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\begin{document}
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\begin{titlepage}
\mbox{} \vfill
\begin{center}{ \maintitlesize \textbf{ RCWA \mbox{}}} \\
\vfill
\hypersetup{pdftitle= RCWA }
\markright{ \scriptsize \mbox{} \hfill RCWA \hfill\mbox{}}
{ \Huge \textbf{ Residue \texttt{ \symbol{ 45}}Class \texttt{ \symbol{ 45}}Wise Affine Grou ps \mbox{}}}\\
\vfill
{\Huge 4.8.0 \mbox{}}\\[1cm]
{ 22 September 2025 \mbox{}}\\[1cm]
\mbox{}\\[2cm]
{\Large \textbf{ Stefan Kohl\\
\mbox{}}}\\
\hypersetup{pdfauthor= Stefan Kohl\\
}
\end{center}\vfill
\mbox{}\\
{\mbox{}\\
\small \noindent \textbf{ Stefan Kohl\\
} Email: \href{mailto://sk239@st-andrews.ac.uk} {\texttt{sk239@st\texttt{\symbol{45}}andrews.ac.uk}}\\
Homepage: \href{https://stefan-kohl.github.io/} {\texttt{https://stefan\texttt{\symbol{45}}kohl.github.io/}}}\\
\end{titlepage}
\newpage\setcounter{page}{2}
{\small
\section*{Abstract}
\logpage{[ 0, 0, 1 ]}
\textsf{RCWA} is a package for \textsf{GAP}{\nobreakspace}4. It provides implementations of algorithms and methods for
computing in certain infinite permutation groups acting on the set of
integers. This package can be used to investigate the following types of
groups and many more:
\begin{itemize}
\item Finite groups, and certain divisible torsion groups which they embed into.
\item Free groups of finite rank.
\item Free products of finitely many finite groups.
\item Direct products of the above groups.
\item Wreath products of the above groups with finite groups and
with{\nobreakspace}({\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}},+).
\item Subgroups of any such groups.
\end{itemize}
With the help of this package, the author has found a countable simple group
which is generated by involutions interchanging disjoint residue classes of
{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}} and which all the above groups embed into
\texttt{\symbol{45}}\texttt{\symbol{45}} see{\nobreakspace}\cite{Kohl09}.
\mbox{}}\\[1cm]
{\small
\section*{Copyright}
\logpage{[ 0, 0, 2 ]}
{\copyright} 2003 \texttt{\symbol{45}} 2018 by Stefan Kohl.
\textsf{RCWA} is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of
the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
\textsf{RCWA} is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
For a copy of the GNU General Public License, see the file \texttt{GPL} in the \texttt{etc} directory of the \textsf{GAP} distribution or see \href{https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html} {\texttt{https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html}}. \vspace{-1cm} \mbox{}}\\[1cm]
{\small
\section*{Acknowledgements}
\logpage{[ 0, 0, 3 ]}
I am grateful to John P. McDermott for the discovery that the group discussed
in Section{\nobreakspace}\ref{sec:ThompsonsGroupV} is isomorphic to Thompson's Group V in July 2008, and to Laurent Bartholdi for
his hint on how to construct wreath products of
residue\texttt{\symbol{45}}class\texttt{\symbol{45}}wise affine groups
with{\nobreakspace}({\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}},+) in April 2006. Further, I
thank Bettina{\nobreakspace}Eick for communicating this package and for her
valuable suggestions on its manual in the time before its first public release
in April 2005. Last but not least I thank the two anonymous referees for their
constructive criticism and their helpful suggestions. \mbox{}}\\[1cm]
\newpage
\def\contentsname{Contents\logpage{[ 0, 0, 4 ]}}
\tableofcontents
\newpage
\chapter{\textcolor{Chapter }{About the RCWA Package}}\label{ch:AboutRCWA}
\logpage{[ 1, 0, 0 ]}
\hyperdef{L}{X83A8C2927FAE2C23}{}
{
\index{Collatz conjecture@Collatz conjecture} \index{Collatz conjecture@Collatz mapping} This package permits to compute in monoids, in particular groups, whose
elements are \emph{residue\texttt{\symbol{45}}class\texttt{\symbol{45}}wise affine} mappings. Probably the widest\texttt{\symbol{45}}known occurrence of such a
mapping is in the statement of the $3n+1$ conjecture, which asserts that iterated application of the \emph{Collatz mapping}
\[
T: \ \ \mathbb{Z} \longrightarrow \mathbb{Z}, \ \ \ java.lang.NullPointerException
n \ \longmapsto java.lang.NullPointerException
\begin{cases}
\frac{n}{2} & \text{if} \ \ n \ \ \text{is even}, \\
\frac{3n+1}{2} & \text{if} \ \ n \ \ \text{is odd}
\end{cases}
\]
to any given positive integer eventually yields{\nobreakspace}1
(cf.{\nobreakspace}\cite{Lagarias06}). For definitions, see Section{\nobreakspace}\ref{sec:basicdefinitions}.
