(* Title: HOL/Algebra/QuotRing.thy Author: Stephan Hohe Author: Paulo Emílio de Vilhena *)
theory QuotRing imports RingHom begin
section‹Quotient Rings›
subsection‹Multiplication on Cosets›
definition rcoset_mult :: "[('a, _) ring_scheme, 'a set, 'a set, 'a set] ==> 'a set"
(‹(‹open_block notation=‹mixfix rcoset_mult›\›[mod _:] _ ⨂🍋 _)› [81,81,81] 80) where"rcoset_mult R I A B = (∪a∈A. ∪b∈B. I +>🪙R🪙 (a ⊗🪙R🪙 b))"
text‹🍋‹rcoset_mult›fulfils the properties required by congruences› lemma (in ideal) rcoset_mult_add: assumes"x ∈ carrier R""y ∈ carrier R" shows"[mod I:] (I +> x) ⨂ (I +> y) = I +> (x ⊗ y)" proof - have 1: "z ∈ I +> x ⊗ y" if x'rcos: "x' ∈ I +> x"and y'rcos: "y' ∈ I +> y"and zrcos: "z ∈ I +> x' ⊗ y'"for z x' y' proof - from that obtain hx hy hz where hxI: "hx ∈ I"and x': "x' = hx ⊕ x"and hyI: "hy ∈ I"and y': "y' = hy ⊕y" and hzI: "hz ∈ I"and z: "z = hz ⊕ (x' ⊗ y')" by (auto simp: a_r_coset_def r_coset_def) note carr = assms hxI[THEN a_Hcarr] hyI[THEN a_Hcarr] hzI[THEN a_Hcarr] from z x' y' have"z = hz ⊕ ((hx ⊕ x) ⊗ (hy ⊕ y))"by simp alsofrom carr have"… = (hz ⊕ (hx ⊗ (hy ⊕ y)) ⊕ x ⊗ hy) ⊕ x ⊗ y"by algebra finallyhave z2: "z = (hz ⊕ (hx ⊗ (hy ⊕ y)) ⊕ x ⊗ hy) ⊕ x ⊗ y" . from hxI hyI hzI carr have"hz ⊕ (hx ⊗ (hy ⊕ y)) ⊕ x ⊗ hy ∈ I" by (simp add: I_l_closed I_r_closed) with z2 show ?thesis by (auto simp add: a_r_coset_def r_coset_def) qed have 2: "∃a∈I +> x. ∃b∈I +> y. z ∈ I +> a ⊗ b"if"z ∈ I +> x ⊗ y"for z using assms a_rcos_self that by blast show ?thesis unfolding rcoset_mult_def using assms by (auto simp: intro!: 1 2) qed
subsection‹Quotient Ring Definition›
definition FactRing :: "[('a,'b) ring_scheme, 'a set] ==> ('a set) ring"
(infixl‹Quot› 65) where"FactRing R I = (carrier = a_rcosets🪙R🪙 I, mult = rcoset_mult R I, one = (I +>🪙R🪙1🪙R🪙), zero = I, add = set_add R)"
text‹The quotient is a ring› lemma (in ideal) quotient_is_ring: "ring (R Quot I)" proof (rule ringI) show"abelian_group (R Quot I)" by (rule comm_group_abelian_groupI)
(simp add: FactRing_def a_factorgroup_is_comm_group[unfolded A_FactGroup_def']) show"Group.monoid (R Quot I)" by (rule monoidI)
(auto simp add: FactRing_simps rcoset_mult_add m_assoc) qed (auto simp: FactRing_simps rcoset_mult_add a_rcos_sum l_distr r_distr)
text‹This is a ring homomorphism›
lemma (in ideal) rcos_ring_hom: "((+>) I) ∈ ring_hom R (R Quot I)" by (simp add: ring_hom_memI FactRing_def a_rcosetsI[OF a_subset] rcoset_mult_add a_rcos_sum)
lemma (in ideal) rcos_ring_hom_ring: "ring_hom_ring R (R Quot I) ((+>) I)" by (simp add: local.ring_axioms quotient_is_ring rcos_ring_hom ring_hom_ringI2)
text‹The quotient of a cring is also commutative› lemma (in ideal) quotient_is_cring: assumes"cring R" shows"cring (R Quot I)" proof - interpret cring R by fact show ?thesis apply (intro cring.intro comm_monoid.intro comm_monoid_axioms.intro quotient_is_ring) apply (rule ring.axioms[OF quotient_is_ring]) apply (auto simp add: FactRing_simps rcoset_mult_add m_comm) done qed
text‹Cosets as a ring homomorphism on crings› lemma (in ideal) rcos_ring_hom_cring: assumes"cring R" shows"ring_hom_cring R (R Quot I) ((+>) I)" proof - interpret cring R by fact show ?thesis apply (rule ring_hom_cringI) apply (rule rcos_ring_hom_ring) apply (rule is_cring) apply (rule quotient_is_cring) apply (rule is_cring) done qed
subsection‹Factorization over Prime Ideals›
text‹The quotient ring generated by a prime ideal is a domain› lemma (in primeideal) quotient_is_domain: "domain (R Quot I)" proof - have 1: "I +> 1 = I ==> False" using I_notcarr a_rcos_self one_imp_carrier by blast have 2: "I +> x = I" if carr: "x ∈ carrier R""y ∈ carrier R" and a: "I +> x ⊗ y = I" and b: "I +> y ≠ I"for x y by (metis I_prime a a_rcos_const a_rcos_self b m_closed that) show ?thesis apply (intro domain.intro quotient_is_cring is_cring domain_axioms.intro) apply (metis "1" FactRing_def monoid.simps(2) ring.simps(1)) apply (simp add: FactRing_simps) apply (metis "2" rcoset_mult_add) done qed
text‹Generating right cosets of a prime ideal is a homomorphism on commutative rings› lemma (in primeideal) rcos_ring_hom_cring: "ring_hom_cring R (R Quot I) ((+>) I)" by (rule rcos_ring_hom_cring) (rule is_cring)
subsection‹Factorization over Maximal Ideals›
text‹In a commutative ring, the quotient ring over a maximal ideal is a field. The proof follows ``W. Adkins, S. Weintraub: Algebra -- An Approach via Module Theory''›
proposition (in maximalideal) quotient_is_field: assumes"cring R" shows"field (R Quot I)" proof - interpret cring R by fact have 1: "0🪙R Quot I🪙≠1🪙R Quot I🪙"🍋‹Quotient is not empty› proof assume"0🪙R Quot I🪙 = 1🪙R Quot I🪙" thenhave II1: "I = I +> 1"by (simp add: FactRing_def) thenhave"I = carrier R" using a_rcos_self one_imp_carrier by blast with I_notcarr show False by simp qed have 2: "∃y∈carrier R. I +> a ⊗ y = I +> 1"if IanI: "I +> a ≠ I"and acarr: "a ∈ carrier R"for a 🍋‹Existence of Inverse› proof - 🍋‹Helper ideal ‹J›\›
