(* Title: HOL/Auth/Message.thy
Author: Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
Copyright 1996 University of Cambridge
Datatypes of agents and messages;
Inductive relations "parts", "analz" and "synth"
*)
section‹Theory of Agents
and Messages
for Security Protocols
›
theory Message
imports Main
begin
(*Needed occasionally with spy_analz_tac, e.g. in analz_insert_Key_newK*)
lemma [simp] :
"A \ (B \ A) = B \ A"
by blast
type_synonym
key = nat
consts
all_symmetric :: bool
🍋 ‹true
if all keys are symmetric
›
invKey ::
"key\key" 🍋 ‹inverse of a symmetric key
›
specification (invKey)
invKey [simp]:
"invKey (invKey K) = K"
invKey_symmetric:
"all_symmetric \ invKey = id"
by (rule exI [of _ id], auto)
text‹The inverse of a symmetric key
is itself; that of a public key
is the private key
and vice versa
›
definition symKeys ::
"key set" where
"symKeys == {K. invKey K = K}"
datatype 🍋 ‹We allow any number of friendly agents
›
agent = Server | Friend nat | Spy
datatype
msg = Agent agent
🍋 ‹Agent names
›
| Number nat
🍋 ‹Ordinary integers, timestamps, ...
›
| Nonce nat
🍋 ‹Unguessable nonces
›
| Key key
🍋 ‹Crypto keys
›
| Hash msg
🍋 ‹Hashing
›
| MPair msg msg
🍋 ‹Compound messages
›
| Crypt key msg
🍋 ‹Encryption, public- or shared-key
›
text‹Concrete
syntax: messages appear as
‹{A,B,NA
}›, etc...
›
syntax
"_MTuple" ::
"['a, args] \ 'a * 'b" (
‹(
‹indent=2
notation=
‹mixfix message tuple
››{_,/ _
})
›)
syntax_consts
"_MTuple" ⇌ MPair
translations
"\x, y, z\" ⇌ "\x, \y, z\\"
"\x, y\" ⇌ "CONST MPair x y"
definition HPair ::
"[msg,msg] \ msg" (
‹(4Hash[_] /_)
› [0, 1000])
where
🍋 ‹Message Y paired
with a MAC computed
with the
help of X
›
"Hash[X] Y == \Hash\X,Y\, Y\"
definition keysFor ::
"msg set \ key set" where
🍋 ‹Keys useful
to decrypt elements of a message set
›
"keysFor H == invKey ` {K. \X. Crypt K X \ H}"
subsection‹Inductive Definition of All Parts of a Message
›
inductive_set
parts ::
"msg set \ msg set"
for H ::
"msg set"
where
Inj [intro]:
"X \ H \ X \ parts H"
| Fst:
"\X,Y\ \ parts H \ X \ parts H"
| Snd:
"\X,Y\ \ parts H \ Y \ parts H"
| Body:
"Crypt K X \ parts H \ X \ parts H"
text‹Monotonicity
›
lemma parts_mono_aux:
"\G \ H; X \ parts G\ \ X \ parts H"
by (erule parts.induct) (auto dest: parts.Fst parts.Snd parts.Body)
lemma parts_mono:
"G \ H \ parts(G) \ parts(H)"
using parts_mono_aux
by blast
text‹Equations hold because constructors are injective.
