(* Title: A Definitional Encoding of TLA in Isabelle/HOL Authors:GudmundGrov<ggrovatinf.ed.ac.uk> StephanMerz<Stephan.Merzatloria.fr> Year:2011 Maintainer:GudmundGrov<ggrovatinf.ed.ac.uk>
*)
section‹(Infinite) Sequences›
theory Sequence imports Main begin
text‹
Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions (TLA) is a linear-time temporal logic,
and its semantics is defined over infinite sequence of states, which we
simply represent by the type ‹'a seq›, defined as an abbreviation
for the type ‹nat ==> 'a›, where ‹'a› is the type of sequence
elements.
This theory defines some useful notions about such sequences, and in particular
concepts related to stuttering (finite repetitions of states), which are
important for the semantics of TLA. We identify a finite sequence with an
infinite sequence that ends in infinite stuttering. In this way, we avoid the
complications of having to handle both finite and infinite sequences of states:
see e.g. Devillers et al cite‹"Devillers97"› who discuss several variants of
representing possibly infinite sequences in HOL, Isabelle and PVS. ›
type_synonym 'a seq = "nat ==> 'a"
subsection"Some operators on sequences"
text‹Some general functions on sequences are provided›
definition first :: "'a seq ==> 'a" where"first s ≡ s 0"
definition second :: "('a seq) ==> 'a" where"second s ≡ s 1"
definition suffix :: "'a seq ==> nat ==> 'a seq" (infixl‹|s›60) where"s |s i ≡ λ n. s (n+i)"
definition tail :: "'a seq ==> 'a seq" where"tail s ≡ s |s 1"
definition
app :: "'a ==> ('a seq) ==> ('a seq)" (infixl‹##›60) where "s ## σ ≡ λ n. if n=0 then s else σ (n - 1)"
text‹ ‹s |s i› returns the suffix of sequence @{term s} from
index @{term i}. @{term first} returns the first element of a sequence
while @{term second} returns the second element. @{term tail} returns the
sequence starting at the second element. @{term "s ## σ"} prefixes the
sequence @{term σ} by element @{term s}. ›
subsubsection"Properties of @{term first} and @{term second}"
lemma first_tail_second: "first(tail s) = second s" by (simp add: first_def second_def tail_def suffix_def)
subsubsection"Properties of @{term suffix}"
lemma suffix_first: "first (s |s n) = s n" by (auto simp add: suffix_def first_def)
lemma suffix_second: "second (s |s n) = s (Suc n)" by (auto simp add: suffix_def second_def)
lemma suffix_plus: "s |s n |s m = s |s (m + n)" by (simp add: suffix_def add.assoc)
lemma suffix_commute: "((s |s n) |s m) = ((s |s m) |s n)" by (simp add: suffix_plus add.commute)
lemma suffix_plus_com: "s |s m |s n = s |s (m + n)" proof - have"s |s n |s m = s |s (m + n)"by (rule suffix_plus) thus"s |s m |s n = s |s (m + n)"by (simp add: suffix_commute) qed
text‹
Predicate @{term fin} holds if there is an element
in the sequence such that all subsequent elements are identical,
i.e. the sequence is finite. @{term "last s"} returns the smallest index
from which on all elements of a finite sequence @{term s} are identical. Note that
if ‹s› is not finite then an arbitrary number is returned.
@{term laststate} returns the last element of a finite sequence. We assume
that the sequence is finite when using @{term last} and @{term laststate}.
