instance node :: (countable) countable proof (rule countable_classI [of "node_encode"]) fix x y :: "'a::countable node" show"node_encode x = node_encode y ==> x = y" by (induct x, auto, induct y, auto, induct y, auto) qed
instance node :: (heap) heap ..
primrec make_llist :: "'a::heap list ==> 'a node Heap" where
[simp del]: "make_llist [] = return Empty"
| "make_llist (x#xs) = do { tl ← make_llist xs; next ← ref tl; return (Node x next) }"
partial_function (heap) traverse :: "'a::heap node ==> 'a list Heap" where "traverse l = (case l of Empty ==> return [] | Node x r ==> do { tl ← Ref.lookup r; xs ← traverse tl; return (x#xs) })"
lemma traverse_simps[code, simp]: "traverse Empty = return []" "traverse (Node x r) = do { tl ← Ref.lookup r; xs ← traverse tl; return (x#xs) }" by (simp_all add: traverse.simps[of "Empty"] traverse.simps[of "Node x r"])
section‹Proving correctness with relational abstraction›
subsection‹Definition of list_of, list_of', refs_of and refs_of'›
primrec list_of :: "heap ==> ('a::heap) node ==> 'a list ==> bool" where "list_of h r [] = (r = Empty)"
| "list_of h r (a#as) = (case r of Empty ==> False | Node b bs ==> (a = b ∧ list_of h (Ref.get h bs) as))"
definition list_of' :: "heap ==> ('a::heap) node ref ==> 'a list ==> bool" where "list_of' h r xs = list_of h (Ref.get h r) xs"
primrec refs_of :: "heap ==> ('a::heap) node ==> 'a node ref list ==> bool" where "refs_of h r [] = (r = Empty)"
| "refs_of h r (x#xs) = (case r of Empty ==> False | Node b bs ==> (x = bs) ∧ refs_of h (Ref.get h bs) xs)"
primrec refs_of' :: "heap ==> ('a::heap) node ref ==> 'a node ref list ==> bool" where "refs_of' h r [] = False"
| "refs_of' h r (x#xs) = ((x = r) ∧ refs_of h (Ref.get h x) xs)"
subsection‹Properties of these definitions›
lemma list_of_Empty[simp]: "list_of h Empty xs = (xs = [])" by (cases xs, auto)
lemma list_of_Node[simp]: "list_of h (Node x ps) xs = (∃xs'. (xs = x # xs') ∧ list_of h (Ref.get h ps) xs')" by (cases xs, auto)
lemma list_of'_Empty[simp]: "Ref.get h q = Empty ==> list_of' h q xs = (xs = [])" unfolding list_of'_defby simp
lemma list_of'_Node[simp]: "Ref.get h q = Node x ps ==> list_of' h q xs = (∃xs'. (xs = x # xs') ∧ list_of' h ps xs')" unfolding list_of'_defby simp
lemma list_of'_Nil: "list_of' h q [] ==> Ref.get h q = Empty" unfolding list_of'_defby simp
lemma list_of'_Cons: assumes"list_of' h q (x#xs)" obtains n where"Ref.get h q = Node x n"and"list_of' h n xs" using assms unfolding list_of'_defby (auto split: node.split_asm)
lemma refs_of_Empty[simp] : "refs_of h Empty xs = (xs = [])" by (cases xs, auto)
lemma refs_of_Node[simp]: "refs_of h (Node x ps) xs = (∃prs. xs = ps # prs ∧ refs_of h (Ref.get h ps) prs)" by (cases xs, auto)
lemma refs_of'_def': "refs_of' h p ps = (∃prs. (ps = (p # prs)) ∧ refs_of h (Ref.get h p) prs)" by (cases ps, auto)
lemma refs_of'_Node: assumes"refs_of' h p xs" assumes"Ref.get h p = Node x pn" obtains pnrs where"xs = p # pnrs"and"refs_of' h pn pnrs" using assms unfolding refs_of'_def' by auto
lemma list_of_is_fun: "[ list_of h n xs; list_of h n ys]==> xs = ys" proof (induct xs arbitrary: ys n) case Nil thus ?caseby auto next case (Cons x xs') thus ?case by (cases ys, auto split: node.split_asm) qed
lemma refs_of_is_fun: "[ refs_of h n xs; refs_of h n ys]==> xs = ys" proof (induct xs arbitrary: ys n) case Nil thus ?caseby auto next case (Cons x xs') thus ?case by (cases ys, auto split: node.split_asm) qed
lemma refs_of'_is_fun: "[ refs_of' h p as; refs_of' h p bs ]==> as = bs" unfolding refs_of'_def' by (auto dest: refs_of_is_fun)
lemma list_of_refs_of_HOL: assumes"list_of h r xs" shows"∃rs. refs_of h r rs" using assms proof (induct xs arbitrary: r) case Nil thus ?caseby auto next case (Cons x xs') thus ?case by (cases r, auto) qed
lemma list_of_refs_of: assumes"list_of h r xs" obtains rs where"refs_of h r rs" using list_of_refs_of_HOL[OF assms] by auto
lemma list_of'_refs_of'_HOL: assumes"list_of' h r xs" shows"∃rs. refs_of' h r rs" proof - from assms obtain rs' where"refs_of h (Ref.get h r) rs'" unfolding list_of'_defby (rule list_of_refs_of) thus ?thesis unfolding refs_of'_def' by auto qed