Presently, most research in computational group theory focuses on finite
permutation groups, matrix groups, finitely presented groups, polycyclically
presented groups and automata groups. For details, we refer to{\nobreakspace}\cite{HoltEickOBrien05}. The purpose of this package is twofold:
\begin{itemize}
\item On the one hand, it provides the means to deal with another large class of
groups which are accessible to computational methods, and it therefore extends
the range of groups which can be dealt with by means of computation.
\item On the other \texttt{\symbol{45}}\texttt{\symbol{45}} and perhaps more
importantly \texttt{\symbol{45}}\texttt{\symbol{45}}
residue\texttt{\symbol{45}}class\texttt{\symbol{45}}wise affine groups appear
to be interesting mathematical objects in their own right, and this package is
intended to serve as a tool to obtain a better understanding of their rich and
often complicated group theoretical and combinatorial structure.
\end{itemize}
In principle this\[,pt]reportjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 36 out of bounds for length 36
which have faithful representations as
residue\texttt{\symbol{45}}\definecolor{RoyalGreen}{rgb}{0.06179,.0894java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 51 out of bounds for length 51
many others, the following groups },95110000java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 50 out of bounds for length 50
\item Finite groups,
\tem groupsoffiniterank.
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 44 out of bounds for length 43
\item Direct products of the above definecolorurlColor{}00.}
\item }}{.5890000java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 47 out of bounds for length 47
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 1 out of bounds for length 0
\end{itemize}
This list permits already to java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [13, 12) out of bounds for length 41
residue\texttt{\symboljava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
dotjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 21 out of bounds for length 21
membershipbookmarkst java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 35 out of bounds for length 35
usingpdftitle{with ,
mentioned there.
The group CT({\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}) which is generated by all \emph{class transpositions} of{\nobreakspace}{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}
\texttt{\symbol{45}}\texttt{\symbol pdfcreator={LaTeX withhyperref package / GAPDoc},
interchange two residue classes,see\exttt{ClassTransposition}(refClassTransposition:,,r2 }) \exttt{symbol{45}\{\symbol}}is simple groupwhich hassubgroups
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [23, 22) out of bounds for length 28
of java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [24, 23) out of bounds for length 35
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 1 out of bounds for length 0
in\\\=java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [39, 38) out of bounds for length 42
want toknow type of resultsone textsf{RCWA}. However, the answer to this is that the package can be applied in various
ways to various different problems, and it isjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
%% nicer description environments, allows long labels
betteranswer thesame question \{} with java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [140, 139) out of bounds for length 142
experiment thejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [39, 38) out of bounds for length 78
Of course, sometimes this java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 34) out of bounds for length 20
ut\45}{java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [41, 40) out of bounds for length 71
solution for a java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 17 out of bounds for length 12
\clubp=java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 18 out of bounds for length 18
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 5 out of bounds for length 0
newcommandgapprompt[]{colorpromptColor\ 1}
to the development of most of the algorithms which are now java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 68 out of bounds for length 67
Just to mention one example, developing the factorization method for
\{symbol45}class\\5}}wise affine permutations
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
\chapter{
\ogpage{ 2 0 0 ]java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 21 out of bounds for length 21
\\markright\scriptsize \{\ RCWA\\mbox{}java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 58 out of bounds for length 58
{
This chapter contains the basic definitions, and it java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 6 out of bounds for length 6
residue\texttt{\symbol{45}}class\texttt{\symbol{45}}wise { 2025\{\\cmjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 35 out of bounds for length 35
how \{}java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 14 out of bounds for length 14
How to compute with residue\texttt{\symbol{45}}
affine java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 1 out of bounds for length 0
encouraged tosmall noindent textbf Kohljava.lang.NullPointerException
chapter, and to look up definitions as he :\href{:/sk239@st-andrews.c.k}{textttsk239s\texttt\symbol{}andrews.c.k}java.lang.NullPointerException
\section{\ Homepage href{https/stefan.io/ \{ttps/stefan\exttt{symbol{5}}..io/}java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 113 out of bounds for length 113
\logpage{[ 2, 1, 0 ]}{small
\hyperdef{\ogpage{ 0,0 }
{
\index textsf}isa package \{AP{nobreakspace}4 java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [79, 78) out of bounds for length 124
ppings.
