(* Title: HOL/Library/Log_Nat.thy Author: Johannes Hölzl, Fabian Immler, Manuel Eberl Copyright 2012 TU München *)
section‹Logarithm of Natural Numbers›
theory Log_Nat imports Complex_Main begin
subsection‹Preliminaries›
lemma divide_nat_diff_div_nat_less_one: "real x / real b - real (x div b) < 1"for x b :: nat proof (cases "b = 0") case True thenshow ?thesis by simp next case False thenhave"real (x div b) + real (x mod b) / real b - real (x div b) < 1" by (simp add: field_simps) thenshow ?thesis by (metis of_nat_of_nat_div_aux) qed
subsection‹Floorlog›
definition floorlog :: "nat ==> nat ==> nat" where"floorlog b a = (if a > 0 ∧ b > 1 then nat ⌊log b a⌋ + 1 else 0)"
lemma floorlog_mono: "x ≤ y ==> floorlog b x ≤ floorlog b y" by (auto simp: floorlog_def floor_mono nat_mono)
lemma floorlog_bounds: "b ^ (floorlog b x - 1) ≤ x ∧ x < b ^ (floorlog b x)"if"x > 0""b > 1" proof show"b ^ (floorlog b x - 1) ≤ x" proof - have"b ^ nat ⌊log b x⌋ = b powr ⌊log b x⌋" using powr_realpow[symmetric, of b "nat ⌊log b x⌋"] ‹x > 0›‹b > 1› by simp alsohave"…≤ b powr log b x"using‹b > 1›by simp alsohave"… = real_of_int x"using‹0 🚫›‹b > 1›by simp finallyhave"b ^ nat ⌊log b x⌋≤ real_of_int x"by simp thenshow ?thesis using‹0 🚫›‹b > 1› of_nat_le_iff by (fastforce simp add: floorlog_def) qed show"x < b ^ (floorlog b x)" proof - have"x ≤ b powr (log b x)"using‹x > 0›‹b > 1›by simp alsohave"… < b powr (⌊log b x⌋ + 1)" using that by (intro powr_less_mono) auto alsohave"… = b ^ nat (⌊log b (real_of_int x)⌋ + 1)" using that by (simp flip: powr_realpow) finally have"x < b ^ nat (⌊log b (int x)⌋ + 1)" by (rule of_nat_less_imp_less) thenshow ?thesis using‹x > 0›‹b > 1›by (simp add: floorlog_def nat_add_distrib) qed qed
lemma floorlog_power [simp]: "floorlog b (a * b ^ c) = floorlog b a + c"if"a > 0""b > 1" proof - have"⌊log b a + real c⌋ = ⌊log b a⌋ + c"by arith thenshow ?thesis using that by (auto simp: floorlog_def log_mult powr_realpow[symmetric] nat_add_distrib) qed
lemma floor_log_add_eqI: "⌊log b (a + r)⌋ = ⌊log b a⌋"if"b > 1""a ≥ 1""0 ≤ r""r < 1" for a b :: nat and r :: real proof (rule floor_eq2) have"log b a ≤ log b (a + r)"using that by force thenshow"⌊log b a⌋≤ log b (a + r)"by arith next
define l::int where"l = int b ^ (nat ⌊log b a⌋ + 1)" have l_def_real: "l = b powr (⌊log b a⌋ + 1)" using that by (simp add: l_def powr_add powr_real_of_int) have"a < l" proof - have"a = b powr (log b a)"using that by simp alsohave"… < b powr floor ((log b a) + 1)" using that(1) by auto alsohave"… = l" using that by (simp add: l_def powr_real_of_int powr_add) finallyshow ?thesis by simp qed thenhave"a + r < l"using that by simp thenhave"log b (a + r) < log b l"using that by simp alsohave"… = real_of_int ⌊log b a⌋ + 1" using that by (simp add: l_def_real) finallyshow"log b (a + r) < real_of_int ⌊log b a⌋ + 1" . qed
lemma floor_log_div: "⌊log b x⌋ = ⌊log b (x div b)⌋ + 1"if"b > 1""x > 0""x div b > 0" for b x :: nat
proof- have"⌊log b x⌋ = ⌊log b (x / b * b)⌋"using that by simp alsohave"… = ⌊log b (x / b) + log b b⌋" using that by (subst log_mult) auto alsohave"… = ⌊log b (x / b)⌋ + 1"using that by simp alsohave"⌊log b (x / b)⌋ = ⌊log b (x div b + (x / b - x div b))⌋"by simp alsohave"… = ⌊log b (x div b)⌋" using that of_nat_div_le_of_nat divide_nat_diff_div_nat_less_one by (intro floor_log_add_eqI) auto finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma compute_floorlog [code]: "floorlog b x = (if x > 0 ∧ b > 1 then floorlog b (x div b) + 1 else 0)" by (auto simp: floorlog_def floor_log_div[of b x] div_eq_0_iff nat_add_distrib