define J :: "'a set"where"J = (carrier R #> a) <+> I" have idealJ: "ideal J R" using J_def acarr add_ideals cgenideal_eq_rcos cgenideal_ideal is_ideal by auto have IinJ: "I ⊆ J" proof (clarsimp simp: J_def r_coset_def set_add_defs) fix x assume xI: "x ∈ I" have"x = 0⊗ a ⊕ x" by (simp add: acarr xI) with xI show"∃xa∈carrier R. ∃k∈I. x = xa ⊗ a ⊕ k"by fast qed have JnI: "J ≠ I" proof - have"a ∉ I" using IanI a_rcos_const by blast moreoverhave"a ∈ J" proof (simp add: J_def r_coset_def set_add_defs) from acarr have"a = 1⊗ a ⊕0"by algebra with one_closed and additive_subgroup.zero_closed[OF is_additive_subgroup] show"∃x∈carrier R. ∃k∈I. a = x ⊗ a ⊕ k"by fast qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed thenhave Jcarr: "J = carrier R" using I_maximal IinJ additive_subgroup.a_subset idealJ ideal_def by blast
🍋‹Calculating an inverse for 🍋‹a›\› from one_closed[folded Jcarr] obtain r i where rcarr: "r ∈ carrier R" and iI: "i ∈ I"and one: "1 = r ⊗ a ⊕ i" by (auto simp add: J_def r_coset_def set_add_defs)
from one and rcarr and acarr and iI[THEN a_Hcarr] have rai1: "a ⊗ r = ⊖i ⊕1"by algebra
🍋‹Lifting to cosets› from iI have"⊖i ⊕1∈ I +> 1" by (intro a_rcosI, simp, intro a_subset, simp) with rai1 have"a ⊗ r ∈ I +> 1"by simp thenhave"I +> 1 = I +> a ⊗ r" by (rule a_repr_independence, simp) (rule a_subgroup)
from rcarr and this[symmetric] show"∃r∈carrier R. I +> a ⊗ r = I +> 1"by fast qed show ?thesis apply (intro cring.cring_fieldI2 quotient_is_cring is_cring 1) apply (clarsimp simp add: FactRing_simps rcoset_mult_add 2) done qed
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) trivial_hom_iff: "(h ` (carrier R) = { 0🪙S🪙 }) = (a_kernel R S h = carrier R)" using group_hom.trivial_hom_iff[OF a_group_hom] by (simp add: a_kernel_def)
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) trivial_ker_imp_inj: assumes"a_kernel R S h = { 0 }" shows"inj_on h (carrier R)" using group_hom.trivial_ker_imp_inj[OF a_group_hom] assms a_kernel_def[of R S h] by simp
(* NEW ========================================================================== *) lemma (in ring_hom_ring) inj_iff_trivial_ker: shows"inj_on h (carrier R) ⟷ a_kernel R S h = { 0 }" using group_hom.inj_iff_trivial_ker[OF a_group_hom] a_kernel_def[of R S h] by simp
(* NEW ========================================================================== *) corollary ring_hom_in_hom: assumes"h ∈ ring_hom R S"shows"h ∈ hom R S"and"h ∈ hom (add_monoid R) (add_monoid S)" using assms unfolding ring_hom_def hom_def by auto
(* NEW ========================================================================== *) corollary set_add_hom: assumes"h ∈ ring_hom R S""I ⊆ carrier R"and"J ⊆ carrier R" shows"h ` (I <+>🪙R🪙 J) = h ` I <+>🪙S🪙 h ` J" using set_mult_hom[OF ring_hom_in_hom(2)[OF assms(1)]] assms(2-3) unfolding a_kernel_def[of R S h] set_add_def by simp
(* NEW ========================================================================== *) corollary a_coset_hom: assumes"h ∈ ring_hom R S""I ⊆ carrier R""a ∈ carrier R" shows"h ` (a <+🪙R🪙 I) = h a <+🪙S🪙 (h ` I)"and"h ` (I +>🪙R🪙 a) = (h ` I) +>🪙S?? h a" using assms coset_hom[OF ring_hom_in_hom(2)[OF assms(1)], of I a] unfolding a_l_coset_def l_coset_eq_set_mult
a_r_coset_def r_coset_eq_set_mult by simp_all
(* NEW ========================================================================== *) corollary (in ring_hom_ring) set_add_ker_hom: assumes"I ⊆ carrier R" shows"h ` (I <+> (a_kernel R S h)) = h ` I"and"h ` ((a_kernel R S h) <+> I) = h ` I" using group_hom.set_mult_ker_hom[OF a_group_hom] assms unfolding a_kernel_def[of R S h] set_add_def by simp+
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) non_trivial_field_hom_imp_inj: assumes R: "field R" and h: "h ` (carrier R) ≠ { 0🪙S🪙 }" shows"inj_on h (carrier R)" proof - from h have"a_kernel R S h ≠ carrier R" using trivial_hom_iff by linarith hence"a_kernel R S h = { 0 }" using field.all_ideals[OF R] kernel_is_ideal by blast thus"inj_on h (carrier R)" using trivial_ker_imp_inj by blast qed
lemma"field R ==> cring R" using fieldE(1) by blast
lemma non_trivial_field_hom_is_inj: assumes"h ∈ ring_hom R S"and"field R"and"field S" shows"inj_on h (carrier R)" proof - interpret ring_hom_cring R S h using assms(1) ring_hom_cring.intro[OF assms(2-3)[THEN fieldE(1)]] unfolding symmetric[OF ring_hom_cring_axioms_def] by simp
have"h 1🪙R🪙 = 1🪙S🪙"and"1🪙S🪙≠0🪙S🪙" usingdomain.one_not_zero[OF field.axioms(1)[OF assms(3)]] by auto hence"h ` (carrier R) ≠ { 0🪙S🪙 }" using ring.kernel_zero ring.trivial_hom_iff by fastforce thus ?thesis using ring.non_trivial_field_hom_imp_inj[OF assms(2)] by simp qed
