(* Author: John Harrison Author: Robert Himmelmann, TU Muenchen (Translation from HOL light) and LCP *)
(* At the moment this is just Brouwer's fixpoint theorem. The proof is from *) (* Kuhn: "some combinatorial lemmas in topology", IBM J. v4. (1960) p. 518 *) (* See "http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/045/ibmrd0405K.pdf". *) (* *) (* The script below is quite messy, but at least we avoid formalizing any *) (* topological machinery; we don't even use barycentric subdivision; this is *) (* the big advantage of Kuhn's proof over the usual Sperner's lemma one. *) (* *) (* (c) Copyright, John Harrison 1998-2008 *)
section‹Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem›
theory Brouwer_Fixpoint imports Homeomorphism Derivative begin
lemma retract_of_path_connected: "[path_connected T; S retract_of T]==> path_connected S" by (metis path_connected_continuous_image retract_of_def retraction)
lemma retract_of_simply_connected: assumes T: "simply_connected T"and"S retract_of T" shows"simply_connected S" proof - obtain r where r: "retraction T S r" using assms by (metis retract_of_def) have"S ⊆ T" by (meson ‹retraction T S r› retraction) thenhave"(λa. a) ∈ S → T" by blast thenshow ?thesis using simply_connected_retraction_gen [OF T] by (metis (no_types) r retraction retraction_refl) qed
lemma retract_of_homotopically_trivial: assumes ts: "T retract_of S" and hom: "∧f g. [continuous_on U f; f ∈ U → S; continuous_on U g; g ∈ U → S] ==> homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) U S f g" and"continuous_on U f""f ∈ U → T" and"continuous_on U g""g ∈ U → T" shows"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) U T f g" proof - obtain r where"r ∈ S → S""continuous_on S r""∀x∈S. r (r x) = r x""T = r ` S" using ts by (auto simp: retract_of_def retraction) thenobtain k where"Retracts S r T k" unfolding Retracts_def using continuous_on_id by blast thenshow ?thesis by (rule Retracts.homotopically_trivial_retraction_gen) (use assms hom in force)+ qed
lemma retract_of_homotopically_trivial_null: assumes ts: "T retract_of S" and hom: "∧f. [continuous_on U f; f ∈ U → S] ==>∃c. homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) U S f (λx. c)" and"continuous_on U f""f ∈ U → T" obtains c where"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) U T f (λx. c)" proof - obtain r where"r ∈ S → S""continuous_on S r""∀x∈S. r (r x) = r x""T = r ` S" using ts by (auto simp: retract_of_def retraction) thenobtain k where"Retracts S r T k" unfolding Retracts_def by fastforce thenshow ?thesis proof (rule Retracts.homotopically_trivial_retraction_null_gen) show"∧f. [continuous_on U f; f ∈ U → S] ==>∃c. homotopic_with_canon (λa. True) U S f (λx. c)" using hom by blast qed (use assms that in auto) qed
lemma retraction_openin_vimage_iff: "openin (top_of_set S) (S ∩ r -` U) ⟷ openin (top_of_set T) U" if"retraction S T r"and"U ⊆ T" by (simp add: retraction_openin_vimage_iff that)
lemma retract_of_locally_compact: fixes S :: "'a :: {heine_borel,real_normed_vector} set" shows"[ locally compact S; T retract_of S]==> locally compact T" by (metis locally_compact_closedin closedin_retract)
lemma homotopic_into_retract: assumes fg: "f ∈ S → T""g ∈ S → T" assumes"T retract_of U" assumes"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) S U f g" shows"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) S T f g" proof - obtain h r where r: "retraction U T r" "continuous_on ({0..1::real} × S) h" and h: "h ∈ {0..1} × S → U ∧ (∀x. h (0, x) = f x) ∧ (∀x. h (1, x) = g x)" using assms by (auto simp: homotopic_with_def retract_of_def) thenhave"continuous_on ({0..1} × S) (r ∘ h)" by (metis continuous_on_compose continuous_on_subset funcset_image
retraction_def) thenshow ?thesis using r fg h apply (simp add: retraction homotopic_with Pi_iff) by (smt (verit, best) imageI) qed
lemma retract_of_locally_connected: assumes"locally connected T""S retract_of T" shows"locally connected S" using assms by (metis retraction_openin_vimage_iff idempotent_imp_retraction locally_connected_quotient_image retract_ofE)
lemma retract_of_locally_path_connected: assumes"locally path_connected T""S retract_of T" shows"locally path_connected S" using assms by (metis retraction_openin_vimage_iff idempotent_imp_retraction locally_path_connected_quotient_image retract_ofE)
text‹A few simple lemmas about deformation retracts›
lemma deformation_retract_imp_homotopy_eqv: fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" assumes"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) S S id r"and r: "retraction S T r" shows"S homotopy_eqv T" proof - have"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) S S (id ∘ r) id" by (simp add: assms(1) homotopic_with_symD) moreoverhave"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) T T (r ∘ id) id" using r unfolding retraction_def by (metis eq_id_iff homotopic_with_id2 topspace_euclidean_subtopology) ultimately show ?thesis unfolding homotopy_equivalent_space_def by (meson continuous_map_from_subtopology_mono continuous_map_id
continuous_map_subtopology_eu r retraction_def) qed
lemma deformation_retract: fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" shows"(∃r. homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) S S id r ∧ retraction S T r) ⟷ T retract_of S ∧ (∃f. homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) S S id f ∧ f ∈ S → T)"
(is"?lhs = ?rhs") proof assume ?lhs thenshow ?rhs by (auto simp: retract_of_def retraction_def) next assume R: ?rhs have"∧r f. [T ⊆ S; continuous_on S r; homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) S S id f; f ∈ S → T; r ∈ S → T; ∀x∈T. r x = x] ==> homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) S S f r" apply (rule_tac f = "r ∘ f"and g="r ∘ id"in homotopic_with_eq) apply (rule_tac Y=S in homotopic_with_compose_continuous_left) apply (auto simp: homotopic_with_sym Pi_iff) done with R homotopic_with_trans show ?lhs unfolding retract_of_def retraction_def by blast qed
lemma deformation_retract_of_contractible_sing: fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" assumes"contractible S""a ∈ S" obtains r where"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) S S id r""retraction S {a} r" proof - have"{a} retract_of S" by (simp add: ‹a ∈ S›) moreoverhave"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) S S id (λx. a)" using assms by (auto simp: contractible_def homotopic_into_contractible image_subset_iff) moreoverhave"(λx. a) ∈ S → {a}" by (simp add: image_subsetI) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (metis that deformation_retract) qed
lemma continuous_on_compact_surface_projection_aux: fixes S :: "'a::t2_space set" assumes"compact S""S ⊆ T""image q T ⊆ S" and contp: "continuous_on T p" and"∧x. x ∈ S ==> q x = x" and [simp]: "∧x. x ∈ T ==> q(p x) = q x" and"∧x. x ∈ T ==> p(q x) = p x" shows"continuous_on T q" proof - have *: "image p T = image p S" using assms by auto (metis imageI subset_iff) have contp': "continuous_on S p" by (rule continuous_on_subset [OF contp ‹S ⊆ T›]) have"continuous_on (p ` T) q" by (simp add: "*" assms(1) assms(2) assms(5) continuous_on_inv contp' rev_subsetD) thenhave"continuous_on T (q ∘ p)" by (rule continuous_on_compose [OF contp]) thenshow ?thesis by (rule continuous_on_eq [of _ "q ∘ p"]) (simp add: o_def) qed
lemma continuous_on_compact_surface_projection: fixes S :: "'a::real_normed_vector set" assumes"compact S" and S: "S ⊆ V - {0}"and"cone V" and iff: "∧x k. x ∈ V - {0} ==> 0 < k ∧ (k *🪙R x) ∈ S ⟷ d x = k" shows"continuous_on (V - {0}) (λx. d x *🪙R x)" proof (rule continuous_on_compact_surface_projection_aux [OF ‹compact S› S]) show"(λx. d x *🪙R x) ` (V - {0}) ⊆ S" using iff by auto show"continuous_on (V - {0}) (λx. inverse(norm x) *🪙R x)" by (intro continuous_intros) force show"∧x. x ∈ S ==> d x *🪙R x = x" by (metis S zero_less_one local.iff scaleR_one subset_eq) show"d (x /🪙R norm x) *🪙R (x /🪙R norm x) = d x *🪙R x"if"x ∈ V - {0}"for x using iff [of "inverse(norm x) *🪙R x""norm x * d x", symmetric] iff that ‹cone V› by (simp add: field_simps cone_def zero_less_mult_iff) show"d x *🪙R x /🪙R norm (d x *🪙R x) = x /🪙R norm x"if"x ∈ V - {0}"for x proof - have"0 < d x" usinglocal.iff that by blast thenshow ?thesis by simp qed qed
subsection‹Kuhn Simplices›
lemma bij_betw_singleton_eq: assumes f: "bij_betw f A B"and g: "bij_betw g A B"and a: "a ∈ A" assumes eq: "(∧x. x ∈ A ==> x ≠ a ==> f x = g x)" shows"f a = g a" proof - have"f ` (A - {a}) = g ` (A - {a})" by (intro image_cong) (simp_all add: eq) thenhave"B - {f a} = B - {g a}" using f g a by (auto simp: bij_betw_def inj_on_image_set_diff set_eq_iff) moreoverhave"f a ∈ B""g a ∈ B" using f g a by (auto simp: bij_betw_def) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by auto qed
lemma pointwise_minimal_pointwise_maximal: fixes s :: "(nat ==> nat) set" assumes"finite s" and"s ≠ {}" and"∀x∈s. ∀y∈s. x ≤ y ∨ y ≤ x" shows"∃a∈s. ∀x∈s. a ≤ x" and"∃a∈s. ∀x∈s. x ≤ a" using assms proof (induct s rule: finite_ne_induct) case (insert b s) assume *: "∀x∈insert b s. ∀y∈insert b s. x ≤ y ∨ y ≤ x" thenobtain u l where"l ∈ s""∀b∈s. l ≤ b""u ∈ s""∀b∈s. b ≤ u" using insert by auto with * show"∃a∈insert b s. ∀x∈insert b s. a ≤ x""∃a∈insert b s. ∀x∈insert b s. x ≤ a" by (metis insert_iff order.trans)+ qed auto
lemma kuhn_labelling_lemma: fixes P Q :: "'a::euclidean_space ==> bool" assumes"∀x. P x ⟶ P (f x)" and"∀x. P x ⟶ (∀i∈Basis. Q i ⟶ 0 ≤ x∙i ∧ x∙i ≤ 1)" shows"∃l. (∀x.∀i∈Basis. l x i ≤ (1::nat)) ∧ (∀x.∀i∈Basis. P x ∧ Q i ∧ (x∙i = 0) ⟶ (l x i = 0)) ∧ (∀x.∀i∈Basis. P x ∧ Q i ∧ (x∙i = 1) ⟶ (l x i = 1)) ∧ (∀x.∀i∈Basis. P x ∧ Q i ∧ (l x i = 0) ⟶ x∙i ≤ f x∙i) ∧ (∀x.∀i∈Basis. P x ∧ Q i ∧ (l x i = 1) ⟶ f x∙i ≤ x∙i)" proof -
{ fix x i let ?R = "λy. (P x ∧ Q i ∧ x ∙ i = 0 ⟶ y = (0::nat)) ∧ (P x ∧ Q i ∧ x ∙ i = 1 ⟶ y = 1) ∧ (P x ∧ Q i ∧ y = 0 ⟶ x ∙ i ≤ f x ∙ i) ∧ (P x ∧ Q i ∧ y = 1 ⟶ f x ∙ i ≤ x ∙ i)"
{ assume"P x""Q i""i ∈ Basis"with assms have"0 ≤ f x ∙ i ∧ f x ∙ i ≤ 1"by auto } thenhave"i ∈ Basis ==> ?R 0 ∨ ?R 1"by auto } thenshow ?thesis unfolding all_conj_distrib[symmetric] Ball_def (* FIXME: shouldn't this work by metis? *) by (subst choice_iff[symmetric])+ blast qed
lemma kuhn_counting_lemma: fixes bnd compo compo' face S F defines"nF s == card {f∈F. face f s ∧ compo' f}" assumes [simp, intro]: "finite F"🍋‹faces›and [simp, intro]: "finite S"🍋‹simplices› and"∧f. f ∈ F ==> bnd f ==> card {s∈S. face f s} = 1" and"∧f. f ∈ F ==>¬ bnd f ==> card {s∈S. face f s} = 2" and"∧s. s ∈ S ==> compo s ==> nF s = 1" and"∧s. s ∈ S ==>¬ compo s ==> nF s = 0 ∨ nF s = 2" and"odd (card {f∈F. compo' f ∧ bnd f})" shows"odd (card {s∈S. compo s})" proof - have"(∑s | s ∈ S ∧¬ compo s. nF s) + (∑s | s ∈ S ∧ compo s. nF s) = (∑s∈S. nF s)" by (subst sum.union_disjoint[symmetric]) (auto intro!: sum.cong) alsohave"… = (∑s∈S. card {f ∈ {f∈F. compo' f ∧ bnd f}. face f s}) + (∑s∈S. card {f ∈ {f∈F. compo' f ∧¬ bnd f}. face f s})" unfolding sum.distrib[symmetric] by (subst card_Un_disjoint[symmetric])
(auto simp: nF_def intro!: sum.cong arg_cong[where f=card]) alsohave"… = 1 * card {f∈F. compo' f ∧ bnd f} + 2 * card {f∈F. compo' f ∧¬ bnd f}" using assms(4,5) by (fastforce intro!: arg_cong2[where f="(+)"] sum_multicount) finallyhave"odd ((∑s | s ∈ S ∧¬ compo s. nF s) + card {s∈S. compo s})" using assms(6,8) by simp moreoverhave"(∑s | s ∈ S ∧¬ compo s. nF s) = (∑s | s ∈ S ∧¬ compo s ∧ nF s = 0. nF s) + (∑s | s ∈ S ∧¬ compo s ∧ nF s = 2. nF s)" using assms(7) by (subst sum.union_disjoint[symmetric]) (fastforce intro!: sum.cong)+ ultimatelyshow ?thesis by auto qed
subsubsection ‹The odd/even result for faces of complete vertices, generalized›
lemma kuhn_complete_lemma: assumes [simp]: "finite simplices" and face: "∧f s. face f s ⟷ (∃a∈s. f = s - {a})" and card_s[simp]: "∧s. s ∈ simplices ==> card s = n + 2" and rl_bd: "∧s. s ∈ simplices ==> rl ` s ⊆ {..Suc n}" and bnd: "∧f s. s ∈ simplices ==> face f s ==> bnd f ==> card {s∈simplices. face f s} = 1" and nbnd: "∧f s. s ∈ simplices ==> face f s ==>¬ bnd f ==> card {s∈simplices. face f s} = 2" and odd_card: "odd (card {f. (∃s∈simplices. face f s) ∧ rl ` f = {..n} ∧ bnd f})" shows"odd (card {s∈simplices. (rl ` s = {..Suc n})})" proof (rule kuhn_counting_lemma) have finite_s[simp]: "∧s. s ∈ simplices ==> finite s" by (metis add_is_0 zero_neq_numeral card.infinite assms(3))
