definition map_fun :: "('c ==> 'a) ==> ('b ==> 'd) ==> ('a ==> 'b) ==> 'c ==> 'd" where"map_fun f g h = g ∘ h ∘ f"
lemma map_fun_apply [simp]: "map_fun f g h x = g (h (f x))" by (simp add: map_fun_def)
subsection‹Injectivity and Bijectivity›
definition inj_on :: "('a ==> 'b) ==> 'a set ==> bool"🍋‹injective› where"inj_on f A ⟷ (∀x∈A. ∀y∈A. f x = f y ⟶ x = y)"
definition bij_betw :: "('a ==> 'b) ==> 'a set ==> 'b set ==> bool"🍋‹bijective› where"bij_betw f A B ⟷ inj_on f A ∧ f ` A = B"
text‹ A common special case: functions injective, surjective or bijective over the entire domain type. ›
abbreviation inj :: "('a ==> 'b) ==> bool" where"inj f ≡ inj_on f UNIV"
abbreviation surj :: "('a ==> 'b) ==> bool" where"surj f ≡ range f = UNIV"
translations🍋‹The negated case:› "¬ CONST surj f"↽"CONST range f ≠ CONST UNIV"
abbreviation bij :: "('a ==> 'b) ==> bool" where"bij f ≡ bij_betw f UNIV UNIV"
lemma inj_def: "inj f ⟷ (∀x y. f x = f y ⟶ x = y)" unfolding inj_on_def by blast
lemma injI: "(∧x y. f x = f y ==> x = y) ==> inj f" unfolding inj_def by blast
theorem range_ex1_eq: "inj f ==> b ∈ range f ⟷ (∃!x. b = f x)" unfolding inj_def by blast
lemma injD: "inj f ==> f x = f y ==> x = y" by (simp add: inj_def)
lemma inj_on_eq_iff: "inj_on f A ==> x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> f x = f y ⟷ x = y" by (auto simp: inj_on_def)
lemma inj_on_cong: "(∧a. a ∈ A ==> f a = g a) ==> inj_on f A ⟷ inj_on g A" by (auto simp: inj_on_def)
lemma image_strict_mono: "inj_on f B ==> A ⊂ B ==> f ` A ⊂ f ` B" unfolding inj_on_def by blast
lemma inj_compose: "inj f ==> inj g ==> inj (f ∘ g)" by (simp add: inj_def)
lemma inj_fun: "inj f ==> inj (λx y. f x)" by (simp add: inj_def fun_eq_iff)
lemma inj_eq: "inj f ==> f x = f y ⟷ x = y" by (simp add: inj_on_eq_iff)
lemma inj_on_iff_Uniq: "inj_on f A ⟷ (∀x∈A. ∃🪙≤🪙1y. y∈A ∧ f x = f y)" by (auto simp: Uniq_def inj_on_def)
lemma inj_on_id[simp]: "inj_on id A" by (simp add: inj_on_def)
lemma inj_on_id2[simp]: "inj_on (λx. x) A" by (simp add: inj_on_def)
lemma inj_on_Int: "inj_on f A ∨ inj_on f B ==> inj_on f (A ∩ B)" unfolding inj_on_def by blast
lemma surj_id: "surj id" by simp
lemma bij_id[simp]: "bij id" by (simp add: bij_betw_def)
lemma bij_uminus: "bij (uminus :: 'a ==> 'a::group_add)" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by (force intro: minus_minus [symmetric])
lemma bij_betwE: "bij_betw f A B ==>∀a∈A. f a ∈ B" unfolding bij_betw_def by auto
lemma inj_onI [intro?]: "(∧x y. x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> f x = f y ==> x = y) ==> inj_on f A" by (simp add: inj_on_def)
text‹For those frequent proofs by contradiction› lemma inj_onCI: "(∧x y. x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> f x = f y ==> x ≠ y ==> False) ==> inj_on f A" by (force simp: inj_on_def)
lemma inj_on_inverseI: "(∧x. x ∈ A ==> g (f x) = x) ==> inj_on f A" by (auto dest: arg_cong [of concl: g] simp add: inj_on_def)
lemma inj_onD: "inj_on f A ==> f x = f y ==> x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> x = y" unfolding inj_on_def by blast
lemma inj_on_subset: "[ inj_on f A; B ⊆ A ]==> inj_on f B" unfolding inj_on_def by blast
lemma comp_inj_on: "inj_on f A ==> inj_on g (f ` A) ==> inj_on (g ∘ f) A" by (simp add: comp_def inj_on_def)
lemma inj_on_imageI: "inj_on (g ∘ f) A ==> inj_on g (f ` A)" by (auto simp add: inj_on_def)
lemma inj_on_image_iff: "∀x∈A. ∀y∈A. g (f x) = g (f y) ⟷ g x = g y ==> inj_on f A ==> inj_on g (f ` A) ⟷ inj_on g A" unfolding inj_on_def by blast
lemma inj_on_contraD: "inj_on f A ==> x ≠ y ==> x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> f x ≠ f y" unfolding inj_on_def by blast
lemma inj_on_empty[iff]: "inj_on f {}" by (simp add: inj_on_def)
lemma inj_on_Un: "inj_on f (A ∪ B) ⟷ inj_on f A ∧ inj_on f B ∧ f ` (A - B) ∩ f ` (B - A) = {}" unfolding inj_on_def by (blast intro: sym)
lemma inj_on_insert [iff]: "inj_on f (insert a A) ⟷ inj_on f A ∧ f a ∉ f ` (A - {a})" unfolding inj_on_def by (blast intro: sym)
lemma inj_on_diff: "inj_on f A ==> inj_on f (A - B)" unfolding inj_on_def by blast
lemma comp_inj_on_iff: "inj_on f A ==> inj_on f' (f ` A) ⟷ inj_on (f' ∘ f) A" by (auto simp: comp_inj_on inj_on_def)
lemma inj_on_imageI2: "inj_on (f' ∘ f) A ==> inj_on f A" by (auto simp: comp_inj_on inj_on_def)