A mappingintegers Thispackage can usedto investigate the following types of
\[
f|_groups many:
n\mapsto frac{a_{()}\cdot n +b_rm}{c_{r)}
\]
\item Finitegroups, and certain divisible torsion groups which they embed into.
It is easy to \item Free groups of finite rank.
residue\texttt\itemFree of java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [33, 32) out of bounds for length 53
of{\item Wreath java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [36, 35) out of bounds for length 65
residue{45}{{45 java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [72, 73) out of bounds for length 72
{nobreakspace{{java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [71, 50) out of bounds for length 71
subgroup\java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 8 out of bounds for length 8
({ensuremath{mathbbZ),and latter RCWA\ensuremath
Z}}).
\index{tame@tame!rcwa mapping} \index{tame@tamejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
many
residue classes on all of which it is affine.the as published the Foundation
if set moduli of its elements is bounded. Rcwa mappings and
\texttt{\symbol{45}}java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 24 out of bounds for length 0
couldcall ` cases''or `basic buildingblocks',while wildrcwa groups are the objects of primary interest.
The definitions of residue\texttt{\symbolwithout of or FOR A
mappingsand texttt\ymbol{5} begeneralizedthe
obvious way to suitable rings
Z} In fact packageprovides some support for
\{symbol{45}class\{\symbol45} groups {ensuremath{mathbbZ}2, oversemilocalizations{\obreakspace{ensuremath{mathbb } over
univariate polynomial rings over finite java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 44 out of bounds for length 27
ideal domain, the semilocalizations am toJohn .McDermottthe discovery that the group discussed
have been chosen as examples of rings with only finitelyin Section{\nobreakspace}\ref{sec:ThompsonsGroupV} is isomorphic to Thompson's Group V in July 2008, and to Laurent Bartholdi for
and the residue\texttt{\symbol{45}}class\texttt{\symbol{45}}wise affine groups
examples of rings withthank {nobreakspace}Eick communicating this packageand her
\valuable on thetimebefore itsfirstpublicrelease
c:EnteringRcwaMappings
\logpage{[ constructive criticismand their suggestions. \box{\\cmjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 69 out of bounds for length 69
hyperdef{}{X86BC55648302D643}}
{
Entering an rcwa mapping of{\nobreakspace}{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}} requires
giving the modulus
canbedone easiestby\{RcwaMapping(\mbox{texttt\mdseries\}} },where \{\texttt{\ coeffs} isa of m coefficient texttt{coeffs[$r+\texttt{{nobreakspace= }a_()$,${()$ $c_{(m}\]} $$runningfrom to{nobreakspace}-1$.
