(* Title: HOL/Zorn.thy Author: Jacques D. Fleuriot Author: Tobias Nipkow, TUM Author: Christian Sternagel, JAIST
Zorn's Lemma (ported from Larry Paulson's Zorn.thy in ZF).
*)
section‹Zorn's Lemma and the Well-ordering Theorem\
theory Zorn imports Order_Relation Hilbert_Choice begin
subsection‹Zorn's Lemma for the Subset Relation\
subsubsection ‹Results that do not require an order›
text‹Let‹P› be a binary predicate on the set ‹A›.› locale pred_on = fixes A :: "'a set" and P :: "'a \ 'a \ bool" (infix‹⊏› 50) begin
abbreviation Peq :: "'a \ 'a \ bool" (infix‹⊑› 50) where"x \ y \ P\<^sup>=\<^sup>= x y"
text‹A chain is a totally ordered subset of ‹A›.› definition chain :: "'a set \ bool" where"chain C \ C \ A \ (\x\C. \y\C. x \ y \ y \ x)"
text‹
We call a chain that is a proper superset of some set ‹X›,
but not necessarily a chain itself, a superchain of ‹X›. › abbreviation superchain :: "'a set \ 'a set \ bool" (infix‹<c› 50) where"X chain C \ X \ C"
text‹A maximal chain is a chain that does not have a superchain.› definition maxchain :: "'a set \ bool" where"maxchain C \ chain C \ (\S. C
text‹
We define the successor of a set to be an arbitrary
superchain, if such exists, or the set itself, otherwise. › definition suc :: "'a set \ 'a set" where"suc C = (if \ chain C \ maxchain C then C else (SOME D. C
lemma chainI [Pure.intro?]: "C \ A \ (\x y. x \ C \ y \ C \ x \ y \ y \ x) \ chain C" unfolding chain_def by blast
lemma chain_total: "chain C \ x \ C \ y \ C \ x \ y \ y \ x" by (simp add: chain_def)
lemma not_chain_suc [simp]: "\ chain X \ suc X = X" by (simp add: suc_def)
lemma maxchain_suc [simp]: "maxchain X \ suc X = X" by (simp add: suc_def)
lemma chain_empty [simp]: "chain {}" by (auto simp: chain_def)
lemma not_maxchain_Some: "chain C \ \ maxchain C \ C by (rule someI_ex) (auto simp: maxchain_def)
lemma suc_not_equals: "chain C \ \ maxchain C \ suc C \ C" using not_maxchain_Some by (auto simp: suc_def)
lemma subset_suc: assumes"X \ Y" shows"X \ suc Y" using assms by (rule subset_trans) (rule suc_subset)
text‹
We build a set 🍋‹C› that is closed under applications
of 🍋‹suc›andcontains the union of all its subsets. › inductive_set suc_Union_closed (‹C›) where
suc: "X \ \ \ suc X \ \"
| Union [unfolded Pow_iff]: "X \ Pow \ \ \X \ \"
text‹
Since the empty set as well as the set itself is a subset of
every set, 🍋‹C›contains at least 🍋‹{} ∈C›and 🍋‹∪C∈C›. › lemma suc_Union_closed_empty: "{} \ \" and suc_Union_closed_Union: "\\ \ \" using Union [of "{}"] and Union [of "\"] by simp_all
text‹Thus closure under 🍋‹suc› will hit a maximal chain
eventually, as is shown below.›
lemma suc_Union_closed_induct [consumes 1, case_names suc Union, induct pred: suc_Union_closed]: assumes"X \ \" and"\X. X \ \ \ Q X \ Q (suc X)" and"\X. X \ \ \ \x\X. Q x \ Q (\X)" shows"Q X" using assms by induct blast+
lemma suc_Union_closed_cases [consumes 1, case_names suc Union, cases pred: suc_Union_closed]: assumes"X \ \" and"\Y. X = suc Y \ Y \ \ \ Q" and"\Y. X = \Y \ Y \ \ \ Q" shows"Q" using assms by cases simp_all
text‹On chains, 🍋‹suc› yields a chain.› lemma chain_suc: assumes"chain X" shows"chain (suc X)" using assms by (cases "\ chain X \ maxchain X") (force simp: suc_def dest: not_maxchain_Some)+