let ?F = "{f. ∃s∈simplices. face f s}" have F_eq: "?F = (∪s∈simplices. ∪a∈s. {s - {a}})" by (auto simp: face) show"finite ?F" using‹finite simplices›unfolding F_eq by auto
show"card {s ∈ simplices. face f s} = 1"if"f ∈ ?F""bnd f"for f using bnd that by auto
show"card {s ∈ simplices. face f s} = 2"if"f ∈ ?F""¬ bnd f"for f using nbnd that by auto
show"odd (card {f ∈ {f. ∃s∈simplices. face f s}. rl ` f = {..n} ∧ bnd f})" using odd_card by simp
fix s assume s[simp]: "s ∈ simplices" let ?S = "{f ∈ {f. ∃s∈simplices. face f s}. face f s ∧ rl ` f = {..n}}" have"?S = (λa. s - {a}) ` {a∈s. rl ` (s - {a}) = {..n}}" using s by (fastforce simp: face) thenhave card_S: "card ?S = card {a∈s. rl ` (s - {a}) = {..n}}" by (auto intro!: card_image inj_onI)
{ assume rl: "rl ` s = {..Suc n}" thenhave inj_rl: "inj_on rl s" by (intro eq_card_imp_inj_on) auto moreoverobtain a where"rl a = Suc n""a ∈ s" by (metis atMost_iff image_iff le_Suc_eq rl) ultimatelyhave n: "{..n} = rl ` (s - {a})" by (auto simp: inj_on_image_set_diff rl) have"{a∈s. rl ` (s - {a}) = {..n}} = {a}" using inj_rl ‹a ∈ s›by (auto simp: n inj_on_image_eq_iff[OF inj_rl]) thenshow"card ?S = 1" unfolding card_S by simp }
{ assume rl: "rl ` s ≠ {..Suc n}" show"card ?S = 0 ∨ card ?S = 2" proof cases assume *: "{..n} ⊆ rl ` s" with rl rl_bd[OF s] have rl_s: "rl ` s = {..n}" by (auto simp: atMost_Suc subset_insert_iff split: if_split_asm) thenhave"¬ inj_on rl s" by (intro pigeonhole) simp thenobtain a b where ab: "a ∈ s""b ∈ s""rl a = rl b""a ≠ b" by (auto simp: inj_on_def) thenhave eq: "rl ` (s - {a}) = rl ` s" by auto with ab have inj: "inj_on rl (s - {a})" by (intro eq_card_imp_inj_on) (auto simp: rl_s card_Diff_singleton_if)
{ fix x assume"x ∈ s""x ∉ {a, b}" thenhave"rl ` s - {rl x} = rl ` ((s - {a}) - {x})" by (auto simp: eq inj_on_image_set_diff[OF inj]) alsohave"… = rl ` (s - {x})" using ab ‹x ∉ {a, b}›by auto alsoassume"… = rl ` s" finallyhave False using‹x∈s›by auto } moreover
{ fix x assume"x ∈ {a, b}"with ab have"x ∈ s ∧ rl ` (s - {x}) = rl ` s" by (simp add: set_eq_iff image_iff Bex_def) metis } ultimatelyhave"{a∈s. rl ` (s - {a}) = {..n}} = {a, b}" unfolding rl_s[symmetric] by fastforce with‹a ≠ b›show"card ?S = 0 ∨ card ?S = 2" unfolding card_S by simp next assume"¬ {..n} ⊆ rl ` s" thenhave"∧x. rl ` (s - {x}) ≠ {..n}" by auto thenshow"card ?S = 0 ∨ card ?S = 2" unfolding card_S by simp qed } qed fact
locale kuhn_simplex = fixes p n and base upd and S :: "(nat ==> nat) set" assumes base: "base ∈ {..< n} → {..< p}" assumes base_out: "∧i. n ≤ i ==> base i = p" assumes upd: "bij_betw upd {..< n} {..< n}" assumes s_pre: "S = (λi j. if j ∈ upd`{..< i} then Suc (base j) else base j) ` {.. n}" begin
definition"enum i j = (if j ∈ upd`{..< i} then Suc (base j) else base j)"
lemma upd_space: "i < n ==> upd i < n" using upd by (auto dest!: bij_betwE)
lemma s_space: "S ⊆ {..< n} → {.. p}" proof -
{ fix i assume"i ≤ n"thenhave"enum i ∈ {..< n} → {.. p}" proof (induct i) case 0 thenshow ?case using base by (auto simp: Pi_iff less_imp_le enum_def) next case (Suc i) with base show ?case by (auto simp: Pi_iff Suc_le_eq less_imp_le enum_def intro: upd_space) qed } thenshow ?thesis by (auto simp: s_eq) qed
lemma inj_upd: "inj_on upd {..< n}" using upd by (simp add: bij_betw_def)
lemma inj_enum: "inj_on enum {.. n}" proof -
{ fix x y :: nat assume"x ≠ y""x ≤ n""y ≤ n" with upd have"upd ` {..< x} ≠ upd ` {..< y}" by (subst inj_on_image_eq_iff[where C="{..< n}"]) (auto simp: bij_betw_def) thenhave"enum x ≠ enum y" by (auto simp: enum_def fun_eq_iff) } thenshow ?thesis by (auto simp: inj_on_def) qed
lemma enum_0: "enum 0 = base" by (simp add: enum_def[abs_def])
lemma base_in_s: "base ∈ S" unfolding s_eq by (subst enum_0[symmetric]) auto
lemma enum_in: "i ≤ n ==> enum i ∈ S" unfolding s_eq by auto
lemma one_step: assumes a: "a ∈ S""j < n" assumes *: "∧a'. a' ∈ S ==> a' ≠ a ==> a' j = p'" shows"a j ≠ p'" proof assume"a j = p'" with * a have"∧a'. a' ∈ S ==> a' j = p'" by auto thenhave"∧i. i ≤ n ==> enum i j = p'" unfolding s_eq by auto from this[of 0] this[of n] have"j ∉ upd ` {..< n}" by (auto simp: enum_def fun_eq_iff split: if_split_asm) with upd ‹j 🚫›show False by (auto simp: bij_betw_def) qed
lemma upd_inj: "i < n ==> j < n ==> upd i = upd j ⟷ i = j" using upd by (auto simp: bij_betw_def inj_on_eq_iff)
lemma upd_surj: "upd ` {..< n} = {..< n}" using upd by (auto simp: bij_betw_def)
lemma in_upd_image: "A ⊆ {..< n} ==> i < n ==> upd i ∈ upd ` A ⟷ i ∈ A" using inj_on_image_mem_iff[of upd "{..< n}"] upd by (auto simp: bij_betw_def)
lemma enum_inj: "i ≤ n ==> j ≤ n ==> enum i = enum j ⟷ i = j" using inj_enum by (auto simp: inj_on_eq_iff)
lemma in_enum_image: "A ⊆ {.. n} ==> i ≤ n ==> enum i ∈ enum ` A ⟷ i ∈ A" using inj_on_image_mem_iff[OF inj_enum] by auto
lemma enum_mono: "i ≤ n ==> j ≤ n ==> enum i ≤ enum j ⟷ i ≤ j" by (auto simp: enum_def le_fun_def in_upd_image Ball_def[symmetric])
lemma enum_strict_mono: "i ≤ n ==> j ≤ n ==> enum i < enum j ⟷ i < j" using enum_mono[of i j] enum_inj[of i j] by (auto simp: le_less)
lemma chain: "a ∈ S ==> b ∈ S ==> a ≤ b ∨ b ≤ a" by (auto simp: s_eq enum_mono)
lemma less: "a ∈ S ==> b ∈ S ==> a i < b i ==> a < b" using chain[of a b] by (auto simp: less_fun_def le_fun_def not_le[symmetric])
lemma enum_0_bot: "a ∈ S ==> a = enum 0 ⟷ (∀a'∈S. a ≤ a')" unfolding s_eq by (auto simp: enum_mono Ball_def)
lemma enum_n_top: "a ∈ S ==> a = enum n ⟷ (∀a'∈S. a' ≤ a)" unfolding s_eq by (auto simp: enum_mono Ball_def)
lemma enum_Suc: "i < n ==> enum (Suc i) = (enum i)(upd i := Suc (enum i (upd i)))" by (auto simp: fun_eq_iff enum_def upd_inj)
lemma enum_eq_p: "i ≤ n ==> n ≤ j ==> enum i j = p" by (induct i) (auto simp: enum_Suc enum_0 base_out upd_space not_less[symmetric])
lemma out_eq_p: "a ∈ S ==> n ≤ j ==> a j = p" unfolding s_eq by (auto simp: enum_eq_p)
lemma s_le_p: "a ∈ S ==> a j ≤ p" using out_eq_p[of a j] s_space by (cases "j < n") auto
lemma le_Suc_base: "a ∈ S ==> a j ≤ Suc (base j)" unfolding s_eq by (auto simp: enum_def)
lemma base_le: "a ∈ S ==> base j ≤ a j" unfolding s_eq by (auto simp: enum_def)
lemma enum_le_p: "i ≤ n ==> j < n ==> enum i j ≤ p" using enum_in[of i] s_space by auto
lemma enum_less: "a ∈ S ==> i < n ==> enum i < a ⟷ enum (Suc i) ≤ a" unfolding s_eq by (auto simp: enum_strict_mono enum_mono)
lemma ksimplex_0: "n = 0 ==> S = {(λx. p)}" using s_eq enum_def base_out by auto
lemma replace_0: assumes"j < n""a ∈ S"and p: "∀x∈S - {a}. x j = 0"and"x ∈ S" shows"x ≤ a" proof cases assume"x ≠ a" have"a j ≠ 0" using assms by (intro one_step[where a=a]) auto with less[OF ‹x∈S›‹a∈S›, of j] p[rule_format, of x] ‹x ∈ S›‹x ≠ a› show ?thesis by auto qed simp
lemma replace_1: assumes"j < n""a ∈ S"and p: "∀x∈S - {a}. x j = p"and"x ∈ S" shows"a ≤ x" proof cases assume"x ≠ a" have"a j ≠ p" using assms by (intro one_step[where a=a]) auto with enum_le_p[of _ j] ‹j 🚫›‹a∈S› have"a j < p" by (auto simp: less_le s_eq) with less[OF ‹a∈S›‹x∈S›, of j] p[rule_format, of x] ‹x ∈ S›‹x ≠ a› show ?thesis by auto qed simp
end
locale kuhn_simplex_pair = s: kuhn_simplex p n b_s u_s s + t: kuhn_simplex p n b_t u_t t for p n b_s u_s s b_t u_t t begin
lemma enum_eq: assumes l: "i ≤ l""l ≤ j"and"j + d ≤ n" assumes eq: "s.enum ` {i .. j} = t.enum ` {i + d .. j + d}" shows"s.enum l = t.enum (l + d)" using l proof (induct l rule: dec_induct) case base thenhave s: "s.enum i ∈ t.enum ` {i + d .. j + d}"and t: "t.enum (i + d) ∈ s.enum ` {i .. j}" using eq by auto from t ‹i ≤ j›‹j + d ≤ n›have"s.enum i ≤ t.enum (i + d)" by (auto simp: s.enum_mono) moreoverfrom s ‹i ≤ j›‹j + d ≤ n›have"t.enum (i + d) ≤ s.enum i" by (auto simp: t.enum_mono) ultimatelyshow ?case by auto next case (step l) moreoverfrom step.prems ‹j + d ≤ n›have "s.enum l < s.enum (Suc l)" "t.enum (l + d) < t.enum (Suc l + d)" by (simp_all add: s.enum_strict_mono t.enum_strict_mono) moreoverhave "s.enum (Suc l) ∈ t.enum ` {i + d .. j + d}" "t.enum (Suc l + d) ∈ s.enum ` {i .. j}" using step ‹j + d ≤ n› eq by (auto simp: s.enum_inj t.enum_inj) ultimatelyhave"s.enum (Suc l) = t.enum (Suc (l + d))" using‹j + d ≤ n› by (intro antisym s.enum_less[THEN iffD1] t.enum_less[THEN iffD1])
(auto intro!: s.enum_in t.enum_in) thenshow ?caseby simp qed
lemma ksimplex_eq_bot: assumes a: "a ∈ s""∧a'. a' ∈ s ==> a ≤ a'" assumes b: "b ∈ t""∧b'. b' ∈ t ==> b ≤ b'" assumes eq: "s - {a} = t - {b}" shows"s = t" proof cases assume"n = 0"with s.ksimplex_0 t.ksimplex_0 show ?thesis by simp next assume"n ≠ 0" have"s.enum 0 = (s.enum (Suc 0)) (u_s 0 := s.enum (Suc 0) (u_s 0) - 1)" "t.enum 0 = (t.enum (Suc 0)) (u_t 0 := t.enum (Suc 0) (u_t 0) - 1)" using‹n ≠ 0›by (simp_all add: s.enum_Suc t.enum_Suc) moreoverhave e0: "a = s.enum 0""b = t.enum 0" using a b by (simp_all add: s.enum_0_bot t.enum_0_bot) moreover
{ fix j assume"0 < j""j ≤ n" moreoverhave"s - {a} = s.enum ` {Suc 0 .. n}""t - {b} = t.enum ` {Suc 0 .. n}" unfolding s.s_eq t.s_eq e0 by (auto simp: s.enum_inj t.enum_inj) ultimatelyhave"s.enum j = t.enum j" using enum_eq[of "1" j n 0] eq by auto } note enum_eq = this thenhave"s.enum (Suc 0) = t.enum (Suc 0)" using‹n ≠ 0›by auto moreover
{ fix j assume"Suc j < n" with enum_eq[of "Suc j"] enum_eq[of "Suc (Suc j)"] have"u_s (Suc j) = u_t (Suc j)" using s.enum_Suc[of "Suc j"] t.enum_Suc[of "Suc j"] by (auto simp: fun_eq_iff split: if_split_asm) } thenhave"∧j. 0 < j ==> j < n ==> u_s j = u_t j" by (auto simp: gr0_conv_Suc) with‹n ≠ 0›have"u_t 0 = u_s 0" by (intro bij_betw_singleton_eq[OF t.upd s.upd, of 0]) auto ultimatelyhave"a = b" by simp with assms show"s = t" by auto qed
lemma ksimplex_eq_top: assumes a: "a ∈ s""∧a'. a' ∈ s ==> a' ≤ a" assumes b: "b ∈ t""∧b'. b' ∈ t ==> b' ≤ b" assumes eq: "s - {a} = t - {b}" shows"s = t" proof (cases n) assume"n = 0"with s.ksimplex_0 t.ksimplex_0 show ?thesis by simp next case (Suc n') have"s.enum n = (s.enum n') (u_s n' := Suc (s.enum n' (u_s n')))" "t.enum n = (t.enum n') (u_t n' := Suc (t.enum n' (u_t n')))" using Suc by (simp_all add: s.enum_Suc t.enum_Suc) moreoverhave en: "a = s.enum n""b = t.enum n" using a b by (simp_all add: s.enum_n_top t.enum_n_top) moreover
{ fix j assume"j < n" moreoverhave"s - {a} = s.enum ` {0 .. n'}""t - {b} = t.enum ` {0 .. n'}" unfolding s.s_eq t.s_eq en by (auto simp: s.enum_inj t.enum_inj Suc) ultimatelyhave"s.enum j = t.enum j" using enum_eq[of "0" j n' 0] eq Suc by auto } note enum_eq = this thenhave"s.enum n' = t.enum n'" using Suc by auto moreover
{ fix j assume"j < n'" with enum_eq[of j] enum_eq[of "Suc j"] have"u_s j = u_t j" using s.enum_Suc[of j] t.enum_Suc[of j] by (auto simp: Suc fun_eq_iff split: if_split_asm) } thenhave"∧j. j < n' ==> u_s j = u_t j" by (auto simp: gr0_conv_Suc) thenhave"u_t n' = u_s n'" by (intro bij_betw_singleton_eq[OF t.upd s.upd, of n']) (auto simp: Suc) ultimatelyhave"a = b" by simp with assms show"s = t" by auto qed
end
inductive ksimplex for p n :: nat where
ksimplex: "kuhn_simplex p n base upd s ==> ksimplex p n s"
lemma finite_ksimplexes: "finite {s. ksimplex p n s}" proof (rule finite_subset)
{ fix a s assume"ksimplex p n s""a ∈ s" thenobtain b u where"kuhn_simplex p n b u s"by (auto elim: ksimplex.cases) theninterpret kuhn_simplex p n b u s . from s_space ‹a ∈ s› out_eq_p[OF ‹a ∈ s›] have"a ∈ (λf x. if n ≤ x then p else f x) ` ({..< n} →🪙E {.. p})" by (auto simp: image_iff subset_eq Pi_iff split: if_split_asm
intro!: bexI[of _ "restrict a {..< n}"]) } thenshow"{s. ksimplex p n s} ⊆ Pow ((λf x. if n ≤ x then p else f x) ` ({..< n} →🪙E {.. p}))" by auto qed (simp add: finite_PiE)
lemma ksimplex_card: assumes"ksimplex p n s"shows"card s = Suc n" using assms proof cases case (ksimplex u b) theninterpret kuhn_simplex p n u b s . show ?thesis by (simp add: card_image s_eq inj_enum) qed
lemma simplex_top_face: assumes"0 < p""∀x∈s'. x n = p" shows"ksimplex p n s' ⟷ (∃s a. ksimplex p (Suc n) s ∧ a ∈ s ∧ s' = s - {a})" using assms proof safe fix s a assume"ksimplex p (Suc n) s"and a: "a ∈ s"and na: "∀x∈s - {a}. x n = p" thenshow"ksimplex p n (s - {a})" proof cases case (ksimplex base upd) theninterpret kuhn_simplex p "Suc n" base upd "s" .