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) img_is_add_subgroup: assumes"subgroup H (add_monoid R)" shows"subgroup (h ` H) (add_monoid S)" proof - have"group ((add_monoid R) ( carrier := H ))" using assms R.add.subgroup_imp_group by blast moreoverhave"H ⊆ carrier R"by (simp add: R.add.subgroupE(1) assms) hence"h ∈ hom ((add_monoid R) ( carrier := H )) (add_monoid S)" unfolding hom_def by (auto simp add: subsetD) ultimatelyhave"subgroup (h ` carrier ((add_monoid R) ( carrier := H ))) (add_monoid S)" using group_hom.img_is_subgroup[of "(add_monoid R) ( carrier := H )""add_monoid S" h] using a_group_hom group_hom_axioms.intro group_hom_def by blast thus"subgroup (h ` H) (add_monoid S)"by simp qed
lemma (in ring) ring_ideal_imp_quot_ideal: assumes"ideal I R" and A: "ideal J R" shows"ideal ((+>) I ` J) (R Quot I)" proof (rule idealI) show"ring (R Quot I)" by (simp add: assms(1) ideal.quotient_is_ring) next have"subgroup J (add_monoid R)" by (simp add: additive_subgroup.a_subgroup A ideal.axioms(1)) moreoverhave"((+>) I) ∈ ring_hom R (R Quot I)" by (simp add: assms(1) ideal.rcos_ring_hom) ultimatelyshow"subgroup ((+>) I ` J) (add_monoid (R Quot I))" using assms(1) ideal.rcos_ring_hom_ring ring_hom_ring.img_is_add_subgroup by blast next fix a x assume"a ∈ (+>) I ` J""x ∈ carrier (R Quot I)" thenobtain i j where i: "i ∈ carrier R""x = I +> i" and j: "j ∈ J""a = I +> j" unfolding FactRing_def using A_RCOSETS_def'[of R I] by auto hence"a ⊗🪙R Quot I🪙 x = [mod I:] (I +> j) ⨂ (I +> i)" unfolding FactRing_def by simp hence"a ⊗🪙R Quot I🪙 x = I +> (j ⊗ i)" using ideal.rcoset_mult_add[OF assms(1), of j i] i(1) j(1) A ideal.Icarr by force thus"a ⊗🪙R Quot I🪙 x ∈ (+>) I ` J" using A i(1) j(1) by (simp add: ideal.I_r_closed)
have"x ⊗🪙R Quot I🪙 a = [mod I:] (I +> i) ⨂ (I +> j)" unfolding FactRing_def i j by simp hence"x ⊗🪙R Quot I🪙 a = I +> (i ⊗ j)" using ideal.rcoset_mult_add[OF assms(1), of i j] i(1) j(1) A ideal.Icarr by force thus"x ⊗🪙R Quot I🪙 a ∈ (+>) I ` J" using A i(1) j(1) by (simp add: ideal.I_l_closed) qed
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) ideal_vimage: assumes"ideal I S" shows"ideal { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ I } R"(* or (carrier R) \<inter> (h -` I) *) proof show"{ r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ I } ⊆ carrier (add_monoid R)"by auto show"1🪙add_monoid R🪙∈ { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ I }" by (simp add: additive_subgroup.zero_closed assms ideal.axioms(1)) next fix a b assume"a ∈ { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ I }" and"b ∈ { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ I }" hence a: "a ∈ carrier R""h a ∈ I" and b: "b ∈ carrier R""h b ∈ I"by auto hence"h (a ⊕ b) = (h a) ⊕🪙S🪙 (h b)"using hom_add by blast moreoverhave"(h a) ⊕🪙S🪙 (h b) ∈ I"using a b assms by (simp add: additive_subgroup.a_closed ideal.axioms(1)) ultimatelyshow"a ⊗🪙add_monoid R🪙 b ∈ { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ I }" using a(1) b (1) by auto
have"h (⊖ a) = ⊖🪙S🪙 (h a)"by (simp add: a) moreoverhave"⊖🪙S🪙 (h a) ∈ I" by (simp add: a(2) additive_subgroup.a_inv_closed assms ideal.axioms(1)) ultimatelyshow"inv🪙add_monoid R🪙 a ∈ { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ I }" using a by (simp add: a_inv_def) next fix a r assume"a ∈ { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ I }"and r: "r ∈ carrier R" hence a: "a ∈ carrier R""h a ∈ I"by auto
have"h a ⊗🪙S🪙 h r ∈ I" using assms a r by (simp add: ideal.I_r_closed) thus"a ⊗ r ∈ { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ I }"by (simp add: a(1) r)
have"h r ⊗🪙S🪙 h a ∈ I" using assms a r by (simp add: ideal.I_l_closed) thus"r ⊗ a ∈ { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ I }"by (simp add: a(1) r) qed
lemma (in ring) canonical_proj_vimage_in_carrier: assumes"ideal I R" and A: "J ⊆ carrier (R Quot I)" shows"∪ J ⊆ carrier R" proof fix j assume j: "j ∈∪ J" thenobtain j' where j': "j' ∈ J""j ∈ j'" by blast thenobtain r where r: "r ∈ carrier R""j' = I +> r" using A j' unfolding FactRing_def using A_RCOSETS_def'[of R I] by auto thus"j ∈ carrier R" using j' assms by (meson a_r_coset_subset_G additive_subgroup.a_subset contra_subsetD ideal.axioms(1)) qed
lemma (in ring) canonical_proj_vimage_mem_iff: assumes"ideal I R""J ⊆ carrier (R Quot I)" and a: "a ∈ carrier R" shows"(a ∈∪ J) = (I +> a ∈ J)" proof assume"a ∈∪ J" thenobtain j where j: "j ∈ J""a ∈ j"by blast thenobtain r where r: "r ∈ carrier R""j = I +> r" using assms j unfolding FactRing_def using A_RCOSETS_def'[of R I] by auto hence"I +> r = I +> a" using add.repr_independence[of a I r] j r by (metis a_r_coset_def additive_subgroup.a_subgroup assms(1) ideal.axioms(1)) thus"I +> a ∈ J"using r j by simp next assume"I +> a ∈ J" hence"0⊕ a ∈ I +> a" using additive_subgroup.zero_closed[OF ideal.axioms(1)[OF assms(1)]]
