<Chapter Label="Cohomology for pcp-groups">
<Heading>Cohomology for pcp-groups</Heading>
The &GAP; 4 package &Polycyclic; provides<Chapter Label"for groups">
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [33, 5) out of bounds for length 71
<>;U/M>or <FUM <><M where >F<M a fieldThe
algorithm for determining the first java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 40 out of bounds for length 4
<CiteKey="ic00">
<P/>
As a our cohomology computations.
cohomology records. These records provide the technical setup for
our cohomology computations.
Cohomology records provide the necessary technical setup for the
cohomology computations for polycyclic groups.
<ManSection>
<Func Name="CRRecordByMats" Arg="U, mats"/>
<Description>
creates an external module. Let <A>U</A> be a pcp group which
list of matrices <A>mats<Cohomology<Heading>
function record which canbeused as inputfor
cohomology cohomologycomputations forpolycyclic groups.
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Func Name="CRRecordBySubgroup" Arg="U, A"/>
<Func Name="CRRecordByPcp" Arg="U, pcp"/>
<Description>
creates an java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
normal subgroupof <A>U</A>or let <A>pcp</A>
be a pcp of a normal elementary of free abelian subfactor of <A>U</A>. Then
this function creates a record which can be used as list of matrices <A>mats</A> on a vector space of thejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [18, 17) out of bounds for length 99
cohomology computationsjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 25 out of bounds for length 25
<P/>
The returned cohomology record <A>C</A> contains the following entries:
<List>
<Mark><A>factor</A></Mark<Func =C" Arg"U,pcp"/>
<Item>
a pcp of the acting group. If the module is external, then this is
<A>Pcp orfreeA><A>java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [80, 79) out of bounds for length 80
</Item>
<Mark><Acohomologycomputations.
<Item>
the matrix action of <A>factor<<P/
and
Item>
<Mark><A>dim</A> and <A>char</A></Mark>
<Item>
the dimension and characteristic
<<>actorA>/ark>
<Mark><A>relators</A> and <A>enumrels</A></Mark>
<Item>
the right hand
generator exponents lists and a description for the corresponding
lefthand sides
< <A>PcpU)/> the module is , then this is <A>Pcp(U, A)</A> or
<Mark><A>central</A></Mark>
<>U roupOfPcp)/>.
<Item
<<>ats/,A>invs<A> <>one</A<Mark>
</Item>
</List>
And additionally, if <M>C</M> defines an internaljava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 8 out of bounds for length 8
<<Item
<>A>group/A/Mark>
<tem>
the original group <A>U</A>.
</Item>
<Mark><A>normal</A></Mark>
<Item>
this is eitherA>Pcp()/> or <A>cp/.
</Item
generator java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [32, 31) out of bounds for length 67
<
locally reasonsjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 33 out of bounds for length 33
</java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [9, 10) out of bounds for length 9
</List>
</Description>
</ManSection>
</Section>
<!-- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -->
L=Cjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [27, 26) out of bounds for length 35
<Heading>Cohomology groups</Heading>
LetMark<>extensionAMarkjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 30 out of bounds for length 30
anda <MU/>-odule By M>Z^(U, )/M>bedenote the group of <><>h cocycles
and by <M>B
the<>iM-h cohomology Since><M> is or abelian
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [8, 3) out of bounds for length 79
groups as well.
