Quelle  Public_SET.thy

(*  Title:      HOL/SET_Protocol/Public_SET.thy
  Author: Giampaolo Bella
  Author: Fabio Massacci
  Author: Lawrence C Paulson
*)

section‹The Public-Key Theory, Modified for SET›

theory Public_SET
imports Event_SET
begin

subsection‹Symmetric and Asymmetric Keys›

text‹definitions influenced by the wish to assign asymmetric keys
  - since the beginning - only to RCA and CAs, namely we need a partial
  function on type Agent›


text‹The SET specs mention two signature keys for CAs - we only have one›

consts
  publicKey :: "[bool, agent] ==> key"
    🍋 ‹the boolean is TRUE if a signing key›

abbreviation "pubEK == publicKey False"
abbreviation "pubSK == publicKey True"

(*BEWARE!! priEK, priSK DON'T WORK with inj, range, image, etc.*)
abbreviation "priEK A == invKey (pubEK A)"
abbreviation "priSK A == invKey (pubSK A)"

text‹By freeness of agents, no two agents have the same key. Since
  🍋‹True≠False›,

specification (publicKey)
  injective_publicKey:
    "publicKey b A = publicKey c A' ==> b=c ∧ A=A'"
(*<*)
   apply (rule exI [of _ "%b A. 2 * nat_of_agent A + (if b then 1 else 0)"]) 
   apply (auto simp add: inj_on_def inj_nat_of_agent [THEN inj_eq] split: agent.split) 
   apply (drule_tac f="%x. x mod 2" in arg_cong, simp add: mod_Suc)+
(*or this, but presburger won't abstract out the function applications
  apply presburger+
*)
   done                       
(*>*)

axiomatization where
  (*No private key equals any public key (essential to ensure that private
    keys are private!) *)
  privateKey_neq_publicKey [iff]:
      "invKey (publicKey b A) ≠ publicKey b' A'"

declare privateKey_neq_publicKey [THEN not_sym, iff]

  
subsection‹Initial Knowledge›

text‹This information is not necessary. Each protocol distributes any needed
 certificates, and anyway our proofs require a formalization of the Spy's
 knowledge only. However, the initial knowledge is as follows:
  All agents know RCA's public keys;
  RCA and CAs know their own respective keys;
  RCA (has already certified and therefore) knows all CAs public keys;
  Spy knows all keys of all bad agents.›

overloading initState ≡ "initState"
begin

primrec initState where
(*<*)
  initState_CA:
    "initState (CA i) =
       (if i=0 then Key ` ({priEK RCA, priSK RCA} ∪
                            pubEK ` (range CA) ∪ pubSK ` (range CA))
        else {Key (priEK (CA i)), Key (priSK (CA i)),
              Key (pubEK (CA i)), Key (pubSK (CA i)),
              Key (pubEK RCA), Key (pubSK RCA)})"

| initState_Cardholder:
    "initState (Cardholder i) =
       {Key (priEK (Cardholder i)), Key (priSK (Cardholder i)),
        Key (pubEK (Cardholder i)), Key (pubSK (Cardholder i)),
        Key (pubEK RCA), Key (pubSK RCA)}"

| initState_Merchant:
    "initState (Merchant i) =
       {Key (priEK (Merchant i)), Key (priSK (Merchant i)),
        Key (pubEK (Merchant i)), Key (pubSK (Merchant i)),
        Key (pubEK RCA), Key (pubSK RCA)}"

| initState_PG:
    "initState (PG i) =
       {Key (priEK (PG i)), Key (priSK (PG i)),
        Key (pubEK (PG i)), Key (pubSK (PG i)),
        Key (pubEK RCA), Key (pubSK RCA)}"
(*>*)
| initState_Spy:
    "initState Spy = Key ` (invKey ` pubEK ` bad ∪
                            invKey ` pubSK ` bad ∪
                            range pubEK ∪ range pubSK)"

end


text‹Injective mapping from agents to PANs: an agent can have only one card›

consts  pan :: "agent ==> nat"

specification (pan)
  inj_pan: "inj pan"
  🍋 ‹No two agents have the same PAN›
(*<*)
   apply (rule exI [of _ "nat_of_agent"]) 
   apply (simp add: inj_on_def inj_nat_of_agent [THEN inj_eq]) 
   done
(*>*)