lemma list_of'_refs_of': assumes"list_of' h r xs" obtains rs where"refs_of' h r rs" using list_of'_refs_of'_HOL[OF assms] by auto
lemma refs_of_list_of_HOL: assumes"refs_of h r rs" shows"∃xs. list_of h r xs" using assms proof (induct rs arbitrary: r) case Nil thus ?caseby auto next case (Cons r rs') thus ?case by (cases r, auto) qed
lemma refs_of_list_of: assumes"refs_of h r rs" obtains xs where"list_of h r xs" using refs_of_list_of_HOL[OF assms] by auto
lemma refs_of'_list_of'_HOL: assumes"refs_of' h r rs" shows"∃xs. list_of' h r xs" using assms unfolding list_of'_def refs_of'_def' by (auto intro: refs_of_list_of)
lemma refs_of'_list_of': assumes"refs_of' h r rs" obtains xs where"list_of' h r xs" using refs_of'_list_of'_HOL[OF assms] by auto
lemma refs_of'E: "refs_of' h q rs ==> q ∈ set rs" unfolding refs_of'_def' by auto
lemma list_of'_refs_of'2: assumes"list_of' h r xs" shows"∃rs'. refs_of' h r (r#rs')" proof - from assms obtain rs where"refs_of' h r rs"by (rule list_of'_refs_of') thus ?thesis by (auto simp add: refs_of'_def') qed
subsection‹More complicated properties of these predicates›
lemma list_of_append: "list_of h n (as @ bs) ==>∃m. list_of h m bs" apply (induct as arbitrary: n) apply auto apply (case_tac n) apply auto done
lemma refs_of_append: "refs_of h n (as @ bs) ==>∃m. refs_of h m bs" apply (induct as arbitrary: n) apply auto apply (case_tac n) apply auto done
lemma refs_of_next: assumes"refs_of h (Ref.get h p) rs" shows"p ∉ set rs" proof (rule ccontr) assume a: "¬ (p ∉ set rs)" from this obtain as bs where split:"rs = as @ p # bs"by (fastforce dest: split_list) with assms obtain q where"refs_of h q (p # bs)"by (fast dest: refs_of_append) with assms split show"False" by (cases q,auto dest: refs_of_is_fun) qed
lemma refs_of_distinct: "refs_of h p rs ==> distinct rs" proof (induct rs arbitrary: p) case Nil thus ?caseby simp next case (Cons r rs') thus ?case by (cases p, auto simp add: refs_of_next) qed
lemma refs_of'_distinct: "refs_of' h p rs ==> distinct rs" unfolding refs_of'_def' by (fastforce simp add: refs_of_distinct refs_of_next)
subsection‹Interaction of these predicates with our heap transitions›
lemma list_of_set_ref: "refs_of h q rs ==> p ∉ set rs ==> list_of (Ref.set p v h) q as = list_of h q as" proof (induct as arbitrary: q rs) case Nil thus ?caseby simp next case (Cons x xs) thus ?case proof (cases q) case Empty thus ?thesis by auto next case (Node a ref) from Cons(2) Node obtain rs' where 1: "refs_of h (Ref.get h ref) rs'"and rs_rs': "rs = ref # rs'"by auto from Cons(3) rs_rs' have"ref ≠ p"by fastforce hence ref_eq: "Ref.get (Ref.set p v h) ref = (Ref.get h ref)"by (auto simp add: Ref.get_set_neq) from rs_rs' Cons(3) have 2: "p ∉ set rs'"by simp from Cons.hyps[OF 1 2] Node ref_eq show ?thesis by simp qed qed
lemma refs_of_set_ref: "refs_of h q rs ==> p ∉ set rs ==> refs_of (Ref.set p v h) q as = refs_of h q as" proof (induct as arbitrary: q rs) case Nil thus ?caseby simp next case (Cons x xs) thus ?case proof (cases q) case Empty thus ?thesis by auto next case (Node a ref) from Cons(2) Node obtain rs' where 1: "refs_of h (Ref.get h ref) rs'"and rs_rs': "rs = ref # rs'"by auto from Cons(3) rs_rs' have"ref ≠ p"by fastforce hence ref_eq: "Ref.get (Ref.set p v h) ref = (Ref.get h ref)"by (auto simp add: Ref.get_set_neq) from rs_rs' Cons(3) have 2: "p ∉ set rs'"by simp from Cons.hyps[OF 1 2] Node ref_eq show ?thesis by auto qed qed
lemma refs_of_set_ref2: "refs_of (Ref.set p v h) q rs ==> p ∉ set rs ==> refs_of (Ref.set p v h) q rs = refs_of h q rs" proof (induct rs arbitrary: q) case Nil thus ?caseby simp next case (Cons x xs) thus ?case proof (cases q) case Empty thus ?thesis by auto next case (Node a ref) from Cons(2) Node have 1:"refs_of (Ref.set p v h) (Ref.get (Ref.set p v h) ref) xs"and x_ref: "x = ref"by auto from Cons(3) this have"ref ≠ p"by fastforce hence ref_eq: "Ref.get (Ref.set p v h) ref = (Ref.get h ref)"by (auto simp add: Ref.get_set_neq) from Cons(3) have 2: "p ∉ set xs"by simp with Cons.hyps 1 2 Node ref_eq show ?thesis by simp qed qed