Predicate @{term emptyseq} identifies empty sequences -- i.e. all states in
the sequence are identical to the initial one, while @{term notemptyseq} holds
if the given sequence is not empty. ›
subsubsection"Properties of @{term emptyseq}"
lemma empty_is_finite: assumes"emptyseq s"shows"fin s" using assms by (auto simp: fin_def emptyseq_def)
lemma empty_suffix_is_empty: assumes H: "emptyseq s"shows"emptyseq (s |s n)" proof (clarsimp simp: emptyseq_def) fix i from H have"(s |s n) i = s 0"by (simp add: emptyseq_def suffix_def) moreover from H have"(s |s n) 0 = s 0"by (simp add: emptyseq_def suffix_def) ultimately show"(s |s n) i = (s |s n) 0"by simp qed
lemma suc_empty: assumes H1: "emptyseq (s |s m)"shows"emptyseq (s |s (Suc m))" proof - from H1 have"emptyseq ((s |s m) |s 1)"by (rule empty_suffix_is_empty) thus ?thesis by (simp add: suffix_plus) qed
lemma empty_suffix_exteq: assumes H:"emptyseq s"shows"(s |s n) m = s m" proof (unfold suffix_def) from H have"s (m+n) = s 0"by (simp add: emptyseq_def) moreover from H have"s m = s 0"by (simp add: emptyseq_def) ultimatelyshow"s (m + n) = s m"by simp qed
lemma empty_suffix_eq: assumes H: "emptyseq s"shows"(s |s n) = s" proof (rule ext) fix m from H show"(s |s n) m = s m"by (rule empty_suffix_exteq) qed
lemma seq_empty_all: assumes H: "emptyseq s"shows"s i = s j" proof - from H have"s i = s 0"by (simp add: emptyseq_def) moreover from H have"s j = s 0"by (simp add: emptyseq_def) ultimately show ?thesis by simp qed
subsubsection"Properties of @{term last} and @{term laststate}"
lemma fin_stut_after_last: assumes H: "fin s"shows"∀j ≥ last s. s j = s (last s)" proof (clarify) fix j assume j: "j ≥ last s" from H obtain i where"∀j ≥ i. s j = s i" (is"?P i") by (auto simp: fin_def) hence"?P (last s)"unfolding last_def by (rule LeastI) with j show"s j = s (last s)"by blast qed
subsection"Stuttering Invariance"
text‹
This subsection provides functions for removing stuttering
steps of sequences, i.e. we formalise Lamports ‹♮› operator.
Our formal definition is close to that of Wahab in the PVS prover.
The key novelty with the @{term "Sequence"} theory, is the treatment of
stuttering invariance, which enables verification of stuttering invariance of
the operators derived using it. Such proofs require comparing sequences
up to stuttering. Here, Lamport's cite‹"Lamport94"› method is used to
mechanise the equality of sequences up to stuttering: he defines
the ‹♮› operator, which collapses a sequence by removing
all stuttering steps, except possibly infinite stuttering at the end of the sequence.
These are left unchanged. ›
definition nonstutseq :: "('a seq) ==> bool" where"nonstutseq s ≡∀ i. s i = s (Suc i) ⟶ (∀ j > i. s i = s j)"
definition stutstep :: "('a seq) ==> nat ==> bool" where"stutstep s n ≡ (s n = s (Suc n))"
definition nextnat :: "('a seq) ==> nat" where"nextnat s ≡ if emptyseq s then 0 else LEAST i. s i ≠ s 0"
definition nextsuffix :: "('a seq) ==> ('a seq)" where"nextsuffix s ≡ s |s (nextnat s)"
definition collapse :: "('a seq) ==> ('a seq)" (‹♮›) where"♮ s ≡ λ n. (next n s) 0"
text‹
Predicate @{term nonstutseq} identifies sequences without any
stuttering steps -- except possibly for infinite stuttering at the end.
Further, @{term "stutstep s n"} is a predicate which holds if the element
after @{term "s n"} is equal to @{term "s n"}, i.e. @{term "Suc n"} is
a stuttering step.
@{term "collapse s"} formalises Lamports @{term "♮"}
operator. It returns the first state of the result of @{term "next n s"}.
@{term "next n s"} finds suffix of the $n^{th}$ change. Hence the first
element, which @{term "♮ s"} returns, is the state after the $n^{th}$
change. @{term "next n s"} is defined by primitive recursion on
@{term "n"} using function composition of function @{term nextsuffix}. E.g.
@{term "next 3 s"} equals @{term "nextsuffix (nextsuffix (nextsuffix s))"}.