lemma chain_sucD: assumes"chain X" shows"suc X \ A \ chain (suc X)" proof - from‹chain X›have *: "chain (suc X)" by (rule chain_suc) thenhave"suc X \ A" unfolding chain_def by blast with * show ?thesis by blast qed
lemma suc_Union_closed_total': assumes"X \ \"and"Y \ \" and *: "\Z. Z \ \ \ Z \ Y \ Z = Y \ suc Z \ Y" shows"X \ Y \ suc Y \ X" using‹X ∈C› proof induct case (suc X) with * show ?caseby (blast del: subsetI intro: subset_suc) next case Union thenshow ?caseby blast qed
lemma suc_Union_closed_subsetD: assumes"Y \ X"and"X \ \"and"Y \ \" shows"X = Y \ suc Y \ X" using assms(2,3,1) proof (induct arbitrary: Y) case (suc X) note * = ‹∧Y. Y ∈C==> Y ⊆ X ==> X = Y ∨ suc Y ⊆ X› with suc_Union_closed_total' [OF \Y \ \\ \X \ \\] have"Y \ X \ suc X \ Y"by blast thenshow ?case proof assume"Y \ X" with * and‹Y ∈C› subset_suc show ?thesis by fastforce next assume"suc X \ Y" with‹Y ⊆ suc X›show ?thesis by blast qed next case (Union X) show ?case proof (rule ccontr) assume"\ ?thesis" with‹Y ⊆∪X›obtain x y z where"\ suc Y \ \X" and"x \ X"and"y \ x"and"y \ Y" and"z \ suc Y"and"\x\X. z \ x"by blast with‹X ⊆C›have"x \ \"by blast from Union and‹x ∈ X›have *: "\y. y \ \ \ y \ x \ x = y \ suc y \ x" by blast with suc_Union_closed_total' [OF \Y \ \\ \x \ \\] have "Y \ x \ suc x \ Y" by blast thenshow False proof assume"Y \ x" with * [OF ‹Y ∈C›] ‹y ∈ x›‹y ∉ Y›‹x ∈ X›‹¬ suc Y ⊆∪X›show False by blast next assume"suc x \ Y" with‹y ∉ Y› suc_subset ‹y ∈ x›show False by blast qed qed qed
text‹The elements of 🍋‹C› are totally ordered by the subset relation.› lemma suc_Union_closed_total: assumes"X \ \"and"Y \ \" shows"X \ Y \ Y \ X" proof (cases "\Z\\. Z \ Y \ Z = Y \ suc Z \ Y") case True with suc_Union_closed_total' [OF assms] have"X \ Y \ suc Y \ X"by blast with suc_subset [of Y] show ?thesis by blast next case False thenobtain Z where"Z \ \"and"Z \ Y"and"Z \ Y"and"\ suc Z \ Y" by blast with suc_Union_closed_subsetD and‹Y ∈C›show ?thesis by blast qed
text‹Once we hit a fixed point w.r.t. 🍋‹suc›, all other elements
of 🍋‹C› are subsets of this fixed point.› lemma suc_Union_closed_suc: assumes"X \ \"and"Y \ \"and"suc Y = Y" shows"X \ Y" using‹X ∈C› proof induct case (suc X) with‹Y ∈C›and suc_Union_closed_subsetD have"X = Y \ suc X \ Y" by blast thenshow ?case by (auto simp: ‹suc Y = Y›) next case Union thenshow ?caseby blast qed
lemma eq_suc_Union: assumes"X \ \" shows"suc X = X \ X = \\"
(is"?lhs \ ?rhs") proof assume ?lhs thenhave"\\ \ X" by (rule suc_Union_closed_suc [OF suc_Union_closed_Union ‹X ∈C›]) with‹X ∈C›show ?rhs by blast next from‹X ∈C›have"suc X \ \"by (rule suc) thenhave"suc X \ \\"by blast moreoverassume ?rhs ultimatelyhave"suc X \ X"by simp moreoverhave"X \ suc X"by (rule suc_subset) ultimatelyshow ?lhs .. qed
lemma suc_in_carrier: assumes"X \ A" shows"suc X \ A" using assms by (cases "\ chain X \ maxchain X") (auto dest: chain_sucD)
lemma suc_Union_closed_in_carrier: assumes"X \ \" shows"X \ A" using assms by induct (auto dest: suc_in_carrier)