lemma list_of'_set_ref: assumes"refs_of' h q rs" assumes"p ∉ set rs" shows"list_of' (Ref.set p v h) q as = list_of' h q as" proof - from assms have"q ≠ p"by (auto simp only: dest!: refs_of'E) with assms show ?thesis unfolding list_of'_def refs_of'_def' by (auto simp add: list_of_set_ref) qed
lemma list_of'_set_next_ref_Node[simp]: assumes"list_of' h r xs" assumes"Ref.get h p = Node x r'" assumes"refs_of' h r rs" assumes"p ∉ set rs" shows"list_of' (Ref.set p (Node x r) h) p (x#xs) = list_of' h r xs" using assms unfolding list_of'_def refs_of'_def' by (auto simp add: list_of_set_ref Ref.noteq_sym)
lemma refs_of'_set_ref: assumes"refs_of' h q rs" assumes"p ∉ set rs" shows"refs_of' (Ref.set p v h) q as = refs_of' h q as" using assms proof - from assms have"q ≠ p"by (auto simp only: dest!: refs_of'E) with assms show ?thesis unfolding refs_of'_def' by (auto simp add: refs_of_set_ref) qed
lemma refs_of'_set_ref2: assumes"refs_of' (Ref.set p v h) q rs" assumes"p ∉ set rs" shows"refs_of' (Ref.set p v h) q as = refs_of' h q as" using assms proof - from assms have"q ≠ p"by (auto simp only: dest!: refs_of'E) with assms show ?thesis unfolding refs_of'_def' apply auto apply (subgoal_tac "prs = prsa") apply (insert refs_of_set_ref2[of p v h "Ref.get h q"]) apply (erule_tac x="prs"in meta_allE) apply auto apply (auto dest: refs_of_is_fun) done qed
lemma refs_of'_set_next_ref: assumes"Ref.get h1 p = Node x pn" assumes"refs_of' (Ref.set p (Node x r1) h1) p rs" obtains r1s where"rs = (p#r1s)"and"refs_of' h1 r1 r1s" proof - from assms refs_of'_distinct[OF assms(2)] have"∃ r1s. rs = (p # r1s) ∧ refs_of' h1 r1 r1s" apply - unfolding refs_of'_def'[of _ p] apply (auto, frule refs_of_set_ref2) by (auto dest: Ref.noteq_sym) with assms that show thesis by auto qed
section‹Proving make_llist and traverse correct›
lemma refs_of_invariant: assumes"refs_of h (r::('a::heap) node) xs" assumes"∀refs. refs_of h r refs ⟶ (∀ref ∈ set refs. Ref.present h ref ∧ Ref.present h' ref ∧ Ref.get h ref = Ref.get h' ref)" shows"refs_of h' r xs" using assms proof (induct xs arbitrary: r) case Nil thus ?caseby simp next case (Cons x xs') from Cons(2) obtain v where Node: "r = Node v x"by (cases r, auto) from Cons(2) Node have refs_of_next: "refs_of h (Ref.get h x) xs'"by simp from Cons(2-3) Node have ref_eq: "Ref.get h x = Ref.get h' x"by auto from ref_eq refs_of_next have 1: "refs_of h (Ref.get h' x) xs'"by simp from Cons(2) Cons(3) have"∀ref ∈ set xs'. Ref.present h ref ∧ Ref.present h' ref ∧Ref.get h ref = Ref.get h' ref" by fastforce with Cons(3) 1 have 2: "∀refs. refs_of h (Ref.get h' x) refs ⟶ (∀ref ∈ set refs. Ref.present h ref ∧ Ref.present h' ref ∧ Ref.get h ref = Ref.get h' ref)" by (fastforce dest: refs_of_is_fun) from Cons.hyps[OF 1 2] have"refs_of h' (Ref.get h' x) xs'" . with Node show ?caseby simp qed
lemma refs_of'_invariant: assumes"refs_of' h r xs" assumes"∀refs. refs_of' h r refs ⟶ (∀ref ∈ set refs. Ref.present h ref ∧ Ref.present h' ref ∧ Ref.get h ref = Ref.get h' ref)" shows"refs_of' h' r xs" using assms proof - from assms obtain prs where refs:"refs_of h (Ref.get h r) prs"and xs_def: "xs = r # prs" unfolding refs_of'_def' by auto from xs_def assms have x_eq: "Ref.get h r = Ref.get h' r"by fastforce from refs assms xs_def have 2: "∀refs. refs_of h (Ref.get h r) refs ⟶ (∀ref∈set refs. Ref.present h ref ∧ Ref.present h' ref ∧ Ref.get h ref = Ref.get h' ref)" by (fastforce dest: refs_of_is_fun) from refs_of_invariant [OF refs 2] xs_def x_eq show ?thesis unfolding refs_of'_def' by auto qed
lemma list_of_invariant: assumes"list_of h (r::('a::heap) node) xs" assumes"∀refs. refs_of h r refs ⟶ (∀ref ∈ set refs. Ref.present h ref ∧ Ref.present h' ref ∧ Ref.get h ref = Ref.get h' ref)" shows"list_of h' r xs" using assms proof (induct xs arbitrary: r) case Nil thus ?caseby simp next case (Cons x xs')
