;
∧ y. [ ⟨ a,y⟩ ∈ r] ==> P(y);
∧ y z.[ ⟨ a,y⟩ ∈ r^+; ⟨ y,z⟩ ∈ r; P(y)] ==> P(z)
\ ==> P(b)"
apply (rule compEpair)
apply (unfold trancl_def, assumption)
(*by induction on this formula*)
apply (subgoal_tac "∀ z. ⟨ y,z⟩ ∈ r ⟶ P (z) " )
(*now solve first subgoal: this formula is sufficient*)
apply blast
apply (erule rtrancl_induct)
apply (blast intro: rtrancl_into_trancl1)+
done
(*elimination of r^+ -- NOT an induction rule*)
lemma tranclE:
"[ ⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r^+;
⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r ==> P;
∧ y.[ ⟨ a,y⟩ ∈ r^+; ⟨ y,b⟩ ∈ r] ==> P
\ ==> P"
apply (subgoal_tac "⟨ a,b⟩ ∈ r | (∃ y. ⟨ a,y⟩ ∈ r^+ ∧ ⟨ y,b⟩ ∈ r) " )
apply blast
apply (rule compEpair)
apply (unfold trancl_def, assumption)
apply (erule rtranclE)
apply (blast intro: rtrancl_into_trancl1)+
done
lemma trancl_type: "r^+ ⊆ field(r)*field(r)"
unfolding trancl_def
apply (blast elim: rtrancl_type [THEN subsetD, THEN SigmaE2])
done
lemma relation_trancl: "relation(r^+)"
apply (simp add: relation_def)
apply (blast dest: trancl_type [THEN subsetD])
done
lemma trancl_subset_times: "r ⊆ A * A ==> r^+ ⊆ A * A"
by (insert trancl_type [of r], blast)
lemma trancl_mono: "r<=s ==> r^+ ⊆ s^+"
by (unfold trancl_def, intro comp_mono rtrancl_mono)
lemma trancl_eq_r: "[ relation(r); trans(r)] ==> r^+ = r"
apply (rule equalityI)
prefer 2 apply (erule r_subset_trancl, clarify)
apply (frule trancl_type [THEN subsetD], clarify)
apply (erule trancl_induct, assumption)
apply (blast dest: transD)
done
(** Suggested by Sidi Ould Ehmety **)
lemma rtrancl_idemp [simp]: "(r^*)^* = r^*"
apply (rule equalityI, auto)
prefer 2
apply (frule rtrancl_type [THEN subsetD])
apply (blast intro: r_into_rtrancl )
txt ‹ converse direction›
apply (frule rtrancl_type [THEN subsetD], clarify)
apply (erule rtrancl_induct)
apply (simp add: rtrancl_refl rtrancl_field)
apply (blast intro: rtrancl_trans)
done
lemma rtrancl_subset: "[ R ⊆ S; S ⊆ R^*] ==> S^* = R^*"
apply (drule rtrancl_mono)
apply (drule rtrancl_mono, simp_all, blast)
done
lemma rtrancl_Un_rtrancl:
"[ relation(r); relation(s)] ==> (r^* ∪ s^*)^* = (r ∪ s)^*"
apply (rule rtrancl_subset)
apply (blast dest: r_subset_rtrancl)
apply (blast intro: rtrancl_mono [THEN subsetD])
done
(*** "converse" laws by Sidi Ould Ehmety ***)
(** rtrancl **)
lemma rtrancl_converseD: "⟨ x,y⟩ :converse(r)^* ==> ⟨ x,y⟩ :converse(r^*)"
apply (rule converseI)
apply (frule rtrancl_type [THEN subsetD])
apply (erule rtrancl_induct)
apply (blast intro: rtrancl_refl)
apply (blast intro: r_into_rtrancl rtrancl_trans)
done
lemma rtrancl_converseI: "⟨ x,y⟩ :converse(r^*) ==> ⟨ x,y⟩ :converse(r)^*"
apply (drule converseD)
apply (frule rtrancl_type [THEN subsetD])
apply (erule rtrancl_induct)
apply (blast intro: rtrancl_refl)
apply (blast intro: r_into_rtrancl rtrancl_trans)
done
lemma rtrancl_converse: "converse(r)^* = converse(r^*)"
apply (safe intro!: equalityI)
apply (frule rtrancl_type [THEN subsetD])
apply (safe dest!: rtrancl_converseD intro!: rtrancl_converseI)
done
(** trancl **)
lemma trancl_converseD: "⟨ a, b⟩ :converse(r)^+ ==> ⟨ a, b⟩ :converse(r^+)"
apply (erule trancl_induct)
apply (auto intro: r_into_trancl trancl_trans)
done
lemma trancl_converseI: "⟨ x,y⟩ :converse(r^+) ==> ⟨ x,y⟩ :converse(r)^+"
apply (drule converseD)
apply (erule trancl_induct)
apply (auto intro: r_into_trancl trancl_trans)
done
lemma trancl_converse: "converse(r)^+ = converse(r^+)"
apply (safe intro!: equalityI)
apply (frule trancl_type [THEN subsetD])
apply (safe dest!: trancl_converseD intro!: trancl_converseI)
done
lemma converse_trancl_induct [case_names initial step, consumes 1]:
"[ ⟨ a, b⟩ :r^+; ∧ y. ⟨ y, b⟩ :r ==> P(y);
∧ y z. [ ⟨ y, z⟩ ∈ r; ⟨ z, b⟩ ∈ r^+; P(z)] ==> P(y)]
==> P(a)"
apply (drule converseI)
apply (simp (no_asm_use) add: trancl_converse [symmetric])
apply (erule trancl_induct)
apply (auto simp add: trancl_converse)
done
end
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