(* Author: Tobias Nipkow *)
section ‹2-3 Tree Implementation of Sets
›
theory Tree23_Set
imports
Tree23
Cmp
Set_Specs
begin
declare sorted_wrt.simps(2)[simp del]
definition empty ::
"'a tree23" where
"empty = Leaf"
fun isin ::
"'a::linorder tree23 \ 'a \ bool" where
"isin Leaf x = False" |
"isin (Node2 l a r) x =
(
case cmp x a of
LT
==> isin l x |
EQ
==> True |
GT
==> isin r x)
" |
"isin (Node3 l a m b r) x =
(
case cmp x a of
LT
==> isin l x |
EQ
==> True |
GT
==>
(
case cmp x b of
LT
==> isin m x |
EQ
==> True |
GT
==> isin r x))
"
datatype 'a up\<^sub>i = Eq\<^sub>i "'a tree23
" | Of "'a tree23" 'a
"'a tree23"
fun tree
🚫i ::
"'a up\<^sub>i \ 'a tree23" where
"tree\<^sub>i (Eq\<^sub>i t) = t" |
"tree\<^sub>i (Of l a r) = Node2 l a r"
fun ins ::
"'a::linorder \ 'a tree23 \ 'a up\<^sub>i" where
"ins x Leaf = Of Leaf x Leaf" |
"ins x (Node2 l a r) =
(
case cmp x a of
LT
==>
(
case ins x l of
Eq
🚫i l
' => Eq\<^sub>i (Node2 l' a r) |
Of l1 b l2 => Eq
🚫i (Node3 l1 b l2 a r)) |
EQ
==> Eq
🚫i (Node2 l a r) |
GT
==>
(
case ins x r of
Eq
🚫i r
' => Eq\<^sub>i (Node2 l a r') |
Of r1 b r2 => Eq
🚫i (Node3 l a r1 b r2)))
" |
"ins x (Node3 l a m b r) =
(
case cmp x a of
LT
==>
(
case ins x l of
Eq
🚫i l
' => Eq\<^sub>i (Node3 l' a m b r) |
Of l1 c l2 => Of (Node2 l1 c l2) a (Node2 m b r)) |
EQ
==> Eq
🚫i (Node3 l a m b r) |
GT
==>
(
case cmp x b of
GT
==>
(
case ins x r of
Eq
🚫i r
' => Eq\<^sub>i (Node3 l a m b r') |
Of r1 c r2 => Of (Node2 l a m) b (Node2 r1 c r2)) |
EQ
==> Eq
🚫i (Node3 l a m b r) |
LT
==>
(
case ins x m of
Eq
🚫i m
' => Eq\<^sub>i (Node3 l a m' b r) |
Of m1 c m2 => Of (Node2 l a m1) c (Node2 m2 b r))))
"
hide_const insert
definition insert ::
"'a::linorder \ 'a tree23 \ 'a tree23" where
"insert x t = tree\<^sub>i(ins x t)"
datatype 'a up\<^sub>d = Eq\<^sub>d "'a tree23
" | Uf "'a tree23"
fun tree
🚫d ::
"'a up\<^sub>d \ 'a tree23" where
"tree\<^sub>d (Eq\<^sub>d t) = t" |
"tree\<^sub>d (Uf t) = t"
(* Variation: return None to signal no-change *)
fun node21 ::
"'a up\<^sub>d \ 'a \ 'a tree23 \ 'a up\<^sub>d" where
"node21 (Eq\<^sub>d t1) a t2 = Eq\<^sub>d(Node2 t1 a t2)" |
"node21 (Uf t1) a (Node2 t2 b t3) = Uf(Node3 t1 a t2 b t3)" |
"node21 (Uf t1) a (Node3 t2 b t3 c t4) = Eq\<^sub>d(Node2 (Node2 t1 a t2) b (Node2 t3 c t4))"
fun node22 ::
"'a tree23 \ 'a \ 'a up\<^sub>d \ 'a up\<^sub>d" where
"node22 t1 a (Eq\<^sub>d t2) = Eq\<^sub>d(Node2 t1 a t2)" |
"node22 (Node2 t1 b t2) a (Uf t3) = Uf(Node3 t1 b t2 a t3)" |
"node22 (Node3 t1 b t2 c t3) a (Uf t4) = Eq\<^sub>d(Node2 (Node2 t1 b t2) c (Node2 t3 a t4))"
fun node31 ::
"'a up\<^sub>d \ 'a \ 'a tree23 \ 'a \ 'a tree23 \ 'a up\<^sub>d" where
"node31 (Eq\<^sub>d t1) a t2 b t3 = Eq\<^sub>d(Node3 t1 a t2 b t3)" |
"node31 (Uf t1) a (Node2 t2 b t3) c t4 = Eq\<^sub>d(Node2 (Node3 t1 a t2 b t3) c t4)" |
"node31 (Uf t1) a (Node3 t2 b t3 c t4) d t5 = Eq\<^sub>d(Node3 (Node2 t1 a t2) b (Node2 t3 c t4) d t5)"
fun node32 ::
"'a tree23 \ 'a \ 'a up\<^sub>d \ 'a \ 'a tree23 \ 'a up\<^sub>d" where
"node32 t1 a (Eq\<^sub>d t2) b t3 = Eq\<^sub>d(Node3 t1 a t2 b t3)" |
"node32 t1 a (Uf t2) b (Node2 t3 c t4) = Eq\<^sub>d(Node2 t1 a (Node3 t2 b t3 c t4))" |
"node32 t1 a (Uf t2) b (Node3 t3 c t4 d t5) = Eq\<^sub>d(Node3 t1 a (Node2 t2 b t3) c (Node2 t4 d t5))"
fun node33 ::
"'a tree23 \ 'a \ 'a tree23 \ 'a \ 'a up\<^sub>d \ 'a up\<^sub>d" where