have"a n < p" using one_step[of a n p] na ‹a∈s› s_space by (auto simp: less_le) thenhave"a = enum 0" using‹a ∈ s› na by (subst enum_0_bot) (auto simp: le_less intro!: less[of a _ n]) thenhave s_eq: "s - {a} = enum ` Suc ` {.. n}" using s_eq by (simp add: atMost_Suc_eq_insert_0 insert_ident in_enum_image subset_eq) thenhave"enum 1 ∈ s - {a}" by auto thenhave"upd 0 = n" using‹a n 🚫›‹a = enum 0› na[rule_format, of "enum 1"] by (auto simp: fun_eq_iff enum_Suc split: if_split_asm) thenhave"bij_betw upd (Suc ` {..< n}) {..< n}" using upd by (subst notIn_Un_bij_betw3[where b=0])
(auto simp: lessThan_Suc[symmetric] lessThan_Suc_eq_insert_0) thenhave"bij_betw (upd∘Suc) {.. by (rule bij_betw_trans[rotated]) (auto simp: bij_betw_def)
have"a n = p - 1" using enum_Suc[of 0] na[rule_format, OF ‹enum 1 ∈ s - {a}›] ‹a = enum 0›by (auto simp: ‹upd 0 = n›)
"∧i. n≤i ==> (base(n := p)) i = p" using base base_out by (auto simp: Pi_iff)
have"∧i. Suc ` {..< i} = {..< Suc i} - {0}" by (auto simp: image_iff Ball_def) arith thenhave upd_Suc: "∧i. i ≤ n ==> (upd∘Suc) ` {..< i} = upd ` {..< Suc i} - {n}" using‹upd 0 = n› upd_inj by (auto simp add: image_iff less_Suc_eq_0_disj) have n_in_upd: "∧i. n ∈ upd ` {..< Suc i}" using‹upd 0 = n›by auto
define f' where"f' i j =
(if j ∈ (upd∘Suc)`{..< i} then Suc ((base(n := p)) j) else (base(n := p)) j)"for i j
{ fix x i assume i [arith]: "i ≤ n" with upd_Suc have"(upd ∘ Suc) ` {.. . with‹a n 🚫›‹a = enum 0›‹upd 0 = n›‹a n = p - 1› have"enum (Suc i) x = f' i x" by (auto simp add: f'_def enum_def) } thenshow"s - {a} = f' ` {.. n}" unfolding s_eq image_comp by (intro image_cong) auto qed qed next assume"ksimplex p n s'"and *: "∀x∈s'. x n = p" thenshow"∃s a. ksimplex p (Suc n) s ∧ a ∈ s ∧ s' = s - {a}" proof cases case (ksimplex base upd) theninterpret kuhn_simplex p n base upd s' .
define b where"b = base (n := p - 1)"
define u where"u i = (case i of 0 ==> n | Suc i ==> upd i)"for i
using upd by (intro notIn_Un_bij_betw) (auto simp: u_def bij_betw_def image_comp comp_def inj_on_def) thenshow"bij_betw u {.. by (simp add: u_def lessThan_Suc[symmetric] lessThan_Suc_eq_insert_0)
define f' where"f' i j = (if j ∈ u`{..< i} then Suc (b j) else b j)"for i j
have u_eq: "∧i. i ≤ n ==> u ` {..< Suc i} = upd ` {..< i} ∪ { n }" by (auto simp: u_def image_iff upd_inj Ball_def split: nat.split) arith
{ fix x have"x ≤ n ==> n ∉ upd ` {.. using upd_space by (simp add: image_iff neq_iff) } note n_not_upd = this
have *: "f' ` {.. Suc n} = f' ` (Suc ` {.. n} ∪ {0})" unfolding atMost_Suc_eq_insert_0 by simp alsohave"… = (f' ∘ Suc) ` {.. n} ∪ {b}" by (auto simp: f'_def) alsohave"(f' ∘ Suc) ` {.. n} = s'" using‹0 🚫› base_out[of n] unfolding s_eq enum_def[abs_def] f'_def[abs_def] upd_space by (intro image_cong) (simp_all add: u_eq b_def fun_eq_iff n_not_upd) finallyshow"s' ∪ {b} = f' ` {.. Suc n}" .. qed moreoverhave"b ∉ s'" using * ‹0 🚫›by (auto simp: b_def) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by auto qed qed
lemma ksimplex_replace_0: assumes s: "ksimplex p n s"and a: "a ∈ s" assumes j: "j < n"and p: "∀x∈s - {a}. x j = 0" shows"card {s'. ksimplex p n s' ∧ (∃b∈s'. s' - {b} = s - {a})} = 1" using s proof cases case (ksimplex b_s u_s)
{ fix t b assume"ksimplex p n t" thenobtain b_t u_t where"kuhn_simplex p n b_t u_t t" by (auto elim: ksimplex.cases) interpret kuhn_simplex_pair p n b_s u_s s b_t u_t t by intro_locales fact+
assume b: "b ∈ t""t - {b} = s - {a}" with a j p s.replace_0[of _ a] t.replace_0[of _ b] have"s = t" by (intro ksimplex_eq_top[of a b]) auto } thenhave"{s'. ksimplex p n s' ∧ (∃b∈s'. s' - {b} = s - {a})} = {s}" using s ‹a ∈ s›by auto thenshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma ksimplex_replace_1: assumes s: "ksimplex p n s"and a: "a ∈ s" assumes j: "j < n"and p: "∀x∈s - {a}. x j = p" shows"card {s'. ksimplex p n s' ∧ (∃b∈s'. s' - {b} = s - {a})} = 1" using s proof cases case (ksimplex b_s u_s)
{ fix t b assume"ksimplex p n t" thenobtain b_t u_t where"kuhn_simplex p n b_t u_t t" by (auto elim: ksimplex.cases) interpret kuhn_simplex_pair p n b_s u_s s b_t u_t t by intro_locales fact+
assume b: "b ∈ t""t - {b} = s - {a}" with a j p s.replace_1[of _ a] t.replace_1[of _ b] have"s = t" by (intro ksimplex_eq_bot[of a b]) auto } thenhave"{s'. ksimplex p n s' ∧ (∃b∈s'. s' - {b} = s - {a})} = {s}" using s ‹a ∈ s›by auto thenshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma ksimplex_replace_2: assumes s: "ksimplex p n s"and"a ∈ s"and"n ≠ 0" and lb: "∀j∃x∈s - {a}. x j ≠ 0" and ub: "∀j∃x∈s - {a}. x j ≠ p" shows"card {s'. ksimplex p n s' ∧ (∃b∈s'. s' - {b} = s - {a})} = 2" using s proof cases case (ksimplex base upd) theninterpret kuhn_simplex p n base upd s .
from‹a ∈ s›obtain i where"i ≤ n""a = enum i" unfolding s_eq by auto
from‹i ≤ n›have"i = 0 ∨ i = n ∨ (0 < i ∧ i < n)" by linarith thenhave"∃!s'. s' ≠ s ∧ ksimplex p n s' ∧ (∃b∈s'. s - {a} = s'- {b})" proof (elim disjE conjE) assume"i = 0"
define rot where [abs_def]: "rot i = (if i + 1 = n then 0 else i + 1)"for i let ?upd = "upd ∘ rot"
have rot: "bij_betw rot {..< n} {..< n}" by (auto simp: bij_betw_def inj_on_def image_iff Ball_def rot_def)
arith+ from rot upd have"bij_betw ?upd {.. by (rule bij_betw_trans)
define f' where [abs_def]: "f' i j = (if j ∈ ?upd`{..< i} then Suc (enum (Suc 0) j) else enum (Suc 0) j)"for i j
using base ‹n ≠ 0›by (auto simp: enum_0 enum_Suc PiE_iff extensional_def upd_space)
{ fix i assume"n ≤ i"thenshow"enum (Suc 0) i = p" using‹n ≠ 0›by (auto simp: enum_eq_p) } show"bij_betw ?upd {..by fact qed (simp add: f'_def) have ks_f': "ksimplex p n (f' ` {.. n})" by rule unfold_locales
have b_enum: "b.enum = f'"unfolding f'_def b.enum_def[abs_def] .. with b.inj_enum have inj_f': "inj_on f' {.. n}"by simp
have f'_eq_enum: "f' j = enum (Suc j)"if"j < n"for j proof - from that have"rot ` {..< j} = {0 <..< Suc j}" by (auto simp: rot_def image_Suc_lessThan cong: image_cong_simp) with that ‹n ≠ 0›show ?thesis by (simp only: f'_def enum_def fun_eq_iff image_comp [symmetric])
(auto simp add: upd_inj) qed thenhave"enum ` Suc ` {..< n} = f' ` {..< n}" by (force simp: enum_inj) alsohave"Suc ` {..< n} = {.. n} - {0}" by (auto simp: image_iff Ball_def) arith alsohave"{..< n} = {.. n} - {n}" by auto finallyhave eq: "s - {a} = f' ` {.. n} - {f' n}" unfolding s_eq ‹a = enum i›‹i = 0› by (simp add: inj_on_image_set_diff[OF inj_enum] inj_on_image_set_diff[OF inj_f'])
have"enum 0 < f' 0" using‹n ≠ 0›by (simp add: enum_strict_mono f'_eq_enum) alsohave"… < f' n" using‹n ≠ 0› b.enum_strict_mono[of 0 n] unfolding b_enum by simp finallyhave"a ≠ f' n" using‹a = enum i›‹i = 0›by auto
{ fix t c assume"ksimplex p n t""c ∈ t"and eq_sma: "s - {a} = t - {c}" obtain b u where"kuhn_simplex p n b u t" using‹ksimplex p n t›by (auto elim: ksimplex.cases) theninterpret t: kuhn_simplex p n b u t .
{ fix x assume"x ∈ s""x ≠ a" thenhave"x (upd 0) = enum (Suc 0) (upd 0)" by (auto simp: ‹a = enum i›‹i = 0› s_eq enum_def enum_inj) } thenhave eq_upd0: "∀x∈t-{c}. x (upd 0) = enum (Suc 0) (upd 0)" unfolding eq_sma[symmetric] by auto thenhave"c (upd 0) ≠ enum (Suc 0) (upd 0)" using‹n ≠ 0›by (intro t.one_step[OF ‹c∈t› ]) (auto simp: upd_space) thenhave"c (upd 0) < enum (Suc 0) (upd 0) ∨ c (upd 0) > enum (Suc 0) (upd 0)" by auto thenhave"t = s ∨ t = f' ` {..n}" proof (elim disjE conjE) assume *: "c (upd 0) < enum (Suc 0) (upd 0)" interpret st: kuhn_simplex_pair p n base upd s b u t ..