a_r_coset_def'[of R I a] by blast thus"a ∈∪ J"using a ‹I +> a ∈ J›by auto qed
corollary (in ring) quot_ideal_imp_ring_ideal: assumes"ideal I R" shows"ideal J (R Quot I) ==> ideal (∪ J) R" proof - assume A: "ideal J (R Quot I)" have"∪ J = { r ∈ carrier R. I +> r ∈ J }" using canonical_proj_vimage_in_carrier[OF assms, of J]
canonical_proj_vimage_mem_iff[OF assms, of J]
additive_subgroup.a_subset[OF ideal.axioms(1)[OF A]] by blast thus"ideal (∪ J) R" using ring_hom_ring.ideal_vimage[OF ideal.rcos_ring_hom_ring[OF assms] A] by simp qed
lemma (in ring) ideal_incl_iff: assumes"ideal I R""ideal J R" shows"(I ⊆ J) = (J = (∪ j ∈ J. I +> j))" proof assume"J = (∪ j ∈ J. I +> j)"hence"I +> 0⊆ J" using additive_subgroup.zero_closed[OF ideal.axioms(1)[OF assms(2)]] by blast thus"I ⊆ J"using additive_subgroup.a_subset[OF ideal.axioms(1)[OF assms(1)]] by simp next assume A: "I ⊆ J"show"J = (∪j∈J. I +> j)" proof show"J ⊆ (∪ j ∈ J. I +> j)" proof fix j assume j: "j ∈ J" have"0∈ I"by (simp add: additive_subgroup.zero_closed assms(1) ideal.axioms(1)) hence"0⊕ j ∈ I +> j" using a_r_coset_def'[of R I j] by blast thus"j ∈ (∪j∈J. I +> j)" using assms(2) j additive_subgroup.a_Hcarr ideal.axioms(1) by fastforce qed show"(∪ j ∈ J. I +> j) ⊆ J" proof fix x assume"x ∈ (∪ j ∈ J. I +> j)" thenobtain j where j: "j ∈ J""x ∈ I +> j"by blast thenobtain i where i: "i ∈ I""x = i ⊕ j" using a_r_coset_def'[of R I j] by blast thus"x ∈ J" using assms(2) j A additive_subgroup.a_closed[OF ideal.axioms(1)[OF assms(2)]] by blast qed qed qed
theorem (in ring) quot_ideal_correspondence: assumes"ideal I R" shows"bij_betw (λJ. (+>) I ` J) { J. ideal J R ∧ I ⊆ J } { J . ideal J (R Quot I) }" proof (rule bij_betw_byWitness[where ?f' = "λX. ∪ X"]) show"∀J ∈ { J. ideal J R ∧ I ⊆ J }. (λX. ∪ X) ((+>) I ` J) = J" using assms ideal_incl_iff by blast show"(λJ. (+>) I ` J) ` { J. ideal J R ∧ I ⊆ J } ⊆ { J. ideal J (R Quot I) }" using assms ring_ideal_imp_quot_ideal by auto show"(λX. ∪ X) ` { J. ideal J (R Quot I) } ⊆ { J. ideal J R ∧ I ⊆ J }" proof fix J assume"J ∈ ((λX. ∪ X) ` { J. ideal J (R Quot I) })" thenobtain J' where J': "ideal J' (R Quot I)""J = ∪ J'"by blast hence"ideal J R" using assms quot_ideal_imp_ring_ideal by auto moreoverhave"I ∈ J'" using additive_subgroup.zero_closed[OF ideal.axioms(1)[OF J'(1)]] unfolding FactRing_def by simp ultimatelyshow"J ∈ { J. ideal J R ∧ I ⊆ J }"using J'(2) by auto qed show"∀J' ∈ { J. ideal J (R Quot I) }. ((+>) I ` (∪ J')) = J'" proof fix J' assume"J' ∈ { J. ideal J (R Quot I) }" hence subset: "J' ⊆ carrier (R Quot I) ∧ ideal J' (R Quot I)" using additive_subgroup.a_subset ideal_def by blast hence"((+>) I ` (∪ J')) ⊆ J'" using canonical_proj_vimage_in_carrier canonical_proj_vimage_mem_iff by (meson assms contra_subsetD image_subsetI) moreoverhave"J' ⊆ ((+>) I ` (∪ J'))" proof fix x assume"x ∈ J'" thenobtain r where r: "r ∈ carrier R""x = I +> r" using subset unfolding FactRing_def A_RCOSETS_def'[of R I] by auto hence"r ∈ (∪ J')" using‹x ∈ J'› assms canonical_proj_vimage_mem_iff subset by blast thus"x ∈ ((+>) I ` (∪ J'))"using r(2) by blast qed ultimatelyshow"((+>) I ` (∪ J')) = J'"by blast qed qed
lemma (in cring) quot_domain_imp_primeideal: assumes"ideal P R" and A: "domain (R Quot P)" shows"primeideal P R" proof - show"primeideal P R" proof (rule primeidealI) show"ideal P R"using assms(1) . show"cring R"using is_cring . next show"carrier R ≠ P" proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ carrier R ≠ P"hence"carrier R = P"by simp hence"∧I. I ∈ carrier (R Quot P) ==> I = P" unfolding FactRing_def A_RCOSETS_def' apply simp using a_coset_join2 additive_subgroup.a_subgroup assms ideal.axioms(1) by blast hence"1🪙(R Quot P)🪙 = 0🪙(R Quot P)🪙" by (metis assms ideal.quotient_is_ring ring.ring_simprules(2) ring.ring_simprules(6)) thus False usingdomain.one_not_zero[OF A] by simp qed next fix a b assume a: "a ∈ carrier R"and b: "b ∈ carrier R"and ab: "a ⊗ b ∈ P" hence"P +> (a ⊗ b) = 0🪙(R Quot P)🪙"unfolding FactRing_def by (simp add: a_coset_join2 additive_subgroup.a_subgroup assms ideal.axioms(1)) moreoverhave"(P +> a) ⊗🪙(R Quot P)🪙 (P +> b) = P +> (a ⊗ b)"unfolding FactRing_def using a b by (simp add: assms ideal.rcoset_mult_add) moreoverhave"P +> a ∈ carrier (R Quot P) ∧ P +> b ∈ carrier (R Quot P)" by (simp add: a b FactRing_def a_rcosetsI additive_subgroup.a_subset assms ideal.axioms(1)) ultimatelyhave"P +> a = 0🪙(R Quot P)🪙∨ P +> b = 0🪙(R Quot P)🪙" usingdomain.integral[OF A, of "P +> a""P +> b"] by auto thus"a ∈ P ∨ b ∈ P"unfolding FactRing_def apply simp using a b assms a_coset_join1 additive_subgroup.a_subgroup ideal.axioms(1) by blast qed qed
lemma (in cring) quot_domain_iff_primeideal: assumes"ideal P R" shows"domain (R Quot P) = primeideal P R" using quot_domain_imp_primeideal[OF assms] primeideal.quotient_is_domain[of P R] by auto