lemma inj_img_insertE: assumes"inj_on f A" assumes"x ∉ B" and"insert x B = f ` A" obtains x' A' where"x' ∉ A'"and"A = insert x' A'"and"x = f x'"and"B = f ` A'" proof - from assms have"x ∈ f ` A"by auto thenobtain x' where *: "x' ∈ A""x = f x'"by auto thenhave A: "A = insert x' (A - {x'})"by auto with assms * have B: "B = f ` (A - {x'})"by (auto dest: inj_on_contraD) have"x' ∉ A - {x'}"by simp from this A ‹x = f x'› B show ?thesis .. qed
lemma linorder_inj_onI: fixes A :: "'a::order set" assumes ne: "∧x y. [x < y; x∈A; y∈A]==> f x ≠ f y"and lin: "∧x y. [x∈A; y∈A]==> x≤y ∨ y≤x" shows"inj_on f A" proof (rule inj_onI) fix x y assume eq: "f x = f y"and"x∈A""y∈A" thenshow"x = y" using lin [of x y] ne by (force simp: dual_order.order_iff_strict) qed
lemma linorder_inj_onI': fixes A :: "'a :: linorder set" assumes"∧i j. i ∈ A ==> j ∈ A ==> i < j ==> f i ≠ f j" shows"inj_on f A" by (intro linorder_inj_onI) (auto simp add: assms)
lemma linorder_injI: assumes"∧x y::'a::linorder. x < y ==> f x ≠ f y" shows"inj f" 🍋‹Courtesy of Stephan Merz› using assms by (simp add: linorder_inj_onI')
lemma inj_on_image_Pow: "inj_on f A ==>inj_on (image f) (Pow A)" unfolding Pow_def inj_on_def by blast
lemma inj_on_vimage_image: "inj_on (λb. f -` {b}) (f ` A)" using inj_on_def by fastforce
lemma bij_betw_image_Pow: "bij_betw f A B ==> bij_betw (image f) (Pow A) (Pow B)" by (auto simp add: bij_betw_def inj_on_image_Pow image_Pow_surj)
lemma surj_def: "surj f ⟷ (∀y. ∃x. y = f x)" by auto
lemma surjI: assumes"∧x. g (f x) = x" shows"surj g" using assms [symmetric] by auto
lemma surjD: "surj f ==>∃x. y = f x" by (simp add: surj_def)
lemma surjE: "surj f ==> (∧x. y = f x ==> C) ==> C" by (simp add: surj_def) blast
lemma comp_surj: "surj f ==> surj g ==> surj (g ∘ f)" using image_comp [of g f UNIV] by simp
lemma bij_betw_imageI: "inj_on f A ==> f ` A = B ==> bij_betw f A B" unfolding bij_betw_def by clarify
lemma bij_betw_imp_surj_on: "bij_betw f A B ==> f ` A = B" unfolding bij_betw_def by clarify
lemma bij_betw_imp_surj: "bij_betw f A UNIV ==> surj f" unfolding bij_betw_def by auto
lemma bij_betw_empty1: "bij_betw f {} A ==> A = {}" unfolding bij_betw_def by blast
lemma bij_betw_empty2: "bij_betw f A {} ==> A = {}" unfolding bij_betw_def by blast
lemma inj_on_imp_bij_betw: "inj_on f A ==> bij_betw f A (f ` A)" unfolding bij_betw_def by simp
lemma bij_betw_DiffI: assumes"bij_betw f A B""bij_betw f C D""C ⊆ A""D ⊆ B" shows"bij_betw f (A - C) (B - D)" using assms unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by auto
lemma bij_betw_singleton_iff [simp]: "bij_betw f {x} {y} ⟷ f x = y" by (auto simp: bij_betw_def)
lemma bij_betw_singletonI [intro]: "f x = y ==> bij_betw f {x} {y}" by auto
lemma bij_betw_imp_empty_iff: "bij_betw f A B ==> A = {} ⟷ B = {}" unfolding bij_betw_def by blast
lemma bij_betw_imp_Ex_iff: "bij_betw f {x. P x} {x. Q x} ==> (∃x. P x) ⟷ (∃x. Q x)" unfolding bij_betw_def by blast
lemma bij_betw_imp_Bex_iff: "bij_betw f {x∈A. P x} {x∈B. Q x} ==> (∃x∈A. P x) ⟷ (∃x∈B. Q x)" unfolding bij_betw_def by blast
lemma bij_betw_apply: "[bij_betw f A B; a ∈ A]==> f a ∈ B" unfolding bij_betw_def by auto
lemma bij_def: "bij f ⟷ inj f ∧ surj f" by (rule bij_betw_def)
lemma bijI: "inj f ==> surj f ==> bij f" by (rule bij_betw_imageI)
lemma bij_is_inj: "bij f ==> inj f" by (simp add: bij_def)
lemma bij_is_surj: "bij f ==> surj f" by (simp add: bij_def)
lemma bij_betw_imp_inj_on: "bij_betw f A B ==> inj_on f A" by (simp add: bij_betw_def)
lemma bij_betw_trans: "bij_betw f A B ==> bij_betw g B C ==> bij_betw (g ∘ f) A C" by (auto simp add:bij_betw_def comp_inj_on)
lemma bij_comp: "bij f ==> bij g ==> bij (g ∘ f)" by (rule bij_betw_trans)
lemma bij_betw_comp_iff: "bij_betw f A A' ==> bij_betw f' A' A'' ⟷ bij_betw (f' ∘f) A A''" by (auto simp add: bij_betw_def inj_on_def)
lemma bij_betw_Collect: assumes"bij_betw f A B""∧x. x ∈ A ==> Q (f x) ⟷ P x" shows"bij_betw f {x∈A. P x} {y∈B. Q y}" using assms by (auto simp add: bij_betw_def inj_on_def)