text‹All elements of 🍋‹C› are chains.› lemma suc_Union_closed_chain: assumes"X \ \" shows"chain X" using assms proof induct case (suc X) thenshow ?case using not_maxchain_Some by (simp add: suc_def) next case (Union X) thenhave"\X \ A" by (auto dest: suc_Union_closed_in_carrier) moreoverhave"\x\\X. \y\\X. x \ y \ y \ x" proof (intro ballI) fix x y assume"x \ \X"and"y \ \X" thenobtain u v where"x \ u"and"u \ X"and"y \ v"and"v \ X" by blast with Union have"u \ \"and"v \ \"and"chain u"and"chain v" by blast+ with suc_Union_closed_total have"u \ v \ v \ u" by blast thenshow"x \ y \ y \ x" proof assume"u \ v" from‹chain v›show ?thesis proof (rule chain_total) show"y \ v"by fact show"x \ v"using‹u ⊆ v›and‹x ∈ u›by blast qed next assume"v \ u" from‹chain u›show ?thesis proof (rule chain_total) show"x \ u"by fact show"y \ u"using‹v ⊆ u›and‹y ∈ v›by blast qed qed qed ultimatelyshow ?caseunfolding chain_def .. qed
subsubsection ‹Hausdorff's Maximum Principle\
text‹There exists a maximal totally ordered subset of ‹A›. (Note that we do not
require ‹A›to be partially ordered.)›
theorem Hausdorff: "\C. maxchain C" proof - let ?M = "\\" have"maxchain ?M" proof (rule ccontr) assume"\ ?thesis" thenhave"suc ?M \ ?M" using suc_not_equals and suc_Union_closed_chain [OF suc_Union_closed_Union] by simp moreoverhave"suc ?M = ?M" using eq_suc_Union [OF suc_Union_closed_Union] by simp ultimatelyshow False by contradiction qed thenshow ?thesis by blast qed
text‹Make notation🍋‹C› available again.› no_notation suc_Union_closed (‹C›)
lemma chain_extend: "chain C \ z \ A \ \x\C. x \ z \ chain ({z} \ C)" unfolding chain_def by blast
lemma maxchain_imp_chain: "maxchain C \ chain C" by (simp add: maxchain_def)
end
text‹Hide constant 🍋‹pred_on.suc_Union_closed›, which was just needed for the proof of Hausforff's maximum principle.\
hide_const pred_on.suc_Union_closed
lemma chain_mono: assumes"\x y. x \ A \ y \ A \ P x y \ Q x y" and"pred_on.chain A P C" shows"pred_on.chain A Q C" using assms unfolding pred_on.chain_def by blast
subsubsection ‹Results for the proper subset relation›
interpretation subset: pred_on "A""(\)"for A .
lemma subset_maxchain_max: assumes"subset.maxchain A C" and"X \ A" and"\C \ X" shows"\C = X" proof (rule ccontr) let ?C = "{X} \ C" from‹subset.maxchain A C›have"subset.chain A C" and *: "\S. subset.chain A S \ \ C \ S" by (auto simp: subset.maxchain_def) moreoverhave"\x\C. x \ X"using‹∪C ⊆ X›by auto ultimatelyhave"subset.chain A ?C" using subset.chain_extend [of A C X] and‹X ∈ A›by auto moreoverassume **: "\C \ X" moreoverfrom ** have"C \ ?C"using‹∪C ⊆ X›by auto ultimatelyshow False using * by blast qed
text‹If every chain has an upper bound, then there is a maximal set.› theorem subset_Zorn: assumes"\C. subset.chain A C \ \U\A. \X\C. X \ U" shows"\M\A. \X\A. M \ X \ X = M" proof - from subset.Hausdorff [of A] obtain M where"subset.maxchain A M" .. thenhave"subset.chain A M" by (rule subset.maxchain_imp_chain) with assms obtain Y where"Y \ A"and"\X\M. X \ Y" by blast moreoverhave"\X\A. Y \ X \ Y = X" proof (intro ballI impI) fix X assume"X \ A"and"Y \ X" show"Y = X" proof (rule ccontr) assume"\ ?thesis" with‹Y ⊆ X›have"\ X \ Y"by blast from subset.chain_extend [OF ‹subset.chain A M›‹X ∈ A›] and‹∀X∈M. X ⊆ Y› have"subset.chain A ({X} \ M)" using‹Y ⊆ X›by auto moreoverhave"M \ {X} \ M" using‹∀X∈M. X ⊆ Y›and‹¬ X ⊆ Y›by auto ultimatelyshow False using‹subset.maxchain A M›by (auto simp: subset.maxchain_def) qed qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed
text‹Alternative version of Zorn's lemma for the subset relation.\ lemma subset_Zorn': assumes"\C. subset.chain A C \ \C \ A" shows"\M\A. \X\A. M \ X \ X = M" proof - from subset.Hausdorff [of A] obtain M where"subset.maxchain A M" .. thenhave"subset.chain A M" by (rule subset.maxchain_imp_chain) with assms have"\M \ A" . moreoverhave"\Z\A. \M \ Z \ \M = Z" proof (intro ballI impI) fix Z assume"Z \ A"and"\M \ Z" with subset_maxchain_max [OF ‹subset.maxchain A M›] show"\M = Z" . qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed
subsection‹Zorn's Lemma for Partial Orders\
text‹Relate old to new definitions.›
definition chain_subset :: "'a set set \ bool" (‹chain🚫⊆›) (* Define globally? In Set.thy? *) where"chain\<^sub>\ C \ (\A\C. \B\C. A \ B \ B \ A)"
definition chains :: "'a set set \ 'a set set set" where"chains A = {C. C \ A \ chain\<^sub>\ C}"
definition Chains :: "('a \ 'a) set \ 'a set set"(* Define globally? In Relation.thy? *) where"Chains r = {C. \a\C. \b\C. (a, b) \ r \ (b, a) \ r}"
lemma chains_extend: "c \ chains S \ z \ S \ \x \ c. x \ z \ {z} \ c \ chains S" for z :: "'a set" unfolding chains_def chain_subset_def by blast
lemma mono_Chains: "r \ s \ Chains r \ Chains s" unfolding Chains_def by blast
lemma chain_subset_alt_def: "chain\<^sub>\ C = subset.chain UNIV C" unfolding chain_subset_def subset.chain_def by fast
lemma chains_alt_def: "chains A = {C. subset.chain A C}" by (simp add: chains_def chain_subset_alt_def subset.chain_def)
lemma Chains_subset: "Chains r \ {C. pred_on.chain UNIV (\x y. (x, y) \ r) C}" by (force simp add: Chains_def pred_on.chain_def)
lemma Chains_subset': assumes"refl r" shows"{C. pred_on.chain UNIV (\x y. (x, y) \ r) C} \ Chains r" using assms by (auto simp add: Chains_def pred_on.chain_def refl_on_def)
lemma Chains_alt_def: assumes"refl r" shows"Chains r = {C. pred_on.chain UNIV (\x y. (x, y) \ r) C}" using assms Chains_subset Chains_subset' by blast
lemma Chains_relation_of: assumes"C \ Chains (relation_of P A)"shows"C \ A" using assms unfolding Chains_def relation_of_def by auto
lemma pairwise_chain_Union: assumes P: "\S. S \ \ \ pairwise R S"and"chain\<^sub>\ \" shows"pairwise R (\\)" using‹chain🚫⊆C›unfolding pairwise_def chain_subset_def by (blast intro: P [unfolded pairwise_def, rule_format])
lemma Zorn_Lemma: "\C\chains A. \C \ A \ \M\A. \X\A. M \ X \ X = M" using subset_Zorn' [of A] by (force simp: chains_alt_def)
lemma Zorn_Lemma2: "\C\chains A. \U\A. \X\C. X \ U \ \M\A. \X\A. M \ X \ X = M" using subset_Zorn [of A] by (auto simp: chains_alt_def)
subsection‹Other variants of Zorn's Lemma\
lemma chainsD: "c \ chains S \ x \ c \ y \ c \ x \ y \ y \ x" unfolding chains_def chain_subset_def by blast
lemma chainsD2: "c \ chains S \ c \ S" unfolding chains_def by blast
lemma Zorns_po_lemma: assumes po: "Partial_order r" and u: "\C. C \ Chains r \ \u\Field r. \a\C. (a, u) \ r" shows"\m\Field r. \a\Field r. (m, a) \ r \ a = m" proof - have"Preorder r" using po by (simp add: partial_order_on_def) txt‹Mirror ‹r›in the set of subsets below (wrt ‹r›) elements of ‹A›.