intro!: floor_eq2)
lemma floor_log_eq_if: "⌊log b x⌋ = ⌊log b y⌋"if"x div b = y div b""b > 1""x > 0""x div b ≥ 1" for b x y :: nat proof - have"y > 0"using that by (auto intro: ccontr) thus ?thesis using that by (simp add: floor_log_div) qed
lemma floorlog_eq_if: "floorlog b x = floorlog b y"if"x div b = y div b""b > 1""x > 0""x div b ≥ 1" for b x y :: nat proof - have"y > 0"using that by (auto intro: ccontr) thenshow ?thesis using that by (auto simp add: floorlog_def eq_nat_nat_iff intro: floor_log_eq_if) qed
lemma floorlog_leD: "floorlog b x ≤ w ==> b > 1 ==> x < b ^ w" by (metis floorlog_bounds leD linorder_neqE_nat order.strict_trans power_strict_increasing_iff
zero_less_one zero_less_power)
lemma floorlog_leI: "x < b ^ w ==> 0 ≤ w ==> b > 1 ==> floorlog b x ≤ w" by (drule less_imp_of_nat_less[where 'a=real])
(auto simp: floorlog_def Suc_le_eq nat_less_iff floor_less_iff log_of_power_less)
lemma floorlog_eq_zero_iff: "floorlog b x = 0 ⟷ b ≤ 1 ∨ x ≤ 0" by (auto simp: floorlog_def)
lemma floorlog_le_iff: "floorlog b x ≤ w ⟷ b ≤ 1 ∨ b > 1 ∧ 0 ≤ w ∧ x < b ^ w" using floorlog_leD[of b x w] floorlog_leI[of x b w] by (auto simp: floorlog_eq_zero_iff[THEN iffD2])
lemma floorlog_ge_SucI: "Suc w ≤ floorlog b x"if"b ^ w ≤ x""b > 1" using that le_log_of_power[of b w x] power_not_zero by (force simp: floorlog_def Suc_le_eq powr_realpow not_less Suc_nat_eq_nat_zadd1
zless_nat_eq_int_zless int_add_floor less_floor_iff
simp del: floor_add2)
lemma floorlog_geI: "w ≤ floorlog b x"if"b ^ (w - 1) ≤ x""b > 1" using floorlog_ge_SucI[of b "w - 1" x] that by auto
lemma floorlog_geD: "b ^ (w - 1) ≤ x"if"w ≤ floorlog b x""w > 0" proof - have"b > 1""0 < x" using that by (auto simp: floorlog_def split: if_splits) have"b ^ (w - 1) ≤ x"if"b ^ w ≤ x" proof - have"b ^ (w - 1) ≤ b ^ w" using‹b > 1› by (auto intro!: power_increasing) alsonote that finallyshow ?thesis . qed moreoverhave"b ^ nat ⌊log (real b) (real x)⌋≤ x" (is"?l ≤ _") proof - have"0 ≤ log (real b) (real x)" using‹b > 1›‹0 🚫› by auto thenhave"?l ≤ b powr log (real b) (real x)" using‹b > 1› by (auto simp flip: powr_realpow intro!: powr_mono of_nat_floor) alsohave"… = x"using‹b > 1›‹0 🚫› by auto finallyshow ?thesis unfolding of_nat_le_iff . qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis using that by (auto simp: floorlog_def le_nat_iff le_floor_iff le_log_iff powr_realpow
split: if_splits elim!: le_SucE) qed
subsection‹›
definition ceillog2 :: "nat ==> nat"where "ceillog2 n = (if n = 0 then 0 else nat ⌈log 2 (real n)⌉)"
lemma ceillog2_0 [simp]: "ceillog2 0 = 0" and ceillog2_Suc_0 [simp]: "ceillog2 (Suc 0) = 0" and ceillog2_2 [simp]: "ceillog2 2 = 1" by (auto simp: ceillog2_def)
lemma ceillog2_le1_eq_0 [simp]: "n ≤ 1 ==> ceillog2 n = 0" by (cases n) auto
lemma ceillog2_ge_log: assumes"n > 0" shows"real (ceillog2 n) ≥ log 2 (real n)" proof - have"real_of_int ⌈log 2 (real n)⌉≥ log 2 (real n)" by linarith thus ?thesis using assms unfolding ceillog2_def by auto qed