lemma bij_betw_comp_iff2: assumes bij: "bij_betw f' A' A''" and img: "f ` A ≤ A'" shows"bij_betw f A A' ⟷ bij_betw (f' ∘ f) A A''" (is"?L ⟷ ?R") proof assume"?L" thenshow"?R" using assms by (auto simp add: bij_betw_comp_iff) next assume *: "?R" have"inj_on (f' ∘ f) A ==> inj_on f A" using inj_on_imageI2 by blast moreoverhave"A' ⊆ f ` A" proof fix a' assume **: "a' ∈ A'" with bij have"f' a' ∈ A''" unfolding bij_betw_def by auto with * obtain a where 1: "a ∈ A ∧ f' (f a) = f' a'" unfolding bij_betw_def by force with img have"f a ∈ A'"by auto with bij ** 1 have"f a = a'" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by auto with 1 show"a' ∈ f ` A"by auto qed ultimatelyshow"?L" using img * by (auto simp add: bij_betw_def) qed
lemma bij_betw_inv: assumes"bij_betw f A B" shows"∃g. bij_betw g B A" proof - have i: "inj_on f A"and s: "f ` A = B" using assms by (auto simp: bij_betw_def) let ?P = "λb a. a ∈ A ∧ f a = b" let ?g = "λb. The (?P b)" have g: "?g b = a"if P: "?P b a"for a b proof - from that s have ex1: "∃a. ?P b a"by blast thenhave uex1: "∃!a. ?P b a"by (blast dest:inj_onD[OF i]) thenshow ?thesis using the1_equality[OF uex1, OF P] P by simp qed have"inj_on ?g B" proof (rule inj_onI) fix x y assume"x ∈ B""y ∈ B""?g x = ?g y" from s ‹x ∈ B›obtain a1 where a1: "?P x a1"by blast from s ‹y ∈ B›obtain a2 where a2: "?P y a2"by blast from g [OF a1] a1 g [OF a2] a2 ‹?g x = ?g y›show"x = y"by simp qed moreoverhave"?g ` B = A" proof safe fix b assume"b ∈ B" with s obtain a where P: "?P b a"by blast with g[OF P] show"?g b ∈ A"by auto next fix a assume"a ∈ A" with s obtain b where P: "?P b a"by blast with s have"b ∈ B"by blast with g[OF P] have"∃b∈B. a = ?g b"by blast thenshow"a ∈ ?g ` B" by auto qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (auto simp: bij_betw_def) qed
lemma bij_betw_cong: "(∧a. a ∈ A ==> f a = g a) ==> bij_betw f A A' = bij_betw g A A'" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by safe force+ (* somewhat slow *)
lemma bij_betw_id[intro, simp]: "bij_betw id A A" unfolding bij_betw_def id_def by auto
lemma bij_betw_id_iff: "bij_betw id A B ⟷ A = B" by (auto simp add: bij_betw_def)
lemma bij_betw_combine: "bij_betw f A B ==> bij_betw f C D ==> B ∩ D = {} ==> bij_betw f (A ∪ C) (B ∪ D)" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_Un image_Un by auto
lemma bij_betw_subset: "bij_betw f A A' ==> B ⊆ A ==> f ` B = B' ==> bij_betw f B B'" by (auto simp add: bij_betw_def inj_on_def)
lemma bij_betw_ball: "bij_betw f A B ==> (∀b ∈ B. phi b) = (∀a ∈ A. phi (f a))" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by blast
lemma bij_pointE: assumes"bij f" obtains x where"y = f x"and"∧x'. y = f x' ==> x' = x" proof - from assms have"inj f"by (rule bij_is_inj) moreoverfrom assms have"surj f"by (rule bij_is_surj) thenhave"y ∈ range f"by simp ultimatelyhave"∃!x. y = f x"by (simp add: range_ex1_eq) with that show thesis by blast qed
lemma bij_iff: 🍋‹contributor ‹Amine Chaieb›\‹bij f ⟷ (∀x. ∃!y. f y = x)› (is‹?P ⟷ ?Q›) proof assume ?P thenhave‹inj f›‹surj f› by (simp_all add: bij_def) show ?Q proof fix y from‹surj f›obtain x where‹y = f x› by (auto simp add: surj_def) with‹inj f›show‹∃!x. f x = y› by (auto simp add: inj_def) qed next assume ?Q thenhave‹inj f› by (auto simp add: inj_def) moreoverhave‹∃x. y = f x›for y proof - from‹?Q›obtain x where‹f x = y› by blast thenhave‹y = f x› by simp thenshow ?thesis .. qed thenhave‹surj f› by (auto simp add: surj_def) ultimatelyshow ?P by (rule bijI) qed
lemma bij_betw_partition: ‹bij_betw f A B› if‹bij_betw f (A ∪ C) (B ∪ D)›‹bij_betw f C D›‹A ∩ C = {}›‹B ∩ D = {}› proof - from that have‹inj_on f (A ∪ C)›‹inj_on f C›‹f ` (A ∪ C) = B ∪ D›‹f ` C = D› by (simp_all add: bij_betw_def) thenhave‹inj_on f A›and‹f ` (A - C) ∩ f ` (C - A) = {}› by (simp_all add: inj_on_Un) with‹A ∩ C = {}›have‹f ` A ∩ f ` C = {}› by auto with‹f ` (A ∪ C) = B ∪ D›‹f ` C = D›‹B ∩ D = {}› have‹f ` A = B› by blast with‹inj_on f A›show ?thesis by (simp add: bij_betw_def) qed
lemma surj_image_vimage_eq: "surj f ==> f ` (f -` A) = A" by simp
lemma surj_vimage_empty: assumes"surj f" shows"f -` A = {} ⟷ A = {}" using surj_image_vimage_eq [OF ‹surj f›, of A] by (intro iffI) fastforce+
lemma inj_vimage_image_eq: "inj f ==> f -` (f ` A) = A" unfolding inj_def by blast
lemma vimage_subsetD: "surj f ==> f -` B ⊆ A ==> B ⊆ f ` A" by (blast intro: sym)
lemma vimage_subsetI: "inj f ==> B ⊆ f ` A ==> f -` B ⊆ A" unfolding inj_def by blast
lemma vimage_subset_eq: "bij f ==> f -` B ⊆ A ⟷ B ⊆ f ` A" unfolding bij_def by (blast del: subsetI intro: vimage_subsetI vimage_subsetD)