›
lemma Friend_image_eq [simp]:
"(Friend x \ Friend`A) = (x \A)"
by auto
lemma Key_image_eq [simp]:
"(Key x \ Key`A) = (x \A)"
by auto
lemma Nonce_Key_image_eq [simp]:
"(Nonce x \ Key`A)"
by auto
subsection‹Inverse of keys
›
lemma invKey_eq [simp]:
"(invKey K = invKey K') = (K=K')"
by (metis invKey)
subsection‹The @{
term keysFor} operator
›
lemma keysFor_empty [simp]:
"keysFor {} = {}"
unfolding keysFor_def
by blast
lemma keysFor_Un [simp]:
"keysFor (H \ H') = keysFor H \ keysFor H'"
unfolding keysFor_def
by blast
lemma keysFor_UN [simp]:
"keysFor (\i \A. H i) = (\i \A. keysFor (H i))"
unfolding keysFor_def
by blast
text‹Monotonicity
›
lemma keysFor_mono:
"G \ H \ keysFor(G) \ keysFor(H)"
unfolding keysFor_def
by blast
lemma keysFor_insert_Agent [simp]:
"keysFor (insert (Agent A) H) = keysFor H"
unfolding keysFor_def
by auto
lemma keysFor_insert_Nonce [simp]:
"keysFor (insert (Nonce N) H) = keysFor H"
unfolding keysFor_def
by auto
lemma keysFor_insert_Number [simp]:
"keysFor (insert (Number N) H) = keysFor H"
unfolding keysFor_def
by auto
lemma keysFor_insert_Key [simp]:
"keysFor (insert (Key K) H) = keysFor H"
unfolding keysFor_def
by auto
lemma keysFor_insert_Hash [simp]:
"keysFor (insert (Hash X) H) = keysFor H"
unfolding keysFor_def
by auto
lemma keysFor_insert_MPair [simp]:
"keysFor (insert \X,Y\ H) = keysFor H"
unfolding keysFor_def
by auto
lemma keysFor_insert_Crypt [simp]:
"keysFor (insert (Crypt K X) H) = insert (invKey K) (keysFor H)"
unfolding keysFor_def
by auto
lemma keysFor_image_Key [simp]:
"keysFor (Key`E) = {}"
unfolding keysFor_def
by auto
lemma Crypt_imp_invKey_keysFor:
"Crypt K X \ H \ invKey K \ keysFor H"
unfolding keysFor_def
by blast
subsection‹Inductive relation
"parts"›
lemma MPair_parts:
"\\X,Y\ \ parts H;
[X
∈ parts H; Y
∈ parts H
] ==> P
] ==> P
"
by (blast dest: parts.Fst parts.Snd)
declare MPair_parts [elim!] parts.Body [dest!]
text‹NB These two rules are UNSAFE
in the formal sense, as they discard the
compound message. They work well on THIS
FILE.
‹MPair_parts
› is left as SAFE because it speeds up proofs.
The Crypt rule
is normally kept UNSAFE
to avoid breaking up certificates.
›
lemma parts_increasing:
"H \ parts(H)"
by blast
lemmas parts_insertI = subset_insertI [
THEN parts_mono,
THEN subsetD]
lemma parts_empty_aux:
"X \ parts{} \ False"
by (
induction rule: parts.induct) (blast+)
lemma parts_empty [simp]:
"parts{} = {}"
using parts_empty_aux
by blast
lemma parts_emptyE [elim!]:
"X \ parts{} \ P"
by simp
text‹WARNING: loops
if H = {Y}, therefore must not be repeated!
›
lemma parts_singleton:
"X \ parts H \ \Y \H. X \ parts {Y}"
by (erule parts.induct, fast+)
subsubsection
‹Unions
›
lemma parts_Un [simp]:
"parts(G \ H) = parts(G) \ parts(H)"
proof -
have "X \ parts (G \ H) \ X \ parts G \ parts H" for X
by (
induction rule: parts.induct) auto
then show ?thesis
by (simp add: order_antisym parts_mono subsetI)
qed
lemma parts_insert:
"parts (insert X H) = parts {X} \ parts H"
by (metis insert_is_Un parts_Un)
text‹TWO inserts
to avoid looping. This rewrite
is better than nothing.
But its behaviour can be strange.
›
lemma parts_insert2:
"parts (insert X (insert Y H)) = parts {X} \ parts {Y} \ parts H"
by (metis Un_commute Un_empty_right Un_insert_right insert_is_Un parts_Un)
lemma parts_image [simp]:
"parts (f ` A) = (\x \A. parts {f x})"
apply auto
apply (metis (mono_tags, opaque_lifting) image_iff parts_singleton)
apply (metis empty_subsetI image_eqI insert_absorb insert_subset parts_mono)
done
text‹Added
to simplify arguments
to parts, analz
and synth.
›
text‹This allows
‹blast
› to simplify occurrences of
🍋‹parts(G
∪H)
› in the assumption.
›
lemmas in_parts_UnE = parts_Un [
THEN equalityD1,
THEN subsetD,
THEN UnE]
declare in_parts_UnE [elim!]