declare inj_pan [THEN inj_eq, iff]

consts
  XOR :: "nat*nat ==> nat"  🍋 ‹no properties are assumed of exclusive-or›


subsection‹Signature Primitives›

definition
 (* Signature = Message + signed Digest *)
  sign :: "[key, msg]==>msg"
  where "sign K X = {X, Crypt K (Hash X) }"

definition
 (* Signature Only = signed Digest Only *)
  signOnly :: "[key, msg]==>msg"
  where "signOnly K X = Crypt K (Hash X)"

definition
 (* Signature for Certificates = Message + signed Message *)
  signCert :: "[key, msg]==>msg"
  where "signCert K X = {X, Crypt K X }"

definition
 (* Certification Authority's Certificate.
  Contains agent name, a key, a number specifying the key's target use,
  a key to sign the entire certificate.
 
  Should prove if signK=priSK RCA and C=CA i,
  then Ka=pubEK i or pubSK i depending on T ??
 *)
  cert :: "[agent, key, msg, key] ==> msg"
  where "cert A Ka T signK = signCert signK {Agent A, Key Ka, T}"

definition
 (* Cardholder's Certificate.
  Contains a PAN, the certified key Ka, the PANSecret PS,
  a number specifying the target use for Ka, the signing key signK.
 *)
  certC :: "[nat, key, nat, msg, key] ==> msg"
  where "certC PAN Ka PS T signK =
    signCert signK {Hash {Nonce PS, Pan PAN}, Key Ka, T}"

(*cert and certA have no repeated elements, so they could be abbreviations,
  but that's tricky and makes proofs slower*)

abbreviation "onlyEnc == Number 0"
abbreviation "onlySig == Number (Suc 0)"
abbreviation "authCode == Number (Suc (Suc 0))"

subsection‹Encryption Primitives›

definition EXcrypt :: "[key,key,msg,msg] ==> msg" where
  🍋 ‹Extra Encryption›
    (*K: the symmetric key   EK: the public encryption key*)
    "EXcrypt K EK M m =
       {Crypt K {M, Hash m}, Crypt EK {Key K, m}}"

definition EXHcrypt :: "[key,key,msg,msg] ==> msg" where
  🍋 ‹Extra Encryption with Hashing›
    (*K: the symmetric key   EK: the public encryption key*)
    "EXHcrypt K EK M m =
       {Crypt K {M, Hash m}, Crypt EK {Key K, m, Hash M}}"

definition Enc :: "[key,key,key,msg] ==> msg" where
  🍋 ‹Simple Encapsulation with SIGNATURE›
    (*SK: the sender's signing key
  K: the symmetric key
      EK: the public encryption key*)
    "Enc SK K EK M =
       {Crypt K (sign SK M), Crypt EK (Key K)}"

definition EncB :: "[key,key,key,msg,msg] ==> msg" where
  🍋 ‹Encapsulation with Baggage. Keys as above, and baggage b.›
    "EncB SK K EK M b =
       {Enc SK K EK {M, Hash b}, b}"


subsection‹Basic Properties of pubEK, pubSK, priEK and priSK›

lemma publicKey_eq_iff [iff]:
     "(publicKey b A = publicKey b' A') = (b=b' ∧ A=A')"
by (blast dest: injective_publicKey)

lemma privateKey_eq_iff [iff]:
     "(invKey (publicKey b A) = invKey (publicKey b' A')) = (b=b' ∧ A=A')"
by auto

lemma not_symKeys_publicKey [iff]: "publicKey b A ∉ symKeys"
by (simp add: symKeys_def)

lemma not_symKeys_privateKey [iff]: "invKey (publicKey b A) ∉ symKeys"
by (simp add: symKeys_def)

lemma symKeys_invKey_eq [simp]: "K ∈ symKeys ==> invKey K = K"
by (simp add: symKeys_def)

lemma symKeys_invKey_iff [simp]: "(invKey K ∈ symKeys) = (K ∈ symKeys)"
by (unfold symKeys_def, auto)

text‹Can be slow (or even loop) as a simprule›
lemma symKeys_neq_imp_neq: "(K ∈ symKeys) ≠ (K' ∈ symKeys) ==> K ≠ K'"
by blast