"node33 t1 a t2 b (Eq\<^sub>d t3) = Eq\<^sub>d(Node3 t1 a t2 b t3)" |
"node33 t1 a (Node2 t2 b t3) c (Uf t4) = Eq\<^sub>d(Node2 t1 a (Node3 t2 b t3 c t4))" |
"node33 t1 a (Node3 t2 b t3 c t4) d (Uf t5) = Eq\<^sub>d(Node3 t1 a (Node2 t2 b t3) c (Node2 t4 d t5))"
fun split_min ::
"'a tree23 \ 'a * 'a up\<^sub>d" where
"split_min (Node2 Leaf a Leaf) = (a, Uf Leaf)" |
"split_min (Node3 Leaf a Leaf b Leaf) = (a, Eq\<^sub>d(Node2 Leaf b Leaf))" |
"split_min (Node2 l a r) = (let (x,l') = split_min l in (x, node21 l' a r))" |
"split_min (Node3 l a m b r) = (let (x,l') = split_min l in (x, node31 l' a m b r))"
text ‹In the base cases of
‹split_min
› and ‹del
› it
is enough
to check
if one subtree
is a
‹Leaf
›,
in which
case completeness implies that so are the others. Exercise.
›
fun del ::
"'a::linorder \ 'a tree23 \ 'a up\<^sub>d" where
"del x Leaf = Eq\<^sub>d Leaf" |
"del x (Node2 Leaf a Leaf) =
(
if x = a
then Uf Leaf else Eq
🚫d(Node2 Leaf a Leaf))
" |
"del x (Node3 Leaf a Leaf b Leaf) =
Eq
🚫d(
if x = a
then Node2 Leaf b Leaf else
if x = b
then Node2 Leaf a Leaf
else Node3 Leaf a Leaf b Leaf)
" |
"del x (Node2 l a r) =
(
case cmp x a of
LT
==> node21 (del x l) a r |
GT
==> node22 l a (del x r) |
EQ
==> let (a
',r') = split_min r
in node22 l a
' r')
" |
"del x (Node3 l a m b r) =
(
case cmp x a of
LT
==> node31 (del x l) a m b r |
EQ
==> let (a
',m') = split_min m
in node32 l a
' m' b r |
GT
==>
(
case cmp x b of
LT
==> node32 l a (del x m) b r |
EQ
==> let (b
',r') = split_min r
in node33 l a m b
' r' |
GT
==> node33 l a m b (del x r)))
"
definition delete ::
"'a::linorder \ 'a tree23 \ 'a tree23" where
"delete x t = tree\<^sub>d(del x t)"
subsection "Functional Correctness"
subsubsection
"Proofs for isin"
lemma isin_set:
"sorted(inorder t) \ isin t x = (x \ set (inorder t))"
by (
induction t) (auto simp: isin_simps)
subsubsection
"Proofs for insert"
lemma inorder_ins:
"sorted(inorder t) \ inorder(tree\<^sub>i(ins x t)) = ins_list x (inorder t)"
by(
induction t) (auto simp: ins_list_simps split: up
🚫i.splits)
lemma inorder_insert:
"sorted(inorder t) \ inorder(insert a t) = ins_list a (inorder t)"
by(simp add: insert_def inorder_ins)
subsubsection
"Proofs for delete"
lemma inorder_node21:
"height r > 0 \
inorder (tree
🚫d (node21 l
' a r)) = inorder (tree\<^sub>d l') @ a # inorder r
"
by(induct l
' a r rule: node21.induct) auto
lemma inorder_node22:
"height l > 0 \
inorder (tree
🚫d (node22 l a r
')) = inorder l @ a # inorder (tree\<^sub>d r')
"
by(induct l a r
' rule: node22.induct) auto
lemma inorder_node31:
"height m > 0 \
inorder (tree
🚫d (node31 l
' a m b r)) = inorder (tree\<^sub>d l') @ a # inorder m @ b # inorder r
"
by(induct l
' a m b r rule: node31.induct) auto
lemma inorder_node32:
"height r > 0 \
inorder (tree
🚫d (node32 l a m
' b r)) = inorder l @ a # inorder (tree\<^sub>d m') @ b # inorder
r"
by(induct l a m' b r rule: node32.induct) auto
lemma inorder_node33: "height m > 0 \
inorder (tree🚫d (node33 l a m b r')) = inorder l @ a # inorder m @ b # inorder (tree\<^sub>d r')"
by(induct l a m b r' rule: node33.induct) auto
lemmas inorder_nodes = inorder_node21 inorder_node22
inorder_node31 inorder_node32 inorder_node33
lemma split_minD:
"split_min t = (x,t') \ complete t \ height t > 0 \
x # inorder(tree🚫d t') = inorder t"