lemma parts_insert_subset:
"insert X (parts H) \ parts(insert X H)"
by (blast intro: parts_mono [
THEN [2] rev_subsetD])
subsubsection
‹Idempotence
and transitivity
›
lemma parts_partsD [dest!]:
"X \ parts (parts H) \ X \ parts H"
by (erule parts.induct, blast+)
lemma parts_idem [simp]:
"parts (parts H) = parts H"
by blast
lemma parts_subset_iff [simp]:
"(parts G \ parts H) = (G \ parts H)"
by (metis parts_idem parts_increasing parts_mono subset_trans)
lemma parts_trans:
"\X \ parts G; G \ parts H\ \ X \ parts H"
by (metis parts_subset_iff subsetD)
text‹Cut
›
lemma parts_cut:
"\Y \ parts (insert X G); X \ parts H\ \ Y \ parts (G \ H)"
by (blast intro: parts_trans)
lemma parts_cut_eq [simp]:
"X \ parts H \ parts (insert X H) = parts H"
by (metis insert_absorb parts_idem parts_insert)
subsubsection
‹Rewrite rules
for pulling out atomic messages
›
lemmas parts_insert_eq_I = equalityI [OF subsetI parts_insert_subset]
lemma parts_insert_Agent [simp]:
"parts (insert (Agent agt) H) = insert (Agent agt) (parts H)"
apply (rule parts_insert_eq_I)
apply (erule parts.induct, auto)
done
lemma parts_insert_Nonce [simp]:
"parts (insert (Nonce N) H) = insert (Nonce N) (parts H)"
apply (rule parts_insert_eq_I)
apply (erule parts.induct, auto)
done
lemma parts_insert_Number [simp]:
"parts (insert (Number N) H) = insert (Number N) (parts H)"
apply (rule parts_insert_eq_I)
apply (erule parts.induct, auto)
done
lemma parts_insert_Key [simp]:
"parts (insert (Key K) H) = insert (Key K) (parts H)"
apply (rule parts_insert_eq_I)
apply (erule parts.induct, auto)
done
lemma parts_insert_Hash [simp]:
"parts (insert (Hash X) H) = insert (Hash X) (parts H)"
apply (rule parts_insert_eq_I)
apply (erule parts.induct, auto)
done
lemma parts_insert_Crypt [simp]:
"parts (insert (Crypt K X) H) = insert (Crypt K X) (parts (insert X H))"
proof -
have "Y \ parts (insert (Crypt K X) H) \ Y \ insert (Crypt K X) (parts (insert X H))" for Y
by (
induction rule: parts.induct) auto
then show ?thesis
by (smt (verit) insertI1 insert_commute parts.simps parts_cut_eq parts_insert_eq_I)
qed
lemma parts_insert_MPair [simp]:
"parts (insert \X,Y\ H) = insert \X,Y\ (parts (insert X (insert Y H)))"
proof -
have "Z \ parts (insert \X, Y\ H) \ Z \ insert \X, Y\ (parts (insert X (insert Y H)))" for Z
by (
induction rule: parts.induct) auto
then show ?thesis
by (smt (verit) insertI1 insert_commute parts.simps parts_cut_eq parts_insert_eq_I)
qed
lemma parts_image_Key [simp]:
"parts (Key`N) = Key`N"
by auto
text‹In any message, there
is an upper bound N on its greatest nonce.
›
lemma msg_Nonce_supply:
"\N. \n. N\n \ Nonce n \ parts {msg}"
proof (induct msg)
case (Nonce n)
show ?
case
by simp (metis Suc_n_not_le_n)
next
case (MPair X Y)
then show ?
case 🍋 ‹metis works out the necessary sum itself!
›
by (simp add: parts_insert2) (metis le_trans nat_le_linear)
qed auto
subsection‹Inductive relation
"analz"›
text‹Inductive definition of
"analz" -- what can be broken down
from a set of
messages, including keys. A form of downward closure. Pairs can
be taken apart; messages decrypted
with known keys.