text‹These alternatives to ‹symKeys_neq_imp_neq› don't seem any better
 in practice.›
lemma publicKey_neq_symKey: "K ∈ symKeys ==> publicKey b A ≠ K"
by blast

lemma symKey_neq_publicKey: "K ∈ symKeys ==> K ≠ publicKey b A"
by blast

lemma privateKey_neq_symKey: "K ∈ symKeys ==> invKey (publicKey b A) ≠ K"
by blast

lemma symKey_neq_privateKey: "K ∈ symKeys ==> K ≠ invKey (publicKey b A)"
by blast

lemma analz_symKeys_Decrypt:
     "[| Crypt K X ∈ analz H; K ∈ symKeys; Key K ∈ analz H |]
      ==> X ∈ analz H"
by auto


subsection‹"Image" Equations That Hold for Injective Functions›

lemma invKey_image_eq [iff]: "(invKey x ∈ invKey`A) = (x∈A)"
by auto

text‹holds because invKey is injective›
lemma publicKey_image_eq [iff]:
     "(publicKey b A ∈ publicKey c ` AS) = (b=c ∧ A∈AS)"
by auto

lemma privateKey_image_eq [iff]:
     "(invKey (publicKey b A) ∈ invKey ` publicKey c ` AS) = (b=c ∧ A∈AS)"
by auto

lemma privateKey_notin_image_publicKey [iff]:
     "invKey (publicKey b A) ∉ publicKey c ` AS"
by auto

lemma publicKey_notin_image_privateKey [iff]:
     "publicKey b A ∉ invKey ` publicKey c ` AS"
by auto

lemma keysFor_parts_initState [simp]: "keysFor (parts (initState C)) = {}"
apply (simp add: keysFor_def)
apply (induct_tac "C")
apply (auto intro: range_eqI)
done

text‹for proving ‹new_keys_not_used›\›
lemma keysFor_parts_insert:
     "[| K ∈ keysFor (parts (insert X H)); X ∈ synth (analz H) |]
      ==> K ∈ keysFor (parts H) | Key (invKey K) ∈ parts H"
by (force dest!: 
         parts_insert_subset_Un [THEN keysFor_mono, THEN [2] rev_subsetD]
         analz_subset_parts [THEN keysFor_mono, THEN [2] rev_subsetD] 
            intro: analz_into_parts)

lemma Crypt_imp_keysFor [intro]:
     "[|K ∈ symKeys; Crypt K X ∈ H|] ==> K ∈ keysFor H"
by (drule Crypt_imp_invKey_keysFor, simp)

text‹Agents see their own private keys!›
lemma privateKey_in_initStateCA [iff]:
     "Key (invKey (publicKey b A)) ∈ initState A"
by (case_tac "A", auto)

text‹Agents see their own public keys!›
lemma publicKey_in_initStateCA [iff]: "Key (publicKey b A) ∈ initState A"
by (case_tac "A", auto)

text‹RCA sees CAs' public keys!›
lemma pubK_CA_in_initState_RCA [iff]:
     "Key (publicKey b (CA i)) ∈ initState RCA"
by auto


text‹Spy knows all public keys›
lemma knows_Spy_pubEK_i [iff]: "Key (publicKey b A) ∈ knows Spy evs"
apply (induct_tac "evs")
apply (simp_all add: imageI knows_Cons split: event.split)
done

declare knows_Spy_pubEK_i [THEN analz.Inj, iff]
                            (*needed????*)

text‹Spy sees private keys of bad agents! [and obviously public keys too]›
lemma knows_Spy_bad_privateKey [intro!]:
     "A ∈ bad ==> Key (invKey (publicKey b A)) ∈ knows Spy evs"
by (rule initState_subset_knows [THEN subsetD], simp)


subsection‹Fresh Nonces for Possibility Theorems›

lemma Nonce_notin_initState [iff]: "Nonce N ∉ parts (initState B)"
by (induct_tac "B", auto)

lemma Nonce_notin_used_empty [simp]: "Nonce N ∉ used []"
by (simp add: used_Nil)