from Cons(2) obtain ref where Node: "r = Node x ref" by (cases r, auto) from Cons(2) obtain rs where rs_def: "refs_of h r rs"by (rule list_of_refs_of) from Node rs_def obtain rss where refs_of: "refs_of h r (ref#rss)"and rss_def: "rs = ref#rss"by auto from Cons(3) Node refs_of have ref_eq: "Ref.get h ref = Ref.get h' ref" by auto from Cons(2) ref_eq Node have 1: "list_of h (Ref.get h' ref) xs'"by simp from refs_of Node ref_eq have refs_of_ref: "refs_of h (Ref.get h' ref) rss"by simp from Cons(3) rs_def have rs_heap_eq: "∀ref∈set rs. Ref.present h ref ∧ Ref.present h' ref ∧ Ref.get h ref = Ref.get h' ref"by simp from refs_of_ref rs_heap_eq rss_def have 2: "∀refs. refs_of h (Ref.get h' ref) refs ⟶ (∀ref∈set refs. Ref.present h ref ∧ Ref.present h' ref ∧ Ref.get h ref = Ref.get h' ref)" by (auto dest: refs_of_is_fun) from Cons(1)[OF 1 2] have"list_of h' (Ref.get h' ref) xs'" . with Node show ?case unfolding list_of'_def by simp qed
lemma effect_ref: assumes"effect (ref v) h h' x" obtains"Ref.get h' x = v" and"¬ Ref.present h x" and"Ref.present h' x" and"∀y. Ref.present h y ⟶ Ref.get h y = Ref.get h' y" (* and "lim h' = Suc (lim h)" *) and"∀y. Ref.present h y ⟶ Ref.present h' y" using assms unfolding Ref.ref_def apply (elim effect_heapE) unfolding Ref.alloc_def apply (simp add: Let_def) unfolding Ref.present_def apply auto unfolding Ref.get_def Ref.set_def apply auto done
lemma make_llist: assumes"effect (make_llist xs) h h' r" shows"list_of h' r xs ∧ (∀rs. refs_of h' r rs ⟶ (∀ref ∈ (set rs). Ref.present h' ref))" using assms proof (induct xs arbitrary: h h' r) case Nil thus ?caseby (auto elim: effect_returnE simp add: make_llist.simps) next case (Cons x xs') from Cons.prems obtain h1 r1 r' where make_llist: "effect (make_llist xs') h h1 r1" and effect_refnew:"effect (ref r1) h1 h' r'"and Node: "r = Node x r'" unfolding make_llist.simps by (auto elim!: effect_bindE effect_returnE) from Cons.hyps[OF make_llist] have list_of_h1: "list_of h1 r1 xs'" .. from Cons.hyps[OF make_llist] obtain rs' where rs'_def: "refs_of h1 r1 rs'"by (auto intro: list_of_refs_of) from Cons.hyps[OF make_llist] rs'_defhave refs_present: "∀ref∈set rs'. Ref.present h1 ref"by simp from effect_refnew rs'_def refs_present have refs_unchanged: "∀refs. refs_of h1 r1 refs ⟶ (∀ref∈set refs. Ref.present h1 ref ∧ Ref.present h' ref ∧ Ref.get h1 ref = Ref.get h' ref)" by (auto elim!: effect_ref dest: refs_of_is_fun) with list_of_invariant[OF list_of_h1 refs_unchanged] Node effect_refnew have fstgoal: "list_of h' r (x # xs')" unfolding list_of.simps by (auto elim!: effect_refE) from refs_unchanged rs'_defhave refs_still_present: "∀ref∈set rs'. Ref.present h' ref"by auto from refs_of_invariant[OF rs'_def refs_unchanged] refs_unchanged Node effect_refnew refs_still_present have sndgoal: "∀rs. refs_of h' r rs ⟶ (∀ref∈set rs. Ref.present h' ref)" by (fastforce elim!: effect_refE dest: refs_of_is_fun) from fstgoal sndgoal show ?case .. qed
lemma traverse: "list_of h n r ==> effect (traverse n) h h r" proof (induct r arbitrary: n) case Nil thus ?case by (auto intro: effect_returnI) next case (Cons x xs) thus ?case apply (cases n, auto) by (auto intro!: effect_bindI effect_returnI effect_lookupI) qed
lemma traverse_make_llist': assumes effect: "effect (make_llist xs 🍋 traverse) h h' r" shows"r = xs" proof - from effect obtain h1 r1 where makell: "effect (make_llist xs) h h1 r1" and trav: "effect (traverse r1) h1 h' r" by (auto elim!: effect_bindE) from make_llist[OF makell] have"list_of h1 r1 xs" .. from traverse [OF this] trav show ?thesis using effect_deterministic by fastforce qed
section‹Proving correctness of in-place reversal›
subsection‹Definition of in-place reversal›
partial_function (heap) rev' :: "('a::heap) node ref ==> 'a node ref ==> 'a node ref Heap" where
[code]: "rev' q p = do { v ← !p; (case v of Empty ==> return q | Node x next ==> do { p := Node x q; rev' p next }) }"
primrec rev :: "('a:: heap) node ==> 'a node Heap" where "rev Empty = return Empty"
| "rev (Node x n) = do { q ← ref Empty; p ← ref (Node x n); v ← rev' q p; !v }"
subsection‹Correctness Proof›
lemma rev'_invariant: assumes"effect (rev' q p) h h' v" assumes"list_of' h q qs" assumes"list_of' h p ps" assumes"∀qrs prs. refs_of' h q qrs ∧ refs_of' h p prs ⟶ set prs ∩ set qrs = {}" shows"∃vs. list_of' h' v vs ∧ vs = (List.rev ps) @ qs" using assms proof (induct ps arbitrary: qs p q h) case Nil thus ?case unfolding rev'.simps[of q p] list_of'_def by (auto elim!: effect_bindE effect_lookupE effect_returnE) next case (Cons x xs) (*"LinkedList.list_of h' (get_ref v h') (List.rev xs @ x # qsa)"*) from Cons(4) obtain ref where