{ fix x assume"x ∈ t"with * ‹c∈t› eq_upd0[rule_format, of x] have"c ≤ x" by (auto simp: le_less intro!: t.less[of _ _ "upd 0"]) } note top = this have"s = t" using‹a = enum i›‹i = 0›‹c ∈ t› by (intro st.ksimplex_eq_bot[OF _ _ _ _ eq_sma])
(auto simp: s_eq enum_mono t.s_eq t.enum_mono top) thenshow ?thesis by simp next assume *: "c (upd 0) > enum (Suc 0) (upd 0)" interpret st: kuhn_simplex_pair p n "enum (Suc 0)""upd ∘ rot""f' ` {.. n}" b u t .. have eq: "f' ` {..n} - {f' n} = t - {c}" using eq_sma eq by simp
{ fix x assume"x ∈ t"with * ‹c∈t› eq_upd0[rule_format, of x] have"x ≤ c" by (auto simp: le_less intro!: t.less[of _ _ "upd 0"]) } note top = this have"f' ` {..n} = t" using‹a = enum i›‹i = 0›‹c ∈ t› by (intro st.ksimplex_eq_top[OF _ _ _ _ eq])
(auto simp: b.s_eq b.enum_mono t.s_eq t.enum_mono b_enum[symmetric] top) thenshow ?thesis by simp qed } with ks_f' eq ‹a ≠ f' n›‹n ≠ 0›show ?thesis apply (intro ex1I[of _ "f' ` {.. n}"]) apply auto [] apply metis done next assume"i = n" from‹n ≠ 0›obtain n' where n': "n = Suc n'" by (cases n) auto
define rot where"rot i = (case i of 0 ==> n' | Suc i ==> i)"for i let ?upd = "upd ∘ rot"
have rot: "bij_betw rot {..< n} {..< n}" by (auto simp: bij_betw_def inj_on_def image_iff Bex_def rot_def n' split: nat.splits)
arith from rot upd have"bij_betw ?upd {.. by (rule bij_betw_trans)
define b where"b = base (upd n' := base (upd n') - 1)"
define f' where [abs_def]: "f' i j = (if j ∈ ?upd`{..< i} then Suc (b j) else b j)"for i j
interpret b: kuhn_simplex p n b "upd ∘ rot""f' ` {.. n}" proof
{ fix i assume"n ≤ i"thenshow"b i = p" using base_out[of i] upd_space[of n'] by (auto simp: b_def n') } show"b ∈ {..→ {..
using base ‹n ≠ 0› upd_space[of n'] by (auto simp: b_def PiE_def Pi_iff Ball_def upd_space extensional_def n')
show"bij_betw ?upd {..by fact qed (simp add: f'_def) have f': "b.enum = f'"unfolding f'_def b.enum_def[abs_def] .. have ks_f': "ksimplex p n (b.enum ` {.. n})" unfolding f' by rule unfold_locales
{ fix t c assume"ksimplex p n t""c ∈ t"and eq_sma: "s - {a} = t - {c}" obtain b' u where"kuhn_simplex p n b' u t" using‹ksimplex p n t›by (auto elim: ksimplex.cases) theninterpret t: kuhn_simplex p n b' u t .
{ fix x assume"x ∈ s""x ≠ a" thenhave"x (upd n') = enum n' (upd n')" by (auto simp: ‹a = enum i› n' ‹i = n› s_eq enum_def enum_inj in_upd_image) } thenhave eq_upd0: "∀x∈t-{c}. x (upd n') = enum n' (upd n')" unfolding eq_sma[symmetric] by auto thenhave"c (upd n') ≠ enum n' (upd n')" using‹n ≠ 0›by (intro t.one_step[OF ‹c∈t› ]) (auto simp: n' upd_space[unfolded n']) thenhave"c (upd n') < enum n' (upd n') ∨ c (upd n') > enum n' (upd n')" by auto thenhave"t = s ∨ t = b.enum ` {..n}" proof (elim disjE conjE) assume *: "c (upd n') > enum n' (upd n')" interpret st: kuhn_simplex_pair p n base upd s b' u t ..
{ fix x assume"x ∈ t"with * ‹c∈t› eq_upd0[rule_format, of x] have"x ≤ c" by (auto simp: le_less intro!: t.less[of _ _ "upd n'"]) } note top = this have"s = t" using‹a = enum i›‹i = n›‹c ∈ t› by (intro st.ksimplex_eq_top[OF _ _ _ _ eq_sma])
(auto simp: s_eq enum_mono t.s_eq t.enum_mono top) thenshow ?thesis by simp next assume *: "c (upd n') < enum n' (upd n')" interpret st: kuhn_simplex_pair p n b "upd ∘ rot""f' ` {.. n}" b' u t .. have eq: "f' ` {..n} - {b.enum 0} = t - {c}" using eq_sma eq f' by simp
{ fix x assume"x ∈ t"with * ‹c∈t› eq_upd0[rule_format, of x] have"c ≤ x" by (auto simp: le_less intro!: t.less[of _ _ "upd n'"]) } note bot = this have"f' ` {..n} = t" using‹a = enum i›‹i = n›‹c ∈ t› by (intro st.ksimplex_eq_bot[OF _ _ _ _ eq])
(auto simp: b.s_eq b.enum_mono t.s_eq t.enum_mono bot) with f' show ?thesis by simp qed } with ks_f' eq ‹a ≠ b.enum 0›‹n ≠ 0›show ?thesis apply (intro ex1I[of _ "b.enum ` {.. n}"]) apply fastforce apply metis done next assume i: "0 < i""i < n"
define i' where"i' = i - 1" with i have"Suc i' < n" by simp with i have Suc_i': "Suc i' = i" by (simp add: i'_def)
let ?upd = "Fun.swap i' i upd" from i upd have"bij_betw ?upd {..< n} {..< n}" by (subst bij_betw_swap_iff) (auto simp: i'_def)
define f' where [abs_def]: "f' i j = (if j ∈ ?upd`{..< i} then Suc (base j) else base j)" for i j interpret b: kuhn_simplex p n base ?upd "f' ` {.. n}" proof show"base ∈ {..→ {..
by (rule base)
{ fix i assume"n ≤ i"thenshow"base i = p"by (rule base_out) } show"bij_betw ?upd {..by fact qed (simp add: f'_def) have f': "b.enum = f'"unfolding f'_def b.enum_def[abs_def] .. have ks_f': "ksimplex p n (b.enum ` {.. n})" unfolding f' by rule unfold_locales
have"{i} ⊆ {..n}" using i by auto
{ fix j assume"j ≤ n" with i Suc_i' have"enum j = b.enum j ⟷ j ≠ i" unfolding fun_eq_iff enum_def b.enum_def image_comp [symmetric] apply (cases ‹i = j›) apply (metis imageI in_upd_image lessI lessThan_iff lessThan_subset_iff order_less_le transpose_apply_first) by (metis lessThan_iff linorder_not_less not_less_eq_eq order_less_le transpose_image_eq)
} note enum_eq_benum = this thenhave"enum ` ({.. n} - {i}) = b.enum ` ({.. n} - {i})" by (intro image_cong) auto thenhave eq: "s - {a} = b.enum ` {.. n} - {b.enum i}" unfolding s_eq ‹a = enum i› using inj_on_image_set_diff[OF inj_enum Diff_subset ‹{i} ⊆ {..n}›]
inj_on_image_set_diff[OF b.inj_enum Diff_subset ‹{i} ⊆ {..n}›] by (simp add: comp_def)
have"a ≠ b.enum i" using‹a = enum i› enum_eq_benum i by auto
{ fix t c assume"ksimplex p n t""c ∈ t"and eq_sma: "s - {a} = t - {c}" obtain b' u where"kuhn_simplex p n b' u t" using‹ksimplex p n t›by (auto elim: ksimplex.cases) theninterpret t: kuhn_simplex p n b' u t . have"enum i' ∈ s - {a}""enum (i + 1) ∈ s - {a}" using‹a = enum i› i enum_in by (auto simp: enum_inj i'_def) thenobtain l k where
l: "t.enum l = enum i'""l ≤ n""t.enum l ≠ c"and
k: "t.enum k = enum (i + 1)""k ≤ n""t.enum k ≠ c" unfolding eq_sma by (auto simp: t.s_eq) with i have"t.enum l < t.enum k" by (simp add: enum_strict_mono i'_def) with‹l ≤ n›‹k ≤ n›have"l < k" by (simp add: t.enum_strict_mono)
{ assume"Suc l = k" have"enum (Suc (Suc i')) = t.enum (Suc l)" using i by (simp add: k ‹Suc l = k› i'_def) thenhave False using‹l 🚫›‹k ≤ n›‹Suc i' 🚫› by (auto simp: t.enum_Suc enum_Suc l upd_inj fun_eq_iff split: if_split_asm)
(metis Suc_lessD n_not_Suc_n upd_inj) } with‹l 🚫›have"Suc l < k" by arith have c_eq: "c = t.enum (Suc l)" proof (rule ccontr) assume"c ≠ t.enum (Suc l)" thenhave"t.enum (Suc l) ∈ s - {a}" using‹l 🚫›‹k ≤ n›by (simp add: t.s_eq eq_sma) thenobtain j where"t.enum (Suc l) = enum j""j ≤ n""enum j ≠ enum i" unfolding s_eq ‹a = enum i›by auto with i have"t.enum (Suc l) ≤ t.enum l ∨ t.enum k ≤ t.enum (Suc l)" by (auto simp: i'_def enum_mono enum_inj l k) with‹Suc l 🚫›‹k ≤ n›show False by (simp add: t.enum_mono) qed
{ have"t.enum (Suc (Suc l)) ∈ s - {a}" unfolding eq_sma c_eq t.s_eq using‹Suc l 🚫›‹k ≤ n›by (auto simp: t.enum_inj) thenobtain j where eq: "t.enum (Suc (Suc l)) = enum j"and"j ≤ n""j ≠ i" by (auto simp: s_eq ‹a = enum i›) moreoverhave"enum i' < t.enum (Suc (Suc l))" unfolding l(1)[symmetric] using‹Suc l 🚫›‹k ≤ n›by (auto simp: t.enum_strict_mono) ultimatelyhave"i' < j" using i by (simp add: enum_strict_mono i'_def) with‹j ≠ i›‹j ≤ n›have"t.enum k ≤ t.enum (Suc (Suc l))" unfolding i'_defby (simp add: enum_mono k eq) thenhave"k ≤ Suc (Suc l)" using‹k ≤ n›‹Suc l 🚫›by (simp add: t.enum_mono) } with‹Suc l 🚫›have"Suc (Suc l) = k"by simp thenhave"enum (Suc (Suc i')) = t.enum (Suc (Suc l))" using i by (simp add: k i'_def) alsohave"… = (enum i') (u l := Suc (enum i' (u l)), u (Suc l) := Suc (enum i' (u (Suc l))))" using‹Suc l 🚫›‹k ≤ n›by (simp add: t.enum_Suc l t.upd_inj) finallyhave"(u l = upd i' ∧ u (Suc l) = upd (Suc i')) ∨ (u l = upd (Suc i') ∧ u (Suc l) = upd i')" using‹Suc i' 🚫›by (auto simp: enum_Suc fun_eq_iff split: if_split_asm)
thenhave"t = s ∨ t = b.enum ` {..n}" proof (elim disjE conjE) assume u: "u l = upd i'" have"c = t.enum (Suc l)"unfolding c_eq .. alsohave"t.enum (Suc l) = enum (Suc i')" using u ‹l 🚫›‹k ≤ n›‹Suc i' 🚫›by (simp add: enum_Suc t.enum_Suc l) alsohave"… = a" using‹a = enum i› i by (simp add: i'_def) finallyshow ?thesis using eq_sma ‹a ∈ s›‹c ∈ t›by auto next assume u: "u l = upd (Suc i')"
define B where"B = b.enum ` {..n}" have"b.enum i' = enum i'" using enum_eq_benum[of i'] i by (auto simp: i'_def gr0_conv_Suc) have"c = t.enum (Suc l)"unfolding c_eq .. alsohave"t.enum (Suc l) = b.enum (Suc i')" using u ‹l 🚫›‹k ≤ n›‹Suc i' 🚫› by (simp_all add: enum_Suc t.enum_Suc l b.enum_Suc ‹b.enum i' = enum i'›)
(simp add: Suc_i') alsohave"… = b.enum i" using i by (simp add: i'_def) finallyhave"c = b.enum i" . thenhave"t - {c} = B - {c}""c ∈ B" unfolding eq_sma[symmetric] eq B_def using i by auto with‹c ∈ t›have"t = B" by auto thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: B_def) qed } with ks_f' eq ‹a ≠ b.enum i›‹n ≠ 0›‹i ≤ n›show ?thesis apply (intro ex1I[of _ "b.enum ` {.. n}"]) apply auto [] apply metis done qed thenshow ?thesis using s ‹a ∈ s›by (simp add: card_2_iff' Ex1_def) metis qed
text‹Hence another step towards concreteness.›
lemma kuhn_simplex_lemma: assumes"∀s. ksimplex p (Suc n) s ⟶ rl ` s ⊆ {.. Suc n}" and"odd (card {f. ∃s a. ksimplex p (Suc n) s ∧ a ∈ s ∧ (f = s - {a}) ∧
rl ` f = {..n} ∧ ((∃j≤n. ∀x∈f. x j = 0) ∨ (∃j≤n. ∀x∈f. x j = p))})" shows"odd (card {s. ksimplex p (Suc n) s ∧ rl ` s = {..Suc n}})" proof (rule kuhn_complete_lemma[OF finite_ksimplexes refl, unfolded mem_Collect_eq, where bnd="λf. (∃j∈{..n}. ∀x∈f. x j = 0) ∨ (∃j∈{..n}. ∀x∈f. x j = p)"],