text‹In any trace, there is an upper bound N on the greatest nonce in use.›
lemma Nonce_supply_lemma: "∃N. ∀n. N≤n ⟶ Nonce n ∉ used evs"
apply (induct_tac "evs")
apply (rule_tac x = 0 in exI)
apply (simp_all add: used_Cons split: event.split, safe)
apply (rule msg_Nonce_supply [THEN exE], blast elim!: add_leE)+
done

lemma Nonce_supply1: "∃N. Nonce N ∉ used evs"
by (rule Nonce_supply_lemma [THEN exE], blast)

lemma Nonce_supply: "Nonce (SOME N. Nonce N ∉ used evs) ∉ used evs"
apply (rule Nonce_supply_lemma [THEN exE])
apply (rule someI, fast)
done


subsection‹Specialized Methods for Possibility Theorems›

ML
‹
(*Tactic for possibility theorems*)
fun possibility_tac ctxt =
    REPEAT (*omit used_Says so that Nonces start from different traces!*)
    (ALLGOALS (simp_tac (ctxt delsimps [@{thm used_Says}, @{thm used_Notes}]))
     THEN
     REPEAT_FIRST (eq_assume_tac ORELSE' 
                   resolve_tac ctxt [refl, conjI, @{thm Nonce_supply}]))

(*For harder protocols (such as SET_CR!), where we have to set up some
  nonces and keys initially*)
fun basic_possibility_tac ctxt =
    REPEAT 
    (ALLGOALS (asm_simp_tac (ctxt |> Simplifier.set_unsafe_solver safe_solver))
     THEN
     REPEAT_FIRST (resolve_tac ctxt [refl, conjI]))
›

method_setup possibility = ‹
  Scan.succeed (SIMPLE_METHOD o possibility_tac)›
    "for proving possibility theorems"

method_setup basic_possibility = ‹
  Scan.succeed (SIMPLE_METHOD o basic_possibility_tac)›
    "for proving possibility theorems"


subsection‹Specialized Rewriting for Theorems About 🍋‹analz› and Image›

lemma insert_Key_singleton: "insert (Key K) H = Key ` {K} ∪ H"
by blast

lemma insert_Key_image:
     "insert (Key K) (Key`KK ∪ C) = Key ` (insert K KK) ∪ C"
by blast

text‹Needed for ‹DK_fresh_not_KeyCryptKey›\ lemma publicKey_in_used [iff]: "Key (publicKey b A) ∈ used evs"
by auto

lemma privateKey_in_used [iff]: "Key (invKey (publicKey b A)) ∈ used evs"
by (blast intro!: initState_into_used)

text‹Reverse the normal simplification of "image" to build up (not break down)
  the set of keys. Based on ‹analz_image_freshK_ss›, but simpler.›
lemmas analz_image_keys_simps =
       simp_thms mem_simps 🍋 ‹these two allow its use with ‹only:›\›
       image_insert [THEN sym] image_Un [THEN sym] 
       rangeI symKeys_neq_imp_neq
       insert_Key_singleton insert_Key_image Un_assoc [THEN sym]


(*General lemmas proved by Larry*)

subsection‹Controlled Unfolding of Abbreviations›

text‹A set is expanded only if a relation is applied to it›
lemma def_abbrev_simp_relation:
     "A = B ==> (A ∈ X) = (B ∈ X) ∧
                 (u = A) = (u = B) ∧
                 (A = u) = (B = u)"
by auto

text‹A set is expanded only if one of the given functions is applied to it›
lemma def_abbrev_simp_function:
     "A = B
      ==> parts (insert A X) = parts (insert B X) ∧
          analz (insert A X) = analz (insert B X) ∧
          keysFor (insert A X) = keysFor (insert B X)"
by auto

subsubsection‹Special Simplification Rules for 🍋‹signCert›\
text‹Avoids duplicating X and its components!›
lemma parts_insert_signCert:
     "parts (insert (signCert K X) H) =
      insert {X, Crypt K X} (parts (insert (Crypt K X) H))"
by (simp add: signCert_def insert_commute [of X])

text‹Avoids a case split! [X is always available]›
lemma analz_insert_signCert:
     "analz (insert (signCert K X) H) =
      insert {X, Crypt K X} (insert (Crypt K X) (analz (insert X H)))"
by (simp add: signCert_def insert_commute [of X])