› let ?B = "\x. r\ `` {x}" let ?S = "?B ` Field r" have"\u\Field r. \A\C. A \ r\ `` {u}" (is"\u\Field r. ?P u") if 1: "C \ ?S"and 2: "\A\C. \B\C. A \ B \ B \ A"for C proof - let ?A = "{x\Field r. \M\C. M = ?B x}" from 1 have"C = ?B ` ?A"by (auto simp: image_def) have"?A \ Chains r" proof (simp add: Chains_def, intro allI impI, elim conjE) fix a b assume"a \ Field r"and"?B a \ C"and"b \ Field r"and"?B b \ C" with 2 have"?B a \ ?B b \ ?B b \ ?B a"by auto thenshow"(a, b) \ r \ (b, a) \ r" using‹Preorder r›and‹a ∈ Field r›and‹b ∈ Field r› by (simp add:subset_Image1_Image1_iff) qed thenobtain u where uA: "u \ Field r""\a\?A. (a, u) \ r" by (auto simp: dest: u) have"?P u" proof auto fix a B assume aB: "B \ C""a \ B" with 1 obtain x where"x \ Field r"and"B = r\ `` {x}"by auto thenshow"(a, u) \ r" using uA and aB and‹Preorder r› unfolding preorder_on_def refl_on_def by simp (fast dest: transD) qed thenshow ?thesis using‹u ∈ Field r›by blast qed thenhave"\C\chains ?S. \U\?S. \A\C. A \ U" by (auto simp: chains_def chain_subset_def) from Zorn_Lemma2 [OF this] obtain m B where"m \ Field r" and"B = r\ `` {m}" and"\x\Field r. B \ r\ `` {x} \ r\ `` {x} = B" by auto thenhave"\a\Field r. (m, a) \ r \ a = m" using po and‹Preorder r›and‹m ∈ Field r› by (auto simp: subset_Image1_Image1_iff Partial_order_eq_Image1_Image1_iff) thenshow ?thesis using‹m ∈ Field r›by blast qed
lemma predicate_Zorn: assumes po: "partial_order_on A (relation_of P A)" and ch: "\C. C \ Chains (relation_of P A) \ \u \ A. \a \ C. P a u" shows"\m \ A. \a \ A. P m a \ a = m" proof - have"a \ A"if"C \ Chains (relation_of P A)"and"a \ C"for C a using that unfolding Chains_def relation_of_def by auto moreoverhave"(a, u) \ relation_of P A"if"a \ A"and"u \ A"and"P a u"for a u unfolding relation_of_def using that by auto ultimatelyhave"\m\A. \a\A. (m, a) \ relation_of P A \ a = m" using Zorns_po_lemma[OF Partial_order_relation_ofI[OF po], rule_format] ch unfolding Field_relation_of[OF partial_order_onD(4)[OF po] partial_order_onD(1)[OF po]] by blast thenshow ?thesis by (auto simp: relation_of_def) qed
lemma Union_in_chain: "\finite \; \ \ {}; subset.chain \ \\ \ \\ \ \" proof (inductionB rule: finite_induct) case (insert B B) show ?case proof (cases "\ = {}") case False thenshow ?thesis using insert sup.absorb2 by (auto simp: subset_chain_insert dest!: bspec [where x="\\"]) qed auto qed simp
lemma Inter_in_chain: "\finite \; \ \ {}; subset.chain \ \\ \ \\ \ \" proof (inductionB rule: finite_induct) case (insert B B) show ?case proof (cases "\ = {}") case False thenshow ?thesis using insert inf.absorb2 by (auto simp: subset_chain_insert dest!: bspec [where x="\\"]) qed auto qed simp
lemma finite_subset_Union_chain: assumes"finite A""A \ \\""\ \ {}"and sub: "subset.chain \ \" obtains B where"B \ \""A \ B" proof - obtainFwhereF: "finite \""\ \ \""A \ \\" using assms by (auto intro: finite_subset_Union) show thesis proof (cases "\ = {}") case True thenshow ?thesis using‹A ⊆∪F›‹B≠ {}› that by fastforce next case False show ?thesis proof show"\\ \ \" using sub ‹F⊆B›‹finite F› by (simp add: Union_in_chain False subset.chain_def subset_iff) show"A \ \\" using‹A ⊆∪F›by blast qed qed qed
lemma subset_Zorn_nonempty: assumes"\ \ {}"and ch: "\\. \\\{}; subset.chain \ \\ \ \\ \ \" shows"\M\\. \X\\. M \ X \ X = M" proof (rule subset_Zorn) show"\U\\. \X\\. X \ U"if"subset.chain \ \"forC proof (cases "\ = {}") case True thenshow ?thesis using‹A≠ {}›by blast next case False show ?thesis by (blast intro!: ch False that Union_upper) qed qed
subsection‹The Well Ordering Theorem›
(* The initial segment of a relation appears generally useful. Move to Relation.thy? Definition correct/most general? Naming?