safe del: notI)
have *: "∧x y. x = y ==> odd (card x) ==> odd (card y)" by auto show"odd (card {f. (∃s∈{s. ksimplex p (Suc n) s}. ∃a∈s. f = s - {a}) ∧
rl ` f = {..n} ∧ ((∃j∈{..n}. ∀x∈f. x j = 0) ∨ (∃j∈{..n}. ∀x∈f. x j = p))})" apply (rule *[OF _ assms(2)]) apply (auto simp: atLeast0AtMost) done
next
fix s assume s: "ksimplex p (Suc n) s" thenshow"card s = n + 2" by (simp add: ksimplex_card)
fix a assume a: "a ∈ s"thenshow"rl a ≤ Suc n" using assms(1) s by (auto simp: subset_eq)
let ?S = "{t. ksimplex p (Suc n) t ∧ (∃b∈t. s - {a} = t - {b})}"
{ fix j assume j: "j ≤ n""∀x∈s - {a}. x j = 0" with s a show"card ?S = 1" using ksimplex_replace_0[of p "n + 1" s a j] by (subst eq_commute) simp }
{ fix j assume j: "j ≤ n""∀x∈s - {a}. x j = p" with s a show"card ?S = 1" using ksimplex_replace_1[of p "n + 1" s a j] by (subst eq_commute) simp }
{ assume"card ?S ≠ 2""¬ (∃j∈{..n}. ∀x∈s - {a}. x j = p)" with s a show"∃j∈{..n}. ∀x∈s - {a}. x j = 0" using ksimplex_replace_2[of p "n + 1" s a] by (subst (asm) eq_commute) auto } qed
subsubsection ‹Reduced labelling›
definition reduced :: "nat ==> (nat ==> nat) ==> nat"where"reduced n x = (LEAST k. k = n ∨ x k ≠ 0)"
lemma reduced_labelling: shows"reduced n x ≤ n" and"∀i and"reduced n x = n ∨ x (reduced n x) ≠ 0" proof - show"reduced n x ≤ n" unfolding reduced_def by (rule LeastI2_wellorder[where a=n]) auto show"∀i unfolding reduced_def by (rule LeastI2_wellorder[where a=n]) fastforce+ show"reduced n x = n ∨ x (reduced n x) ≠ 0" unfolding reduced_def by (rule LeastI2_wellorder[where a=n]) fastforce+ qed
lemma reduced_labelling_unique: "r ≤ n ==>∀i==> r = n ∨ x r ≠ 0 ==> reduced n x = r" by (metis linorder_less_linear linorder_not_le reduced_labelling)
lemma reduced_labelling_zero: "j < n ==> x j = 0 ==> reduced n x ≠ j" using reduced_labelling[of n x] by auto
lemma reduce_labelling_zero[simp]: "reduced 0 x = 0" by (rule reduced_labelling_unique) auto
lemma reduced_labelling_nonzero: "j < n ==> x j ≠ 0 ==> reduced n x ≤ j" using reduced_labelling[of n x] by (elim allE[where x=j]) auto
lemma reduced_labelling_Suc: "reduced (Suc n) x ≠ Suc n ==> reduced (Suc n) x = reduced n x" using reduced_labelling[of "Suc n" x] by (intro reduced_labelling_unique[symmetric]) auto
lemma complete_face_top: assumes"∀x∈f. ∀j≤n. x j = 0 ⟶ lab x j = 0" and"∀x∈f. ∀j≤n. x j = p ⟶ lab x j = 1" and eq: "(reduced (Suc n) ∘ lab) ` f = {..n}" shows"((∃j≤n. ∀x∈f. x j = 0) ∨ (∃j≤n. ∀x∈f. x j = p)) ⟷ (∀x∈f. x n = p)" proof (safe del: disjCI) fix x j assume j: "j ≤ n""∀x∈f. x j = 0"
{ fix x assume"x ∈ f"with assms j have"reduced (Suc n) (lab x) ≠ j" by (intro reduced_labelling_zero) auto } moreoverhave"j ∈ (reduced (Suc n) ∘ lab) ` f" using j eq by auto ultimatelyshow"x n = p" by force next fix x j assume j: "j ≤ n""∀x∈f. x j = p"and x: "x ∈ f" have"j = n" proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ ?thesis"
{ fix x assume"x ∈ f" with assms j have"reduced (Suc n) (lab x) ≤ j" by (intro reduced_labelling_nonzero) auto thenhave"reduced (Suc n) (lab x) ≠ n" using‹j ≠ n›‹j ≤ n›by simp } moreover have"n ∈ (reduced (Suc n) ∘ lab) ` f" using eq by auto ultimatelyshow False by force qed moreoverhave"j ∈ (reduced (Suc n) ∘ lab) ` f" using j eq by auto ultimatelyshow"x n = p" using j x by auto qed auto
text‹Hence we get just about the nice induction.›
lemma kuhn_induction: assumes"0 < p" and lab_0: "∀x. ∀j≤n. (∀j. x j ≤ p) ∧ x j = 0 ⟶ lab x j = 0" and lab_1: "∀x. ∀j≤n. (∀j. x j ≤ p) ∧ x j = p ⟶ lab x j = 1" and odd: "odd (card {s. ksimplex p n s ∧ (reduced n∘lab) ` s = {..n}})" shows"odd (card {s. ksimplex p (Suc n) s ∧ (reduced (Suc n)∘lab) ` s = {..Suc n}})" proof - let ?rl = "reduced (Suc n) ∘ lab"and ?ext = "λf v. ∃j≤n. ∀x∈f. x j = v" let ?ext = "λs. (∃j≤n. ∀x∈s. x j = 0) ∨ (∃j≤n. ∀x∈s. x j = p)" have"∀s. ksimplex p (Suc n) s ⟶ ?rl ` s ⊆ {..Suc n}" by (simp add: reduced_labelling subset_eq) moreover have"{s. ksimplex p n s ∧ (reduced n ∘ lab) ` s = {..n}} = {f. ∃s a. ksimplex p (Suc n) s ∧ a ∈ s ∧ f = s - {a} ∧ ?rl ` f = {..n} ∧ ?ext f}" proof (intro set_eqI, safe del: disjCI equalityI disjE) fix s assume s: "ksimplex p n s"and rl: "(reduced n ∘ lab) ` s = {..n}" from s obtain u b where"kuhn_simplex p n u b s"by (auto elim: ksimplex.cases) theninterpret kuhn_simplex p n u b s . have all_eq_p: "∀x∈s. x n = p" by (auto simp: out_eq_p) moreover
{ fix x assume"x ∈ s" with lab_1[rule_format, of n x] all_eq_p s_le_p[of x] have"?rl x ≤ n" by (auto intro!: reduced_labelling_nonzero) thenhave"?rl x = reduced n (lab x)" by (auto intro!: reduced_labelling_Suc) } thenhave"?rl ` s = {..n}" using rl by (simp cong: image_cong) moreover obtain t a where"ksimplex p (Suc n) t""a ∈ t""s = t - {a}" using s unfolding simplex_top_face[OF ‹0 🚫› all_eq_p] by auto ultimately show"∃t a. ksimplex p (Suc n) t ∧ a ∈ t ∧ s = t - {a} ∧ ?rl ` s = {..n} ∧ ?ext s" by auto next fix x s a assume s: "ksimplex p (Suc n) s"and rl: "?rl ` (s - {a}) = {.. n}" and a: "a ∈ s"and"?ext (s - {a})" from s obtain u b where"kuhn_simplex p (Suc n) u b s"by (auto elim: ksimplex.cases) theninterpret kuhn_simplex p "Suc n" u b s . have all_eq_p: "∀x∈s. x (Suc n) = p" by (auto simp: out_eq_p)
{ fix x assume"x ∈ s - {a}" thenhave"?rl x ∈ ?rl ` (s - {a})" by auto thenhave"?rl x ≤ n" unfolding rl by auto thenhave"?rl x = reduced n (lab x)" by (auto intro!: reduced_labelling_Suc) } thenshow rl': "(reduced n∘lab) ` (s - {a}) = {..n}" unfolding rl[symmetric] by (intro image_cong) auto
from‹?ext (s - {a})› have all_eq_p: "∀x∈s - {a}. x n = p" proof (elim disjE exE conjE) fix j assume"j ≤ n""∀x∈s - {a}. x j = 0" with lab_0[rule_format, of j] all_eq_p s_le_p have"∧x. x ∈ s - {a} ==> reduced (Suc n) (lab x) ≠ j" by (intro reduced_labelling_zero) auto moreoverhave"j ∈ ?rl ` (s - {a})" using‹j ≤ n›unfolding rl by auto ultimatelyshow ?thesis by force next fix j assume"j ≤ n"and eq_p: "∀x∈s - {a}. x j = p" show ?thesis proof cases assume"j = n"with eq_p show ?thesis by simp next assume"j ≠ n"
{ fix x assume x: "x ∈ s - {a}" have"reduced n (lab x) ≤ j" proof (rule reduced_labelling_nonzero) show"lab x j ≠ 0" using lab_1[rule_format, of j x] x s_le_p[of x] eq_p ‹j ≤ n›by auto show"j < n" using‹j ≤ n›‹j ≠ n›by simp qed thenhave"reduced n (lab x) ≠ n" using‹j ≤ n›‹j ≠ n›by simp } moreoverhave"n ∈ (reduced n∘lab) ` (s - {a})" unfolding rl' by auto ultimatelyshow ?thesis by force qed qed show"ksimplex p n (s - {a})" unfolding simplex_top_face[OF ‹0 🚫› all_eq_p] using s a by auto qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis using assms by (intro kuhn_simplex_lemma) auto qed
text‹And so we get the final combinatorial result.›
lemma ksimplex_0: "ksimplex p 0 s ⟷ s = {(λx. p)}" proof assume"ksimplex p 0 s"thenshow"s = {(λx. p)}" by (blast dest: kuhn_simplex.ksimplex_0 elim: ksimplex.cases) next assume s: "s = {(λx. p)}" show"ksimplex p 0 s" proof (intro ksimplex, unfold_locales) show"(λ_. p) ∈ {..<0::nat} → {..
by auto show"bij_betw id {..<0} {..<0}" by simp qed (auto simp: s) qed
lemma kuhn_combinatorial: assumes"0 < p" and"∀x j. (∀j. x j ≤ p) ∧ j < n ∧ x j = 0 ⟶ lab x j = 0" and"∀x j. (∀j. x j ≤ p) ∧ j < n ∧ x j = p ⟶ lab x j = 1" shows"odd (card {s. ksimplex p n s ∧ (reduced n∘lab) ` s = {..n}})"
(is"odd (card (?M n))") using assms proof (induct n) case 0 thenshow ?case by (simp add: ksimplex_0 cong: conj_cong) next case (Suc n) thenhave"odd (card (?M n))" by force with Suc show ?case using kuhn_induction[of p n] by (auto simp: comp_def) qed
lemma kuhn_lemma: fixes n p :: nat assumes"0 < p" and"∀x. (∀i≤ p) ⟶ (∀i∨
label x i = 1)" and"∀x. (∀i≤ p) ⟶ (∀i⟶ label x i = 0)" and"∀x. (∀i≤ p) ⟶ (∀i⟶ label x i = 1)" obtains q where"∀i and"∀i∃r s. (∀j≤ r j ∧ r j ≤ q j + 1) ∧ (∀j≤ s j ∧ s j ≤ q j + 1) ∧ label r i ≠label s i" proof - let ?rl = "reduced n ∘ label" let ?A = "{s. ksimplex p n s ∧ ?rl ` s = {..n}}" have"odd (card ?A)" using assms by (intro kuhn_combinatorial[of p n label]) auto thenhave"?A ≠ {}" by (rule odd_card_imp_not_empty) thenobtain s b u where"kuhn_simplex p n b u s"and rl: "?rl ` s = {..n}" by (auto elim: ksimplex.cases) interpret kuhn_simplex p n b u s by fact
show ?thesis proof (intro that[of b] allI impI) fix i assume"i < n" thenshow"b i < p" using base by auto next fix i assume"i < n" thenhave"i ∈ {.. n}""Suc i ∈ {.. n}" by auto thenobtain u v where u: "u ∈ s""Suc i = ?rl u"and v: "v ∈ s""i = ?rl v" unfolding rl[symmetric] by blast
have"label u i ≠ label v i" using reduced_labelling [of n "label u"] reduced_labelling [of n "label v"]
u(2)[symmetric] v(2)[symmetric] ‹i 🚫› by auto moreover have"b j ≤ u j""u j ≤ b j + 1""b j ≤ v j""v j ≤ b j + 1"if"j < n"for j using that base_le[OF ‹u∈s›] le_Suc_base[OF ‹u∈s›] base_le[OF ‹v∈s›] le_Suc_base[OF ‹v∈s›] by auto ultimatelyshow"∃r s. (∀j≤ r j ∧ r j ≤ b j + 1) ∧ (∀j≤ s j ∧ s j ≤ b j + 1) ∧ label r i ≠ label s i" by blast qed qed
subsubsection ‹Main result for the unit cube›
lemma kuhn_labelling_lemma': assumes"(∀x::nat==>real. P x ⟶ P (f x))" and"∀x. P x ⟶ (∀i::nat. Q i ⟶ 0 ≤ x i ∧ x i ≤ 1)" shows"∃l. (∀x i. l x i ≤ (1::nat)) ∧ (∀x i. P x ∧ Q i ∧ x i = 0 ⟶ l x i = 0) ∧ (∀x i. P x ∧ Q i ∧ x i = 1 ⟶ l x i = 1) ∧ (∀x i. P x ∧ Q i ∧ l x i = 0 ⟶ x i ≤ f x i) ∧ (∀x i. P x ∧ Q i ∧ l x i = 1 ⟶ f x i ≤ x i)" unfolding all_conj_distrib [symmetric] apply (subst choice_iff[symmetric])+ by (metis assms choice_iff bot_nat_0.extremum nle_le zero_neq_one)
subsection‹Brouwer's fixed point theorem›