by(induction t arbitrary: t' rule: split_min.induct)
(auto simp: inorder_nodes split: prod.splits)
lemma inorder_del: "\ complete t ; sorted(inorder t) \ \
inorder(tree🚫d (del x t)) = del_list x (inorder t)"
by(induction t rule: del.induct)
(auto simp: del_list_simps inorder_nodes split_minD split!: if_split prod.splits)
lemma inorder_delete: "\ complete t ; sorted(inorder t) \ \
inorder(delete x t) = del_list x (inorder t)"
by(simp add: delete_def inorder_del)
subsection ‹Completeness›
subsubsection "Proofs for insert"
text‹First a standard proof that 🍋‹ins› preserves 🍋‹complete›.›
fun h🚫i :: "'a up\<^sub>i \ nat" where
"h\<^sub>i (Eq\<^sub>i t) = height t" |
"h\<^sub>i (Of l a r) = height l"
lemma complete_ins: "complete t \ complete (tree\<^sub>i(ins a t)) \ h\<^sub>i(ins a t) = height t"
by (induct t) (auto split!: if_split up🚫i.split) (* 15 secs in 2015 *)
text‹Now an alternative proof (by Brian Huffman) that runs faster because
two properties (completeness and height) are combined in one predicate.›
inductive full :: "nat \ 'a tree23 \ bool" where
"full 0 Leaf" |
"\full n l; full n r\ \ full (Suc n) (Node2 l p r)" |
"\full n l; full n m; full n r\ \ full (Suc n) (Node3 l p m q r)"
inductive_cases full_elims:
"full n Leaf"
"full n (Node2 l p r)"
"full n (Node3 l p m q r)"
inductive_cases full_0_elim: "full 0 t"
inductive_cases full_Suc_elim: "full (Suc n) t"
lemma full_0_iff [simp]: "full 0 t \ t = Leaf"
by (auto elim: full_0_elim intro: full.intros)
lemma full_Leaf_iff [simp]: "full n Leaf \ n = 0"
by (auto elim: full_elims intro: full.intros)
lemma full_Suc_Node2_iff [simp]:
"full (Suc n) (Node2 l p r) \ full n l \ full n r"
by (auto elim: full_elims intro: full.intros)
lemma full_Suc_Node3_iff [simp]:
"full (Suc n) (Node3 l p m q r) \ full n l \ full n m \ full n r"
by (auto elim: full_elims intro: full.intros)
lemma full_imp_height: "full n t \ height t = n"
by (induct set: full, simp_all)
lemma full_imp_complete: "full n t \ complete t"
by (induct set: full, auto dest: full_imp_height)
lemma complete_imp_full: "complete t \ full (height t) t"
by (induct t, simp_all)
lemma complete_iff_full: "complete t \ (\n. full n t)"
by (auto elim!: complete_imp_full full_imp_complete)
text ‹The 🍋‹insert› function either preserves the height of the
tree, or increases it by one. The constructor returned by the 🍋‹insert› function determines which: A return value of the form 🍋‹Eq🚫i t› indicates that the height will be the same. A value of the
form 🍋‹Of l p r› indicates an increase in height.›
fun full🚫i :: "nat \ 'a up\<^sub>i \ bool" where
"full\<^sub>i n (Eq\<^sub>i t) \ full n t" |
"full\<^sub>i n (Of l p r) \ full n l \ full n r"
lemma full🚫i_ins: "full n t \ full\<^sub>i n (ins a t)"
by (induct rule: full.induct) (auto split: up🚫i.split)
text ‹The 🍋‹insert› operation preserves completeance.›
lemma complete_insert: "complete t \ complete (insert a t)"
unfolding complete_iff_full insert_def
apply (erule exE)
apply (drule full🚫i_ins [of _ _ a])
apply (cases "ins a t")
apply (auto intro: full.intros)
done
subsection "Proofs for delete"
fun h🚫d :: "'a up\<^sub>d \ nat" where
"h\<^sub>d (Eq\<^sub>d t) = height t" |
"h\<^sub>d (Uf t) = height t + 1"
lemma complete_tree🚫d_node21:
"\complete r; complete (tree\<^sub>d l'); height r = h\<^sub>d l' \ \ complete (tree\<^sub>d (node21 l' a r))"