subsection‹Isomorphism›
definition
ring_iso :: "_ ==> _ ==> ('a ==> 'b) set" where"ring_iso R S = { h. h ∈ ring_hom R S ∧ bij_betw h (carrier R) (carrier S) }"
definition
is_ring_iso :: "_ ==> _ ==> bool" (infixr‹≃› 60) where"R ≃ S = (ring_iso R S ≠ {})"
definition
morphic_prop :: "_ ==> ('a ==> bool) ==> bool" where"morphic_prop R P = ((P 1🪙R🪙) ∧ (∀r ∈ carrier R. P r) ∧ (∀r1 ∈ carrier R. ∀r2 ∈ carrier R. P (r1 ⊗🪙R🪙 r2)) ∧ (∀r1 ∈ carrier R. ∀r2 ∈ carrier R. P (r1 ⊕🪙R🪙 r2)))"
lemma ring_iso_memI: fixes R (structure) and S (structure) assumes"∧x. x ∈ carrier R ==> h x ∈ carrier S" and"∧x y. [ x ∈ carrier R; y ∈ carrier R ]==> h (x ⊗ y) = h x ⊗🪙S🪙 h y" and"∧x y. [ x ∈ carrier R; y ∈ carrier R ]==> h (x ⊕ y) = h x ⊕🪙S🪙 h y" and"h 1 = 1🪙S🪙" and"bij_betw h (carrier R) (carrier S)" shows"h ∈ ring_iso R S" by (auto simp add: ring_hom_memI assms ring_iso_def)
lemma ring_iso_memE: fixes R (structure) and S (structure) assumes"h ∈ ring_iso R S" shows"∧x. x ∈ carrier R ==> h x ∈ carrier S" and"∧x y. [ x ∈ carrier R; y ∈ carrier R ]==> h (x ⊗ y) = h x ⊗🪙S🪙 h y" and"∧x y. [ x ∈ carrier R; y ∈ carrier R ]==> h (x ⊕ y) = h x ⊕🪙S🪙 h y" and"h 1 = 1🪙S🪙" and"bij_betw h (carrier R) (carrier S)" using assms unfolding ring_iso_def ring_hom_def by auto
lemma morphic_propI: fixes R (structure) assumes"P 1" and"∧r. r ∈ carrier R ==> P r" and"∧r1 r2. [ r1 ∈ carrier R; r2 ∈ carrier R ]==> P (r1 ⊗ r2)" and"∧r1 r2. [ r1 ∈ carrier R; r2 ∈ carrier R ]==> P (r1 ⊕ r2)" shows"morphic_prop R P" unfolding morphic_prop_def using assms by auto
lemma morphic_propE: fixes R (structure) assumes"morphic_prop R P" shows"P 1" and"∧r. r ∈ carrier R ==> P r" and"∧r1 r2. [ r1 ∈ carrier R; r2 ∈ carrier R ]==> P (r1 ⊗ r2)" and"∧r1 r2. [ r1 ∈ carrier R; r2 ∈ carrier R ]==> P (r1 ⊕ r2)" using assms unfolding morphic_prop_def by auto
(* NEW ============================================================================ *) lemma (in ring) ring_hom_restrict: assumes"f ∈ ring_hom R S"and"∧r. r ∈ carrier R ==> f r = g r"shows"g ∈ ring_hom R S" using assms(2) ring_hom_memE[OF assms(1)] by (auto intro: ring_hom_memI)
(* PROOF ========================================================================== *) lemma (in ring) ring_iso_restrict: assumes"f ∈ ring_iso R S"and"∧r. r ∈ carrier R ==> f r = g r"shows"g ∈ ring_iso R S" proof - have hom: "g ∈ ring_hom R S" using ring_hom_restrict assms unfolding ring_iso_def by auto have"bij_betw g (carrier R) (carrier S)" using bij_betw_cong[of "carrier R" f g] ring_iso_memE(5)[OF assms(1)] assms(2) by simp thus ?thesis using ring_hom_memE[OF hom] by (auto intro!: ring_iso_memI) qed
lemma ring_iso_morphic_prop: assumes"f ∈ ring_iso R S" and"morphic_prop R P" and"∧r. P r ==> f r = g r" shows"g ∈ ring_iso R S" proof - have eq0: "∧r. r ∈ carrier R ==> f r = g r" and eq1: "f 1🪙R🪙 = g 1🪙R🪙" and eq2: "∧r1 r2. [ r1 ∈ carrier R; r2 ∈ carrier R ]==> f (r1 ⊗🪙R🪙 r2) = g (r1 ⊗🪙R🪙 r2)" and eq3: "∧r1 r2. [ r1 ∈ carrier R; r2 ∈ carrier R ]==> f (r1 ⊕🪙R🪙 r2) = g (r1 ⊕🪙R🪙 r2)" using assms(2-3) unfolding morphic_prop_def by auto show ?thesis apply (rule ring_iso_memI) using assms(1) eq0 ring_iso_memE(1) apply fastforce apply (metis assms(1) eq0 eq2 ring_iso_memE(2)) apply (metis assms(1) eq0 eq3 ring_iso_memE(3)) using assms(1) eq1 ring_iso_memE(4) apply fastforce using assms(1) bij_betw_cong eq0 ring_iso_memE(5) by blast qed
lemma (in ring) ring_hom_imp_img_ring: assumes"h ∈ ring_hom R S" shows"ring (S ( carrier := h ` (carrier R), zero := h 0))" (is"ring ?h_img") proof - have"h ∈ hom (add_monoid R) (add_monoid S)" using assms unfolding hom_def ring_hom_def by auto hence"comm_group ((add_monoid S) ( carrier := h ` (carrier R), one := h 0))" using add.hom_imp_img_comm_group[of h "add_monoid S"] by simp hence comm_group: "comm_group (add_monoid ?h_img)" by (auto intro: comm_monoidI simp add: monoid.defs)
moreoverhave"h ∈ hom R S" using assms unfolding ring_hom_def hom_def by auto hence"monoid (S ( carrier := h ` (carrier R), one := h 1))" using hom_imp_img_monoid[of h S] by simp hence monoid: "monoid ?h_img" using ring_hom_memE(4)[OF assms] unfolding monoid_def by (simp add: monoid.defs) show ?thesis proof (rule ringI, simp_all add: comm_group_abelian_groupI[OF comm_group] monoid) fix x y z assume"x ∈ h ` carrier R""y ∈ h ` carrier R""z ∈ h ` carrier R" thenobtain r1 r2 r3 where r1: "r1 ∈ carrier R""x = h r1" and r2: "r2 ∈ carrier R""y = h r2" and r3: "r3 ∈ carrier R""z = h r3"by blast hence"(x ⊕🪙S🪙 y) ⊗🪙S🪙 z = h ((r1 ⊕ r2) ⊗ r3)" using ring_hom_memE[OF assms] by auto alsohave" ... = h ((r1 ⊗ r3) ⊕ (r2 ⊗ r3))" using l_distr[OF r1(1) r2(1) r3(1)] by simp alsohave" ... = (x ⊗🪙S🪙 z) ⊕🪙S🪙 (y ⊗🪙S🪙 z)" using ring_hom_memE[OF assms] r1 r2 r3 by auto finallyshow"(x ⊕🪙S🪙 y) ⊗🪙S🪙 z = (x ⊗🪙S🪙 z) ⊕🪙S🪙 (y ⊗🪙S🪙 z)" .