lemma inj_on_image_eq_iff: "inj_on f C ==> A ⊆ C ==> B ⊆ C ==> f ` A = f ` B ⟷ A = B" by (fastforce simp: inj_on_def)
lemma inj_on_Un_image_eq_iff: "inj_on f (A ∪ B) ==> f ` A = f ` B ⟷ A = B" by (erule inj_on_image_eq_iff) simp_all
lemma inj_on_image_Int: "inj_on f C ==> A ⊆ C ==> B ⊆ C ==> f ` (A ∩ B) = f ` A ∩f ` B" unfolding inj_on_def by blast
lemma inj_on_image_set_diff: "inj_on f C ==> A - B ⊆ C ==> B ⊆ C ==> f ` (A - B) = f ` A - f ` B" unfolding inj_on_def by blast
lemma image_Int: "inj f ==> f ` (A ∩ B) = f ` A ∩ f ` B" unfolding inj_def by blast
lemma image_set_diff: "inj f ==> f ` (A - B) = f ` A - f ` B" unfolding inj_def by blast
lemma inj_on_image_mem_iff: "inj_on f B ==> a ∈ B ==> A ⊆ B ==> f a ∈ f ` A ⟷ a ∈A" by (auto simp: inj_on_def)
lemma inj_image_mem_iff: "inj f ==> f a ∈ f ` A ⟷ a ∈ A" by (blast dest: injD)
lemma inj_image_subset_iff: "inj f ==> f ` A ⊆ f ` B ⟷ A ⊆ B" by (blast dest: injD)
lemma inj_image_eq_iff: "inj f ==> f ` A = f ` B ⟷ A = B" by (blast dest: injD)
lemma surj_Compl_image_subset: "surj f ==> - (f ` A) ⊆ f ` (- A)" by auto
lemma inj_image_Compl_subset: "inj f ==> f ` (- A) ⊆ - (f ` A)" by (auto simp: inj_def)
lemma bij_image_Compl_eq: "bij f ==> f ` (- A) = - (f ` A)" by (simp add: bij_def inj_image_Compl_subset surj_Compl_image_subset equalityI)
lemma inj_vimage_singleton: "inj f ==> f -` {a} ⊆ {THE x. f x = a}" 🍋‹The inverse image of a singleton under an injective function is included in a singleton.› by (simp add: inj_def) (blast intro: the_equality [symmetric])
lemma inj_on_vimage_singleton: "inj_on f A ==> f -` {a} ∩ A ⊆ {THE x. x ∈ A ∧ f x = a}" by (auto simp add: inj_on_def intro: the_equality [symmetric])
lemma bij_betw_byWitness: assumes left: "∀a ∈ A. f' (f a) = a" and right: "∀a' ∈ A'. f (f' a') = a'" and"f ` A ⊆ A'" and img2: "f' ` A' ⊆ A" shows"bij_betw f A A'" using assms unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def proof safe fix a b assume"a ∈ A""b ∈ A" with left have"a = f' (f a) ∧ b = f' (f b)"by simp moreoverassume"f a = f b" ultimatelyshow"a = b"by simp next fix a' assume *: "a' ∈ A'" with img2 have"f' a' ∈ A"by blast moreoverfrom * right have"a' = f (f' a')"by simp ultimatelyshow"a' ∈ f ` A"by blast qed
corollary notIn_Un_bij_betw: assumes"b ∉ A" and"f b ∉ A'" and"bij_betw f A A'" shows"bij_betw f (A ∪ {b}) (A' ∪ {f b})" proof - have"bij_betw f {b} {f b}" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by simp with assms show ?thesis using bij_betw_combine[of f A A' "{b}""{f b}"] by blast qed
lemma notIn_Un_bij_betw3: assumes"b ∉ A" and"f b ∉ A'" shows"bij_betw f A A' = bij_betw f (A ∪ {b}) (A' ∪ {f b})" proof assume"bij_betw f A A'" thenshow"bij_betw f (A ∪ {b}) (A' ∪ {f b})" using assms notIn_Un_bij_betw [of b A f A'] by blast next assume *: "bij_betw f (A ∪ {b}) (A' ∪ {f b})" have"f ` A = A'" proof safe fix a assume **: "a ∈ A" thenhave"f a ∈ A' ∪ {f b}" using * unfolding bij_betw_def by blast moreover have False if"f a = f b" proof - have"a = b" using * ** that unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by blast with‹b ∉ A› ** show ?thesis by blast qed ultimatelyshow"f a ∈ A'"by blast next fix a' assume **: "a' ∈ A'" thenhave"a' ∈ f ` (A ∪ {b})" using * by (auto simp add: bij_betw_def) thenobtain a where 1: "a ∈ A ∪ {b} ∧ f a = a'"by blast moreover have False if"a = b"using 1 ** ‹f b ∉ A'› that by blast ultimatelyhave"a ∈ A"by blast with 1 show"a' ∈ f ` A"by blast qed thenshow"bij_betw f A A'" using * bij_betw_subset[of f "A ∪ {b}" _ A] by blast qed
lemma inj_on_disjoint_Un: assumes"inj_on f A"and"inj_on g B" and"f ` A ∩ g ` B = {}" shows"inj_on (λx. if x ∈ A then f x else g x) (A ∪ B)" using assms by (simp add: inj_on_def disjoint_iff) (blast)
lemma bij_betw_disjoint_Un: assumes"bij_betw f A C"and"bij_betw g B D" and"A ∩ B = {}" and"C ∩ D = {}" shows"bij_betw (λx. if x ∈ A then f x else g x) (A ∪ B) (C ∪ D)" using assms by (auto simp: inj_on_disjoint_Un bij_betw_def)
lemma involuntory_imp_bij: ‹bij f›if‹∧x. f (f x) = x› proof (rule bijI) from that show‹surj f› by (rule surjI) show‹inj f› proof (rule injI) fix x y assume‹f x = f y› thenhave‹f (f x) = f (f y)› by simp thenshow‹x = y› by (simp add: that) qed qed
subsubsection ‹Inj/surj/bij of Algebraic Operations›
context cancel_semigroup_add begin
lemma inj_on_add [simp]: "inj_on ((+) a) A" by (rule inj_onI) simp