@{term "nextsuffix s"} returns the suffix of the sequence starting at the
next changing state. It uses @{term "nextnat"} to obtain this. All the real
computation is done in this function. Firstly, an empty sequence will obviously
not contain any changes, and ‹0› is therefore returned. In this case
@{term "nextsuffix"} behaves like the identify function. If the sequence is not
empty then the smallest number @{term "i"} such that @{term "s i"} is different
from the initial state is returned. This is achieved by @{term "Least"}. ›
subsubsection"Properties of @{term nonstutseq}"
lemma seq_empty_is_nonstut: assumes H: "emptyseq s"shows"nonstutseq s" using H by (auto simp: nonstutseq_def seq_empty_all)
lemma notempty_exist_nonstut: assumes H: "¬ emptyseq (s |s m)"shows"∃ i. s i ≠ s m ∧ i > m" using H proof (auto simp: emptyseq_def suffix_def) fix i assume i: "s (i + m) ≠ s m" hence"i ≠ 0"by (intro notI, simp) with i show ?thesis by auto qed
subsubsection"Properties of @{term nextnat}"
lemma nextnat_le_unch: assumes H: "n < nextnat s"shows"s n = s 0" proof (cases "emptyseq s") assume"emptyseq s" hence"nextnat s = 0"by (simp add: nextnat_def) with H show ?thesis by auto next assume"¬ emptyseq s" hence a1: "nextnat s = (LEAST i. s i ≠ s 0)"by (simp add: nextnat_def) show ?thesis proof (rule ccontr) assume a2: "s n ≠ s 0" (is"?P n") hence"(LEAST i. s i ≠ s 0) ≤ n"by (rule Least_le) hence"¬(n < (LEAST i. s i ≠ s 0))"by auto alsofrom H a1 have"n < (LEAST i. s i ≠ s 0)"by simp ultimatelyshow False by auto qed qed
lemma stutnempty: assumes H: "¬ stutstep s n"shows"¬ emptyseq (s |s n)" proof (unfold emptyseq_def suffix_def) from H have"s (Suc n) ≠ s n"by (auto simp add: stutstep_def) hence"s (1+n) ≠ s (0+n)"by simp thus"¬(∀ i. s (i+n) = s (0+n))"by blast qed
lemma notstutstep_nexnat1: assumes H: "¬ stutstep s n"shows"nextnat (s |s n) = 1" proof - from H have h': "nextnat (s |s n) = (LEAST i. (s |s n) i ≠ (s |s n) 0)" by (auto simp add: nextnat_def stutnempty) from H have"s (Suc n) ≠ s n"by (auto simp add: stutstep_def) hence"(s |s n) 1 ≠ (s |s n) 0" (is"?P 1") by (auto simp add: suffix_def) hence"Least ?P ≤ 1"by (rule Least_le) hence g1: "Least ?P = 0 ∨ Least ?P = 1"by auto with h' have g1': "nextnat (s |s n) = 0 ∨ nextnat (s |s n) = 1"by auto alsohave"nextnat (s |s n) ≠ 0" proof - from H have"¬ emptyseq (s |s n)"by (rule stutnempty) thenobtain i where"(s |s n) i ≠ (s |s n) 0"by (auto simp add: emptyseq_def) hence"(s |s n) (LEAST i. (s |s n) i ≠ (s |s n) 0) ≠ (s |s n) 0"by (rule LeastI) with h' have g2: "(s |s n) (nextnat (s |s n)) ≠ (s |s n) 0"by auto show"(nextnat (s |s n)) ≠ 0" proof assume"(nextnat (s |s n)) = 0" with g2 show"False"by simp qed qed ultimatelyshow"nextnat (s |s n) = 1"by auto qed
lemma stutstep_notempty_notempty: assumes h1: "emptyseq (s |s Suc n)" (is"emptyseq ?sn") and h2: "stutstep s n" shows"emptyseq (s |s n)" (is"emptyseq ?s") proof (auto simp: emptyseq_def) fix k show"?s k = ?s 0" proof (cases k) assume"k = 0"thus ?thesis by simp next fix m assume k: "k = Suc m" hence"?s k = ?sn m"by (simp add: suffix_def) alsofrom h1 have"... = ?sn 0"by (simp add: emptyseq_def) alsofrom h2 have"... = s n"by (simp add: suffix_def stutstep_def) finallyshow ?thesis by (simp add: suffix_def) qed qed