*) definition init_seg_of :: "(('a \ 'a) set \ ('a \ 'a) set) set" where"init_seg_of = {(r, s). r \ s \ (\a b c. (a, b) \ s \ (b, c) \ r \ (a, b) \ r)}"
abbreviation initial_segment_of_syntax :: "('a \ 'a) set \ ('a \ 'a) set \ bool"
(infix‹initial'_segment'_of› 55) where"r initial_segment_of s \ (r, s) \ init_seg_of"
lemma refl_on_init_seg_of [simp]: "r initial_segment_of r" by (simp add: init_seg_of_def)
lemma trans_init_seg_of: "r initial_segment_of s \ s initial_segment_of t \ r initial_segment_of t" by (simp (no_asm_use) add: init_seg_of_def) blast
lemma antisym_init_seg_of: "r initial_segment_of s \ s initial_segment_of r \ r = s" unfolding init_seg_of_def by safe
lemma Chains_init_seg_of_Union: "R \ Chains init_seg_of \ r\R \ r initial_segment_of \R" by (auto simp: init_seg_of_def Ball_def Chains_def) blast
lemma chain_subset_trans_Union: assumes"chain\<^sub>\ R""\r\R. trans r" shows"trans (\R)" proof (intro transI, elim UnionE) fix S1 S2 :: "'a rel"and x y z :: 'a assume"S1 \ R""S2 \ R" with assms(1) have"S1 \ S2 \ S2 \ S1" unfolding chain_subset_def by blast moreoverassume"(x, y) \ S1""(y, z) \ S2" ultimatelyhave"((x, y) \ S1 \ (y, z) \ S1) \ ((x, y) \ S2 \ (y, z) \ S2)" by blast with‹S1 ∈ R›‹S2 ∈ R› assms(2) show"(x, z) \ \R" by (auto elim: transE) qed
lemma chain_subset_antisym_Union: assumes"chain\<^sub>\ R""\r\R. antisym r" shows"antisym (\R)" proof (intro antisymI, elim UnionE) fix S1 S2 :: "'a rel"and x y :: 'a assume"S1 \ R""S2 \ R" with assms(1) have"S1 \ S2 \ S2 \ S1" unfolding chain_subset_def by blast moreoverassume"(x, y) \ S1""(y, x) \ S2" ultimatelyhave"((x, y) \ S1 \ (y, x) \ S1) \ ((x, y) \ S2 \ (y, x) \ S2)" by blast with‹S1 ∈ R›‹S2 ∈ R› assms(2) show"x = y" unfolding antisym_def by auto qed
lemma chain_subset_Total_Union: assumes"chain\<^sub>\ R"and"\r\R. Total r" shows"Total (\R)" proof (simp add: total_on_def Ball_def, auto del: disjCI) fix r s a b assume A: "r \ R""s \ R""a \ Field r""b \ Field s""a \ b" from‹chain🚫⊆ R›and‹r ∈ R›and‹s ∈ R›have"r \ s \ s \ r" by (auto simp add: chain_subset_def) thenshow"(\r\R. (a, b) \ r) \ (\r\R. (b, a) \ r)" proof assume"r \ s" thenhave"(a, b) \ s \ (b, a) \ s" using assms(2) A mono_Field[of r s] by (auto simp add: total_on_def) thenshow ?thesis using‹s ∈ R›by blast next assume"s \ r" thenhave"(a, b) \ r \ (b, a) \ r" using assms(2) A mono_Field[of s r] by (fastforce simp add: total_on_def) thenshow ?thesis using‹r ∈ R›by blast qed qed
lemma wf_Union_wf_init_segs: assumes"R \ Chains init_seg_of" and"\r\R. wf r" shows"wf (\R)" proof (simp add: wf_iff_no_infinite_down_chain, rule ccontr, auto) fix f assume 1: "\i. \r\R. (f (Suc i), f i) \ r" thenobtain r where"r \ R"and"(f (Suc 0), f 0) \ r"by auto have"(f (Suc i), f i) \ r"for i proof (induct i) case 0 show ?caseby fact next case (Suc i) thenobtain s where s: "s \ R""(f (Suc (Suc i)), f(Suc i)) \ s" using 1 by auto thenhave"s initial_segment_of r \ r initial_segment_of s" using assms(1) ‹r ∈ R›by (simp add: Chains_def) with Suc s show ?caseby (simp add: init_seg_of_def) blast qed thenshow False using assms(2) and‹r ∈ R› by (simp add: wf_iff_no_infinite_down_chain) blast qed
lemma initial_segment_of_Diff: "p initial_segment_of q \ p - s initial_segment_of q - s" unfolding init_seg_of_def by blast
lemma Chains_inits_DiffI: "R \ Chains init_seg_of \ {r - s |r. r \ R} \ Chains init_seg_of" unfolding Chains_def by (blast intro: initial_segment_of_Diff)