p_is_Node: "Ref.get h p = Node x ref" (*and "ref_present ref h"*) and list_of'_ref: "list_of' h ref xs" unfolding list_of'_defby (cases "Ref.get h p", auto) from p_is_Node Cons(2) have effect_rev': "effect (rev' p ref) (Ref.set p (Node x q) h) h' v" by (auto simp add: rev'.simps [of q p] elim!: effect_bindE effect_lookupE effect_updateE) from Cons(3) obtain qrs where qrs_def: "refs_of' h q qrs"by (elim list_of'_refs_of') from Cons(4) obtain prs where prs_def: "refs_of' h p prs"by (elim list_of'_refs_of') from qrs_def prs_def Cons(5) have distinct_pointers: "set qrs ∩ set prs = {}"by fastforce from qrs_def prs_def distinct_pointers refs_of'E have p_notin_qrs: "p ∉ set qrs"by fastforce from Cons(3) qrs_def this have 1: "list_of' (Ref.set p (Node x q) h) p (x#qs)" unfolding list_of'_def apply (simp) unfolding list_of'_def[symmetric] by (simp add: list_of'_set_ref) from list_of'_refs_of'2[OF Cons(4)] p_is_Node prs_def obtain refs where refs_def: "refs_of' h ref refs"and prs_refs: "prs = p # refs" unfolding refs_of'_def' by auto from prs_refs prs_def have p_not_in_refs: "p ∉ set refs" by (fastforce dest!: refs_of'_distinct) with refs_def p_is_Node list_of'_ref have 2: "list_of' (Ref.set p (Node x q) h) ref xs" by (auto simp add: list_of'_set_ref) from p_notin_qrs qrs_def have refs_of1: "refs_of' (Ref.set p (Node x q) h) p (p#qrs)" unfolding refs_of'_def' apply (simp) unfolding refs_of'_def'[symmetric] by (simp add: refs_of'_set_ref) from p_not_in_refs p_is_Node refs_def have refs_of2: "refs_of' (Ref.set p (Node x q) h) ref refs" by (simp add: refs_of'_set_ref) from p_not_in_refs refs_of1 refs_of2 distinct_pointers prs_refs have 3: "∀qrs prs. refs_of' (Ref.set p (Node x q) h) p qrs ∧ refs_of' (Ref.set p (Node x q) h) ref prs ⟶set prs ∩ set qrs = {}" apply - apply (rule allI)+ apply (rule impI) apply (erule conjE) apply (drule refs_of'_is_fun) backbackapply assumption apply (drule refs_of'_is_fun) backbackapply assumption apply auto done from Cons.hyps [OF effect_rev' 1 2 3] show ?caseby simp qed
lemma rev_correctness: assumes list_of_h: "list_of h r xs" assumes validHeap: "∀refs. refs_of h r refs ⟶ (∀r ∈ set refs. Ref.present h r)" assumes effect_rev: "effect (rev r) h h' r'" shows"list_of h' r' (List.rev xs)" using assms proof (cases r) case Empty with list_of_h effect_rev show ?thesis by (auto simp add: list_of_Empty elim!: effect_returnE) next case (Node x ps) with effect_rev obtain p q h1 h2 h3 v where
init: "effect (ref Empty) h h1 q" "effect (ref (Node x ps)) h1 h2 p" and effect_rev':"effect (rev' q p) h2 h3 v" and lookup: "effect (!v) h3 h' r'" using rev.simps by (auto elim!: effect_bindE) from init have a1:"list_of' h2 q []" unfolding list_of'_def by (auto elim!: effect_ref) from list_of_h obtain refs where refs_def: "refs_of h r refs"by (rule list_of_refs_of) from validHeap init refs_def have heap_eq: "∀refs. refs_of h r refs ⟶ (∀ref∈set refs. Ref.present h ref ∧ Ref.present h2 ref ∧ Ref.get h ref = Ref.get h2 ref)" by (fastforce elim!: effect_ref dest: refs_of_is_fun) from list_of_invariant[OF list_of_h heap_eq] have"list_of h2 r xs" . from init this Node have a2: "list_of' h2 p xs" apply - unfolding list_of'_def apply (auto elim!: effect_refE) done from init have refs_of_q: "refs_of' h2 q [q]" by (auto elim!: effect_ref) from refs_def Node have refs_of'_ps: "refs_of' h ps refs" by (auto simp add: refs_of'_def'[symmetric]) from validHeap refs_def have all_ref_present: "∀r∈set refs. Ref.present h r"by simp from init refs_of'_ps this have heap_eq: "∀refs. refs_of' h ps refs ⟶ (∀ref∈set refs. Ref.present h ref ∧ Ref.present h2 ref ∧ Ref.get h ref = Ref.get h2 ref)" by (auto elim!: effect_ref [where ?'a="'a node", where ?'b="'a node", where ?'c="'a node"] dest: refs_of'_is_fun) from refs_of'_invariant[OF refs_of'_ps this] have"refs_of' h2 ps refs" . with init have refs_of_p: "refs_of' h2 p (p#refs)" by (auto elim!: effect_refE simp add: refs_of'_def') with init all_ref_present have q_is_new: "q ∉ set (p#refs)" by (auto elim!: effect_refE intro!: Ref.noteq_I) from refs_of_p refs_of_q q_is_new have a3: "∀qrs prs. refs_of' h2 q qrs ∧ refs_of' h2 p prs ⟶ set prs ∩ set qrs = {}" by (fastforce simp only: list.set dest: refs_of'_is_fun) from rev'_invariant [OF effect_rev' a1 a2 a3] have"list_of h3 (Ref.get h3 v) (List.rev xs)" unfolding list_of'_defby auto with lookup show ?thesis by (auto elim: effect_lookupE) qed