lemma stutstep_empty_suc: assumes"stutstep s n" shows"emptyseq (s |s Suc n) = emptyseq (s |s n)" using assms by (auto elim: stutstep_notempty_notempty suc_empty)
lemma stutstep_notempty_sucnextnat: assumes h1: "¬ emptyseq (s |s n)"and h2: "stutstep s n" shows"(nextnat (s |s n)) = Suc (nextnat (s |s (Suc n)))" proof - from h2 have g1: "¬(s (0+n) ≠ s (Suc n))" (is"¬ ?P 0") by (auto simp add: stutstep_def) from h1 obtain i where"s (i+n) ≠ s n"by (auto simp: emptyseq_def suffix_def) with h2 have g2: "s (i+n) ≠ s (Suc n)" (is"?P i") by (simp add: stutstep_def) from g2 g1 have"(LEAST n. ?P n) = Suc (LEAST n. ?P (Suc n))"by (rule Least_Suc) from g2 g1 have"(LEAST i. s (i+n) ≠ s (Suc n)) = Suc (LEAST i. s ((Suc i)+n) ≠ s (Suc n))" by (rule Least_Suc) hence G1: "(LEAST i. s (i+n) ≠ s (Suc n)) = Suc (LEAST i. s (i+Suc n) ≠ s (Suc n))"by auto from h1 h2 have"¬ emptyseq (s |s Suc n)"by (simp add: stutstep_empty_suc) hence"nextnat (s |s Suc n) = (LEAST i. (s |s Suc n) i ≠ (s |s Suc n) 0)" by (auto simp add: nextnat_def) hence g1: "nextnat (s |s Suc n) = (LEAST i. s (i+(Suc n)) ≠ s (Suc n))" by (simp add: suffix_def) from h1 have"nextnat (s |s n) = (LEAST i. (s |s n) i ≠ (s |s n) 0)" by (auto simp add: nextnat_def) hence g2: "nextnat (s |s n) = (LEAST i. s (i+n) ≠ s n)"by (simp add: suffix_def) with h2 have g2': "nextnat (s |s n) = (LEAST i. s (i+n) ≠ s (Suc n))" by (auto simp add: stutstep_def) from G1 g1 g2' show ?thesis by auto qed
lemma nextnat_empty_neq: assumes H: "¬ emptyseq s"shows"s (nextnat s) ≠ s 0" proof - from H have a1: "nextnat s = (LEAST i. s i ≠ s 0)"by (simp add: nextnat_def) from H obtain i where"s i ≠ s 0"by (auto simp: emptyseq_def) hence"s (LEAST i. s i ≠ s 0) ≠ s 0"by (rule LeastI) with a1 show ?thesis by auto qed
lemma nextnat_empty_gzero: assumes H: "¬ emptyseq s"shows"nextnat s > 0" proof - from H have a1: "s (nextnat s) ≠ s 0"by (rule nextnat_empty_neq) have"nextnat s ≠ 0" proof assume"nextnat s = 0" with a1 show"False"by simp qed thus"nextnat s > 0"by simp qed
subsubsection"Properties of @{term nextsuffix}"
lemma empty_nextsuffix: assumes H: "emptyseq s"shows"nextsuffix s = s" using H by (simp add: nextsuffix_def nextnat_def)
lemma empty_nextsuffix_id: assumes H: "emptyseq s"shows"nextsuffix s = id s" using H by (simp add: empty_nextsuffix)
lemma notstutstep_nextsuffix1: assumes H: "¬ stutstep s n"shows"nextsuffix (s |s n) = s |s (Suc n)" proof (unfold nextsuffix_def) show"(s |s n |s (nextnat (s |s n))) = s |s (Suc n)" proof - from H have"nextnat (s |s n) = 1"by (rule notstutstep_nexnat1) hence"(s |s n |s (nextnat (s |s n))) = s |s n |s 1"by auto thus ?thesis by (simp add: suffix_def) qed qed
subsubsection"Properties of @{term next}"
lemma next_suc_suffix: "next (Suc n) s = nextsuffix (next n s)" by simp
lemma next_suffix_com: "nextsuffix (next n s) = (next n (nextsuffix s))" by (induct n, auto)
lemma next_plus: "next (m+n) s = next m (next n s)" by (induct m, auto)