<P/>
The &Polycyclic; package provides methods to compute first and
second cohomology group for a polycyclic group <A>U</A>. We the M>/M>-h cohomology group Since M>A/> is elementaryorfree java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 82 out of bounds for length 82
roups additively and an descriptionby
The P; packageprovidesmethods to computefirst
<M> java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [18, 17) out of bounds for length 70
<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [37, 38) out of bounds for length 4
Let <M>f_1, \ldots, f_n</M> be the elements in the entry <M>factor</M> of the
cohomology record <java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 20 out of bounds for length 9
first cocycle group to describe cocycle group describe 1cocycles and 1-coboundaries:
<M>Z^1(U, A) \to A^n : \delta \mapsto (\delta(f_1), \ldots, \delta(f_n))</M>
<P/>
For the second <>^1, A) \to A^n : \delta \mapsto (\delta(f_1), \ldots, \delta(f_n))</M>
defines an extension <M>H<</
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 2) out of bounds for length 0
The extendedpresentationis by tails <A</>that each
relator in <M>H</M> extending of<<M>bythe <></>java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 83 out of bounds for length 83
The concatenation of the <>relators< java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [47, 46) out of bounds for length 82
length <relatorsM>M></>
of record java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [31, 30) out of bounds for length 77
MZ^(,A</>and M>B^(,)/M> Notejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [69, 68) out of bounds for length 73
thefactor <M>2U ) B(,A)/> chosen java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [81, 82) out of bounds for length 81
</>
followingfunctionsareavailableto compute the
and second cohomology group
<ManSectionOneCoboundariesCR Arg=C/>
<Func Name="OneCoboundariesCR="OneCocyclesCR""">
<Func Name="OneCocyclesCR" Arg="C"/>
<Func Name="TwoCoboundariesCR" Arg="C"/>
<Func Name="TwoCocyclesCR" Arg=<unc =" C/>
< Name"OneCohomologyCR" ="">
<Func Func Name" ="C">
<Description
four return bases of the corresponding group. The
last two functions need to describe a factor of additive abelianlast twojava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [20, 19) out of bounds for length 73
They >
< <><>cc<A>>
><A>gcc/>/java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 25 out of bounds for length 25
Item
the <>
</Item he of thecoboundaries of <A>/>
rk<A>gcb<A></Mark>
Mark>A>factor</A></Mark>
the basis of the coboundaries of <A>C</A>.
</Item>
<Mark><A>factor</A></Mark <Item>
<Item>
a description of the factor of cocycles by coboundaries.
Usually, it a of thefactor cocyclesby .
,these are not available in case that <A>A</A> is free abelian
and thus we use However, these arnotin case <>A>is
<List
><A><A<Mark>
< <Mark<A<A>/
a <Item
</>
<Mark>A><A></Mark>
<Item <><>els</><Mark>
relative orders for the image.
</Item>
<Mark><A>imgs</A></Mark>
<Item>
the images for the elements in Item
</Item>
<Mark><A>prei</A></Mark>
<Item>
preimages for the elements in <A>gens</A>.
</Item>
<Mark><>denom<A><>
<Item>
the kernel of the map; that is, another basis for <A>gcb</A>.
</Item>
</List>
</Item>
</List>
There is an additional function which can be used to compute the
second cohomology group over an arbitrary finitely generated abelian
group. The finitely generated abelian group should be realized as a
factor of a free abelian group modulo a lattice. The function is
called as
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Func Name="TwoCohomologyModCR" Arg="C, lat"/>
<Description>
where <A>C</A> is a cohomology record and <A>lat</A> is a basis for a sublattice
of a free abelian module. The output format is the same as for
<C>TwoCohomologyCR</C>.
</Description>
</ManSection>
In some cases more information on the first cohomology group is
of interest. In particular, if we have an internal module given and
we want to compute the complements using the first cohomology group,
then we need additional information. This extended version of first
cohomology is obtained by the following functions.
<ManSection>
<Func Name="OneCoboundariesEX" Arg="C"/>
<Description>
returns a record consisting of the entries
<List>
<Mark><A>basis</A></Mark>
<Item>
a basis for <M>B^1(U, A) \leq A^n</M>.
</Item>
<Mark><A>transf</A></Mark>
<Item>
There is a derivation mapping from <M>A</M> to <M>B^1(U,A)</M>. This mapping
is described here as transformation from <M>A</M> to <A>basis</A>.
</Item>
<Mark><A>fixpts</A></Mark>
<Item>
the fixpoints of <M>A</M>. This is also the kernel of the derivation mapping.
</Item>
</List>
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Func Name="OneCocyclesEX" Arg="C"/>
<Description>
returns a record consisting of the entries
<List>
<Mark><A>basis</A></Mark>
<Item>
a basis for <M>Z^1(U, A) \leq A^n</M>.
</Item>
<Mark><A>transl</A></Mark>
<Item>
a special solution. This is only of interest in case that <M>C</M> is
an internal module and in this case it gives the translation vector
in <M>A^n</M> used to obtain complements corresponding to the elements in
<M>basis</M>. If <M>C</M> is not an internal module, then this vector is
always the zero vector.