lemma inj_on_add' [simp]: "inj_on (λb. b + a) A" by (rule inj_onI) simp
lemma bij_betw_add [simp]: "bij_betw ((+) a) A B ⟷ (+) a ` A = B" by (simp add: bij_betw_def)
end
context group_add begin
lemma diff_left_imp_eq: "a - b = a - c ==> b = c" unfolding add_uminus_conv_diff[symmetric] by(drule local.add_left_imp_eq) simp
lemma inj_uminus[simp, intro]: "inj_on uminus A" by (auto intro!: inj_onI)
lemma surj_uminus[simp]: "surj uminus" using surjI minus_minus by blast
lemma surj_plus [simp]: "surj ((+) a)" proof (standard, simp, standard, simp) fix x have"x = a + (-a + x)"by (simp add: add.assoc) thus"x ∈ range ((+) a)"by blast qed
lemma surj_plus_right [simp]: "surj (λb. b+a)" proof (standard, simp, standard, simp) fix b show"b ∈ range (λb. b+a)" using diff_add_cancel[of b a, symmetric] by blast qed
lemma inj_on_diff_left [simp]: ‹inj_on ((-) a) A› by (auto intro: inj_onI dest!: diff_left_imp_eq)
lemma inj_on_diff_right [simp]: ‹inj_on (λb. b - a) A› by (auto intro: inj_onI simp add: algebra_simps)
lemma surj_diff [simp]: "surj ((-) a)" proof (standard, simp, standard, simp) fix x have"x = a - (- x + a)"by (simp add: algebra_simps) thus"x ∈ range ((-) a)"by blast qed
lemma surj_diff_right [simp]: "surj (λx. x - a)" proof (standard, simp, standard, simp) fix x have"x = x + a - a"by simp thus"x ∈ range (λx. x - a)"by fast qed
lemmashows bij_plus: "bij ((+) a)"and bij_plus_right: "bij (λx. x + a)" and bij_uminus: "bij uminus" and bij_diff: "bij ((-) a)"and bij_diff_right: "bij (λx. x - a)" by(simp_all add: bij_def)
lemma translation_subtract_Compl: "(λx. x - a) ` (- t) = - ((λx. x - a) ` t)" by(rule bij_image_Compl_eq)
(auto simp add: bij_def surj_def inj_def diff_eq_eq intro!: add_diff_cancel[symmetric])
lemma translation_diff: "(+) a ` (s - t) = ((+) a ` s) - ((+) a ` t)" by auto
lemma translation_subtract_diff: "(λx. x - a) ` (s - t) = ((λx. x - a) ` s) - ((λx. x - a) ` t)" by(rule image_set_diff)(simp add: inj_on_def diff_eq_eq)
lemma translation_Int: "(+) a ` (s ∩ t) = ((+) a ` s) ∩ ((+) a ` t)" by auto
lemma translation_subtract_Int: "(λx. x - a) ` (s ∩ t) = ((λx. x - a) ` s) ∩ ((λx. x - a) ` t)" by(rule image_Int)(simp add: inj_on_def diff_eq_eq)
lemma translation_Compl: "(+) a ` (- t) = - ((+) a ` t)" proof (rule set_eqI) fix b show"b ∈ (+) a ` (- t) ⟷ b ∈ - (+) a ` t" by (auto simp: image_iff algebra_simps intro!: bexI [of _ "- a + b"]) qed
end
subsection‹Function Updating›
definition fun_upd :: "('a ==> 'b) ==> 'a ==> 'b ==> ('a ==> 'b)" where"fun_upd f a b = (λx. if x = a then b else f x)"
nonterminal updbinds and updbind
open_bundle update_syntax begin
syntax "_updbind" :: "'a ==> 'a ==> updbind" (‹(‹indent=2 notation=‹mixfix update›\›_ :=/ _)›) "" :: "updbind ==> updbinds" (‹_›) "_updbinds":: "updbind ==> updbinds ==> updbinds" (‹_,/ _›) "_Update" :: "'a ==> updbinds ==> 'a"
(‹(‹open_block notation=‹mixfix function update›\›_/'((2_)'))› [1000, 0] 900)
syntax_consts "_Update"⇌ fun_upd translations "_Update f (_updbinds b bs)"⇌"_Update (_Update f b) bs" "f(x:=y)"⇌"CONST fun_upd f x y"
end
(* Hint: to define the sum of two functions (or maps), use case_sum. A nice infix syntax could be defined by notation case_sum (infixr "'(+')"80) *)
lemma fun_upd_idem_iff: "f(x:=y) = f ⟷ f x = y" unfolding fun_upd_def apply safe apply (erule subst) apply auto done
lemma fun_upd_idem: "f x = y ==> f(x := y) = f" by (simp only: fun_upd_idem_iff)
lemma fun_upd_triv [iff]: "f(x := f x) = f" by (simp only: fun_upd_idem)
lemma fun_upd_apply [simp]: "(f(x := y)) z = (if z = x then y else f z)" by (simp add: fun_upd_def)
(* fun_upd_apply supersedes these two, but they are useful if fun_upd_apply is intentionally removed from the simpset *) lemma fun_upd_same: "(f(x := y)) x = y" by simp
lemma fun_upd_other: "z ≠ x ==> (f(x := y)) z = f z" by simp
lemma fun_upd_upd [simp]: "f(x := y, x := z) = f(x := z)" by (simp add: fun_eq_iff)
lemma fun_upd_twist: "a ≠ c ==> (m(a := b))(c := d) = (m(c := d))(a := b)" by auto
lemma inj_on_fun_updI: "inj_on f A ==> y ∉ f ` A ==> inj_on (f(x := y)) A" by (auto simp: inj_on_def)
lemma fun_upd_image: "f(x := y) ` A = (if x ∈ A then insert y (f ` (A - {x})) else f ` A)" by auto
lemma fun_upd_comp: "f ∘ (g(x := y)) = (f ∘ g)(x := f y)" by auto
lemma fun_upd_eqD: "f(x := y) = g(x := z) ==> y = z" by (simp add: fun_eq_iff split: if_split_asm)