lemma next_empty: assumes H: "emptyseq s"shows"next n s = s" proof (induct n) from H show"next 0 s = s"by auto next fix n assume a1: "next n s = s" have"next (Suc n) s = nextsuffix (next n s)"by auto with a1 have"next (Suc n) s = nextsuffix s"by simp with H show"next (Suc n) s = s" by (simp add: nextsuffix_def nextnat_def) qed
lemma notempty_nextnotzero: assumes H: "¬emptyseq s"shows"(next (Suc 0) s) 0 ≠ s 0" proof - from H have g1: "s (nextnat s) ≠ s 0"by (rule nextnat_empty_neq) have"next (Suc 0) s = nextsuffix s"by auto hence"(next (Suc 0) s) 0 = s (nextnat s)"by (simp add: nextsuffix_def suffix_def) with g1 show ?thesis by simp qed
lemma next_ex_id: "∃ i. s i = (next m s) 0" proof - have"∃ i. (s |s i) = (next m s)" proof (induct m) have"s |s 0 = next 0 s"by simp thus"∃ i. (s |s i) = (next 0 s)" .. next fix m assume a1: "∃ i. (s |s i) = (next m s)" thenobtain i where a1': "(s |s i) = (next m s)" .. have"next (Suc m) s = nextsuffix (next m s)"by auto hence"next (Suc m) s = (next m s) |s (nextnat (next m s))"by (simp add: nextsuffix_def) hence"∃ i. next (Suc m) s = (next m s) |s i" .. thenobtain j where"next (Suc m) s = (next m s) |s j" .. with a1' have"next (Suc m) s = (s |s i) |s j"by simp hence"next (Suc m) s = (s |s (j+i))"by (simp add: suffix_plus) hence"(s |s (j+i)) = next (Suc m) s"by simp thus"∃ i. (s |s i) = (next (Suc m) s)" .. qed thenobtain i where"(s |s i) = (next m s)" .. hence"(s |s i) 0 = (next m s) 0"by auto hence"s i = (next m s) 0"by (auto simp add: suffix_def) thus ?thesis .. qed
subsubsection"Properties of @{term collapse}"
lemma emptyseq_collapse_eq: assumes A1: "emptyseq s"shows"♮ s = s" proof (unfold collapse_def, rule ext) fix n from A1 have"next n s = s"by (rule next_empty) moreover from A1 have"s n = s 0"by (simp add: emptyseq_def) ultimately show"(next n s) 0 = s n"by simp qed
lemma empty_collapse_empty: assumes H: "emptyseq s"shows"emptyseq (♮ s)" using H by (simp add: emptyseq_collapse_eq)
lemma collapse_empty_empty: assumes H: "emptyseq (♮ s)"shows"emptyseq s" proof (rule ccontr) assume a1: "¬emptyseq s" from H have"∀ i. (next i s) 0 = s 0"by (simp add: collapse_def emptyseq_def) moreover from a1 have"(next (Suc 0) s) 0 ≠ s 0"by (rule notempty_nextnotzero) ultimatelyshow"False"by blast qed
text‹
Since adding or removing stuttering steps does not change the validity
of a stuttering-invarant formula, equality is often too strong,
and the weaker equality \emph{up to stuttering} is sufficient.
This is often called \emph{similarity} ($\approx$)
of sequences in the literature, and is required to
show that logical operators are stuttering invariant. This
is mechanised as: ›
lemma seqsim_refl [iff]: "s ≈ s" by (simp add: seqsimilar_def)
lemma seqsim_sym: assumes H: "s ≈ t"shows"t ≈ s" using H by (simp add: seqsimilar_def)
lemma seqeq_imp_sim: assumes H: "s = t"shows"s ≈ t" using H by simp
lemma seqsim_trans [trans]: assumes h1: "s ≈ t"and h2: "t ≈ z"shows"s ≈ z" using assms by (simp add: seqsimilar_def)
theorem sim_first: assumes H: "s ≈ t"shows"first s = first t" proof - from H have"(♮ s) 0 = (♮ t) 0"by (simp add: seqsimilar_def) thus ?thesis by (simp add: collapse_def first_def) qed
lemmas sim_first2 = sim_first[unfolded first_def]