If\{textcolorChapter }}Aboutthe Package}}labelch:AboutRCWA
not beintegers an error message printedandabreak entered
example, \hyperdef{}{83A8C2927FAE2C23}}
integers congruent to $1
\indexCollatzconjecture conjecture}index{ollatz@ }This permitsto in ,inparticulargroups,whose
\begin{elements areemphresidue\\symbol{45}}lass\\symbol{}wise .Probably the texttt{\{}known of such a
!gapprompt@gap>A !java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 25 out of bounds for length 2
<mapping java.lang.NullPointerException
!gapprompt@gap>A !gapinput@[
[,false java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 17 out of bounds for length 17
gapprompt@ap> !@DisplayT)
Surjective rcwa mapping java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 28 out of bounds for length 21
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 24 out of bounds for length 11
n2 ifin02java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 33 out of bounds for length 33
- <(n1/ n 2
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [12, 11) out of bounds for length 76
java.lang.NullPointerException
!gapprompt@gap>A !gapinput@a := RcwaMapping\item Onthe hand,itprovidesthe todealwith large of
>
!gapprompt@gap>A !gapinput@IsBijective(a);Ay means of computation.
true
!gapprompt@gap>A !gapinput@Display(a); # This is Collatz' permutation:A
Rcwa permutation of Z with modulus 3
/
| 2n/3 if n in 0(3)
| < (n1)3 if nin 1(3java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 33 out of bounds for length 33
| (4n+1)/\itemizejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 13 out of bounds for length 13
java.lang.NullPointerException
rompt@gapA!@Supporta;java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 41 out of bounds for length 41
1 ,1]
!gapprompt@gap>A !gapinput@Cycle(a,44);A
[ 44, 59, 79, 105, 70, 93, 62, 83, 111\egin{java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 15 out of bounds for length 15
\Verbatim
\noindentitemDirect oftheabovegroups.
\item products theabove groupswithfinite groups and
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [17, 16) out of bounds for length 77
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [19, 18) out of bounds for length 72
\subsection{\textcolor{Chapterdo nothave presentations,andsuchwithalgorithmically
\[ ,21 ]\nobreak
\{LX86B611BD7EED62A1}
{\noindent\textcolor{FuncColor}{$\trianglerightmentioned .
\label{lassShift,m}
}{scriptsize (function)}}\\
\noindent\textcolor{FuncColor}{$\triangleright$\enspace\texttt{ClassShift({\mdseries\slshape cl})\index{ClassShift@\texttt{ClassShift}!cl}
\label{lassShift:ljava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 21 out of bounds for length 21
}\ (unction)}}java.lang.NullPointerException
\textbf{\indent Returns:\ }
the of which is parametrized the sets odd.
The \emph{class shiftjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
In the one\texttt{\symbol{45}}ways to various different problemsit is simplynot possible say
beginVerbatim[commandchars!@,\small,=singlelabelExample]
!gapprompt@gap>A !gapinput@Display(ClassShift(5,12));A
Tame rcwa permutation of Z with modulus 12, of order infinity
generatedby 3 class from corresponding library.
| + ifn 5()
n |-> < n if n in Z \ 5(12)
|
java.lang.NullPointerException
\nd{Verbatim}
}
\{\{ { (r )}}
\logpage{ 2 2 }nobreak
\hyperdef{L}{Justtomentiononeexample, the factorization
{noindent\{}$\triangleright$\enspace\texttt{ClassReflection({\mdseries\slshape r, m})\index{ClassReflection@\texttt{ClassReflection}!r, m}
\label{:r m}
}\hfill{\scriptsize (function)}}\\
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 8 out of bounds for length 7
\{ClassReflection:ljava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 26 out of bounds for length 26
}\{scriptsize()}}\\
\textbf{\indent Returns:\ }
class reflection $\arsigma_{(}.
\{ reflection} $varsigma_r()$isthercwamapping {nobreakspace}\{mathbb Z} which $ in()$to$n +2r$and fixes$\mathbb Z}} \setminus r(m)$ pointwise, where it is understood that $0 \leq r < m$.