lemma ceillog2_less_log: assumes"n > 0" shows"real (ceillog2 n) < log 2 (real n) + 1" proof - have"real_of_int ⌈log 2 (real n)⌉ < log 2 (real n) + 1" by linarith thus ?thesis using assms unfolding ceillog2_def by auto qed
lemma ceillog2_le_iff: assumes"n > 0" shows"ceillog2 n ≤ l ⟷ n ≤ 2 ^ l" proof - have"ceillog2 n ≤ l ⟷ real n ≤ 2 ^ l" unfolding ceillog2_def using assms by (auto simp: log_le_iff powr_realpow) alsohave"2 ^ l = real (2 ^ l)" by simp alsohave"real n ≤ real (2 ^ l) ⟷ n ≤ 2 ^ l" by linarith finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma ceillog2_ge_iff: assumes"n > 0" shows"ceillog2 n ≥ l ⟷ 2 ^ l < 2 * n" proof - have"-1 < (0 :: real)" by auto alsohave"…≤ log 2 (real n)" using assms by auto finallyhave"ceillog2 n ≥ l ⟷ real l - 1 < log 2 (real n)" unfolding ceillog2_def using assms by (auto simp: le_nat_iff le_ceiling_iff) alsohave"…⟷ real l < log 2 (real (2 * n))" using assms by (auto simp: log_mult) alsohave"…⟷ 2 ^ l < real (2 * n)" using assms by (subst less_log_iff) (auto simp: powr_realpow) alsohave"2 ^ l = real (2 ^ l)" by simp alsohave"real (2 ^ l) < real (2 * n) ⟷ 2 ^ l < 2 * n" by linarith finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma le_two_power_ceillog2: "n ≤ 2 ^ ceillog2 n" using neq0_conv ceillog2_le_iff by blast
lemma two_power_ceillog2_gt: assumes"n > 0" shows"2 * n > 2 ^ ceillog2 n" using ceillog2_ge_iff[of n "ceillog2 n"] assms by simp
lemma ceillog2_eqI: assumes"n ≤ 2 ^ l""2 ^ l < 2 * n" shows"ceillog2 n = l" by (metis Suc_leI assms bot_nat_0.not_eq_extremum ceillog2_ge_iff ceillog2_le_iff le_antisym mult_is_0
not_less_eq_eq)
lemma ceillog2_mono: assumes"m ≤ n" shows"ceillog2 m ≤ ceillog2 n" proof (cases "m = 0") case False have"⌈log 2 (real m)⌉≤⌈log 2 (real n)⌉" by (intro ceiling_mono) (use False assms in auto) hence"nat ⌈log 2 (real m)⌉≤ nat ⌈log 2 (real n)⌉" by linarith thus ?thesis using False assms unfolding ceillog2_def by simp qed auto
lemma ceillog2_rec_odd: assumes"k > 0" shows"ceillog2 (Suc (2 * k)) = Suc (ceillog2 (Suc k))" proof - have"2 ^ ceillog2 (Suc (2 * k)) > Suc (2 * k)" by (metis assms diff_Suc_1 dvd_triv_left le_two_power_ceillog2 mult_pos_pos nat_power_eq_Suc_0_iff
order_less_le pos2 semiring_parity_class.even_mask_iff) thenhave"ceillog2 (2 * k + 2) ≤ ceillog2 (2 * k + 1)" by (simp add: ceillog2_le_iff) moreoverhave"ceillog2 (2 * k + 2) ≥ ceillog2 (2 * k + 1)" by (rule ceillog2_mono) auto ultimatelyhave"ceillog2 (2 * k + 2) = ceillog2 (2 * k + 1)" by (rule antisym) alsohave"2 * k + 2 = 2 * Suc k" by simp alsohave"ceillog2 (2 * Suc k) = Suc (ceillog2 (Suc k))" by (rule ceillog2_rec_even) auto finallyshow ?thesis by simp qed
(* TODO: better code is possible using bitlen and "count trailing 0 bits" *) lemma ceillog2_rec: "ceillog2 n = (if n ≤ 1 then 0 else 1 + ceillog2 ((n + 1) div 2))" proof (cases "n ≤ 1") case True thus ?thesis by (cases n) auto next case False thus ?thesis by (cases "even n") (auto elim!: evenE oddE simp: ceillog2_rec_even ceillog2_rec_odd) qed
lemma funpow_div2_ceillog2_le_1: "((λn. (n + 1) div 2) ^^ ceillog2 n) n ≤ 1" proof (induction n rule: less_induct) case (less n) show ?case proof (cases "n ≤ 1") case True thus ?thesis by (cases n) auto next case False have"((λn. (n + 1) div 2) ^^ Suc (ceillog2 ((n + 1) div 2))) n ≤ 1" using less.IH[of "(n+1) div 2"] False by (subst funpow_Suc_right) auto alsohave"Suc (ceillog2 ((n + 1) div 2)) = ceillog2 n" using False by (subst ceillog2_rec[of n]) auto finallyshow ?thesis . qed qed