section‹The merge function on Linked Lists› text‹We also prove merge correct›
text‹First, we define merge on lists in a natural way.›
fun Lmerge :: "('a::ord) list ==> 'a list ==> 'a list" where "Lmerge (x#xs) (y#ys) = (if x ≤ y then x # Lmerge xs (y#ys) else y # Lmerge (x#xs) ys)"
| "Lmerge [] ys = ys"
| "Lmerge xs [] = xs"
subsection‹Definition of merge function›
partial_function (heap) merge :: "('a::{heap, ord}) node ref ==> 'a node ref ==> 'a node ref Heap" where
[code]: "merge p q = (do { v ← !p; w ← !q; (case v of Empty ==> return q | Node valp np ==> (case w of Empty ==> return p | Node valq nq ==> if (valp ≤ valq) then do { npq ← merge np q; p := Node valp npq; return p } else do { pnq ← merge p nq; q := Node valq pnq; return q }))})"
lemma if_return: "(if P then return x else return y) = return (if P then x else y)" by auto
lemma if_distrib_App: "(if P then f else g) x = (if P then f x else g x)" by auto lemma redundant_if: "(if P then (if P then x else z) else y) = (if P then x else y)" "(if P then x else (if P then z else y)) = (if P then x else y)" by auto
lemma sum_distrib: "case_sum fl fr (case x of Empty ==> y | Node v n ==> (z v n)) = (case x of Empty ==> case_sum fl fr y | Node v n ==> case_sum fl fr (z v n))" by (cases x) auto
subsection‹Induction refinement by applying the abstraction function to our induct rule›
text‹From our original induction rule Lmerge.induct, we derive a new rule with our list_of' predicate›
lemma merge_induct2: assumes"list_of' h (p::'a::{heap, ord} node ref) xs" assumes"list_of' h q ys" assumes"∧ ys p q. [ list_of' h p []; list_of' h q ys; Ref.get h p = Empty ]==>P p q [] ys" assumes"∧ x xs' p q pn. [ list_of' h p (x#xs'); list_of' h q []; Ref.get h p = Node x pn; Ref.get h q = Empty ]==> P p q (x#xs') []" assumes"∧ x xs' y ys' p q pn qn. [ list_of' h p (x#xs'); list_of' h q (y#ys'); Ref.get h p = Node x pn; Ref.get h q = Node y qn; x ≤ y; P pn q xs' (y#ys') ] ==> P p q (x#xs') (y#ys')" assumes"∧ x xs' y ys' p q pn qn. [ list_of' h p (x#xs'); list_of' h q (y#ys'); Ref.get h p = Node x pn; Ref.get h q = Node y qn; ¬ x ≤ y; P p qn (x#xs') ys'] ==> P p q (x#xs') (y#ys')" shows"P p q xs ys" using assms(1-2) proof (induct xs ys arbitrary: p q rule: Lmerge.induct) case (2 ys) from 2(1) have"Ref.get h p = Empty"unfolding list_of'_defby simp with 2(1-2) assms(3) show ?caseby blast next case (3 x xs') from 3(1) obtain pn where Node: "Ref.get h p = Node x pn"by (rule list_of'_Cons) from 3(2) have"Ref.get h q = Empty"unfolding list_of'_defby simp with Node 3(1-2) assms(4) show ?caseby blast next case (1 x xs' y ys') from 1(3) obtain pn where pNode:"Ref.get h p = Node x pn" and list_of'_pn: "list_of' h pn xs'"by (rule list_of'_Cons) from 1(4) obtain qn where qNode:"Ref.get h q = Node y qn" and list_of'_qn: "list_of' h qn ys'"by (rule list_of'_Cons) show ?case proof (cases "x ≤ y") case True from 1(1)[OF True list_of'_pn 1(4)] assms(5) 1(3-4) pNode qNode True show ?thesis by blast next case False from 1(2)[OF False 1(3) list_of'_qn] assms(6) 1(3-4) pNode qNode False show ?thesis by blast qed qed
text‹secondly, we add the effect statement in the premise, and derive the effect statements for the single cases which we then eliminate with our effect elim rules.›