In the affine groups describedindetail in the next .Thereaderis
begin{erbatim[=!@,fontsize=smallframe=ingle,=]
!@gap>!gapinput@(lassReflection59);java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 60 out of bounds for length 60
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [18, 6) out of bounds for length 50
/
59)
n |-> < n java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 20) out of bounds for length 0
|
java.lang.NullPointerException
end{erbatim}
}
\pagebreak n\\apsto \rac{a_{) \dotn + b_{(m)}c_r)}
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 3 out of bounds for length 0
\logpage{ ,2 }nobreak
\hyperdef{java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 11) out of bounds for length 0
}{$trianglerightClassTransposition{\slshaper1 ,m2)indexClassTranspositiontextttClassTransposition!r1 m1,r2 }
\label{ClassTransposition:r1, m1, r2, m2}
}\hfill{\scriptsize (function)}}\\
\noindent\textcolor{FuncColor}\triangleright$\enspace\texttt{ClassTransposition(\mdseries\slshape cl1, cl2})\index{ClassTransposition@\texttt{ClassTransposition}!cl1, cl2}
\label{ClassTransposition:cl1, cl2}
}\hfill{\scriptsize (function) {nobreakspace{ensuremath{mathbbZ}
\textbf{ (\\athbb}.Wedenotethe by
the class transpositionRcwa(ensuremath\ }, latterRCWA(\
Given partition of{\{ensuremath{mathbbZ}intofinitelymany
The transposition \{_1(),r_2(2} theresidueclasses r_1(_1)$andr2m_2$java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [121, 120) out of bounds for length 162
indexTransposedClasses\{}ofaclasstransposition Inthefourtexttt\45} form mbox{texttt\slshaper1} \{mdseriesslshape },\mbox{\\\ } and\}mbox\texttt{slshapem2}for$$ ,\$respectivelythetwo\45} \mdseriescl1}\\{\\mdseries\ cl2} the residue classes $r_1(m_1)$ and{\nobreakspace}$r_2(m_2)$, respectively.Enclosingtheargumentin is.java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 676 out of bounds for length 676
residue classes $r_1(m_1)$ and $r_2(m_2)$ are stored as an attribute \could call the ``trivial cases'' or ``basic building blocks'', while wild objects ofprimaryinterest
\indexmappingsandtexttt{symbol45}canbe injava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 72 out of bounds for length 72
less than ct, this package provides also some support for
optional argument \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape P}}, then the returnedresidue\texttt{symbol{45}classtexttt{symbol{}}wise affine {\ensuremath\ }}2, over of\nobreakspace}\{mathbbZ} and
of$1 and$$ liein\{\\mdseriesslshapeP}. the \exttt{ivisors} set returnedlist containsonlythe \texttt\symbol{}tuples where$$and$$divide\{{mdseries\slshape m}.
\index{NrClassPairs@\texttt{NrClassPairs}!m} \index{ExtRepOfObj@\ideal ,thesemilocalizations of{\obreakspace{\ensuremath{\ Z}
tuples.Given \\texttt\mdseries\slshape },thecorresponding 4texttt{\{}tuplecan be java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [143, 142) out of bounds for length 205
\index{SplittedClassTransposition@\and the univariate polynomial rings over finite fields have been chosen as
\begin{Verbatim}[examplesof with nonzero characteristic.}
!gapprompt@\section{\textco{ }Enteringresiduetexttt{symbol{}classtexttt{\ymbol{}wiseaffine
mappings}\label:EnteringRcwaMappings
/
| 5n+3 if n in 1(2\{L}X86BC55648302D643}
|- <(-3/ if n in (10java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 33 out of bounds for length 33
| nif in 0()\810java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 40 out of bounds for length 40
canbe easiest \{( \{\{\mdseries\lshape } ),where \box\\\slshape coeffs} alist of $m$ coefficient \{[$+$texttt{]\nobreakspace} [}a_{(},${r()},$c_{(m}],with $$running 0 to{\obreakspace$-1$
!gapprompt@gap>Anotbeintegers anerror printedandabreak loop isentered.For
( 0(2,12 ,(0() () )(0() () ,(0() 13) )
( 0(3), 2(3) ), ( 0(4), 1(4) ), ( 0(i 0 4{nobreakspace{}m$are {nobreakspace.