theorem well_ordering: "\r::'a rel. Well_order r \ Field r = UNIV" proof - 🍋‹The initial segment relation on well-orders:› let ?WO = "{r::'a rel. Well_order r}"
define I where"I = init_seg_of \ ?WO \ ?WO" thenhave I_init: "I \ init_seg_of"by simp thenhave subch: "\R. R \ Chains I \ chain\<^sub>\ R" unfolding init_seg_of_def chain_subset_def Chains_def by blast have Chains_wo: "\R r. R \ Chains I \ r \ R \ Well_order r" by (simp add: Chains_def I_def) blast have FI: "Field I = ?WO" by (auto simp add: I_def init_seg_of_def Field_def) thenhave 0: "Partial_order I" by (auto simp: partial_order_on_def preorder_on_def antisym_def antisym_init_seg_of refl_on_def
trans_def I_def elim!: trans_init_seg_of) 🍋‹‹I›-chains have upper bounds in‹?WO› wrt ‹I›: their Union› have"\R \ ?WO \ (\r\R. (r, \R) \ I)"if"R \ Chains I"for R proof - from that have Ris: "R \ Chains init_seg_of" using mono_Chains [OF I_init] by blast have subch: "chain\<^sub>\ R" using‹R ∈ Chains I› I_init by (auto simp: init_seg_of_def chain_subset_def Chains_def) have"\r\R. Refl r"and"\r\R. trans r"and"\r\R. antisym r" and"\r\R. Total r"and"\r\R. wf (r - Id)" using Chains_wo [OF ‹R ∈ Chains I›] by (simp_all add: order_on_defs) have"(\ R) \ Field (\ R) \ Field (\ R)" unfolding Field_def by auto moreoverhave"Refl (\R)" using‹∀r∈R. Refl r›unfolding refl_on_def by fastforce moreoverhave"trans (\R)" by (rule chain_subset_trans_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. trans r›]) moreoverhave"antisym (\R)" by (rule chain_subset_antisym_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. antisym r›]) moreoverhave"Total (\R)" by (rule chain_subset_Total_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. Total r›]) moreoverhave"wf ((\R) - Id)" proof - have"(\R) - Id = \{r - Id | r. r \ R}"by blast with‹∀r∈R. wf (r - Id)›and wf_Union_wf_init_segs [OF Chains_inits_DiffI [OF Ris]] show ?thesis by fastforce qed ultimatelyhave"Well_order (\R)" by (simp add:order_on_defs) moreoverhave"\r \ R. r initial_segment_of \R" using Ris by (simp add: Chains_init_seg_of_Union) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using mono_Chains [OF I_init] Chains_wo[of R] and‹R ∈ Chains I› unfolding I_def by blast qed thenhave 1: "\u\Field I. \r\R. (r, u) \ I"if"R \ Chains I"for R using that by (subst FI) blast 🍋‹Zorn's Lemma yields a maximal well-order \m\:\ thenobtain m :: "'a rel" where"Well_order m" and max: "\r. Well_order r \ (m, r) \ I \ r = m" using Zorns_po_lemma[OF 0 1] unfolding FI by fastforce 🍋‹Now showby contradiction that ‹m› covers the whole type:› have False if"x \ Field m"for x :: 'a proof - 🍋‹Assuming that ‹x›is not covered and extend ‹m› at the top with‹x›› have"m \ {}" proof assume"m = {}" moreoverhave"Well_order {(x, x)}" by (simp add: order_on_defs refl_on_def trans_def antisym_def total_on_def Field_def) ultimatelyshow False using max by (auto simp: I_def init_seg_of_def simp del: Field_insert) qed thenhave"Field m \ {}"by (auto simp: Field_def) moreoverhave"wf (m - Id)" using‹Well_order m›by (simp add: well_order_on_def) 🍋‹The extension of ‹m›by‹x›:› let ?s = "{(a, x) | a. a \ Field m}" let ?m = "insert (x, x) m \ ?s" have Fm: "Field ?m = insert x (Field m)" by (auto simp: Field_def) have"Refl m"and"trans m"and"antisym m"and"Total m"and"wf (m - Id)"and "m \ Field m \ Field m" using‹Well_order m›by (simp_all