lemma tail_sim_second: assumes H: "tail s ≈ tail t"shows"second s = second t" proof - from H have"first (tail s) = first (tail t)"by (simp add: sim_first) thus"second s = second t"by (simp add: first_tail_second) qed
lemma seqsimilarI: assumes1: "first s = first t"and2: "nextsuffix s ≈ nextsuffix t" shows"s ≈ t" unfolding seqsimilar_def collapse_def proof fix n show"next n s 0 = next n t 0" proof (cases n) assume"n = 0" with1show ?thesis by (simp add: first_def) next fix m assume m: "n = Suc m" from2have"next m (nextsuffix s) 0 = next m (nextsuffix t) 0" unfolding seqsimilar_def collapse_def by (rule fun_cong) with m show ?thesis by (simp add: next_suffix_com) qed qed
lemma seqsim_empty_empty: assumes H1: "s ≈ t"and H2: "emptyseq s"shows"emptyseq t" proof - from H2 have"emptyseq (♮ s)"by simp with H1 have"emptyseq (♮ t)"by (simp add: seqsimilar_def) thus ?thesis by simp qed
lemma seqsim_empty_iff_empty: assumes H: "s ≈ t"shows"emptyseq s = emptyseq t" proof assume"emptyseq s"with H show"emptyseq t"by (rule seqsim_empty_empty) next assume t: "emptyseq t" from H have"t ≈ s"by (rule seqsim_sym) from this t show"emptyseq s"by (rule seqsim_empty_empty) qed
lemma seq_empty_eq: assumes H1: "s 0 = t 0"and H2: "emptyseq s"and H3: "emptyseq t" shows"s = t" proof (rule ext) fix n from assms have"t n = s n"by (auto simp: emptyseq_def) thus"s n = t n"by simp qed
lemma seqsim_notstutstep: assumes H: "¬ (stutstep s n)"shows"(s |s (Suc n)) ≈ nextsuffix (s |s n)" using H by (simp add: notstutstep_nextsuffix1)
lemma stut_nextsuf_suc: assumes H: "stutstep s n"shows"nextsuffix (s |s n) = nextsuffix (s |s (Suc n))" proof (cases "emptyseq (s |s n)") case True hence g1: "nextsuffix (s |s n) = (s |s n)"by (simp add: nextsuffix_def nextnat_def) from True have g2: "nextsuffix (s |s Suc n) = (s |s Suc n)" by (simp add: suc_empty nextsuffix_def nextnat_def) have"(s |s n) = (s |s Suc n)" proof fix x from True have"s (x + n) = s (0 + n)""s (Suc x + n) = s (0 + n)" unfolding emptyseq_def suffix_def by (blast+) thus"(s |s n) x = (s |s Suc n) x"by (simp add: suffix_def) qed with g1 g2 show ?thesis by auto next case False with H have"(nextnat (s |s n)) = Suc (nextnat (s |s Suc n))" by (simp add: stutstep_notempty_sucnextnat) thus ?thesis by (simp add: nextsuffix_def suffix_plus) qed
lemma seqsim_suffix_seqsim: assumes H: "s ≈ t"shows"nextsuffix s ≈ nextsuffix t" unfolding seqsimilar_def collapse_def proof fix n from H have"(next (Suc n) s) 0 = (next (Suc n) t) 0" unfolding seqsimilar_def collapse_def by (rule fun_cong) thus"next n (nextsuffix s) 0 = next n (nextsuffix t) 0" by (simp add: next_suffix_com) qed
lemma seqsim_stutstep: assumes H: "stutstep s n"shows"(s |s (Suc n)) ≈ (s |s n)" (is"?sn ≈ ?s") unfolding seqsimilar_def collapse_def proof fix m show"next m (s |s Suc n) 0 = next m (s |s n) 0" proof (cases m) assume"m=0" with H show ?thesis by (simp add: suffix_def stutstep_def) next fix k assume m: "m = Suc k" with H have"next m (s |s Suc n) = next k (nextsuffix (s |s n))" by (simp add: stut_nextsuf_suc next_suffix_com) moreoverfrom m have"next m (s |s n) = next k (nextsuffix (s |s n))" by (simp add: next_suffix_com) ultimatelyshow"next m (s |s Suc n) 0 = next m (s |s n) 0"by simp qed qed