›
inductive_set
analz ::
"msg set \ msg set"
for H ::
"msg set"
where
Inj [intro,simp]:
"X \ H \ X \ analz H"
| Fst:
"\X,Y\ \ analz H \ X \ analz H"
| Snd:
"\X,Y\ \ analz H \ Y \ analz H"
| Decrypt [dest]:
"\Crypt K X \ analz H; Key(invKey K) \ analz H\ \ X \ analz H"
text‹Monotonicity;
Lemma 1 of Lowe
's paper\
lemma analz_mono_aux:
"\G \ H; X \ analz G\ \ X \ analz H"
by (erule analz.induct) (auto dest: analz.Fst analz.Snd)
lemma analz_mono:
"G\H \ analz(G) \ analz(H)"
using analz_mono_aux
by blast
text‹Making it safe speeds up proofs
›
lemma MPair_analz [elim!]:
"\\X,Y\ \ analz H;
[X
∈ analz H; Y
∈ analz H
] ==> P
] ==> P
"
by (blast dest: analz.Fst analz.Snd)
lemma analz_increasing:
"H \ analz(H)"
by blast
lemma analz_into_parts:
"X \ analz H \ X \ parts H"
by (erule analz.induct) auto
lemma analz_subset_parts:
"analz H \ parts H"
using analz_into_parts
by blast
lemma analz_parts [simp]:
"analz (parts H) = parts H"
using analz_subset_parts
by blast
lemmas not_parts_not_analz = analz_subset_parts [
THEN contra_subsetD]
lemma parts_analz [simp]:
"parts (analz H) = parts H"
by (metis analz_increasing analz_subset_parts parts_idem parts_mono subset_antisym)
lemmas analz_insertI = subset_insertI [
THEN analz_mono,
THEN [2] rev_subsetD]
subsubsection
‹General equational properties
›
lemma analz_empty [simp]:
"analz{} = {}"
using analz_parts
by fastforce
text‹Converse fails: we can analz more
from the union than
from the
separate parts, as a key
in one might decrypt a message
in the other
›
lemma analz_Un:
"analz(G) \ analz(H) \ analz(G \ H)"
by (intro Un_least analz_mono Un_upper1 Un_upper2)
lemma analz_insert:
"insert X (analz H) \ analz(insert X H)"
by (blast intro: analz_mono [
THEN [2] rev_subsetD])
subsubsection
‹Rewrite rules
for pulling out atomic messages
›
lemmas analz_insert_eq_I = equalityI [OF subsetI analz_insert]
lemma analz_insert_Agent [simp]:
"analz (insert (Agent agt) H) = insert (Agent agt) (analz H)"
apply (rule analz_insert_eq_I)
apply (erule analz.induct, auto)
done
lemma analz_insert_Nonce [simp]:
"analz (insert (Nonce N) H) = insert (Nonce N) (analz H)"
apply (rule analz_insert_eq_I)
apply (erule analz.induct, auto)
done
lemma analz_insert_Number [simp]:
"analz (insert (Number N) H) = insert (Number N) (analz H)"
apply (rule analz_insert_eq_I)
apply (erule analz.induct, auto)
done
lemma analz_insert_Hash [simp]:
"analz (insert (Hash X) H) = insert (Hash X) (analz H)"
apply (rule analz_insert_eq_I)
apply (erule analz.induct, auto)
done
text‹Can only pull out Keys
if they are not needed
to decrypt the rest
›
lemma analz_insert_Key [simp]:
"K \ keysFor (analz H) \
analz (insert (Key K) H) = insert (Key K) (analz H)
"
unfolding keysFor_def
apply (rule analz_insert_eq_I)
apply (erule analz.induct, auto)
done
lemma analz_insert_MPair [simp]:
"analz (insert \X,Y\ H) = insert \X,Y\ (analz (insert X (insert Y H)))"
proof -
have "Z \ analz (insert \X, Y\ H) \ Z \ insert \X, Y\ (analz (insert X (insert Y H)))" for Z
by (
induction rule: analz.induct) auto
moreover have "Z \ analz (insert X (insert Y H)) \ Z \ analz (insert \X, Y\ H)" for Z
by (induction rule: analz.induct) (use analz.Inj in blast)+
ultimately show ?thesis
by auto
qed
text‹Can pull out encrypted message if the Key is not known›
lemma analz_insert_Crypt:
"Key (invKey K) \ analz H
==> analz (insert (Crypt K X) H) = insert (Crypt K X) (analz H)"
apply (rule analz_insert_eq_I)
apply (erule analz.induct, auto)
done
lemma analz_insert_Decrypt:
assumes "Key (invKey K) \ analz H"
shows "analz (insert (Crypt K X) H) = insert (Crypt K X) (analz (insert X H))"
proof -