have"z ⊗🪙S🪙 (x ⊕🪙S🪙 y) = h (r3 ⊗ (r1 ⊕ r2))" using ring_hom_memE[OF assms] r1 r2 r3 by auto alsohave" ... = h ((r3 ⊗ r1) ⊕ (r3 ⊗ r2))" using r_distr[OF r1(1) r2(1) r3(1)] by simp alsohave" ... = (z ⊗🪙S🪙 x) ⊕🪙S🪙 (z ⊗🪙S🪙 y)" using ring_hom_memE[OF assms] r1 r2 r3 by auto finallyshow"z ⊗🪙S🪙 (x ⊕🪙S🪙 y) = (z ⊗🪙S🪙 x) ⊕🪙S🪙 (z ⊗🪙S🪙 y)" . qed qed
lemma (in ring) ring_iso_imp_img_ring: assumes"h ∈ ring_iso R S" shows"ring (S ( zero := h 0))" proof - have"ring (S ( carrier := h ` (carrier R), zero := h 0))" using ring_hom_imp_img_ring[of h S] assms unfolding ring_iso_def by auto moreoverhave"h ` (carrier R) = carrier S" using assms unfolding ring_iso_def bij_betw_def by auto ultimatelyshow ?thesis by simp qed
lemma (in cring) ring_iso_imp_img_cring: assumes"h ∈ ring_iso R S" shows"cring (S ( zero := h 0))" (is"cring ?h_img") proof - note m_comm interpret h_img?: ring ?h_img using ring_iso_imp_img_ring[OF assms] . show ?thesis proof (unfold_locales) fix x y assume"x ∈ carrier ?h_img""y ∈ carrier ?h_img" thenobtain r1 r2 where r1: "r1 ∈ carrier R""x = h r1" and r2: "r2 ∈ carrier R""y = h r2" using assms image_iff[where ?f = h and ?A = "carrier R"] unfolding ring_iso_def bij_betw_def by auto have"x ⊗🪙(?h_img)🪙 y = h (r1 ⊗ r2)" using assms r1 r2 unfolding ring_iso_def ring_hom_def by auto alsohave" ... = h (r2 ⊗ r1)" using m_comm[OF r1(1) r2(1)] by simp alsohave" ... = y ⊗🪙(?h_img)🪙 x" using assms r1 r2 unfolding ring_iso_def ring_hom_def by auto finallyshow"x ⊗🪙(?h_img)🪙 y = y ⊗🪙(?h_img)🪙 x" . qed qed
lemma (indomain) ring_iso_imp_img_domain: assumes"h ∈ ring_iso R S" shows"domain (S ( zero := h 0))" (is"domain ?h_img") proof - note aux = m_closed integral one_not_zero one_closed zero_closed interpret h_img?: cring ?h_img using ring_iso_imp_img_cring[OF assms] . show ?thesis proof (unfold_locales) have"1🪙?h_img🪙 = 0🪙?h_img🪙==> h 1 = h 0" using ring_iso_memE(4)[OF assms] by simp moreoverhave"h 1≠ h 0" using ring_iso_memE(5)[OF assms] aux(3-4) unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by force ultimatelyshow"1🪙?h_img🪙≠0🪙?h_img🪙" by auto next fix a b assume A: "a ⊗🪙?h_img🪙 b = 0🪙?h_img🪙""a ∈ carrier ?h_img""b ∈ carrier ?h_img" thenobtain r1 r2 where r1: "r1 ∈ carrier R""a = h r1" and r2: "r2 ∈ carrier R""b = h r2" using assms image_iff[where ?f = h and ?A = "carrier R"] unfolding ring_iso_def bij_betw_def by auto hence"a ⊗🪙?h_img🪙 b = h (r1 ⊗ r2)" using assms r1 r2 unfolding ring_iso_def ring_hom_def by auto hence"h (r1 ⊗ r2) = h 0" using A(1) by simp hence"r1 ⊗ r2 = 0" using ring_iso_memE(5)[OF assms] aux(1)[OF r1(1) r2(1)] aux(5) unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by force hence"r1 = 0∨ r2 = 0" using aux(2)[OF _ r1(1) r2(1)] by simp thus"a = 0🪙?h_img🪙∨ b = 0🪙?h_img🪙" unfolding r1 r2 by auto qed qed
lemma (in field) ring_iso_imp_img_field: assumes"h ∈ ring_iso R S" shows"field (S ( zero := h 0))" (is"field ?h_img") proof - interpret h_img?: domain ?h_img using ring_iso_imp_img_domain[OF assms] . show ?thesis proof (unfold_locales, auto simp add: Units_def) interpret field R using field_axioms . fix a assume a: "a ∈ carrier S""a ⊗🪙S🪙 h 0 = 1🪙S🪙" thenobtain r where r: "r ∈ carrier R""a = h r" using assms image_iff[where ?f = h and ?A = "carrier R"] unfolding ring_iso_def bij_betw_def by auto have"a ⊗🪙S🪙 h 0 = h (r ⊗0)"unfolding r(2) using ring_iso_memE(2)[OF assms r(1)] by simp hence"h 1 = h 0" using ring_iso_memE(4)[OF assms] r(1) a(2) by simp thus False using ring_iso_memE(5)[OF assms] unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def by force next interpret field R using field_axioms . fix s assume s: "s ∈ carrier S""s ≠ h 0" thenobtain r where r: "r ∈ carrier R""s = h r" using assms image_iff[where ?f = h and ?A = "carrier R"] unfolding ring_iso_def bij_betw_def by auto hence"r ≠0"using s(2) by auto hence inv_r: "inv r ∈ carrier R""inv r ≠0""r ⊗ inv r = 1""inv r ⊗ r = 1" using field_Units r(1) by auto have"h (inv r) ⊗🪙S🪙 h r = h 1"and"h r ⊗🪙S🪙 h (inv r) = h 1" using ring_iso_memE(2)[OF assms inv_r(1) r(1)] inv_r(3-4)
ring_iso_memE(2)[OF assms r(1) inv_r(1)] by auto thus"∃s' ∈ carrier S. s' ⊗🪙S🪙 s = 1🪙S🪙∧ s ⊗🪙S🪙 s' = 1🪙S🪙" using ring_iso_memE(1,4)[OF assms] inv_r(1) r(2) by auto qed qed
lemma ring_iso_same_card: "R ≃ S ==> card (carrier R) = card (carrier S)" using bij_betw_same_card unfolding is_ring_iso_def ring_iso_def by auto (* ========================================================================== *)
lemma ring_iso_set_refl: "id ∈ ring_iso R R" by (rule ring_iso_memI) (auto)
corollary ring_iso_refl: "R ≃ R" using is_ring_iso_def ring_iso_set_refl by auto
lemma ring_iso_set_trans: "[ f ∈ ring_iso R S; g ∈ ring_iso S Q ]==> (g ∘ f) ∈ ring_iso R Q" unfolding ring_iso_def using bij_betw_trans ring_hom_trans by fastforce
corollary ring_iso_trans: "[ R ≃ S; S ≃ Q ]==> R ≃ Q" using ring_iso_set_trans unfolding is_ring_iso_def by blast
lemma ring_iso_set_sym: assumes"ring R"and h: "h ∈ ring_iso R S" shows"(inv_into (carrier R) h) ∈ ring_iso S R" proof - have h_hom: "h ∈ ring_hom R S" and h_surj: "h ` (carrier R) = (carrier S)" and h_inj: "∧x1 x2. [ x1 ∈ carrier R; x2 ∈ carrier R ]==> h x1 = h x2 ==> x1 = x2" using h unfolding ring_iso_def bij_betw_def inj_on_def by auto
have h_inv_bij: "bij_betw (inv_into (carrier R) h) (carrier S) (carrier R)" by (simp add: bij_betw_inv_into h ring_iso_memE(5))