</Item>
</List>
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Func Name="OneCohomologyEX" Arg="C"/>
<Description>
returns the combined information on the first cohomology group.
</Description>
</ManSection>
</Section>
<!-- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -->
<Section Label="Extensions and Complements">
<Heading>Extensions and Complements</Heading>
The natural applications of first and second cohomology group is
the determination of extensions and complements. Let <M>C</M> be a
cohomology record.
<ManSection>
<Func Name=" ComplementCR" Arg="C, c"/>
<Description>
returns the complement corresponding to the 1-cocycle <A>c</A>. In the case
that <A>C</A> is an external module, we construct the split extension of <M>U</M>
with <M>A</M> first and then determine the complement. In the case that <A>C</A>
is an internal module, the vector <A>c</A> must be an element of the affine
space corresponding to the complements as described by <C>OneCocyclesEX</C>.
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Func Name=" ComplementsCR" Arg="C"/>
<Description>
returns all complements using the correspondence to <M>Z^1(U,A)</M>. Further,
this function returns fail, if <M>Z^1(U,A)</M> is infinite.
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Func Name=" ComplementClassesCR" Arg="C"/>
<Description>
returns complement classes using the correspondence to <M>H^1(U,A)</M>. Further,
Mark<>basisA>/>
<>
</
<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [12, 11) out of bounds for length 12
<Func Name=" ComplementClassesEfaPcps
<Description>
Let <M>N</M> be a normal subgroup of <M>U</M>. This function java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 69 out of bounds for length 26
to<N<>in<>U</M>T are computed by iteration over java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [80, 81) out of bounds for length 80
<M>U</M>- in <M>A^n</MMA^</> to obtain complements corresponding to in
iteration infinitely complements are discovered, then the function
returns fail. (Even though there might be only finitely many conjugacy
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [23, 8) out of bounds for length 49
< :=.mats
njava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [12, 13) out of bounds for length 12
Func Name= ComplementClasses =[V]>
<Description>
Let <M>N</M> and <M>U</M> be normal subgroups of <M>V</M> with <M>N \leq
function attemptsgap>C = (,mats);
<M>N</M># compute group
efa series <><M>.If somestageinthis infinitelymany
complements are the abelian invariants of2(,
</Description>
</ManSection>
<# extensionwhich corresponds to a cocycle that has
<Func Name="ExtensionCR" Arg="C, c"/>
<Description>
returns the extension corresponding to the 2-cocycle <M>c</M>.
</
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Func Name="ExtensionsCR" Arg="C"/>
<Description>
returns[ 00,0, 0 ,0 ,00 ,0,0 ,0,0 -,1 ]
this function returns gap> H := ExtensionCR( C, c);
</Description>
</ManSection>
<Pcpgroup with orders[, 0 ,0 ,0]
<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 1 out of bounds for length 0
<Description>
correspondence to MH2(,)/.Furtherjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 80 out of bounds for length 80
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [22, 5) out of bounds for length 60
</java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 1 out of bounds for length 0
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 5) out of bounds for length 0
<Description>
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 1 out of bounds for length 0
</Description>
</ManSection>
</Section>
<!-- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -->
<Section Label="Constructing pcp groups as extensions">
<Heading>Constructing pcp groups as extensions</Heading>
This section contains an example application of the second cohomology
group to the construction of pcp groups as extensions. The following
constructs extensions of the group of upper unitriangular matrices with
its natural lattice.
# set up the cohomology record
gap> C := CRRecordByMats(G,mats);;
# compute the second cohomology group
gap> cc := TwoCohomologyCR(C);;
# the abelian invariants of H^2(G,M)
gap> cc.factor.rels;
[ 2, 0, 0 ]
# construct an extension which corresponds to a cocycle that has
# infinite image in H^2(G,M)
gap> c := cc.factor.prei[2];
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 1 ]
gap> H := ExtensionCR( C, c);
Pcp-group with orders [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
# check that the extension does not split - get the normal subgroup
gap> N := H!.module;
Pcp-group with orders [ 0, 0, 0 ]
# create the interal module
gap> C := CRRecordBySubgroup(H,N);;
# use the complements routine
gap> ComplementClassesCR(C);
[ ]
]]></Example>
</Section>
</Chapter>
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