lemma addfirststut: assumes H: "first s = second s"shows"s ≈ tail s" proof - have g1: "(first s) ## (tail s) = s"by (rule seq_app_first_tail) from H have"(first s) = first (tail s)" by (simp add: first_def second_def tail_def suffix_def) hence"(first s) ## (tail s) ≈ (tail s)"by (simp add: addfeqsim) with g1 show ?thesis by simp qed
lemma app_seqsimilar: assumes h1: "s ≈ t"shows"(x ## s) ≈ (x ## t)" proof (cases "stutstep (x ## s) 0") case True from h1 have"first s = first t"by (rule sim_first) with True have a2: "stutstep (x ## t) 0" by (simp add: stutstep_def first_def app_def) from True have"((x ## s) |s (Suc 0)) ≈ ((x ## s) |s 0)"by (rule seqsim_stutstep) hence"tail (x ## s) ≈ (x ## s)"by (simp add: tail_def suffix_def) hence g1: "s ≈ (x ## s)"by (simp add: app_def tail_def suffix_def) from a2 have"((x ## t) |s (Suc 0)) ≈ ((x ## t) |s 0)"by (rule seqsim_stutstep) hence"tail (x ## t) ≈ (x ## t)"by (simp add: tail_def suffix_def) hence g2: "t ≈ (x ## t)"by (simp add: app_def tail_def suffix_def) from h1 g2 have"s ≈ (x ## t)"by (rule seqsim_trans) from this[THEN seqsim_sym] g1 show"(x ## s) ≈ (x ## t)" by (rule seqsim_sym[OF seqsim_trans]) next case False from h1 have"first s = first t"by (rule sim_first) with False have a2: "¬ stutstep (x ## t) 0" by (simp add: stutstep_def first_def app_def) from False have"((x ## s) |s (Suc 0)) ≈ nextsuffix ((x ## s) |s 0)" by (rule seqsim_notstutstep) hence"(tail (x ## s)) ≈ nextsuffix (x ## s)" by (simp add: tail_def) hence g1: "s ≈ nextsuffix (x ## s)"by (simp add: seq_app_tail) from a2 have"((x ## t) |s (Suc 0)) ≈ nextsuffix ((x ## t) |s 0)" by (rule seqsim_notstutstep) hence"(tail (x ## t)) ≈ nextsuffix (x ## t)"by (simp add: tail_def) hence g2: "t ≈ nextsuffix (x ## t)"by (simp add: seq_app_tail) with h1 have"s ≈ nextsuffix (x ## t)"by (rule seqsim_trans) from this[THEN seqsim_sym] g1 have g3: "nextsuffix (x ## s) ≈ nextsuffix (x ## t)" by (rule seqsim_sym[OF seqsim_trans]) have"first (x ## s) = first (x ## t)"by (simp add: first_def app_def) from this g3 show ?thesis by (rule seqsimilarI) qed
text‹
If two sequences are similar then for any suffix of one of them there
exists a similar suffix of the other one. We will prove a stronger
result below. ›
lemma simstep_disj1: assumes H: "s ≈ t"shows"∃ m. ((s |s n) ≈ (t |s m))" proof (induct n) from H have"((s |s 0) ≈ (t |s 0))"by auto thus"∃ m. ((s |s 0) ≈ (t |s m))" .. next fix n assume"∃ m. ((s |s n) ≈ (t |s m))" thenobtain m where a1': "(s |s n) ≈ (t |s m)" .. show"∃ m. ((s |s (Suc n)) ≈ (t |s m))" proof (cases "stutstep s n") case True hence"(s |s (Suc n)) ≈ (s |s n)"by (rule seqsim_stutstep) from this a1' have"((s |s (Suc n)) ≈ (t |s m))"by (rule seqsim_trans) thus ?thesis .. next case False hence"(s |s (Suc n)) ≈ nextsuffix (s |s n)"by (rule seqsim_notstutstep) moreover from a1' have"nextsuffix (s |s n) ≈ nextsuffix (t |s m)" by (simp add: seqsim_suffix_seqsim) ultimatelyhave"(s |s (Suc n)) ≈ nextsuffix (t |s m)"by (rule seqsim_trans) hence"(s |s (Suc n)) ≈ t |s (m + (nextnat (t |s m)))" by (simp add: nextsuffix_def suffix_plus_com) thus"∃ m. (s |s (Suc n)) ≈ t |s m" .. qed qed