text‹We start proving Brouwer's fixed point theorem for the unit cube = ‹cbox 0 One›.\<close>
lemma brouwer_cube: fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space ==> 'a" assumes"continuous_on (cbox 0 One) f" and"f ` cbox 0 One ⊆ cbox 0 One" shows"∃x∈cbox 0 One. f x = x" proof (rule ccontr)
define n where"n = DIM('a)" have n: "1 ≤ n""0 < n""n ≠ 0" unfolding n_def by (auto simp: Suc_le_eq) assume"¬ ?thesis" thenhave *: "¬ (∃x∈cbox 0 One. f x - x = 0)" by auto obtain d where
d: "d > 0""∧x. x ∈ cbox 0 One ==> d ≤ norm (f x - x)" using brouwer_compactness_lemma[OF compact_cbox _ *] assms by (metis (no_types, lifting) continuous_on_cong continuous_on_diff continuous_on_id) have *: "∀x. x ∈ cbox 0 One ⟶ f x ∈ cbox 0 One" "∀x. x ∈ (cbox 0 One::'a set) ⟶ (∀i∈Basis. True ⟶ 0 ≤ x ∙ i ∧ x ∙ i ≤ 1)" using assms(2)[unfolded image_subset_iff Ball_def] unfolding cbox_def by auto obtain label :: "'a ==> 'a ==> nat"where label [rule_format]: "∀x. ∀i∈Basis. label x i ≤ 1" "∀x. ∀i∈Basis. x ∈ cbox 0 One ∧ x ∙ i = 0 ⟶ label x i = 0" "∀x. ∀i∈Basis. x ∈ cbox 0 One ∧ x ∙ i = 1 ⟶ label x i = 1" "∀x. ∀i∈Basis. x ∈ cbox 0 One ∧ label x i = 0 ⟶ x ∙ i ≤ f x ∙ i" "∀x. ∀i∈Basis. x ∈ cbox 0 One ∧ label x i = 1 ⟶ f x ∙ i ≤ x ∙ i" using kuhn_labelling_lemma[OF *] by auto note label = this [rule_format] have lem1: "∀x∈cbox 0 One. ∀y∈cbox 0 One. ∀i∈Basis. label x i ≠ label y i ⟶ ∣f x ∙ i - x ∙ i∣≤ norm (f y - f x) + norm (y - x)" proof safe fix x y :: 'a assume x: "x ∈ cbox 0 One"and y: "y ∈ cbox 0 One" fix i assume i: "label x i ≠ label y i""i ∈ Basis" have *: "∧x y fx fy :: real. x ≤ fx ∧ fy ≤ y ∨ fx ≤ x ∧ y ≤ fy ==> ∣fx - x∣≤∣fy - fx∣ + ∣y - x∣"by auto have"∣(f x - x) ∙ i∣≤∣(f y - f x)∙i∣ + ∣(y - x)∙i∣" proof (cases "label x i = 0") case True thenhave fxy: "¬ f y ∙ i ≤ y ∙ i ==> f x ∙ i ≤ x ∙ i" by (metis True i label(1) label(5) le_antisym less_one not_le_imp_less y) show ?thesis unfolding inner_simps by (rule *) (auto simp: True i label x y fxy) next case False thenshow ?thesis using label [OF ‹i ∈ Basis›] i(1) x y by (smt (verit, ccfv_threshold) inner_diff_left less_one order_le_less) qed alsohave"…≤ norm (f y - f x) + norm (y - x)" by (simp add: add_mono i(2) norm_bound_Basis_le) finallyshow"∣f x ∙ i - x ∙ i∣≤ norm (f y - f x) + norm (y - x)" unfolding inner_simps . qed have"∃e>0. ∀x∈cbox 0 One. ∀y∈cbox 0 One. ∀z∈cbox 0 One. ∀i∈Basis. norm (x - z) < e ⟶ norm (y - z) < e ⟶ label x i ≠ label y i ⟶ ∣(f(z) - z)∙i∣ < d / (real n)" proof - have d': "d / real n / 8 > 0" using d(1) by (simp add: n_def) have *: "uniformly_continuous_on (cbox 0 One) f" by (rule compact_uniformly_continuous[OF assms(1) compact_cbox]) obtain e where e: "e > 0" "∧x x'. x ∈ cbox 0 One ==> x' ∈ cbox 0 One ==> norm (x' - x) < e ==> norm (f x' - f x) < d / real n / 8" using *[unfolded uniformly_continuous_on_def,rule_format,OF d'] unfolding dist_norm by blast show ?thesis proof (intro exI conjI ballI impI) show"0 < min (e / 2) (d / real n / 8)" using d' e by auto fix x y z i assume as: "x ∈ cbox 0 One""y ∈ cbox 0 One""z ∈ cbox 0 One" "norm (x - z) < min (e / 2) (d / real n / 8)" "norm (y - z) < min (e / 2) (d / real n / 8)" "label x i ≠ label y i" assume i: "i ∈ Basis" have *: "∧z fz x fx n1 n2 n3 n4 d4 d :: real. ∣fx - x∣≤ n1 + n2 ==> ∣fx - fz∣≤ n3 ==>∣x - z∣≤ n4 ==> n1 < d4 ==> n2 < 2 * d4 ==> n3 < d4 ==> n4 < d4 ==> (8 * d4 = d) ==>∣fz - z∣ < d" by auto show"∣(f z - z) ∙ i∣ < d / real n" unfolding inner_simps proof (rule *) show"∣f x ∙ i - x ∙ i∣≤ norm (f y -f x) + norm (y - x)" using as(1) as(2) as(6) i lem1 by blast show"norm (f x - f z) < d / real n / 8" using d' e as by auto show"∣f x ∙ i - f z ∙ i∣≤ norm (f x - f z)""∣x ∙ i - z ∙ i∣≤ norm (x - z)" unfolding inner_diff_left[symmetric] by (rule Basis_le_norm[OF i])+ have tria: "norm (y - x) ≤ norm (y - z) + norm (x - z)" using dist_triangle[of y x z, unfolded dist_norm] unfolding norm_minus_commute by auto alsohave"… < e / 2 + e / 2" using as(4) as(5) by auto finallyshow"norm (f y - f x) < d / real n / 8" using as(1) as(2) e(2) by auto have"norm (y - z) + norm (x - z) < d / real n / 8 + d / real n / 8" using as(4) as(5) by auto with tria show"norm (y - x) < 2 * (d / real n / 8)" by auto qed (use as in auto) qed qed then obtain e where e: "e > 0" "∧x y z i. x ∈ cbox 0 One ==> y ∈ cbox 0 One ==> z ∈ cbox 0 One ==> i ∈ Basis ==> norm (x - z) < e ∧ norm (y - z) < e ∧ label x i ≠ label y i ==> ∣(f z - z) ∙ i∣ < d / real n" by blast obtain p :: nat where p: "1 + real n / e ≤ real p" using real_arch_simple .. have"1 + real n / e > 0" using e(1) n by (simp add: add_pos_pos) thenhave"p > 0" using p by auto
obtain b :: "nat ==> 'a"where b: "bij_betw b {..< n} Basis" by atomize_elim (auto simp: n_def intro!: finite_same_card_bij)
define b' where"b' = inv_into {..< n} b" thenhave b': "bij_betw b' Basis {..< n}" using bij_betw_inv_into[OF b] by auto thenhave b'_Basis: "∧i. i ∈ Basis ==> b' i ∈ {..< n}" unfolding bij_betw_def by (auto simp: set_eq_iff) have bb'[simp]:"∧i. i ∈ Basis ==> b (b' i) = i" unfolding b'_def using b by (auto simp: f_inv_into_f bij_betw_def) have b'b[simp]:"∧i. i < n ==> b' (b i) = i" unfolding b'_def using b by (auto simp: inv_into_f_eq bij_betw_def) have *: "∧x :: nat. x = 0 ∨ x = 1 ⟷ x ≤ 1" by auto have b'': "∧j. j < n ==> b j ∈ Basis" using b unfolding bij_betw_def by auto have q1: "0 < p""∀x. (∀i≤ p) ⟶ (∀i∑i∈Basis. (real (x (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i) ∘ b) i = 0 ∨ (label (∑i∈Basis. (real (x (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i) ∘ b) i = 1)" unfolding * using‹p > 0›‹n > 0› using label(1)[OF b''] by auto
{ fix x :: "nat ==> nat"and i assume"∀i≤ p" "i < n""x i = p ∨ x i = 0" thenhave"(∑i∈Basis. (real (x (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i) ∈ (cbox 0 One::'a set)" using b'_Basis by (auto simp: cbox_def bij_betw_def zero_le_divide_iff divide_le_eq_1) } note cube = this have q2: "∀x. (∀i≤ p) ⟶ (∀i⟶ (label (∑i∈Basis. (real (x (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i) ∘ b) i = 0)" unfolding o_def using cube ‹p > 0›by (intro allI impI label(2)) (auto simp: b'') have q3: "∀x. (∀i≤ p) ⟶ (∀i⟶ (label (∑i∈Basis. (real (x (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i) ∘ b) i = 1)" using cube ‹p > 0›unfolding o_def by (intro allI impI label(3)) (auto simp: b'') obtain q where q: "∀i "∀i ∃r s. (∀j≤ r j ∧ r j ≤ q j + 1) ∧ (∀j≤ s j ∧ s j ≤ q j + 1) ∧ (label (∑i∈Basis. (real (r (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i) ∘ b) i ≠ (label (∑i∈Basis. (real (s (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i) ∘ b) i" by (rule kuhn_lemma[OF q1 q2 q3])
define z :: 'a where"z = (∑i∈Basis. (real (q (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i)" have"∃i∈Basis. d / real n ≤∣(f z - z)∙i∣" proof (rule ccontr) have"∀i∈Basis. q (b' i) ∈ {0..p}" using q(1) b' by (auto intro: less_imp_le simp: bij_betw_def) thenhave"z ∈ cbox 0 One" unfolding z_def cbox_def using b'_Basis by (auto simp: bij_betw_def zero_le_divide_iff divide_le_eq_1) thenhave d_fz_z: "d ≤ norm (f z - z)" by (rule d) assume"¬ ?thesis" thenhave as: "∀i∈Basis. ∣f z ∙ i - z ∙ i∣ < d / real n" using‹n > 0› by (auto simp: not_le inner_diff) have"norm (f z - z) ≤ (∑i∈Basis. ∣f z ∙ i - z ∙ i∣)" unfolding inner_diff_left[symmetric] by (rule norm_le_l1) alsohave"… < (∑(i::'a) ∈ Basis. d / real n)" by (meson as finite_Basis nonempty_Basis sum_strict_mono) alsohave"… = d" using DIM_positive[where 'a='a] by (auto simp: n_def) finallyshow False using d_fz_z by auto qed thenobtain i where i: "i ∈ Basis""d / real n ≤∣(f z - z) ∙ i∣" .. have *: "b' i < n" using i and b'[unfolded bij_betw_def] by auto obtain r s where rs: "∧j. j < n ==> q j ≤ r j ∧ r j ≤ q j + 1" "∧j. j < n ==> q j ≤ s j ∧ s j ≤ q j + 1" "(label (∑i∈Basis. (real (r (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i) ∘ b) (b' i) ≠ (label (∑i∈Basis. (real (s (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i) ∘ b) (b' i)" using q(2)[rule_format,OF *] by blast have b'_im: "∧i. i ∈ Basis ==> b' i < n" using b' unfolding bij_betw_def by auto
define r' ::'a where"r' = (∑i∈Basis. (real (r (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i)" have"∧i. i ∈ Basis ==> r (b' i) ≤ p" using b'_im q(1) rs(1) by fastforce thenhave"r' ∈ cbox 0 One" unfolding r'_def cbox_def using b'_Basis by (auto simp: bij_betw_def zero_le_divide_iff divide_le_eq_1)
define s' :: 'a where"s' = (∑i∈Basis. (real (s (b' i)) / real p) *🪙R i)" have"∧i. i ∈ Basis ==> s (b' i) ≤ p" using b'_im q(1) rs(2) by fastforce thenhave"s' ∈ cbox 0 One" unfolding s'_def cbox_def using b'_Basis by (auto simp: bij_betw_def zero_le_divide_iff divide_le_eq_1) have"z ∈ cbox 0 One" unfolding z_def cbox_def using b'_Basis q(1)[rule_format,OF b'_im] ‹p > 0› by (auto simp: bij_betw_def zero_le_divide_iff divide_le_eq_1 less_imp_le)
{ have"(∑i∈Basis. ∣real (r (b' i)) - real (q (b' i))∣) ≤ (∑(i::'a)∈Basis. 1)" by (rule sum_mono) (use rs(1)[OF b'_im] in force) alsohave"… < e * real p" using p ‹e > 0›‹p > 0› by (auto simp: field_simps n_def) finallyhave"(∑i∈Basis. ∣real (r (b' i)) - real (q (b' i))∣) < e * real p" .
} moreover
{ have"(∑i∈Basis. ∣real (s (b' i)) - real (q (b' i))∣) ≤ (∑(i::'a)∈Basis. 1)" by (rule sum_mono) (use rs(2)[OF b'_im] in force) alsohave"… < e * real p" using p ‹e > 0›‹p > 0› by (auto simp: field_simps n_def) finallyhave"(∑i∈Basis. ∣real (s (b' i)) - real (q (b' i))∣) < e * real p" .