( (,4 , 2 4 ) ( ( ) (,2() ,java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 68 out of bounds for length 68
( 1(4), 3(4) ), ( 2(4), 3(4) ) ]
!apprompt@gapA !gapinput@NrClassPairs(100);A
3528138
!gapprompt
[(06,1() ), ( () 5(12),(46), (12 )]
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [18, 7) out of bounds for length 36
}
\noindent [true false ]
simple group CT({\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}) mentioned!gapprompt@ap> gapinput@(T);java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [41, 42) out of bounds for length 41
of{\obreakspace{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}generates a simple group as well,
f.{nobreakspacecite{Kohl09}
Class shifts, class reflections java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 35 out of bounds for length 11
analogous way \texttt{\symbol{45}}\texttt{\needs to dojava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 77 out of bounds for length 77
to replace {\ensuremath{\mathbb Z !apprompt@> !gapinput@IsBijective()A
\texttt{\symbol{45}}\texttt{\symbol{45}} just prepend the desiredtrue
{\nobreakspace}$R$ to the argument list.Oftenalsoa ``default ring' $\rightarrow$ \exttt{DefaultRing}in \extsf{ Manual is ifthat first argument is omitted.
On rings which have more than two units, there is another basic series of rcwa
permutations which generalizes class reflections:
\ubsection{\textcolor{Chapter }{ClassRotation (r, m, u)}}
\logpage{[ 2, 2, 4 ]}\nobreak
\hyperdef{L}X87EB8C1C87F78A17{}
{\noindent
r ,u}
}\hfill{\scriptsize (function)}}\\
\noindent\ n |-> < (4n-1)/- 4-1/ n 1(java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 33 out of bounds for length 33
\label{ClassRotation:cl, u}
}\hfill
\}
ion\rm,}.
Given classr() andaunit{nobreakspace$u asuitablering\nobreakspace$$ emphclassrotation \{(m)u$isthercwamapping whichmaps n \ java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [180, 178) out of bounds for length 340
\index{RotationFactor@\texttt{RotationFactor}!of a class rotation} In the two\texttt{\symbol{45}}argument form, the argument{\nobreakspace}\mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape cl}} following threeseries ofpermutationsof simple cf texttt{FactorizationIntoCSCRCT}(refFactorizationIntoCSCRCT:or rcwapermutation ofZ):
\begin{Verbatim}[hyperdef{L}{X86B611BD7EED62A1
!gapprompt@gap>A !gapinputDisplayClassRotationResidueClass(()2,1)13);java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [84, 85) out of bounds for length 84
\\{{\triangleright$enspace{ClassShift{mdseries\ cl})\index{ClassShift@\texttt{ClassShift}!cl}
/
13n 2 n in12)
n |-> < n if n in 0(2)\fill{scriptsize(function)}java.lang.NullPointerException
|
java.lang.NullPointerException
!gappromptjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
!gapprompt@gap> gapinputR : PolynomialRing(GF(),1);;A
!gapprompt@gap>A !gapinput@cr := ClassRotation(1,x,Z(8)*One(R)); Support(cr);A
ClassRotation( 1(x), Z(2^ In the onetexttt\symbol{45}argument form, the argument{\nobreakspace}\mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape cl}} stands for the\{Verbatim}commandchars!@A,fontsize=small,frame=single,label=xample
1(x) \ [ 1 ]
!gapprompt@gap>A !gapinput@Display(cr);A
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 2 out of bounds for length 2
/
| Z /
P |-> < P otherwise
|
java.lang.NullPointerException
\end{Verbatim}
}
\indexjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
corresponding series.
uelwedescribe \45
for rcwa mappings. The constructor\\java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [21, 20) out of bounds for length 158
knowing allpossibleways of entering an rcwa mappingno means
necessary for understanding this manual or for using this package.