lemma merge_induct3: assumes"list_of' h p xs" assumes"list_of' h q ys" assumes"effect (merge p q) h h' r" assumes"∧ ys p q. [ list_of' h p []; list_of' h q ys; Ref.get h p = Empty ]==>P p q h h q [] ys" assumes"∧ x xs' p q pn. [ list_of' h p (x#xs'); list_of' h q []; Ref.get h p = Node x pn; Ref.get h q = Empty ]==> P p q h h p (x#xs') []" assumes"∧ x xs' y ys' p q pn qn h1 r1 h'. [ list_of' h p (x#xs'); list_of' h q (y#ys');Ref.get h p = Node x pn; Ref.get h q = Node y qn; x ≤ y; effect (merge pn q) h h1 r1 ; P pn q h h1 r1 xs' (y#ys'); h' = Ref.set p (Node x r1) h1 ] ==> P p q h h' p (x#xs') (y#ys')" assumes"∧ x xs' y ys' p q pn qn h1 r1 h'. [ list_of' h p (x#xs'); list_of' h q (y#ys'); Ref.get h p = Node x pn; Ref.get h q = Node y qn; ¬ x ≤ y; effect (merge p qn) h h1 r1; P p qn h h1 r1 (x#xs') ys'; h' = Ref.set q (Node y r1) h1 ] ==> P p q h h' q (x#xs') (y#ys')" shows"P p q h h' r xs ys" using assms(3) proof (induct arbitrary: h' r rule: merge_induct2[OF assms(1) assms(2)]) case (1 ys p q) from 1(3-4) have"h = h' ∧ r = q" unfolding merge.simps[of p q] by (auto elim!: effect_lookupE effect_bindE effect_returnE) with assms(4)[OF 1(1) 1(2) 1(3)] show ?caseby simp next case (2 x xs' p q pn) from 2(3-5) have"h = h' ∧ r = p" unfolding merge.simps[of p q] by (auto elim!: effect_lookupE effect_bindE effect_returnE) with assms(5)[OF 2(1-4)] show ?caseby simp next case (3 x xs' y ys' p q pn qn) from 3(3-5) 3(7) obtain h1 r1 where
1: "effect (merge pn q) h h1 r1" and 2: "h' = Ref.set p (Node x r1) h1 ∧ r = p" unfolding merge.simps[of p q] by (auto elim!: effect_lookupE effect_bindE effect_returnE effect_ifE effect_updateE) from 3(6)[OF 1] assms(6) [OF 3(1-5)] 1 2 show ?caseby simp next case (4 x xs' y ys' p q pn qn) from 4(3-5) 4(7) obtain h1 r1 where
1: "effect (merge p qn) h h1 r1" and 2: "h' = Ref.set q (Node y r1) h1 ∧ r = q" unfolding merge.simps[of p q] by (auto elim!: effect_lookupE effect_bindE effect_returnE effect_ifE effect_updateE) from 4(6)[OF 1] assms(7) [OF 4(1-5)] 1 2 show ?caseby simp qed
subsection‹Proving merge correct›
text‹As many parts of the following three proofs are identical, we could actually move the same reasoning into an extended induction rule›
lemma merge_unchanged: assumes"refs_of' h p xs" assumes"refs_of' h q ys" assumes"effect (merge p q) h h' r'" assumes"set xs ∩ set ys = {}" assumes"r ∉ set xs ∪ set ys" shows"Ref.get h r = Ref.get h' r" proof - from assms(1) obtain ps where ps_def: "list_of' h p ps"by (rule refs_of'_list_of') from assms(2) obtain qs where qs_def: "list_of' h q qs"by (rule refs_of'_list_of') show ?thesis using assms(1) assms(2) assms(4) assms(5) proof (induct arbitrary: xs ys r rule: merge_induct3[OF ps_def qs_def assms(3)]) case 1 thus ?caseby simp next case 2 thus ?caseby simp next case (3 x xs' y ys' p q pn qn h1 r1 h' xs ys r) from 3(9) 3(3) obtain pnrs where pnrs_def: "xs = p#pnrs" and refs_of'_pn: "refs_of' h pn pnrs" by (rule refs_of'_Node) with 3(12) have r_in: "r ∉ set pnrs ∪ set ys"by auto from pnrs_def 3(12) have"r ≠ p"by auto with 3(11) 3(12) pnrs_def refs_of'_distinct[OF 3(9)] have p_in: "p ∉ set pnrs ∪ set ys"by auto from 3(11) pnrs_def have no_inter: "set pnrs ∩ set ys = {}"by auto from 3(7)[OF refs_of'_pn 3(10) this p_in] 3(3) have p_is_Node: "Ref.get h1 p = Node x pn" by simp from 3(7)[OF refs_of'_pn 3(10) no_inter r_in] 3(8) ‹r ≠ p›show ?case by simp next case (4 x xs' y ys' p q pn qn h1 r1 h' xs ys r) from 4(10) 4(4) obtain qnrs where qnrs_def: "ys = q#qnrs" and refs_of'_qn: "refs_of' h qn qnrs" by (rule refs_of'_Node) with 4(12) have r_in: "r ∉ set xs ∪ set qnrs"by auto from qnrs_def 4(12) have"r ≠ q"by auto with 4(11) 4(12) qnrs_def refs_of'_distinct[OF 4(10)] have q_in: "q ∉ set xs ∪ set qnrs"by auto from 4(11) qnrs_def have no_inter: "set xs ∩ set qnrs = {}"by auto from 4(7)[OF 4(9) refs_of'_qn this q_in] 4(4) have q_is_Node: "Ref.get h1 q = Node y qn"by simp from 4(7)[OF 4(9) refs_of'_qn no_inter r_in] 4(8) ‹r ≠ q›show ?case by simp qed qed