} ultimately have"norm (r' - z) < e"and"norm (s' - z) < e" unfolding r'_def s'_def z_def using‹p > 0› apply (rule_tac[!] le_less_trans[OF norm_le_l1]) apply (auto simp: field_simps sum_divide_distrib[symmetric] inner_diff_left) done thenhave"∣(f z - z) ∙ i∣ < d / real n" using rs(3) i unfolding r'_def[symmetric] s'_def[symmetric] o_def bb' by (intro e(2)[OF ‹r'∈cbox 0 One›‹s'∈cbox 0 One›‹z∈cbox 0 One›]) auto thenshow False using i by auto qed
text‹Next step is to prove it for nonempty interiors.›
lemma brouwer_weak: fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space ==> 'a" assumes"compact S" and"convex S" and"interior S ≠ {}" and"continuous_on S f" and"f ∈ S → S" obtains x where"x ∈ S"and"f x = x" proof - let ?U = "cbox 0 One :: 'a set" have"∑Basis /🪙R 2 ∈ interior ?U" proof (rule interiorI) let ?I = "(∩i∈Basis. {x::'a. 0 < x ∙ i} ∩ {x. x ∙ i < 1})" show"open ?I" by (intro open_INT finite_Basis ballI open_Int, auto intro: open_Collect_less simp: continuous_on_inner) show"∑Basis /🪙R 2 ∈ ?I" by simp show"?I ⊆ cbox 0 One" unfolding cbox_def by force qed thenhave *: "interior ?U ≠ {}"by fast have *: "?U homeomorphic S" using homeomorphic_convex_compact[OF convex_box(1) compact_cbox * assms(2,1,3)] . have"∀f. continuous_on ?U f ∧ f ∈ ?U → ?U ⟶ (∃x∈?U. f x = x)" using brouwer_cube by auto thenshow ?thesis unfolding homeomorphic_fixpoint_property[OF *] using assms by (auto intro: that) qed
text‹Then the particular case for closed balls.›
lemma brouwer_ball: fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space ==> 'a" assumes"e > 0" and"continuous_on (cball a e) f" and"f ∈ cball a e → cball a e" obtains x where"x ∈ cball a e"and"f x = x" using brouwer_weak[OF compact_cball convex_cball, of a e f] unfolding interior_cball ball_eq_empty using assms by auto
text‹And finally we prove Brouwer's fixed point theorem in its general version.›
theorem brouwer: fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space ==> 'a" assumes S: "compact S""convex S""S ≠ {}" and contf: "continuous_on S f" and fim: "f ∈ S → S" obtains x where"x ∈ S"and"f x = x" proof - have"∃e>0. S ⊆ cball 0 e" using compact_imp_bounded[OF ‹compact S›] unfolding bounded_pos by auto thenobtain e where e: "e > 0""S ⊆ cball 0 e" by blast have"∃x∈ cball 0 e. (f ∘ closest_point S) x = x" proof (rule_tac brouwer_ball[OF e(1)]) show"continuous_on (cball 0 e) (f ∘ closest_point S)" by (meson assms closest_point_in_set compact_eq_bounded_closed contf continuous_on_closest_point
continuous_on_compose continuous_on_subset image_subsetI) show"f ∘ closest_point S ∈ cball 0 e → cball 0 e" by (smt (verit) Pi_iff assms(1) assms(3) closest_point_in_set comp_apply compact_eq_bounded_closed e(2) fim subset_eq) qed (use assms in auto) thenobtain x where x: "x ∈ cball 0 e""(f ∘ closest_point S) x = x" .. with S have"x ∈ S" by (metis PiE closest_point_in_set comp_apply compact_imp_closed fim) thenhave *: "closest_point S x = x" by (rule closest_point_self) show thesis proof show"closest_point S x ∈ S" by (simp add: "*"‹x ∈ S›) show"f (closest_point S x) = closest_point S x" using"*" x by auto qed qed
subsection‹Applications›
text‹So we get the no-retraction theorem.›
corollary no_retraction_cball: fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space" assumes"e > 0" shows"¬ (frontier (cball a e) retract_of (cball a e))" proof assume *: "frontier (cball a e) retract_of (cball a e)" have **: "∧xa. a - (2 *🪙R a - xa) = - (a - xa)" using scaleR_left_distrib[of 1 1 a] by auto obtain x where x: "x ∈ {x. norm (a - x) = e}""2 *🪙R a - x = x" proof (rule retract_fixpoint_property[OF *, of "λx. scaleR 2 a - x"]) show"continuous_on (frontier (cball a e)) ((-) (2 *🪙R a))" by (intro continuous_intros) show"(-) (2 *🪙R a) ∈ frontier (cball a e) → frontier (cball a e)" by clarsimp (metis "**" dist_norm norm_minus_cancel) qed (auto simp: dist_norm intro: brouwer_ball[OF assms]) thenhave"scaleR 2 a = scaleR 1 x + scaleR 1 x" by (auto simp: algebra_simps) thenhave"a = x" unfolding scaleR_left_distrib[symmetric] by auto thenshow False using x assms by auto qed
corollary contractible_sphere: fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space" shows"contractible(sphere a r) ⟷ r ≤ 0" proof (cases "0 < r") case True thenshow ?thesis unfolding contractible_def nullhomotopic_from_sphere_extension using no_retraction_cball [OF True, of a] by (auto simp: retract_of_def retraction_def) next case False thenshow ?thesis unfolding contractible_def nullhomotopic_from_sphere_extension using less_eq_real_def by auto qed
corollary connected_sphere_eq: fixes a :: "'a :: euclidean_space" shows"connected(sphere a r) ⟷ 2 ≤ DIM('a) ∨ r ≤ 0"
(is"?lhs = ?rhs") proof (cases r "0::real" rule: linorder_cases) case less thenshow ?thesis by auto next case equal thenshow ?thesis by auto next case greater show ?thesis proof assume L: ?lhs have"False"if 1: "DIM('a) = 1" proof - obtain x y where xy: "sphere a r = {x,y}""x ≠ y" using sphere_1D_doubleton [OF 1 greater] by (metis dist_self greater insertI1 less_add_same_cancel1 mem_sphere mult_2 not_le zero_le_dist) thenhave"finite (sphere a r)" by auto with L ‹r > 0› xy show"False" using connected_finite_iff_sing by auto qed with greater show ?rhs by (metis DIM_ge_Suc0 One_nat_def Suc_1 le_antisym not_less_eq_eq) next assume ?rhs thenshow ?lhs using connected_sphere greater by auto qed qed
corollary path_connected_sphere_eq: fixes a :: "'a :: euclidean_space" shows"path_connected(sphere a r) ⟷ 2 ≤ DIM('a) ∨ r ≤ 0"
(is"?lhs = ?rhs") proof assume ?lhs thenshow ?rhs using connected_sphere_eq path_connected_imp_connected by blast next assume R: ?rhs thenshow ?lhs by (auto simp: contractible_imp_path_connected contractible_sphere path_connected_sphere) qed
proposition frontier_subset_retraction: fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" assumes"bounded S"and fros: "frontier S ⊆ T" and contf: "continuous_on (closure S) f" and fim: "f ∈ S → T" and fid: "∧x. x ∈ T ==> f x = x" shows"S ⊆ T" proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ S ⊆ T" thenobtain a where"a ∈ S""a ∉ T"by blast
define g where"g ≡ λz. if z ∈ closure S then f z else z" have"continuous_on (closure S ∪ closure(-S)) g" unfolding g_def using fros fid frontier_closures by (intro continuous_on_cases) (auto simp: contf) moreoverhave"closure S ∪ closure(- S) = UNIV" using closure_Un by fastforce ultimatelyhave contg: "continuous_on UNIV g"by metis obtain B where"0 < B"and B: "closure S ⊆ ball a B" using‹bounded S› bounded_subset_ballD by blast have notga: "g x ≠ a"for x unfolding g_def using fros fim ‹a ∉ T› by (metis PiE Un_iff ‹a ∈ S› closure_Un_frontier fid subsetD)
define h where"h ≡ (λy. a + (B / norm(y - a)) *🪙R (y - a)) ∘ g" have"¬ (frontier (cball a B) retract_of (cball a B))" by (metis no_retraction_cball ‹0 🚫›) thenhave"∧k. ¬ retraction (cball a B) (frontier (cball a B)) k" by (simp add: retract_of_def) moreoverhave"retraction (cball a B) (frontier (cball a B)) h" unfolding retraction_def proof (intro conjI ballI) show"frontier (cball a B) ⊆ cball a B" by force show"continuous_on (cball a B) h" unfolding h_def by (intro continuous_intros) (use contg continuous_on_subset notga in auto) show"h ∈ cball a B → frontier (cball a B)" using‹0 🚫›by (auto simp: h_def notga dist_norm) show"∧x. x ∈ frontier (cball a B) ==> h x = x" using notga ‹0 🚫› apply (simp add: g_def h_def field_simps) by (metis B dist_commute dist_norm mem_ball order_less_irrefl subset_eq) qed ultimatelyshow False by simp qed
subsubsection ‹Punctured affine hulls, etc›
lemma rel_frontier_deformation_retract_of_punctured_convex: fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" assumes"convex S""convex T""bounded S" and arelS: "a ∈ rel_interior S" and relS: "rel_frontier S ⊆ T" and affS: "T ⊆ affine hull S" obtains r where"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) (T - {a}) (T - {a}) id r" "retraction (T - {a}) (rel_frontier S) r" proof - have"∃d. 0 < d ∧ (a + d *🪙R l) ∈ rel_frontier S ∧ (∀e. 0 ≤ e ∧ e < d ⟶ (a + e *🪙R l) ∈ rel_interior S)" if"(a + l) ∈ affine hull S""l ≠ 0"for l using ray_to_rel_frontier [OF ‹bounded S› arelS] that by metis thenobtain dd where dd1: "∧l. [(a + l) ∈ affine hull S; l ≠ 0]==> 0 < dd l ∧ (a + dd l *🪙R l) ∈ rel_frontier S" and dd2: "∧l e. [(a + l) ∈ affine hull S; e < dd l; 0 ≤ e; l ≠ 0] ==> (a + e *🪙R l) ∈ rel_interior S" by metis+ have aaffS: "a ∈ affine hull S" by (meson arelS subsetD hull_inc rel_interior_subset) have"((λz. z - a) ` (affine hull S - {a})) = ((λz. z - a) ` (affine hull S)) - {0}" by auto moreoverhave"continuous_on (((λz. z - a) ` (affine hull S)) - {0}) (λx. dd x *🪙R x)" proof (rule continuous_on_compact_surface_projection) show"compact (rel_frontier ((λz. z - a) ` S))" by (simp add: ‹bounded S› bounded_translation_minus compact_rel_frontier_bounded) have releq: "rel_frontier ((λz. z - a) ` S) = (λz. z - a) ` rel_frontier S" using rel_frontier_translation [of "-a"] add.commute by simp alsohave"…⊆ (λz. z - a) ` (affine hull S) - {0}" using rel_frontier_affine_hull arelS rel_frontier_def by fastforce finallyshow"rel_frontier ((λz. z - a) ` S) ⊆ (λz. z - a) ` (affine hull S) - {0}" . show"cone ((λz. z - a) ` (affine hull S))" by (rule subspace_imp_cone)
(use aaffS in‹simp add: subspace_affine image_comp o_def affine_translation_aux [of a]›) show"(0 < k ∧ k *🪙R x ∈ rel_frontier ((λz. z - a) ` S)) ⟷ (dd x = k)" if x: "x ∈ (λz. z - a) ` (affine hull S) - {0}"for k x proof show"dd x = k ==> 0 < k ∧ k *🪙R x ∈ rel_frontier ((λz. z - a) ` S)" using dd1 [of x] that image_iff by (fastforce simp add: releq) next assume k: "0 < k ∧ k *🪙R x ∈ rel_frontier ((λz. z - a) ` S)" have False if"dd x < k" proof - have"k ≠ 0""a + k *🪙R x ∈ closure S" using k closure_translation [of "-a"] by (auto simp: rel_frontier_def cong: image_cong_simp) thenhave segsub: "open_segment a (a + k *🪙R x) ⊆ rel_interior S" by (metis rel_interior_closure_convex_segment [OF ‹convex S› arelS]) have"x ≠ 0"and xaffS: "a + x ∈ affine hull S" using x by auto thenhave"0 < dd x"and inS: "a + dd x *🪙R x ∈ rel_frontier S" using dd1 by auto moreoverhave"a + dd x *🪙R x ∈ open_segment a (a + k *🪙R x)" unfolding in_segment proof (intro conjI exI) show"a + dd x *🪙R x = (1 - dd x / k) *🪙R a + (dd x / k) *🪙R (a + k *🪙R x)" using k by (simp add: that algebra_simps) qed (use‹x ≠ 0›‹0 🚫 x› that in auto) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using segsub by (auto simp: rel_frontier_def) qed moreoverhave False if"k < dd x" using x k that rel_frontier_def by (fastforce simp: algebra_simps releq dest!: dd2) ultimatelyshow"dd x = k" by fastforce qed qed ultimatelyhave *: "continuous_on ((λz. z - a) ` (affine hull S - {a})) (λx. dd x *🪙R x)" by auto have"continuous_on (affine hull S - {a}) ((λx. a + dd x *🪙R x) ∘ (λz. z - a))" by (intro * continuous_intros continuous_on_compose) with affS have contdd: "continuous_on (T - {a}) ((λx. a + dd x *🪙R x) ∘ (λz. z - a))" by (blast intro: continuous_on_subset) show ?thesis proof show"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) (T - {a}) (T - {a}) id (λx. a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a))" proof (rule homotopic_with_linear) show"continuous_on (T - {a}) id" by (intro continuous_intros continuous_on_compose) show"continuous_on (T - {a}) (λx. a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a))" using contdd by (simp add: o_def) show"closed_segment (id x) (a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a)) ⊆ T - {a}" if"x ∈ T - {a}"for x proof (clarsimp simp: in_segment, intro conjI) fix u::real assume u: "0 ≤ u""u ≤ 1" have"a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a) ∈ T" by (metis DiffD1 DiffD2 add.commute add.right_neutral affS dd1 diff_add_cancel relS singletonI subsetCE that) thenshow"(1 - u) *🪙R x + u *🪙R (a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a)) ∈ T" using convexD [OF ‹convex T›] that u by simp have iff: "(1 - u) *🪙R x + u *🪙R (a + d *🪙R (x-a)) = a ⟷ (1 - u + u * d) *🪙R (x-a) = 0"for d by (auto simp: algebra_simps) have"x ∈ T""x ≠ a"using that by auto thenhave axa: "a + (x-a) ∈ affine hull S" by (metis (no_types) add.commute affS diff_add_cancel rev_subsetD) thenhave"¬ dd (x-a) ≤ 0 ∧ a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a) ∈ rel_frontier S" using‹x ≠ a› dd1 by fastforce with‹x ≠ a›show"(1 - u) *🪙R x + u *🪙R (a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a)) ≠ a" using less_eq_real_def mult_le_0_iff not_less u by (fastforce simp: iff) qed qed show"retraction (T - {a}) (rel_frontier S) (λx. a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a))" proof (simp add: retraction_def, intro conjI ballI) show"rel_frontier S ⊆ T - {a}" using arelS relS rel_frontier_def by fastforce show"continuous_on (T - {a}) (λx. a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a))" using contdd by (simp add: o_def) show"(λx. a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a)) ∈ (T - {a}) → rel_frontier S" unfolding Pi_iff using affS dd1 subset_eq by force show"a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a) = x"if x: "x ∈ rel_frontier S"for x proof - have"x ≠ a" using that arelS by (auto simp: rel_frontier_def) have False if"dd (x-a) < 1" proof - have"x ∈ closure S" using x by (auto simp: rel_frontier_def) thenhave segsub: "open_segment a x ⊆ rel_interior S" by (metis rel_interior_closure_convex_segment [OF ‹convex S› arelS]) have xaffS: "x ∈ affine hull S" using affS relS x by auto thenhave"0 < dd (x-a)"and inS: "a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a) ∈ rel_frontier S" using dd1 by (auto simp: ‹x ≠ a›) moreoverhave"a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a) ∈ open_segment a x" unfolding in_segment proof (intro exI conjI) show"a + dd (x-a) *🪙R (x-a) = (1 - dd (x-a)) *🪙R a + (dd (x-a)) *🪙R x" by (simp add: algebra_simps) qed (use‹x ≠ a›‹0 🚫 (x-a)› that in auto) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using segsub by (auto simp: rel_frontier_def) qed moreoverhave False if"1 < dd (x-a)" using x that dd2 [of "x - a" 1] ‹x ≠ a› closure_affine_hull by (auto simp: rel_frontier_def) ultimatelyhave"dd (x-a) = 1"🍋‹similar to another proof above› by fastforce with that show ?thesis by (simp add: rel_frontier_def) qed qed qed qed