subsection‹‹override_on›\›
definition override_on :: "('a ==> 'b) ==> ('a ==> 'b) ==> 'a set ==> 'a ==> 'b" where"override_on f g A = (λa. if a ∈ A then g a else f a)"
lemma override_on_emptyset[simp]: "override_on f g {} = f" by (simp add: override_on_def)
lemma override_on_apply_notin[simp]: "a ∉ A ==> (override_on f g A) a = f a" by (simp add: override_on_def)
lemma override_on_apply_in[simp]: "a ∈ A ==> (override_on f g A) a = g a" by (simp add: override_on_def)
lemma override_on_insert: "override_on f g (insert x X) = (override_on f g X)(x:=g x)" by (simp add: override_on_def fun_eq_iff)
lemma override_on_insert': "override_on f g (insert x X) = (override_on (f(x:=g x)) g X)" by (simp add: override_on_def fun_eq_iff)
subsection‹Inversion of injective functions›
definition the_inv_into :: "'a set ==> ('a ==> 'b) ==> ('b ==> 'a)" where"the_inv_into A f = (λx. THE y. y ∈ A ∧ f y = x)"
lemma the_inv_into_f_f: "inj_on f A ==> x ∈ A ==> the_inv_into A f (f x) = x" unfolding the_inv_into_def inj_on_def by blast
lemma f_the_inv_into_f: "inj_on f A ==> y ∈ f ` A ==> f (the_inv_into A f y) = y" unfolding the_inv_into_def by (rule the1I2; blast dest: inj_onD)
lemma f_the_inv_into_f_bij_betw: "bij_betw f A B ==> (bij_betw f A B ==> x ∈ B) ==> f (the_inv_into A f x) = x" unfolding bij_betw_def by (blast intro: f_the_inv_into_f)
lemma the_inv_into_into: "inj_on f A ==> x ∈ f ` A ==> A ⊆ B ==> the_inv_into A f x ∈ B" unfolding the_inv_into_def by (rule the1I2; blast dest: inj_onD)
lemma the_inv_into_onto [simp]: "inj_on f A ==> the_inv_into A f ` (f ` A) = A" by (fast intro: the_inv_into_into the_inv_into_f_f [symmetric])
lemma the_inv_into_f_eq: "inj_on f A ==> f x = y ==> x ∈ A ==> the_inv_into A f y = x" by (force simp add: the_inv_into_f_f)
lemma the_inv_into_comp: "inj_on f (g ` A) ==> inj_on g A ==> x ∈ f ` g ` A ==> the_inv_into A (f ∘ g) x = (the_inv_into A g ∘ the_inv_into (g ` A) f) x" apply (rule the_inv_into_f_eq) apply (fast intro: comp_inj_on) apply (simp add: f_the_inv_into_f the_inv_into_into) apply (simp add: the_inv_into_into) done
lemma inj_on_the_inv_into: "inj_on f A ==> inj_on (the_inv_into A f) (f ` A)" by (auto intro: inj_onI simp: the_inv_into_f_f)
lemma bij_betw_the_inv_into: "bij_betw f A B ==> bij_betw (the_inv_into A f) B A" by (auto simp add: bij_betw_def inj_on_the_inv_into the_inv_into_into)
lemma bij_betw_iff_bijections: "bij_betw f A B ⟷ (∃g. (∀x ∈ A. f x ∈ B ∧ g(f x) = x) ∧ (∀y ∈ B. g y ∈ A ∧ f(g y) = y))"
(is"?lhs = ?rhs") proof show"?lhs ==> ?rhs" by (auto simp: bij_betw_def f_the_inv_into_f the_inv_into_f_f the_inv_into_into
exI[where ?x="the_inv_into A f"]) next show"?rhs ==> ?lhs" by (force intro: bij_betw_byWitness) qed
abbreviation antimono :: "('a ==> 'b::order) ==> bool" where"antimono ≡ monotone (≤) (λx y. y ≤ x)"
lemma mono_def[no_atp]: "mono f ⟷ (∀x y. x ≤ y ⟶ f x ≤ f y)" by (simp add: monotone_on_def)
lemma strict_mono_def[no_atp]: "strict_mono f ⟷ (∀x y. x < y ⟶ f x < f y)" by (simp add: monotone_on_def)
lemma antimono_def[no_atp]: "antimono f ⟷ (∀x y. x ≤ y ⟶ f x ≥ f y)" by (simp add: monotone_on_def)
text‹Lemmas @{thm [source] mono_def}, @{thm [source] strict_mono_def}, and @{thm [source] antimono_def} are provided for backward compatibility.›
lemma monoI [intro?]: "(∧x y. x ≤ y ==> f x ≤ f y) ==> mono f" by (rule monotoneI)
lemma strict_monoI [intro?]: "(∧x y. x < y ==> f x < f y) ==> strict_mono f" by (rule monotoneI)
lemma antimonoI [intro?]: "(∧x y. x ≤ y ==> f x ≥ f y) ==> antimono f" by (rule monotoneI)
lemma monoD [dest?]: "mono f ==> x ≤ y ==> f x ≤ f y" by (rule monotoneD)
lemma strict_monoD [dest?]: "strict_mono f ==> x < y ==> f x < f y" by (rule monotoneD)
lemma antimonoD [dest?]: "antimono f ==> x ≤ y ==> f x ≥ f y" by (rule monotoneD)
lemma monoE: assumes"mono f" assumes"x ≤ y" obtains"f x ≤ f y" proof from assms show"f x ≤ f y"by (simp add: mono_def) qed
lemma antimonoE: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::order" assumes"antimono f" assumes"x ≤ y" obtains"f x ≥ f y" proof from assms show"f x ≥ f y"by (simp add: antimono_def) qed
end
lemma mono_imp_mono_on: "mono f ==> mono_on A f" by (rule monotone_on_subset[OF _ subset_UNIV])