have "Y \ analz (insert (Crypt K X) H) \ Y \ insert (Crypt K X) (analz (insert X H))" for Y
by (induction rule: analz.induct) auto
moreover
have "Y \ analz (insert X H) \ Y \ analz (insert (Crypt K X) H)" for Y
proof (induction rule: analz.induct)
case (Inj X)
then show ?case
by (metis analz.Decrypt analz.Inj analz_insertI assms insert_iff)
qed auto
ultimately show ?thesis
by auto
qed
text‹Case analysis: either the message is secure, or it is not! Effective,
but can cause subgoals to blow up! Use with ‹if_split›; apparently
‹split_tac› does not cope with patterns such as 🍋‹analz (insert
(Crypt K X) H)››
lemma analz_Crypt_if [simp]:
"analz (insert (Crypt K X) H) =
(if (Key (invKey K) ∈ analz H)
then insert (Crypt K X) (analz (insert X H))
else insert (Crypt K X) (analz H))"
by (simp add: analz_insert_Crypt analz_insert_Decrypt)
text‹This rule supposes "for the sake of argument" that we have the key.›
lemma analz_insert_Crypt_subset:
"analz (insert (Crypt K X) H) \
insert (Crypt K X) (analz (insert X H))"
apply (rule subsetI)
apply (erule analz.induct, auto)
done
lemma analz_image_Key [simp]: "analz (Key`N) = Key`N"
apply auto
apply (erule analz.induct, auto)
done
subsubsection‹Idempotence and transitivity›
lemma analz_analzD [dest!]: "X \ analz (analz H) \ X \ analz H"
by (erule analz.induct, blast+)
lemma analz_idem [simp]: "analz (analz H) = analz H"
by blast
lemma analz_subset_iff [simp]: "(analz G \ analz H) = (G \ analz H)"
by (metis analz_idem analz_increasing analz_mono subset_trans)
lemma analz_trans: "\X \ analz G; G \ analz H\ \ X \ analz H"
by (drule analz_mono, blast)
text‹Cut; Lemma 2 of Lowe›
lemma analz_cut: "\Y \ analz (insert X H); X \ analz H\ \ Y \ analz H"
by (erule analz_trans, blast)
(*Cut can be proved easily by induction on
"Y: analz (insert X H) \<Longrightarrow> X: analz H \<longrightarrow> Y: analz H"
*)
text‹This rewrite rule helps in the simplification of messages that involve
the forwarding of unknown components (X). Without it, removing occurrences
of X can be very complicated.›
lemma analz_insert_eq: "X \ analz H \ analz (insert X H) = analz H"
by (metis analz_cut analz_insert_eq_I insert_absorb)
text‹A congruence rule for "analz"›
lemma analz_subset_cong:
"\analz G \ analz G'; analz H \ analz H'\
==> analz (G ∪ H) ⊆ analz (G' \ H')"
by (metis Un_mono analz_Un analz_subset_iff subset_trans)
lemma analz_cong:
"\analz G = analz G'; analz H = analz H'\
==> analz (G ∪ H) = analz (G' \ H')"
by (intro equalityI analz_subset_cong, simp_all)
lemma analz_insert_cong:
"analz H = analz H' \ analz(insert X H) = analz(insert X H')"
by (force simp only: insert_def intro!: analz_cong)
text‹If there are no pairs or encryptions then analz does nothing›
lemma analz_trivial:
"\\X Y. \X,Y\ \ H; \X K. Crypt K X \ H\ \ analz H = H"
apply safe
apply (erule analz.induct, blast+)
done
subsection‹Inductive relation "synth"›
text‹Inductive definition of "synth" -- what can be built up from a set of
messages. A form of upward closure. Pairs can be built, messages
encrypted with known keys. Agent names are public domain.
Numbers can be guessed, but Nonces cannot be.›
inductive_set
synth :: "msg set => msg set"
for H :: "msg set"
where
Inj [intro]: "X \ H \ X \ synth H"
| Agent [intro]: "Agent agt \ synth H"
| Number [intro]: "Number n \ synth H"
| Hash [intro]: "X \ synth H \ Hash X \ synth H"
| MPair [intro]: "\X \ synth H; Y \ synth H\ \ \X,Y\ \ synth H"
| Crypt [intro]: "\X \ synth H; Key(K) \ H\ \ Crypt K X \ synth H"
text‹Monotonicity›
lemma synth_mono: "G\H \ synth(G) \ synth(H)"
by (auto, erule synth.induct, auto)
text‹NO ‹Agent_synth›, as any Agent name can be synthesized.