corollary rel_frontier_retract_of_punctured_affine_hull: fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" assumes"bounded S""convex S""a ∈ rel_interior S" shows"rel_frontier S retract_of (affine hull S - {a})" by (meson assms convex_affine_hull dual_order.refl rel_frontier_affine_hull
rel_frontier_deformation_retract_of_punctured_convex retract_of_def)
corollary rel_boundary_retract_of_punctured_affine_hull: fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" assumes"compact S""convex S""a ∈ rel_interior S" shows"(S - rel_interior S) retract_of (affine hull S - {a})" by (metis assms closure_closed compact_eq_bounded_closed rel_frontier_def
rel_frontier_retract_of_punctured_affine_hull)
lemma homotopy_eqv_rel_frontier_punctured_convex: fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" assumes"convex S""bounded S""a ∈ rel_interior S""convex T""rel_frontier S ⊆ T""T⊆ affine hull S" shows"(rel_frontier S) homotopy_eqv (T - {a})" by (meson assms deformation_retract_imp_homotopy_eqv homotopy_equivalent_space_sym
rel_frontier_deformation_retract_of_punctured_convex[of S T])
lemma homotopy_eqv_rel_frontier_punctured_affine_hull: fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" assumes"convex S""bounded S""a ∈ rel_interior S" shows"(rel_frontier S) homotopy_eqv (affine hull S - {a})" by (simp add: assms homotopy_eqv_rel_frontier_punctured_convex rel_frontier_affine_hull)
lemma path_connected_sphere_gen: assumes"convex S""bounded S""aff_dim S ≠ 1" shows"path_connected(rel_frontier S)" proof - have"convex (closure S)" using assms by auto thenshow ?thesis by (metis Diff_empty aff_dim_affine_hull assms convex_affine_hull convex_imp_path_connected equals0I
path_connected_punctured_convex rel_frontier_def rel_frontier_retract_of_punctured_affine_hull retract_of_path_connected) qed
lemma connected_sphere_gen: assumes"convex S""bounded S""aff_dim S ≠ 1" shows"connected(rel_frontier S)" by (simp add: assms path_connected_imp_connected path_connected_sphere_gen)
subsubsection‹Borsuk-style characterization of separation›
lemma continuous_on_Borsuk_map: "a ∉ S ==> continuous_on S (λx. inverse(norm (x-a)) *🪙R (x-a))" by (rule continuous_intros | force)+
lemma Borsuk_map_into_sphere: "(λx. inverse(norm (x-a)) *🪙R (x-a)) ∈ S → sphere 0 1 ⟷ (a ∉ S)" proof - have"∧x. [a ∉ S; x ∈ S]==> inverse (norm (x-a)) * norm (x-a) = 1" by (metis left_inverse norm_eq_zero right_minus_eq) thenshow ?thesis by force qed
lemma Borsuk_maps_homotopic_in_path_component: assumes"path_component (- S) a b" shows"homotopic_with_canon (λx. True) S (sphere 0 1) (λx. inverse(norm(x-a)) *🪙R (x-a)) (λx. inverse(norm(x - b)) *🪙R (x - b))" proof - obtain g where g: "path g""path_image g ⊆ -S""pathstart g = a""pathfinish g = b" using assms by (auto simp: path_component_def)
define h where"h ≡ λz. (snd z - (g ∘ fst) z) /🪙R norm (snd z - (g ∘ fst) z)" have"continuous_on ({0..1} × S) h" unfolding h_def using g by (intro continuous_intros) (auto simp: path_defs) moreover have"h ∈ ({0..1} × S) → sphere 0 1" unfolding h_def using g by (auto simp: divide_simps path_defs) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using g by (auto simp: h_def path_defs homotopic_with_def) qed
lemma non_extensible_Borsuk_map: fixes a :: "'a :: euclidean_space" assumes"compact S"and cin: "C ∈ components(- S)"and boc: "bounded C"and"a ∈ C" shows"¬ (∃g. continuous_on (S ∪ C) g ∧ g ∈ (S ∪ C) → sphere 0 1 ∧ (∀x ∈ S. g x = inverse(norm(x-a)) *🪙R (x-a)))" proof - have"closed S"using assms by (simp add: compact_imp_closed) have"C ⊆ -S" using assms by (simp add: in_components_subset) with‹a ∈ C›have"a ∉ S"by blast thenhave ceq: "C = connected_component_set (- S) a" by (metis ‹a ∈ C› cin components_iff connected_component_eq) thenhave"bounded (S ∪ connected_component_set (- S) a)" using‹compact S› boc compact_imp_bounded by auto with bounded_subset_ballD obtain r where"0 < r"and r: "(S ∪ connected_component_set (- S) a) ⊆ ball a r" by blast
{ fix g assume"continuous_on (S ∪ C) g" "g ∈ (S ∪ C) → sphere 0 1" and [simp]: "∧x. x ∈ S ==> g x = (x-a) /🪙R norm (x-a)" thenhave norm_g1[simp]: "∧x. x ∈ S ∪ C ==> norm (g x) = 1" by force have cb_eq: "cball a r = (S ∪ connected_component_set (- S) a) ∪ (cball a r - connected_component_set (- S) a)" using ball_subset_cball [of a r] r by auto have cont1: "continuous_on (S ∪ connected_component_set (- S) a) (λx. a + r *🪙R g x)" using‹continuous_on (S ∪ C) g› ceq by (intro continuous_intros) blast have cont2: "continuous_on (cball a r - connected_component_set (- S) a) (λx. a + r *🪙R ((x-a) /🪙R norm (x-a)))" by (rule continuous_intros | force simp: ‹a ∉ S›)+ have 1: "continuous_on (cball a r) (λx. if connected_component (- S) a x then a + r *🪙R g x else a + r *🪙R ((x-a) /🪙R norm (x-a)))" apply (subst cb_eq) apply (rule continuous_on_cases [OF _ _ cont1 cont2]) using‹closed S› ceq cin by (force simp: closed_Diff open_Compl closed_Un_complement_component open_connected_component)+ have 2: "(λx. a + r *🪙R g x) ` (cball a r ∩ connected_component_set (- S) a) ⊆ sphere a r " using‹0 🚫›by (force simp: dist_norm ceq) have"retraction (cball a r) (sphere a r) (λx. if x ∈ connected_component_set (- S) a then a + r *🪙R g x else a + r *🪙R ((x-a) /🪙R norm (x-a)))" using‹0 🚫›‹a ∉ S›‹a ∈ C› r by (auto simp: norm_minus_commute retraction_def Pi_iff ceq dist_norm abs_if
mult_less_0_iff divide_simps 1 2) thenhave False using no_retraction_cball
[OF ‹0 🚫›, of a, unfolded retract_of_def, simplified, rule_format,
of "λx. if x ∈ connected_component_set (- S) a then a + r *🪙R g x else a + r *🪙R inverse(norm(x-a)) *🪙R (x-a)"] by blast
} thenshow ?thesis by blast qed
subsubsection ‹Proving surjectivity via Brouwer fixpoint theorem›
lemma brouwer_surjective: fixes f :: "'n::euclidean_space ==> 'n" assumes T: "compact T""convex T""T ≠ {}" and f: "continuous_on T f" and"∧x y. [x∈S; y∈T]==> x + (y - f y) ∈ T" and"x ∈ S" shows"∃y∈T. f y = x" proof - have *: "∧x y. f y = x ⟷ x + (y - f y) = y" by (auto simp add: algebra_simps) show ?thesis unfolding * proof (rule brouwer[OF T]) show"continuous_on T (λy. x + (y - f y))" by (intro continuous_intros f) qed (use assms in auto) qed
lemma brouwer_surjective_cball: fixes f :: "'n::euclidean_space ==> 'n" assumes"continuous_on (cball a e) f" and"e > 0" and"x ∈ S" and"∧x y. [x∈S; y∈cball a e]==> x + (y - f y) ∈ cball a e" shows"∃y∈cball a e. f y = x" by (smt (verit, best) assms brouwer_surjective cball_eq_empty compact_cball convex_cball)
lemma sussmann_open_mapping: fixes f :: "'a::real_normed_vector ==> 'b::euclidean_space" assumes"open S" and contf: "continuous_on S f" and"x ∈ S" and derf: "(f has_derivative f') (at x)" and"bounded_linear g'""f' ∘ g' = id" and"T ⊆ S" and x: "x ∈ interior T" shows"f x ∈ interior (f ` T)" proof - interpret f': bounded_linear f' using assms unfolding has_derivative_def by auto interpret g': bounded_linear g' using assms by auto obtain B where B: "0 < B""∀x. norm (g' x) ≤ norm x * B" using bounded_linear.pos_bounded[OF assms(5)] by blast hence *: "1 / (2 * B) > 0"by auto obtain e0 where e0: "0 < e0" "∀y. norm (y - x) < e0 ⟶ norm (f y - f x - f' (y - x)) ≤ 1 / (2 * B) * norm (y - x)" using derf unfolding has_derivative_at_alt using * by blast obtain e1 where e1: "0 < e1""cball x e1 ⊆ T" using mem_interior_cball x by blast have *: "0 < e0 / B""0 < e1 / B"using e0 e1 B by auto obtain e where e: "0 < e""e < e0 / B""e < e1 / B" using field_lbound_gt_zero[OF *] by blast have lem: "∃y∈cball (f x) e. f (x + g' (y - f x)) = z"if"z∈cball (f x) (e / 2)"forz proof (rule brouwer_surjective_cball) have z: "z ∈ S"if as: "y ∈cball (f x) e""z = x + (g' y - g' (f x))"for y z
proof- have"dist x z = norm (g' (f x) - g' y)" unfolding as(2) and dist_norm by auto alsohave"…≤ norm (f x - y) * B" by (metis B(2) g'.diff) alsohave"…≤ e * B" by (metis B(1) dist_norm mem_cball mult_le_cancel_right_pos that(1)) alsohave"…≤ e1" using B(1) e(3) pos_less_divide_eq by fastforce finallyhave"z ∈ cball x e1" by force thenshow"z ∈ S" using e1 assms(7) by auto qed show"continuous_on (cball (f x) e) (λy. f (x + g' (y - f x)))" unfolding g'.diff proof (rule continuous_on_compose2 [OF _ _ order_refl, of _ _ f]) show"continuous_on ((λy. x + (g' y - g' (f x))) ` cball (f x) e) f" by (rule continuous_on_subset[OF contf]) (use z in blast) show"continuous_on (cball (f x) e) (λy. x + (g' y - g' (f x)))" by (intro continuous_intros linear_continuous_on[OF ‹bounded_linear g'›]) qed next fix y z assume y: "y ∈ cball (f x) (e / 2)"and z: "z ∈ cball (f x) e" have"norm (g' (z - f x)) ≤ norm (z - f x) * B" using B by auto alsohave"…≤ e * B" by (metis B(1) z dist_norm mem_cball norm_minus_commute mult_le_cancel_right_pos) alsohave"… < e0" using B(1) e(2) pos_less_divide_eq by blast finallyhave *: "norm (x + g' (z - f x) - x) < e0" by auto have **: "f x + f' (x + g' (z - f x) - x) = z" using assms(6)[unfolded o_def id_def,THEN cong] by auto have"norm (f x - (y + (z - f (x + g' (z - f x))))) ≤ norm (f (x + g' (z - f x)) - z) + norm (f x - y)" using norm_triangle_ineq[of "f (x + g'(z - f x)) - z""f x - y"] by (auto simp add: algebra_simps) alsohave"…≤ 1 / (B * 2) * norm (g' (z - f x)) + norm (f x - y)" using e0(2)[rule_format, OF *] by (simp only: algebra_simps **) auto alsohave"…≤ 1 / (B * 2) * norm (g' (z - f x)) + e/2" using y by (auto simp: dist_norm) alsohave"…≤ 1 / (B * 2) * B * norm (z - f x) + e/2" using * B by (auto simp add: field_simps) alsohave"…≤ 1 / 2 * norm (z - f x) + e/2" by auto alsohave"…≤ e/2 + e/2" using B(1) ‹norm (z - f x) * B ≤ e * B›by auto finallyshow"y + (z - f (x + g' (z - f x))) ∈ cball (f x) e" by (auto simp: dist_norm) qed (use e that in auto) show ?thesis unfolding mem_interior proof (intro exI conjI subsetI) fix y assume"y ∈ ball (f x) (e / 2)" thenhave *: "y ∈ cball (f x) (e / 2)" by auto obtain z where z: "z ∈ cball (f x) e""f (x + g' (z - f x)) = y" using lem * by blast thenhave"norm (g' (z - f x)) ≤ norm (z - f x) * B" using B by (auto simp add: field_simps) alsohave"…≤ e * B" by (metis B(1) dist_norm mem_cball norm_minus_commute mult_le_cancel_right_pos z(1)) alsohave"…≤ e1" using e B unfolding less_divide_eq by auto finallyhave"x + g'(z - f x) ∈ T" by (metis add_diff_cancel diff_diff_add dist_norm e1(2) mem_cball norm_minus_commute subset_eq) thenshow"y ∈ f ` T" using z by auto qed (use e in auto) qed
text‹Hence the following eccentric variant of the inverse function theorem. This has no continuity assumptions, but we do need the inverse function. We could put ‹f' ∘ g = I› b
algebra theory I've set up so far.›
lemma has_derivative_inverse_strong: fixes f :: "'n::euclidean_space ==> 'n" assumes S: "open S""x ∈ S" and contf: "continuous_on S f" and gf: "∧x. x ∈ S ==> g (f x) = x" and derf: "(f has_derivative f') (at x)" and id: "f' ∘ g' = id" shows"(g has_derivative g') (at (f x))" proof - have linf: "bounded_linear f'" using derf unfolding has_derivative_def by auto thenhave ling: "bounded_linear g'" unfolding linear_conv_bounded_linear[symmetric] using id right_inverse_linear by blast moreoverhave"g' ∘ f' = id" using id linear_inverse_left linear_linear linf ling by blast moreoverhave *: "∧T. [T ⊆ S; x ∈ interior T]==> f x ∈ interior (f ` T)" using S derf contf id ling sussmann_open_mapping by blast have"continuous (at (f x)) g" unfolding continuous_at Lim_at proof (intro strip) fix e :: real assume"e > 0" thenhave"f x ∈ interior (f ` (ball x e ∩ S))" by (simp add: "*" S interior_open) thenobtain d where d: "0 < d""ball (f x) d ⊆ f ` (ball x e ∩ S)" unfolding mem_interior by blast show"∃d>0. ∀y. 0 < dist y (f x) ∧ dist y (f x) < d ⟶ dist (g y) (g (f x)) < e" proof (intro exI allI impI conjI) fix y assume"0 < dist y (f x) ∧ dist y (f x) < d" thenhave"g y ∈ g ` f ` (ball x e ∩ S)" by (metis d(2) dist_commute mem_ball rev_image_eqI subset_iff) thenshow"dist (g y) (g (f x)) < e" using‹x ∈ S›by (simp add: gf dist_commute image_iff) qed (use d in auto) qed moreoverhave"f x ∈ interior (f ` S)" using"*" S interior_eq by blast moreoverhave"f (g y) = y"if"y ∈ interior (f ` S)"for y by (metis gf imageE interiorE subsetD that) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using assms by (metis has_derivative_inverse_basic_x open_interior) qed
text‹A rewrite based on the other domain.›
lemma has_derivative_inverse_strong_x: fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space ==> 'a" assumes"open S" and"g y ∈ S" and"continuous_on S f" and"∧x. x ∈ S ==> g (f x) = x" and"(f has_derivative f') (at (g y))" and"f' ∘ g' = id" and f: "f (g y) = y" shows"(g has_derivative g') (at y)" using has_derivative_inverse_strong[OF assms(1-6)] by (simp add: f)
text‹On a region.›
theorem has_derivative_inverse_on: fixes f :: "'n::euclidean_space ==> 'n" assumes"open S" and"∧x. x ∈ S ==> (f has_derivative f'(x)) (at x)" and"∧x. x ∈ S ==> g (f x) = x" and"f' x ∘ g' x = id" and"x ∈ S" shows"(g has_derivative g'(x)) (at (f x))" by (meson assms continuous_on_eq_continuous_at has_derivative_continuous has_derivative_inverse_strong)
end
Messung V0.5 in Prozent
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.114 Sekunden
(vorverarbeitet am 2026-04-30)
¤
Die Informationen auf dieser Webseite wurden
nach bestem Wissen sorgfältig zusammengestellt. Es wird jedoch weder Vollständigkeit, noch Richtigkeit,
noch Qualität der bereit gestellten Informationen zugesichert.
Bemerkung:
Die farbliche Syntaxdarstellung und die Messung sind noch experimentell.