have"inv_into (carrier R) h ∈ ring_hom S R" using ring_iso_memE [OF h] bij_betwE [OF h_inv_bij] ‹ring R› by (simp add: bij_betw_imp_inj_on bij_betw_inv_into_right inv_into_f_eq ring.ring_simprules ring_hom_memI) moreoverhave"bij_betw (inv_into (carrier R) h) (carrier S) (carrier R)" using h_inv_bij by force ultimatelyshow"inv_into (carrier R) h ∈ ring_iso S R" by (simp add: ring_iso_def) qed
corollary ring_iso_sym: assumes"ring R" shows"R ≃ S ==> S ≃ R" using assms ring_iso_set_sym unfolding is_ring_iso_def by auto
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) the_elem_simp [simp]: assumes x: "x ∈ carrier R" shows"the_elem (h ` ((a_kernel R S h) +> x)) = h x" proof - from x have"h x ∈ h ` ((a_kernel R S h) +> x)" using homeq_imp_rcos by blast thus"the_elem (h ` ((a_kernel R S h) +> x)) = h x" by (metis (no_types, lifting) x empty_iff homeq_imp_rcos rcos_imp_homeq the_elem_image_unique) qed
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) the_elem_inj: assumes"X ∈ carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R S h))" and"Y ∈ carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R S h))" and Eq: "the_elem (h ` X) = the_elem (h ` Y)" shows"X = Y" proof - from assms obtain x y where x: "x ∈ carrier R""X = (a_kernel R S h) +> x" and y: "y ∈ carrier R""Y = (a_kernel R S h) +> y" unfolding FactRing_def A_RCOSETS_def' by auto hence"h x = h y"using Eq by simp hence"x ⊖ y ∈ (a_kernel R S h)" by (simp add: a_minus_def abelian_subgroup.a_rcos_module_imp
abelian_subgroup_a_kernel homeq_imp_rcos x(1) y(1)) thus"X = Y" by (metis R.a_coset_add_inv1 R.minus_eq abelian_subgroup.a_rcos_const
abelian_subgroup_a_kernel additive_subgroup.a_subset additive_subgroup_a_kernel x y) qed
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) quot_mem: "X ∈ carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R S h)) ==>∃x ∈ carrier R. X = (a_kernel R S h) +> x" unfolding FactRing_simps by (simp add: a_r_coset_def)
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) the_elem_wf: assumes"X ∈ carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R S h))" shows"∃y ∈ carrier S. (h ` X) = { y }" proof - from assms obtain x where x: "x ∈ carrier R"and X: "X = (a_kernel R S h) +> x" using quot_mem by blast have"h x' = h x"if"x' ∈ X"for x' proof - from X that have"x' ∈ (a_kernel R S h) +> x"by simp thenobtain k where k: "k ∈ a_kernel R S h""x' = k ⊕ x" by (metis R.add.inv_closed R.add.m_assoc R.l_neg R.r_zero
abelian_subgroup.a_elemrcos_carrier
abelian_subgroup.a_rcos_module_imp abelian_subgroup_a_kernel x) hence"h x' = h k ⊕🪙S🪙 h x" by (meson additive_subgroup.a_Hcarr additive_subgroup_a_kernel hom_add x) alsohave" ... = h x" using k by (auto simp add: x) finallyshow"h x' = h x" . qed moreoverhave"h x ∈ h ` X" by (simp add: X homeq_imp_rcos x) ultimatelyhave"(h ` X) = { h x }" by blast thus"∃y ∈ carrier S. (h ` X) = { y }"using x by simp qed
corollary (in ring_hom_ring) the_elem_wf': "X ∈ carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R S h)) ==>∃r ∈ carrier R. (h ` X) = { h r }" using the_elem_wf by (metis quot_mem the_elem_eq the_elem_simp)
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) the_elem_hom: "(λX. the_elem (h ` X)) ∈ ring_hom (R Quot (a_kernel R S h)) S" proof (rule ring_hom_memI) show"∧x. x ∈ carrier (R Quot a_kernel R S h) ==> the_elem (h ` x) ∈ carrier S" using the_elem_wf by fastforce
show"the_elem (h ` 1🪙R Quot a_kernel R S h🪙) = 1🪙S🪙" unfolding FactRing_def using the_elem_simp[of "1🪙R🪙"] by simp
fix X Y assume"X ∈ carrier (R Quot a_kernel R S h)" and"Y ∈ carrier (R Quot a_kernel R S h)" thenobtain x y where x: "x ∈ carrier R""X = (a_kernel R S h) +> x" and y: "y ∈ carrier R""Y = (a_kernel R S h) +> y" using quot_mem by blast
have"X ⊗🪙R Quot a_kernel R S h🪙 Y = (a_kernel R S h) +> (x ⊗ y)" by (simp add: FactRing_def ideal.rcoset_mult_add kernel_is_ideal x y) thus"the_elem (h ` (X ⊗🪙R Quot a_kernel R S h🪙 Y)) = the_elem (h ` X) ⊗🪙S🪙 the_elem (h ` Y)" by (simp add: x y)
have"X ⊕🪙R Quot a_kernel R S h🪙 Y = (a_kernel R S h) +> (x ⊕ y)" using ideal.rcos_ring_hom kernel_is_ideal ring_hom_add x y by fastforce thus"the_elem (h ` (X ⊕🪙R Quot a_kernel R S h🪙 Y)) = the_elem (h ` X) ⊕🪙S🪙 the_elem (h ` Y)" by (simp add: x y) qed
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) the_elem_surj: "(λX. (the_elem (h ` X))) ` carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R S h)) = (h ` (carrier R))" proof show"(λX. the_elem (h ` X)) ` carrier (R Quot a_kernel R S h) ⊆ h ` carrier R" using the_elem_wf' by fastforce show"h ` carrier R ⊆ (λX. the_elem (h ` X)) ` carrier (R Quot a_kernel R S h)" proof fix y assume"y ∈ h ` carrier R" thenobtain x where x: "x ∈ carrier R""h x = y" by (metis image_iff) hence"the_elem (h ` ((a_kernel R S h) +> x)) = y"by simp moreoverhave"(a_kernel R S h) +> x ∈ carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R S h))" unfolding FactRing_simps by (auto simp add: x a_r_coset_def) ultimatelyshow"y ∈ (λX. (the_elem (h ` X))) ` carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R S h))"by blast qed qed
proposition (in ring_hom_ring) FactRing_iso_set_aux: "(λX. the_elem (h ` X)) ∈ ring_iso (R Quot (a_kernel R S h)) (S ( carrier := h ` (carrier R) ))" proof - have *: "bij_betw (λX. the_elem (h ` X)) (carrier (R Quot a_kernel R S h)) (h ` (carrier R))" unfolding bij_betw_def inj_on_def using the_elem_surj the_elem_inj by simp have"(λX. the_elem (h ` X)): carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R S h)) → h ` (carrier R)" using the_elem_wf' by fastforce hence"(λX. the_elem (h ` X)) ∈ ring_hom (R Quot (a_kernel R S h)) (S ( carrier := h ` (carrier R) ))" using the_elem_hom the_elem_wf' unfolding ring_hom_def by simp with * show ?thesis unfolding ring_iso_def using the_elem_hom by simp qed