lemma keysFor_insert_signCert: "keysFor (insert (signCert K X) H) = keysFor H"
by (simp add: signCert_def)

text‹Controlled rewrite rules for 🍋‹signCert›, just the definitions
  of the others. Encryption primitives are just expanded, despite their huge
  redundancy!›
lemmas abbrev_simps [simp] =
    parts_insert_signCert analz_insert_signCert keysFor_insert_signCert
    sign_def     [THEN def_abbrev_simp_relation]
    sign_def     [THEN def_abbrev_simp_function]
    signCert_def [THEN def_abbrev_simp_relation]
    signCert_def [THEN def_abbrev_simp_function]
    certC_def    [THEN def_abbrev_simp_relation]
    certC_def    [THEN def_abbrev_simp_function]
    cert_def     [THEN def_abbrev_simp_relation]
    cert_def     [THEN def_abbrev_simp_function]
    EXcrypt_def  [THEN def_abbrev_simp_relation]
    EXcrypt_def  [THEN def_abbrev_simp_function]
    EXHcrypt_def [THEN def_abbrev_simp_relation]
    EXHcrypt_def [THEN def_abbrev_simp_function]
    Enc_def      [THEN def_abbrev_simp_relation]
    Enc_def      [THEN def_abbrev_simp_function]
    EncB_def     [THEN def_abbrev_simp_relation]
    EncB_def     [THEN def_abbrev_simp_function]


subsubsection‹Elimination Rules for Controlled Rewriting›

lemma Enc_partsE: 
     "!!R. [|Enc SK K EK M ∈ parts H;
             [|Crypt K (sign SK M) ∈ parts H;
               Crypt EK (Key K) ∈ parts H|] ==> R|]
           ==> R"

by (unfold Enc_def, blast)

lemma EncB_partsE: 
     "!!R. [|EncB SK K EK M b ∈ parts H;
             [|Crypt K (sign SK {M, Hash b}) ∈ parts H;
               Crypt EK (Key K) ∈ parts H;
               b ∈ parts H|] ==> R|]
           ==> R"
by (unfold EncB_def Enc_def, blast)

lemma EXcrypt_partsE: 
     "!!R. [|EXcrypt K EK M m ∈ parts H;
             [|Crypt K {M, Hash m} ∈ parts H;
               Crypt EK {Key K, m} ∈ parts H|] ==> R|]
           ==> R"
by (unfold EXcrypt_def, blast)


subsection‹Lemmas to Simplify Expressions Involving 🍋‹analz›\›

lemma analz_knows_absorb:
     "Key K ∈ analz (knows Spy evs)
      ==> analz (Key ` (insert K H) ∪ knows Spy evs) =
          analz (Key ` H ∪ knows Spy evs)"
by (simp add: analz_insert_eq Un_upper2 [THEN analz_mono, THEN subsetD])

lemma analz_knows_absorb2:
     "Key K ∈ analz (knows Spy evs)
      ==> analz (Key ` (insert X (insert K H)) ∪ knows Spy evs) =
          analz (Key ` (insert X H) ∪ knows Spy evs)"
apply (subst insert_commute)
apply (erule analz_knows_absorb)
done

lemma analz_insert_subset_eq:
     "[|X ∈ analz (knows Spy evs); knows Spy evs ⊆ H|]
      ==> analz (insert X H) = analz H"
apply (rule analz_insert_eq)
apply (blast intro: analz_mono [THEN [2] rev_subsetD])
done

lemmas analz_insert_simps = 
         analz_insert_subset_eq Un_upper2
         subset_insertI [THEN [2] subset_trans] 


subsection‹Freshness Lemmas›

lemma in_parts_Says_imp_used:
     "[|Key K ∈ parts {X}; Says A B X ∈ set evs|] ==> Key K ∈ used evs"
by (blast intro: parts_trans dest!: Says_imp_knows_Spy [THEN parts.Inj])

text‹A useful rewrite rule with 🍋‹analz_image_keys_simps›\›
lemma Crypt_notin_image_Key: "Crypt K X ∉ Key ` KK"
by auto

lemma fresh_notin_analz_knows_Spy:
     "Key K ∉ used evs ==> Key K ∉ analz (knows Spy evs)"
by (auto dest: analz_into_parts)

end