The same holds for 🍋‹Number››
inductive_simps synth_simps [iff]:
"Nonce n \ synth H"
"Key K \ synth H"
"Hash X \ synth H"
"\X,Y\ \ synth H"
"Crypt K X \ synth H"
lemma synth_increasing: "H \ synth(H)"
by blast
subsubsection‹Unions›
text‹Converse fails: we can synth more from the union than from the
separate parts, building a compound message using elements of each.›
lemma synth_Un: "synth(G) \ synth(H) \ synth(G \ H)"
by (intro Un_least synth_mono Un_upper1 Un_upper2)
lemma synth_insert: "insert X (synth H) \ synth(insert X H)"
by (blast intro: synth_mono [THEN [2] rev_subsetD])
subsubsection‹Idempotence and transitivity›
lemma synth_synthD [dest!]: "X \ synth (synth H) \ X \ synth H"
by (erule synth.induct, auto)
lemma synth_idem: "synth (synth H) = synth H"
by blast
lemma synth_subset_iff [simp]: "(synth G \ synth H) = (G \ synth H)"
by (metis subset_trans synth_idem synth_increasing synth_mono)
lemma synth_trans: "\X \ synth G; G \ synth H\ \ X \ synth H"
by (drule synth_mono, blast)
text‹Cut; Lemma 2 of Lowe›
lemma synth_cut: "\Y \ synth (insert X H); X \ synth H\ \ Y \ synth H"
by (erule synth_trans, blast)
lemma Crypt_synth_eq [simp]:
"Key K \ H \ (Crypt K X \ synth H) = (Crypt K X \ H)"
by blast
lemma keysFor_synth [simp]:
"keysFor (synth H) = keysFor H \ invKey`{K. Key K \ H}"
unfolding keysFor_def by blast
subsubsection‹Combinations of parts, analz and synth›
lemma parts_synth [simp]: "parts (synth H) = parts H \ synth H"
proof -
have "X \ parts (synth H) \ X \ parts H \ synth H" for X
by (induction X rule: parts.induct) (auto intro: parts.intros)
then show ?thesis
by (meson parts_increasing parts_mono subsetI antisym sup_least synth_increasing)
qed
lemma analz_analz_Un [simp]: "analz (analz G \ H) = analz (G \ H)"
using analz_cong by blast
lemma analz_synth_Un [simp]: "analz (synth G \ H) = analz (G \ H) \ synth G"
proof -
have "X \ analz (synth G \ H) \ X \ analz (G \ H) \ synth G" for X
by (induction X rule: analz.induct) (auto intro: analz.intros)
then show ?thesis
by (metis analz_subset_iff le_sup_iff subsetI subset_antisym synth_subset_iff)
qed
lemma analz_synth [simp]: "analz (synth H) = analz H \ synth H"
by (metis Un_empty_right analz_synth_Un)
subsubsection‹For reasoning about the Fake rule in traces›
lemma parts_insert_subset_Un: "X \ G \ parts(insert X H) \ parts G \ parts H"
by (metis UnCI Un_upper2 insert_subset parts_Un parts_mono)
text‹More specifically for Fake. See also ‹Fake_parts_sing› below›
lemma Fake_parts_insert:
"X \ synth (analz H) \
parts (insert X H) ⊆ synth (analz H) ∪ parts H"
by (metis Un_commute analz_increasing insert_subset parts_analz parts_mono
parts_synth synth_mono synth_subset_iff)
lemma Fake_parts_insert_in_Un:
"\Z \ parts (insert X H); X \ synth (analz H)\
==> Z ∈ synth (analz H) ∪ parts H"
by (metis Fake_parts_insert subsetD)
text‹🍋‹H› is sometimes 🍋‹Key ` KK ∪ spies evs›, so can't put
🍋‹G=H›.›
lemma Fake_analz_insert:
"X \ synth (analz G) \
analz (insert X H) ⊆ synth (analz G) ∪ analz (G ∪ H)"
by (metis UnCI Un_commute Un_upper1 analz_analz_Un analz_mono analz_synth_Un insert_subset)
lemma analz_conj_parts [simp]:
"(X \ analz H \ X \ parts H) = (X \ analz H)"
by (blast intro: analz_subset_parts [THEN subsetD])
lemma analz_disj_parts [simp]:
"(X \ analz H | X \ parts H) = (X \ parts H)"
by (blast intro: analz_subset_parts [THEN subsetD])
text‹Without this equation, other rules for synth and analz would yield
redundant cases›
lemma MPair_synth_analz [iff]:
"\X,Y\ \ synth (analz H) \ X \ synth (analz H) \ Y \ synth (analz H)"
by blast
lemma Crypt_synth_analz:
"\Key K \ analz H; Key (invKey K) \ analz H\
==> (Crypt K X ∈ synth (analz H)) = (X ∈ synth (analz H))"
by blast
lemma Hash_synth_analz [simp]:
"X \ synth (analz H)
==> (Hash{X,Y} ∈ synth (analz H)) = (Hash{X,Y} ∈ analz H)"
by blast
subsection‹HPair: a combination of Hash and MPair›