add: order_on_defs) 🍋‹We show that the extension is a well-order› have"?m \ Field ?m \ Field ?m" using‹m ⊆ Field m × Field m›by auto moreoverhave"Refl ?m" using‹Refl m› Fm unfolding refl_on_def by blast moreoverhave"trans ?m"using‹trans m›and‹x ∉ Field m› unfolding trans_def Field_def by blast moreoverhave"antisym ?m" using‹antisym m›and‹x ∉ Field m›unfolding antisym_def Field_def by blast moreoverhave"Total ?m" using‹Total m›and Fm by (auto simp: total_on_def) moreoverhave"wf (?m - Id)" proof - have"wf ?s" using‹x ∉ Field m›by (auto simp: wf_eq_minimal Field_def Bex_def) thenshow ?thesis using‹wf (m - Id)›and‹x ∉ Field m› wf_subset [OF ‹wf ?s› Diff_subset] by (auto simp: Un_Diff Field_def intro: wf_Un) qed ultimatelyhave"Well_order ?m" by (simp add: order_on_defs) 🍋‹We show that the extension is above ‹m›› moreoverhave"(m, ?m) \ I" using‹Well_order ?m›and‹Well_order m›and‹x ∉ Field m› by (fastforce simp: I_def init_seg_of_def Field_def) ultimately 🍋‹This contradicts maximality of ‹m›:› show False using max and‹x ∉ Field m›unfolding Field_def by blast qed thenhave"Field m = UNIV"by auto with‹Well_order m›show ?thesis by blast qed
corollary well_order_on: "\r::'a rel. well_order_on A r" proof - obtain r :: "'a rel"where wo: "Well_order r"and univ: "Field r = UNIV" using well_ordering [where'a = "'a"] by blast let ?r = "{(x, y). x \ A \ y \ A \ (x, y) \ r}" have 1: "Field ?r = A" using wo univ by (fastforce simp: Field_def order_on_defs refl_on_def) from‹Well_order r›have"Refl r""trans r""antisym r""Total r""wf (r - Id)"and "r \ Field r \ Field r" by (simp_all add: order_on_defs) have"?r \ Field ?r \ Field ?r" using‹r ⊆ Field r × Field r›by (auto simp: 1) moreoverfrom‹Refl r›have"Refl ?r" by (auto simp: refl_on_def 1 univ) moreoverfrom‹trans r›have"trans ?r" unfolding trans_def by blast moreoverfrom‹antisym r›have"antisym ?r" unfolding antisym_def by blast moreoverfrom‹Total r›have"Total ?r" by (simp add:total_on_def 1 univ) moreoverhave"wf (?r - Id)" by (rule wf_subset [OF ‹wf (r - Id)›]) blast ultimatelyhave"Well_order ?r" by (simp add: order_on_defs) with 1 show ?thesis by auto qed
lemma dependent_wf_choice: fixes P :: "('a \ 'b) \ 'a \ 'b \ bool" assumes"wf R" and adm: "\f g x r. (\z. (z, x) \ R \ f z = g z) \ P f x r = P g x r" and P: "\x f. (\y. (y, x) \ R \ P f y (f y)) \ \r. P f x r" shows"\f. \x. P f x (f x)" proof (intro exI allI) fix x
define f where"f \ wfrec R (\f x. SOME r. P f x r)" from‹wf R›show"P f x (f x)" proof (induct x) case (less x) show"P f x (f x)" proof (subst (2) wfrec_def_adm[OF f_def ‹wf R›]) show"adm_wf R (\f x. SOME r. P f x r)" by (auto simp: adm_wf_def intro!: arg_cong[where f=Eps] adm) show"P f x (Eps (P f x))" using P by (rule someI_ex) fact qed qed qed
lemma (in wellorder) dependent_wellorder_choice: assumes"\r f g x. (\y. y < x \ f y = g y) \ P f x r = P g x r" and P: "\x f. (\y. y < x \ P f y (f y)) \ \r. P f x r" shows"\f. \x. P f x (f x)" using wf by (rule dependent_wf_choice) (auto intro!: assms)
end
Messung V0.5
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.25 Sekunden
(vorverarbeitet)
¤
Die Informationen auf dieser Webseite wurden
nach bestem Wissen sorgfältig zusammengestellt. Es wird jedoch weder Vollständigkeit, noch Richtigkeit,
noch Qualität der bereit gestellten Informationen zugesichert.
Bemerkung:
Die farbliche Syntaxdarstellung und die Messung sind noch experimentell.