lemma refs_of'_merge: assumes"refs_of' h p xs" assumes"refs_of' h q ys" assumes"effect (merge p q) h h' r" assumes"set xs ∩ set ys = {}" assumes"refs_of' h' r rs" shows"set rs ⊆ set xs ∪ set ys" proof - from assms(1) obtain ps where ps_def: "list_of' h p ps"by (rule refs_of'_list_of') from assms(2) obtain qs where qs_def: "list_of' h q qs"by (rule refs_of'_list_of') show ?thesis using assms(1) assms(2) assms(4) assms(5) proof (induct arbitrary: xs ys rs rule: merge_induct3[OF ps_def qs_def assms(3)]) case 1 from 1(5) 1(7) have"rs = ys"by (fastforce simp add: refs_of'_is_fun) thus ?caseby auto next case 2 from 2(5) 2(8) have"rs = xs"by (auto simp add: refs_of'_is_fun) thus ?caseby auto next case (3 x xs' y ys' p q pn qn h1 r1 h' xs ys rs) from 3(9) 3(3) obtain pnrs where pnrs_def: "xs = p#pnrs" and refs_of'_pn: "refs_of' h pn pnrs" by (rule refs_of'_Node) from 3(10) 3(9) 3(11) pnrs_def refs_of'_distinct[OF 3(9)] have p_in: "p ∉ set pnrs ∪ set ys"by auto from 3(11) pnrs_def have no_inter: "set pnrs ∩ set ys = {}"by auto from merge_unchanged[OF refs_of'_pn 3(10) 3(6) no_inter p_in] have p_stays: "Ref.get h1 p = Ref.get h p" .. from 3 p_stays obtain r1s where rs_def: "rs = p#r1s"and refs_of'_r1:"refs_of' h1 r1 r1s" by (auto elim: refs_of'_set_next_ref) from 3(7)[OF refs_of'_pn 3(10) no_inter refs_of'_r1] rs_def pnrs_def show ?caseby auto next case (4 x xs' y ys' p q pn qn h1 r1 h' xs ys rs) from 4(10) 4(4) obtain qnrs where qnrs_def: "ys = q#qnrs" and refs_of'_qn: "refs_of' h qn qnrs" by (rule refs_of'_Node) from 4(10) 4(9) 4(11) qnrs_def refs_of'_distinct[OF 4(10)] have q_in: "q ∉ set xs ∪ set qnrs"by auto from 4(11) qnrs_def have no_inter: "set xs ∩ set qnrs = {}"by auto from merge_unchanged[OF 4(9) refs_of'_qn 4(6) no_inter q_in] have q_stays: "Ref.get h1 q = Ref.get h q" .. from 4 q_stays obtain r1s where rs_def: "rs = q#r1s"and refs_of'_r1:"refs_of' h1 r1 r1s" by (auto elim: refs_of'_set_next_ref) from 4(7)[OF 4(9) refs_of'_qn no_inter refs_of'_r1] rs_def qnrs_def show ?caseby auto qed qed
lemma assumes"list_of' h p xs" assumes"list_of' h q ys" assumes"effect (merge p q) h h' r" assumes"∀qrs prs. refs_of' h q qrs ∧ refs_of' h p prs ⟶ set prs ∩ set qrs = {}" shows"list_of' h' r (Lmerge xs ys)" using assms(4) proof (induct rule: merge_induct3[OF assms(1-3)]) case 1 thus ?caseby simp next case 2 thus ?caseby simp next case (3 x xs' y ys' p q pn qn h1 r1 h') from 3(1) obtain prs where prs_def: "refs_of' h p prs"by (rule list_of'_refs_of') from 3(2) obtain qrs where qrs_def: "refs_of' h q qrs"by (rule list_of'_refs_of') from prs_def 3(3) obtain pnrs where pnrs_def: "prs = p#pnrs" and refs_of'_pn: "refs_of' h pn pnrs" by (rule refs_of'_Node) from prs_def qrs_def 3(9) pnrs_def refs_of'_distinct[OF prs_def] have p_in: "p ∉ set pnrs∪ set qrs"by fastforce from prs_def qrs_def 3(9) pnrs_def have no_inter: "set pnrs ∩ set qrs = {}"by fastforce from no_inter refs_of'_pn qrs_def have no_inter2: "∀qrs prs. refs_of' h q qrs ∧ refs_of' h pn prs ⟶ set prs ∩ set qrs = {}" by (fastforce dest: refs_of'_is_fun) from merge_unchanged[OF refs_of'_pn qrs_def 3(6) no_inter p_in] have p_stays: "Ref.get h1 p = Ref.get h p" .. from 3(7)[OF no_inter2] obtain rs where rs_def: "refs_of' h1 r1 rs"by (rule list_of'_refs_of') from refs_of'_merge[OF refs_of'_pn qrs_def 3(6) no_inter this] p_in have p_rs: "p ∉ set rs"by auto with 3(7)[OF no_inter2] 3(1-5) 3(8) p_rs rs_def p_stays show ?caseby (auto simp: list_of'_set_ref) next case (4 x xs' y ys' p q pn qn h1 r1 h') from 4(1) obtain prs where prs_def: "refs_of' h p prs"by (rule list_of'_refs_of') from 4(2) obtain qrs where qrs_def: "refs_of' h q qrs"by (rule list_of'_refs_of') from qrs_def 4(4) obtain qnrs where qnrs_def: "qrs = q#qnrs" and refs_of'_qn: "refs_of' h qn qnrs" by (rule refs_of'_Node) from prs_def qrs_def 4(9) qnrs_def refs_of'_distinct[OF qrs_def] have q_in: "q ∉ set prs ∪ set qnrs"by fastforce from prs_def qrs_def 4(9) qnrs_def have no_inter: "set prs ∩ set qnrs = {}"by fastforce from no_inter refs_of'_qn prs_def have no_inter2: "∀qrs prs. refs_of' h qn qrs ∧ refs_of' h p prs ⟶ set prs ∩ set qrs = {}" by (fastforce dest: refs_of'_is_fun) from merge_unchanged[OF prs_def refs_of'_qn 4(6) no_inter q_in] have q_stays: "Ref.get h1 q = Ref.get h q" .. from 4(7)[OF no_inter2] obtain rs where rs_def: "refs_of' h1 r1 rs"by (rule list_of'_refs_of') from refs_of'_merge[OF prs_def refs_of'_qn 4(6) no_inter this] q_in have q_rs: "q ∉ set rs"by auto with 4(7)[OF no_inter2] 4(1-5) 4(8) q_rs rs_def q_stays show ?caseby (auto simp: list_of'_set_ref) qed
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