subsubsection‹Freeness›
lemma Agent_neq_HPair: "Agent A \ Hash[X] Y"
unfolding HPair_def by simp
lemma Nonce_neq_HPair: "Nonce N \ Hash[X] Y"
unfolding HPair_def by simp
lemma Number_neq_HPair: "Number N \ Hash[X] Y"
unfolding HPair_def by simp
lemma Key_neq_HPair: "Key K \ Hash[X] Y"
unfolding HPair_def by simp
lemma Hash_neq_HPair: "Hash Z \ Hash[X] Y"
unfolding HPair_def by simp
lemma Crypt_neq_HPair: "Crypt K X' \ Hash[X] Y"
unfolding HPair_def by simp
lemmas HPair_neqs = Agent_neq_HPair Nonce_neq_HPair Number_neq_HPair
Key_neq_HPair Hash_neq_HPair Crypt_neq_HPair
declare HPair_neqs [iff]
declare HPair_neqs [symmetric, iff]
lemma HPair_eq [iff]: "(Hash[X'] Y' = Hash[X] Y) = (X' = X \ Y'=Y)"
by (simp add: HPair_def)
lemma MPair_eq_HPair [iff]:
"(\X',Y'\ = Hash[X] Y) = (X' = Hash\X,Y\ \ Y'=Y)"
by (simp add: HPair_def)
lemma HPair_eq_MPair [iff]:
"(Hash[X] Y = \X',Y'\) = (X' = Hash\X,Y\ \ Y'=Y)"
by (auto simp add: HPair_def)
subsubsection‹Specialized laws, proved in terms of those for Hash and MPair›
lemma keysFor_insert_HPair [simp]: "keysFor (insert (Hash[X] Y) H) = keysFor H"
by (simp add: HPair_def)
lemma parts_insert_HPair [simp]:
"parts (insert (Hash[X] Y) H) =
insert (Hash[X] Y) (insert (Hash{X,Y}) (parts (insert Y H)))"
by (simp add: HPair_def)
lemma analz_insert_HPair [simp]:
"analz (insert (Hash[X] Y) H) =
insert (Hash[X] Y) (insert (Hash{X,Y}) (analz (insert Y H)))"
by (simp add: HPair_def)
lemma HPair_synth_analz [simp]:
"X \ synth (analz H)
==> (Hash[X] Y ∈ synth (analz H)) =
(Hash {X, Y} ∈ analz H ∧ Y ∈ synth (analz H))"
by (auto simp add: HPair_def)
text‹We do NOT want Crypt... messages broken up in protocols!!›
declare parts.Body [rule del]
text‹Rewrites to push in Key and Crypt messages, so that other messages can
be pulled out using the ‹analz_insert› rules›
lemmas pushKeys =
insert_commute [of "Key K" "Agent C"]
insert_commute [of "Key K" "Nonce N"]
insert_commute [of "Key K" "Number N"]
insert_commute [of "Key K" "Hash X"]
insert_commute [of "Key K" "MPair X Y"]
insert_commute [of "Key K" "Crypt X K'"]
for K C N X Y K'
lemmas pushCrypts =
insert_commute [of "Crypt X K" "Agent C"]
insert_commute [of "Crypt X K" "Agent C"]
insert_commute [of "Crypt X K" "Nonce N"]
insert_commute [of "Crypt X K" "Number N"]
insert_commute [of "Crypt X K" "Hash X'"]
insert_commute [of "Crypt X K" "MPair X' Y"]
for X K C N X' Y
text‹Cannot be added with ‹[simp]› -- messages should not always be
re-ordered.›
lemmas pushes = pushKeys pushCrypts
subsection‹The set of key-free messages›
(*Note that even the encryption of a key-free message remains key-free.
This concept is valuable because of the theorem analz_keyfree_into_Un, proved below. *)
inductive_set
keyfree :: "msg set"
where
Agent: "Agent A \ keyfree"
| Number: "Number N \ keyfree"
| Nonce: "Nonce N \ keyfree"
| Hash: "Hash X \ keyfree"
| MPair: "\X \ keyfree; Y \ keyfree\ \ \X,Y\ \ keyfree"
| Crypt: "\X \ keyfree\ \ Crypt K X \ keyfree"
declare keyfree.intros [intro]
inductive_cases keyfree_KeyE: "Key K \ keyfree"
inductive_cases keyfree_MPairE: "\X,Y\ \ keyfree"
inductive_cases keyfree_CryptE: "Crypt K X \ keyfree"
lemma parts_keyfree: "parts (keyfree) \ keyfree"
by (clarify, erule parts.induct, auto elim!: keyfree_KeyE keyfree_MPairE keyfree_CryptE)
(*The key-free part of a set of messages can be removed from the scope of the analz operator.*)
lemma analz_keyfree_into_Un: "\X \ analz (G \ H); G \ keyfree\ \ X \ parts G \ analz H"
proof (induction rule: analz.induct)
case (Decrypt K X)
then show ?case
by (metis Un_iff analz.Decrypt in_mono keyfree_KeyE parts.Body parts_keyfree parts_mono)
qed (auto dest: parts.Body)
subsection‹Tactics useful for many protocol proofs›
ML
‹
(*Analysis of Fake cases. Also works for messages that forward unknown parts,
but this application is no longer necessary if analz_insert_eq is used.