theorem (in ring_hom_ring) FactRing_iso_set: assumes"h ` carrier R = carrier S" shows"(λX. the_elem (h ` X)) ∈ ring_iso (R Quot (a_kernel R S h)) S" using FactRing_iso_set_aux assms by auto
corollary (in ring_hom_ring) FactRing_iso: assumes"h ` carrier R = carrier S" shows"R Quot (a_kernel R S h) ≃ S" using FactRing_iso_set assms is_ring_iso_def by auto
corollary (in ring) FactRing_zeroideal: shows"R Quot { 0 } ≃ R"and"R ≃ R Quot { 0 }" proof - have"ring_hom_ring R R id" using ring_axioms by (auto intro: ring_hom_ringI) moreoverhave"a_kernel R R id = { 0 }" unfolding a_kernel_def' by auto ultimatelyshow"R Quot { 0 } ≃ R"and"R ≃ R Quot { 0 }" using ring_hom_ring.FactRing_iso[of R R id]
ring_iso_sym[OF ideal.quotient_is_ring[OF zeroideal], of R] by auto qed
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) img_is_ring: "ring (S ( carrier := h ` (carrier R) ))" proof - let ?the_elem = "λX. the_elem (h ` X)" have FactRing_is_ring: "ring (R Quot (a_kernel R S h))" by (simp add: ideal.quotient_is_ring kernel_is_ideal) have"ring ((S ( carrier := ?the_elem ` (carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R S h))) )) ( zero := ?the_elem 0🪙(R Quot (a_kernel R S h))🪙))" using ring.ring_iso_imp_img_ring[OF FactRing_is_ring, of ?the_elem "S ( carrier := ?the_elem ` (carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R S h))) )"]
FactRing_iso_set_aux the_elem_surj by auto
moreover have"0∈ (a_kernel R S h)" using a_kernel_def'[of R S h] by auto hence"1∈ (a_kernel R S h) +> 1" using a_r_coset_def'[of R "a_kernel R S h"1] by force hence"1🪙S🪙∈ (h ` ((a_kernel R S h) +> 1))" using hom_one by force hence"?the_elem 1🪙(R Quot (a_kernel R S h))🪙 = 1🪙S🪙" using the_elem_wf[of "(a_kernel R S h) +> 1"] by (simp add: FactRing_def)
moreover have"0🪙S🪙∈ (h ` (a_kernel R S h))" using a_kernel_def'[of R S h] hom_zero by force hence"0🪙S🪙∈ (h ` 0🪙(R Quot (a_kernel R S h))🪙)" by (simp add: FactRing_def) hence"?the_elem 0🪙(R Quot (a_kernel R S h))🪙 = 0🪙S🪙" using the_elem_wf[OF ring.ring_simprules(2)[OF FactRing_is_ring]] by (metis singletonD the_elem_eq)
ultimately have"ring ((S ( carrier := h ` (carrier R) )) ( one := 1🪙S🪙, zero := 0🪙S🪙))" using the_elem_surj by simp thus ?thesis by auto qed
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) img_is_cring: assumes"cring S" shows"cring (S ( carrier := h ` (carrier R) ))" proof - interpret ring "S ( carrier := h ` (carrier R) )" using img_is_ring . show ?thesis by unfold_locales (use assms in‹auto simp: cring_def comm_monoid_def comm_monoid_axioms_def›) qed
lemma (in ring_hom_ring) img_is_domain: assumes"domain S" shows"domain (S ( carrier := h ` (carrier R) ))" proof - interpret cring "S ( carrier := h ` (carrier R) )" using img_is_cring assms unfolding domain_def by simp show ?thesis apply unfold_locales using assms unfolding domain_def domain_axioms_def apply auto using hom_closed by blast qed
proposition (in ring_hom_ring) primeideal_vimage: assumes R: "cring R" and A: "primeideal P S" shows"primeideal { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ P } R" proof - from A have is_ideal: "ideal P S"unfolding primeideal_def by simp have"ring_hom_ring R (S Quot P) (((+>🪙S🪙) P) ∘ h)" (is"ring_hom_ring ?A ?B ?h") using ring_hom_trans[OF homh, of "(+>🪙S🪙) P""S Quot P"]
ideal.rcos_ring_hom_ring[OF is_ideal] R unfolding ring_hom_ring_def ring_hom_ring_axioms_def cring_def by simp theninterpret hom: ring_hom_ring R "S Quot P""((+>🪙S🪙) P) ∘ h"by simp
have"inj_on (λX. the_elem (?h ` X)) (carrier (R Quot (a_kernel R (S Quot P) ?h)))" using hom.the_elem_inj unfolding inj_on_def by simp moreover have"ideal (a_kernel R (S Quot P) ?h) R" using hom.kernel_is_ideal by auto have hom': "ring_hom_ring (R Quot (a_kernel R (S Quot P) ?h)) (S Quot P) (λX. the_elem (?h ` X))" using hom.the_elem_hom hom.kernel_is_ideal by (meson hom.ring_hom_ring_axioms ideal.rcos_ring_hom_ring ring_hom_ring_axioms_def ring_hom_ring_def)
ultimately have"primeideal (a_kernel R (S Quot P) ?h) R" using ring_hom_ring.inj_on_domain[OF hom'] primeideal.quotient_is_domain[OF A]
cring.quot_domain_imp_primeideal[OF R hom.kernel_is_ideal] by simp
moreoverhave"a_kernel R (S Quot P) ?h = { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ P }" proof show"a_kernel R (S Quot P) ?h ⊆ { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ P }" proof fix r assume"r ∈ a_kernel R (S Quot P) ?h" hence r: "r ∈ carrier R""P +>🪙S🪙 (h r) = P" unfolding a_kernel_def kernel_def FactRing_def by auto hence"h r ∈ P" using S.a_rcosI R.l_zero S.l_zero additive_subgroup.a_subset[OF ideal.axioms(1)[OF is_ideal]]
additive_subgroup.zero_closed[OF ideal.axioms(1)[OF is_ideal]] hom_closed by metis thus"r ∈ { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ P }"using r by simp qed next show"{ r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ P } ⊆ a_kernel R (S Quot P) ?h" proof fix r assume"r ∈ { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ P }" hence r: "r ∈ carrier R""h r ∈ P"by simp_all hence"?h r = P" by (simp add: S.a_coset_join2 additive_subgroup.a_subgroup ideal.axioms(1) is_ideal) thus"r ∈ a_kernel R (S Quot P) ?h" unfolding a_kernel_def kernel_def FactRing_def using r(1) by auto qed qed ultimatelyshow"primeideal { r ∈ carrier R. h r ∈ P } R"by simp qed
end
Messung V0.5 in Prozent
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(vorverarbeitet am 2026-04-28)
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