fun ceillog2_aux :: "nat ==> nat ==> nat"where "ceillog2_aux acc n = (if n ≤ 1 then acc else ceillog2_aux (acc + 1) ((n + 1) div 2))"
lemmas [simp del] = ceillog2_aux.simps
lemma ceillog2_aux_correct: "ceillog2_aux acc n = ceillog2 n + acc" proof (induction acc n rule: ceillog2_aux.induct) case (1 acc n) show ?case proof (cases "n ≤ 1") case False thus ?thesis using ceillog2_rec[of n] "1.IH" by (auto simp: ceillog2_aux.simps[of acc n]) qed (auto simp: ceillog2_aux.simps[of acc n]) qed
(* TODO: better code equation using bit operations *) lemma ceillog2_code [code]: "ceillog2 n = ceillog2_aux 0 n" by (simp add: ceillog2_aux_correct)
lemma bitlen_nonneg: "0 ≤ bitlen x" by (simp add: bitlen_def)
lemma bitlen_bounds: "2 ^ nat (bitlen x - 1) ≤ x ∧ x < 2 ^ nat (bitlen x)"if"x > 0" proof - from that have"bitlen x ≥ 1"by (auto simp: bitlen_alt_def) with that floorlog_bounds[of "nat x" 2] show ?thesis by (auto simp add: bitlen_def le_nat_iff nat_less_iff nat_diff_distrib) qed
lemma bitlen_pow2 [simp]: "bitlen (b * 2 ^ c) = bitlen b + c"if"b > 0" using that by (simp add: bitlen_def nat_mult_distrib nat_power_eq)
lemma compute_bitlen [code]: "bitlen x = (if x > 0 then bitlen (x div 2) + 1 else 0)" by (simp add: bitlen_def nat_div_distrib compute_floorlog)
lemma bitlen_eq_zero_iff: "bitlen x = 0 ⟷ x ≤ 0" by (auto simp add: bitlen_alt_def)
(metis compute_bitlen add.commute bitlen_alt_def bitlen_nonneg less_add_same_cancel2
not_less zero_less_one)
lemma bitlen_div: "1 ≤ real_of_int m / 2^nat (bitlen m - 1)" and"real_of_int m / 2^nat (bitlen m - 1) < 2"if"0 < m" proof - let ?B = "2^nat (bitlen m - 1)"
have"?B ≤ m"using bitlen_bounds[OF ‹0 🚫›] .. thenhave"1 * ?B ≤ real_of_int m" unfolding of_int_le_iff[symmetric] by auto thenshow"1 ≤ real_of_int m / ?B"by auto
from that have"0 ≤ bitlen m - 1"by (auto simp: bitlen_alt_def)
have"m < 2^nat(bitlen m)"using bitlen_bounds[OF that] .. alsofrom that have"… = 2^nat(bitlen m - 1 + 1)" by (auto simp: bitlen_def) alsohave"… = ?B * 2" unfolding nat_add_distrib[OF ‹0 ≤ bitlen m - 1› zero_le_one] by auto finallyhave"real_of_int m < 2 * ?B" by (metis (full_types) mult.commute power.simps(2) of_int_less_numeral_power_cancel_iff) thenhave"real_of_int m / ?B < 2 * ?B / ?B" by (rule divide_strict_right_mono) auto thenshow"real_of_int m / ?B < 2"by auto qed
lemma bitlen_le_iff_floorlog: "bitlen x ≤ w ⟷ w ≥ 0 ∧ floorlog 2 (nat x) ≤ nat w" by (auto simp: bitlen_def)
lemma bitlen_le_iff_power: "bitlen x ≤ w ⟷ w ≥ 0 ∧ x < 2 ^ nat w" by (auto simp: bitlen_le_iff_floorlog floorlog_le_iff)
lemma less_power_nat_iff_bitlen: "x < 2 ^ w ⟷ bitlen (int x) ≤ w" using bitlen_le_iff_power[of x w] by auto
lemma bitlen_ge_iff_power: "w ≤ bitlen x ⟷ w ≤ 0 ∨ 2 ^ (nat w - 1) ≤ x" unfolding bitlen_def by (auto simp flip: nat_le_iff intro: floorlog_geI dest: floorlog_geD)
lemma bitlen_twopow_add_eq: "bitlen (2 ^ w + b) = w + 1"if"0 ≤ b""b < 2 ^ w" by (auto simp: that nat_add_distrib bitlen_le_iff_power bitlen_ge_iff_power intro!: antisym)
end
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