DEPENDS UPON "X" REFERRING TO THE FRADULENT MESSAGE *)
fun impOfSubs th = th RSN (2, @{thm rev_subsetD})
(*Apply rules to break down assumptions of the form
Y \<in> parts(insert X H) and Y \<in> analz(insert X H)
*)
fun Fake_insert_tac ctxt =
dresolve_tac ctxt [impOfSubs @{thm Fake_analz_insert},
impOfSubs @{thm Fake_parts_insert}] THEN'
eresolve_tac ctxt [asm_rl, @{thm synth.Inj}];
fun Fake_insert_simp_tac ctxt i =
REPEAT (Fake_insert_tac ctxt i) THEN asm_full_simp_tac ctxt i;
fun atomic_spy_analz_tac ctxt =
SELECT_GOAL
(Fake_insert_simp_tac ctxt 1 THEN
IF_UNSOLVED
(Blast.depth_tac
(ctxt addIs [@{thm analz_insertI}, impOfSubs @{thm analz_subset_parts}]) 4 1));
fun spy_analz_tac ctxt i =
DETERM
(SELECT_GOAL
(EVERY
[ (*push in occurrences of X...*)
(REPEAT o CHANGED)
(Rule_Insts.res_inst_tac ctxt [((("x", 1), Position.none), "X")] []
(@{thm insert_commute} RS ssubst) 1),
(*...allowing further simplifications*)
simp_tac ctxt 1,
REPEAT (FIRSTGOAL (resolve_tac ctxt [allI,impI,notI,conjI,iffI])),
DEPTH_SOLVE (atomic_spy_analz_tac ctxt 1)]) i);
›
text‹By default only ‹o_apply› is built-in. But in the presence of
eta-expansion this means that some terms displayed as 🍋‹f o g› will be
rewritten, and others will not!›
declare o_def [simp]
lemma Crypt_notin_image_Key [simp]: "Crypt K X \ Key ` A"
by auto
lemma Hash_notin_image_Key [simp] :"Hash X \ Key ` A"
by auto
lemma synth_analz_mono: "G\H \ synth (analz(G)) \ synth (analz(H))"
by (iprover intro: synth_mono analz_mono)
lemma Fake_analz_eq [simp]:
"X \ synth(analz H) \ synth (analz (insert X H)) = synth (analz H)"
by (metis Fake_analz_insert Un_absorb Un_absorb1 Un_commute
subset_insertI synth_analz_mono synth_increasing synth_subset_iff)
text‹Two generalizations of ‹analz_insert_eq››
lemma gen_analz_insert_eq [rule_format]:
"X \ analz H \ \G. H \ G \ analz (insert X G) = analz G"
by (blast intro: analz_cut analz_insertI analz_mono [THEN [2] rev_subsetD])
lemma synth_analz_insert_eq:
"\X \ synth (analz H); H \ G\
==> (Key K ∈ analz (insert X G)) ⟷ (Key K ∈ analz G)"
proof (induction arbitrary: G rule: synth.induct)
case (Inj X)
then show ?case
using gen_analz_insert_eq by presburger
qed (simp_all add: subset_eq)
lemma Fake_parts_sing:
"X \ synth (analz H) \ parts{X} \ synth (analz H) \ parts H"
by (metis Fake_parts_insert empty_subsetI insert_mono parts_mono subset_trans)
lemmas Fake_parts_sing_imp_Un = Fake_parts_sing [THEN [2] rev_subsetD]
method_setup spy_analz = ‹
Scan.succeed (SIMPLE_METHOD' o spy_analz_tac)\
"for proving the Fake case when analz is involved"
method_setup atomic_spy_analz = ‹
Scan.succeed (SIMPLE_METHOD' o atomic_spy_analz_tac)\
"for debugging spy_analz"
method_setup Fake_insert_simp = ‹
Scan.succeed (SIMPLE_METHOD' o Fake_insert_simp_tac)\
"for debugging spy_analz"
end