lemma nextnat_le_seqsim: assumes n: "n < nextnat s"shows"s ≈ (s |s n)" proof (cases "emptyseq s") case True ― ‹case impossible› with n show ?thesis by (simp add: nextnat_def) next case False from n show ?thesis proof (induct n) show"s ≈ (s |s 0)"by simp next fix n assume a2: "n < nextnat s ==> s ≈ (s |s n)"and a3: "Suc n < nextnat s" from a3 have g1: "s (Suc n) = s 0"by (rule nextnat_le_unch) from a3 have a3': "n < nextnat s"by simp hence"s n = s 0"by (rule nextnat_le_unch) with g1 have"stutstep s n"by (simp add: stutstep_def) hence g2: "(s |s n) ≈ (s |s (Suc n))"by (rule seqsim_stutstep[THEN seqsim_sym]) with a3' a2 show"s ≈ (s |s (Suc n))"by (auto elim: seqsim_trans) qed qed
lemma seqsim_prev_nextnat: "s ≈ s |s ((nextnat s) - 1)" proof (cases "emptyseq s") case True hence"s |s ((nextnat s)-(1::nat)) = s |s 0"by (simp add: nextnat_def) thus ?thesis by simp next case False hence"nextnat s > 0"by (rule nextnat_empty_gzero) thus ?thesis by (simp add: nextnat_le_seqsim) qed
text‹
Given a suffix ‹s |s n› of some sequence ‹s› that is
similar to some suffix ‹t |s m› of sequence ‹t›, there
exists some suffix ‹t |s m'› of ‹t› such that ‹s |s n› and ‹t |s m'› are similar and also ‹s |s (n+1)› is similar to either ‹t |s m'› or to ‹t |s (m'+1)›. ›
lemma seqsim_suffix_suc: assumes H: "s |s n ≈ t |s m" shows"∃m'. s |s n ≈ t |s m' ∧ ((s |s Suc n ≈ t |s Suc m') ∨ (s |s Suc n ≈ t |s m'))" proof (cases "stutstep s n") case True hence"s |s Suc n ≈ s |s n"by (rule seqsim_stutstep) from this H have"s |s Suc n ≈ t |s m"by (rule seqsim_trans) with H show ?thesis by blast next case False hence"¬ emptyseq (s |s n)"by (rule stutnempty) with H have a2: "¬ emptyseq (t |s m)"by (simp add: seqsim_empty_iff_empty) hence g4: "nextsuffix (t |s m) = (t |s m) |s Suc (nextnat (t |s m) - 1)" by (simp add: nextnat_empty_gzero nextsuffix_def) have g3: "(t |s m) ≈ (t |s m) |s (nextnat (t |s m) - 1)" by (rule seqsim_prev_nextnat) with H have G1: "s |s n ≈ (t |s m) |s (nextnat (t |s m) - 1)" by (rule seqsim_trans) from False have G1': "(s |s Suc n) = nextsuffix (s |s n)" by (rule notstutstep_nextsuffix1[THEN sym]) from H have"nextsuffix (s |s n) ≈ nextsuffix (t |s m)" by (rule seqsim_suffix_seqsim) with G1 G1' g4 have"s |s n ≈ t |s (m + (nextnat (t |s m) - 1)) ∧ s |s (Suc n) ≈ t |s Suc (m + (nextnat (t |s m) - 1))" by (simp add: suffix_plus_com) thus ?thesis by blast qed
text‹
The following main result about similar sequences shows that if ‹s ≈ t› holds then for any suffix ‹s |s n› of ‹s›
there exists a suffix ‹t |s m› such that \begin{itemize} \item‹s |s n› and ‹t |s m› are similar, and \item‹s |s (n+1)› is similar to either ‹t |s (m+1)›
or ‹t |s m›. \end{itemize}
The idea is to pick the largest ‹m› such that ‹s |s n ≈ t |s m›
(or some such ‹m› if ‹s |s n› is empty). ›
theorem sim_step: assumes H: "s ≈ t" shows"∃ m. s |s n ≈ t |s m ∧ ((s |s Suc n ≈ t |s Suc m) ∨ (s |s Suc n ≈ t |s m))"
(is"∃m. ?Sim n m") proof (induct n) from H have"s |s 0 ≈ t |s 0"by simp thus"∃ m. ?Sim 0 m"by (rule seqsim_suffix_suc) next fix n assume"∃ m. ?Sim n m" hence"∃k. s |s Suc n ≈ t |s k"by blast thus"∃ m. ?Sim (Suc n) m"by (blast dest: seqsim_suffix_suc) qed
end
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