lemma strict_mono_on_imp_mono_on: "strict_mono_on A f ==> mono_on A f" for f :: "'a::order ==> 'b::preorder" proof (intro mono_onI) fix r s :: 'a assume asm: "r ≤ s""strict_mono_on A f""r ∈ A""s ∈ A" from this(1) consider "r < s" | "r = s"by fastforce thenshow"f r ≤ f s" proof(cases) case 1 from strict_mono_onD[OF asm(2-4) this] show ?thesis by (fact order.strict_implies_order) qed simp qed
lemma strict_mono_mono [dest?]: "strict_mono f ==> mono f" by (fact strict_mono_on_imp_mono_on)
lemma mono_on_ident: "mono_on S (λx. x)" by (intro monotone_onI)
lemma mono_on_id: "mono_on S id" unfolding id_def by (fact mono_on_ident)
lemma strict_mono_on_ident: "strict_mono_on S (λx. x)" by (intro monotone_onI)
lemma strict_mono_on_id: "strict_mono_on S id" unfolding id_def by (fact strict_mono_on_ident)
lemma mono_on_const: fixes a :: "'b::preorder"shows"mono_on S (λx. a)" by (intro monotone_onI order.refl)
lemma antimono_on_const: fixes a :: "'b::preorder"shows"antimono_on S (λx. a)" by (intro monotone_onI order.refl)
context linorder begin
lemma mono_on_strict_invE: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::preorder" assumes"mono_on S f" assumes"x ∈ S""y ∈ S" assumes"f x < f y" obtains"x < y" proof show"x < y" proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ x < y" thenhave"y ≤ x"by simp with‹mono_on S f›‹x ∈ S›‹y ∈ S›have"f y ≤ f x"by (simp only: monotone_onD) with‹f x 🚫 y›show False by (simp add: preorder_class.less_le_not_le) qed qed
corollary mono_on_invE: fixes f :: "'a ==> 'b::preorder" assumes"mono_on S f" assumes"x ∈ S""y ∈ S" assumes"f x < f y" obtains"x ≤ y" using assms mono_on_strict_invE[of S f x y thesis] by simp
lemma strict_mono_on_eq: assumes"strict_mono_on S (f::'a ==> 'b::preorder)" assumes"x ∈ S""y ∈ S" shows"f x = f y ⟷ x = y" proof assume"f x = f y" show"x = y"proof (cases x y rule: linorder_cases) case less with assms have"f x < f y"by (simp add: monotone_onD) with‹f x = f y›show ?thesis by simp next case equal thenshow ?thesis . next case greater with assms have"f y < f x"by (simp add: monotone_onD) with‹f x = f y›show ?thesis by simp qed qed simp
lemma strict_mono_on_less_eq: assumes"strict_mono_on S (f::'a ==> 'b::preorder)" assumes"x ∈ S""y ∈ S" shows"f x ≤ f y ⟷ x ≤ y" proof assume"x ≤ y" thenshow"f x ≤ f y" using nless_le[of x y] monotone_onD[OF assms] order_less_imp_le[of "f x""f y"] by blast next assume"f x ≤ f y" show"x ≤ y" proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ x ≤ y" thenhave"y < x"by simp with assms have"f y < f x"by (simp add: monotone_onD) with‹f x ≤ f y›show False by (simp add: preorder_class.less_le_not_le) qed qed
lemma strict_mono_on_less: assumes"strict_mono_on S (f::'a ==> _::preorder)" assumes"x ∈ S""y ∈ S" shows"f x < f y ⟷ x < y" using assms strict_mono_on_eq[of S f x y] by (auto simp add: strict_mono_on_less_eq preorder_class.less_le_not_le)
lemma strict_mono_inv: fixes f :: "('a::linorder) ==> ('b::linorder)" assumes"strict_mono f"and"surj f"and inv: "∧x. g (f x) = x" shows"strict_mono g" proof fix x y :: 'b assume"x < y" from‹surj f›obtain x' y' where [simp]: "x = f x'""y = f y'"by blast with‹x 🚫›and‹strict_mono f›have"x' < y'"by (simp add: strict_mono_less) with inv show"g x < g y"by simp qed
lemma strict_mono_on_imp_inj_on: fixes f :: "'a::linorder ==> 'b::preorder" assumes"strict_mono_on A f" shows"inj_on f A" proof (rule inj_onI) fix x y assume"x ∈ A""y ∈ A""f x = f y" thus"x = y" by (cases x y rule: linorder_cases)
(auto dest: strict_mono_onD[OF assms, of x y] strict_mono_onD[OF assms, of y x]) qed
lemma strict_mono_on_leD: fixes f :: "'a::order ==> 'b::preorder" assumes"strict_mono_on A f""x ∈ A""y ∈ A""x ≤ y" shows"f x ≤ f y" proof (cases "x = y") case True thenshow ?thesis by simp next case False with assms have"f x < f y" using strict_mono_onD[OF assms(1)] by simp thenshow ?thesis by (rule less_imp_le) qed
lemma strict_mono_on_eqD: fixes f :: "'c::linorder ==> 'd::preorder" assumes"strict_mono_on A f""f x = f y""x ∈ A""y ∈ A" shows"y = x" using assms by (cases rule: linorder_cases) (auto dest: strict_mono_onD)
lemma mono_imp_strict_mono: fixes f :: "'a::order ==> 'b::order" shows"[mono_on S f; inj_on f S]==> strict_mono_on S f" by (auto simp add: monotone_on_def order_less_le inj_on_eq_iff)