by(induct l' a r rule: node21.induct) auto
lemma complete_tree🚫d_node22:
"\complete(tree\<^sub>d r'); complete l; h\<^sub>d r' = height l \ \ complete (tree\<^sub>d (node22 l a r'))"
by(induct l a r' rule: node22.induct) auto
lemma complete_tree🚫d_node31:
"\ complete (tree\<^sub>d l'); complete m; complete r; h\<^sub>d l' = height r; height m = height r \
==> complete (tree🚫d (node31 l' a m b r))"
by(induct l' a m b r rule: node31.induct) auto
lemma complete_tree🚫d_node32:
"\ complete l; complete (tree\<^sub>d m'); complete r; height l = height r; h\<^sub>d m' = height r \
==> complete (tree🚫d (node32 l a m' b r))"
by(induct l a m' b r rule: node32.induct) auto
lemma complete_tree🚫d_node33:
"\ complete l; complete m; complete(tree\<^sub>d r'); height l = h\<^sub>d r'; height m = h\<^sub>d r' \
==> complete (tree🚫d (node33 l a m b r'))"
by(induct l a m b r' rule: node33.induct) auto
lemmas completes = complete_tree🚫d_node21 complete_tree🚫d_node22
complete_tree🚫d_node31 complete_tree🚫d_node32 complete_tree🚫d_node33
lemma height'_node21:
"height r > 0 \ h\<^sub>d(node21 l' a r) = max (h\<^sub>d l') (height r) + 1"
by(induct l' a r rule: node21.induct)(simp_all)
lemma height'_node22:
"height l > 0 \ h\<^sub>d(node22 l a r') = max (height l) (h\<^sub>d r') + 1"
by(induct l a r' rule: node22.induct)(simp_all)
lemma height'_node31:
"height m > 0 \ h\<^sub>d(node31 l a m b r) =
max (h🚫d l) (max (height m) (height r)) + 1"
by(induct l a m b r rule: node31.induct)(simp_all add: max_def)
lemma height'_node32:
"height r > 0 \ h\<^sub>d(node32 l a m b r) =
max (height l) (max (h🚫d m) (height r)) + 1"
by(induct l a m b r rule: node32.induct)(simp_all add: max_def)
lemma height'_node33:
"height m > 0 \ h\<^sub>d(node33 l a m b r) =
max (height l) (max (height m) (h🚫d r)) + 1"
by(induct l a m b r rule: node33.induct)(simp_all add: max_def)
lemmas heights = height'_node21 height'_node22
height'_node31 height'_node32 height'_node33
lemma height_split_min:
"split_min t = (x, t') \ height t > 0 \ complete t \ h\<^sub>d t' = height t"
by(induct t arbitrary: x t' rule: split_min.induct)
(auto simp: heights split: prod.splits)
lemma height_del: "complete t \ h\<^sub>d(del x t) = height t"
by(induction x t rule: del.induct)
(auto simp: heights max_def height_split_min split: prod.splits)
lemma complete_split_min:
"\ split_min t = (x, t'); complete t; height t > 0 \ \ complete (tree\<^sub>d t')"
by(induct t arbitrary: x t' rule: split_min.induct)
(auto simp: heights height_split_min completes split: prod.splits)
lemma complete_tree🚫d_del: "complete t \ complete(tree\<^sub>d(del x t))"
by(induction x t rule: del.induct)
(auto simp: completes complete_split_min height_del height_split_min split: prod.splits)
corollary complete_delete: "complete t \ complete(delete x t)"
by(simp add: delete_def complete_tree🚫d_del)
subsection ‹Overall Correctness›
interpretation S: Set_by_Ordered
where empty = empty and isin = isin and insert = insert and delete = delete
and inorder = inorder and inv = complete
proof (standard, goal_cases)
case 2 thus ?case by(simp add: isin_set)
next
case 3 thus ?case by(simp add: inorder_insert)
next
case 4 thus ?case by(simp add: inorder_delete)
next
case 6 thus ?case by(simp add: complete_insert)
next
case 7 thus ?case by(simp add: complete_delete)
qed (simp add: empty_def)+
end