lemma strict_mono_iff_mono: fixes f :: "'a::linorder ==> 'b::order" shows"strict_mono_on S f ⟷ mono_on S f ∧ inj_on f S" proof show"strict_mono_on S f ==> mono_on S f ∧ inj_on f S" by (simp add: strict_mono_on_imp_inj_on strict_mono_on_imp_mono_on) qed (auto intro: mono_imp_strict_mono)
lemma antimono_imp_strict_antimono: fixes f :: "'a::order ==> 'b::order" shows"[antimono_on S f; inj_on f S]==> strict_antimono_on S f" by (auto simp add: monotone_on_def order_less_le inj_on_eq_iff)
lemma strict_antimono_iff_antimono: fixes f :: "'a::linorder ==> 'b::order" shows"strict_antimono_on S f ⟷ antimono_on S f ∧ inj_on f S" proof show"strict_antimono_on S f ==> antimono_on S f ∧ inj_on f S" by (force simp add: monotone_on_def intro: linorder_inj_onI) qed (auto intro: antimono_imp_strict_antimono)
lemma mono_compose: "mono Q ==> mono (λi x. Q i (f x))" unfolding mono_def le_fun_def by auto
lemma mono_add: fixes a :: "'a::ordered_ab_semigroup_add" shows"mono ((+) a)" by (simp add: add_left_mono monoI)
lemma (in semilattice_inf) mono_inf: "mono f ==> f (A ⊓ B) ≤ f A ⊓ f B" for f :: "'a ==> 'b::semilattice_inf" by (auto simp add: mono_def intro: Lattices.inf_greatest)
lemma (in semilattice_sup) mono_sup: "mono f ==> f A ⊔ f B ≤ f (A ⊔ B)" for f :: "'a ==> 'b::semilattice_sup" by (auto simp add: mono_def intro: Lattices.sup_least)
lemma monotone_on_sup_fun: fixes f g :: "_ ==> _:: semilattice_sup" shows"monotone_on A P (≤) f ==> monotone_on A P (≤) g ==> monotone_on A P (≤) (f⊔ g)" by (auto intro: monotone_onI sup_mono dest: monotone_onD simp: sup_fun_def)
lemma monotone_on_inf_fun: fixes f g :: "_ ==> _:: semilattice_inf" shows"monotone_on A P (≤) f ==> monotone_on A P (≤) g ==> monotone_on A P (≤) (f⊓ g)" by (auto intro: monotone_onI inf_mono dest: monotone_onD simp: inf_fun_def)
lemma antimonotone_on_sup_fun: fixes f g :: "_ ==> _:: semilattice_sup" shows"monotone_on A P (≥) f ==> monotone_on A P (≥) g ==> monotone_on A P (≥) (f⊔ g)" by (auto intro: monotone_onI sup_mono dest: monotone_onD simp: sup_fun_def)
lemma antimonotone_on_inf_fun: fixes f g :: "_ ==> _:: semilattice_inf" shows"monotone_on A P (≥) f ==> monotone_on A P (≥) g ==> monotone_on A P (≥) (f⊓ g)" by (auto intro: monotone_onI inf_mono dest: monotone_onD simp: inf_fun_def)
lemma (in linorder) min_of_mono: "mono f ==> min (f m) (f n) = f (min m n)" by (auto simp: mono_def Orderings.min_def min_def intro: Orderings.antisym)
lemma (in linorder) max_of_mono: "mono f ==> max (f m) (f n) = f (max m n)" by (auto simp: mono_def Orderings.max_def max_def intro: Orderings.antisym)
lemma (in linorder)
max_of_antimono: "antimono f ==> max (f x) (f y) = f (min x y)"and
min_of_antimono: "antimono f ==> min (f x) (f y) = f (max x y)" by (auto simp: antimono_def Orderings.max_def max_def Orderings.min_def min_def intro!: antisym)
lemma (in linorder) strict_mono_imp_inj_on: "strict_mono f ==> inj_on f A" by (auto intro!: inj_onI dest: strict_mono_eq)
lemma mono_Int: "mono f ==> f (A ∩ B) ⊆ f A ∩ f B" by (fact mono_inf)
lemma mono_Un: "mono f ==> f A ∪ f B ⊆ f (A ∪ B)" by (fact mono_sup)
subsubsection ‹Least value operator›
lemma Least_mono: "mono f ==>∃x∈S. ∀y∈S. x ≤ y ==> (LEAST y. y ∈ f ` S) = f (LEAST x. x ∈ S)" for f :: "'a::order ==> 'b::order" 🍋‹Courtesy of Stephan Merz› apply clarify apply (erule_tac P = "λx. x ∈ S"in LeastI2_order) apply fast apply (rule LeastI2_order) apply (auto elim: monoD intro!: order_antisym) done
subsection‹Setup›
subsubsection ‹Proof tools›
text‹Simplify terms of the form ‹f(…,x:=y,…,x:=z,…)›to ‹f(…,x:=z,…)›\›
simproc_setup fun_upd2 ("f(v := w, x := y)") = ‹ let fun gen_fun_upd _ _ _ _ NONE = NONE | gen_fun_upd A B x y (SOME f) = SOME 🍋‹fun_upd A B for f x y› fun find_double (t as 🍋‹fun_upd A B for f x y›) = let fun find 🍋‹fun_upd _ _ for g v w›= if v aconv x then SOME g else gen_fun_upd A B v w (find g) | find t = NONE in gen_fun_upd A B x y (find f) end val ss = simpset_of 🍋 in fn _ => fn ctxt => fn ct => let val t = Thm.term_of ct in find_double t |> Option.map (fn rhs => Goal.prove ctxt [] [] (Logic.mk_equals (t, rhs)) (fn _ => resolve_tac ctxt [eq_reflection] 1 THEN resolve_tac ctxt @{thms ext} 1 THEN simp_tac (put_simpset ss ctxt) 1)) end end ›
subsubsection ‹Functorial structure of types›
ML_file ‹Tools/functor.ML›
functor map_fun: map_fun by (simp_all add: fun_eq_iff)
functor vimage by (simp_all add: fun_eq_iff vimage_comp)
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