\C: m
\hyperdef{L}{X8799551B83644B37}{}
{
noindent\{{$triangleright$enspace\exttt{cwaMapping{mdseriesslshapeR m })\index{cwaMapping\{cwaMapping}byring and coefficientsjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 190 out of bounds for length 190
\{RcwaMappingby ring coefficients}
\label{lassReflection}
noindent\extcolor{uncColor\triangleright$enspacetexttt({mdseries\ , coeffs)indexRcwaMapping@texttt{cwaMapping}!by and listof coefficientsjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 178 out of bounds for length 178
\\textb{indent Returns: }
}hfill\scriptsize (method)}}\\
\noindent\textcolor{FuncColor}{$\triangleright$\enspace\texttt{RcwaMapping({\mdseries\slshape coeffs})\index{RcwaMapping@\texttt{RcwaMapping}!by list of coefficients}
RcwaMapping: listof coefficients
}java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 1 out of bounds for length 0
noindentFuncColor{\$enspacetexttt{RcwaMapping( perm }\index{RcwaMapping@}!permutation range}
\abel{:y andrangejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 44 out of bounds for length 44
}\hfill !apprompt@gap>A!gapinput@Display(ClassReflection(5,9));A
\noindent\textcolor{FuncColor}{$\triangleright$\enspace\texttt{RcwaMapping({\mdseries\slshape
\label{:bymodulus ofvalues}
}\hfill{\scriptsize (method)}}\\
\|-n10ifn in 59java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 30 out of bounds for length 30
\label{RcwaMapping:by set of non-invertible primes and list of coefficients}
}\hfill{\scriptsize (method)java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 2 out of bounds for length 2
\noindentjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
}\hfill{\scriptsize (method)}}\\
\noindent\textcolor{FuncColor}{$\triangleright$\enspace\texttt{RcwaMapping({\mdseries\slshape P1, P2})\index{RcwaMapping@\texttt{RcwaMapping}!by two partitions of a ring into residue classes}
\labelapping two partitions of a into residue classes}
}\hfill{\scriptsize (method)}}\\
\noindent\textcolor{FuncColor}{$\triangleright$\enspace\texttt{RcwaMapping({\mdseriesjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 93 out of bounds for length 33
\label{RcwaMapping:by residue class cycles}
}\hfill{\scriptsize (method)}}\\
\noindent\\labelClassTranspositionr1,, r2, m2}
\RcwaMapping: arithmetical expression}
}\hfill{\scriptsize (method)}}\\
\{indent : java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 27 out of bounds for length 27
an rcwa mapping.
In all cases the \textbf{\indent Returns:\
}$m$) inthe sorted listreturned by\textttAllResidues\mbox{\texttt\mdseries\slshape R}}, \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape m}})}. In case $R = {\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}$ this means that the coefficient triple for the residue class $0(m)$ comes first and is followed java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
Ifjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
the latter default are .The theother arguments is
defined java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 1 out of bounds for length 0
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [17, 11) out of bounds for length 50
\residue $_() and$r_2(m_2)$ are stored as attribute \texttt{ransposedClasses}.
\item[{(a)}] of \ \ndex{@texttt{ClassPairs!m}A of classtranspositionsinterchanging residue with
\item[{(b)}] oflessthanslshape be \{((mbox\{ }]\textttmdseriesm)ClassTransposition} where \{}a of\{}$r_1,r_2,m_2$ofintegers unordered ofjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [382, 381) out of bounds for length 519
\item[{(c)}] of \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape R}} = {\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}} with modulus \texttt{Length(\mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape coeffs}})} and coefficients \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape coeffs}},
\item[{(d)}] of \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape R}} = {\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}, permuting any set \texttt{\mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape range}}+k*Length(\mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape range}})} like \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape perm}} permutes \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape range}},
[}ofmbox\{slshape java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [68, 67) out of bounds for length 311
{f} \\texttt{mdseriesslshapeR} =${ensuremath\mathbb Z}_{\pi)} with modulus\texttt{Length(\mbox{texttt{\mdseries\slshape coeffs})} andcoefficients \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape coeffs}} (the set of primes $\pi$ which denotes the underlying ring is passed as argument{\nobreakspace}\mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape pi}}),
\item[{(g)}] of \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape R}} = GF(\mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape q}})[\mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape x}}] with modulus{\nobreakspace}\mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape m}} and coefficients \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape coeffs}},
item{h)] rcwapermutation which induces a bijection between the partitions \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape P1}} andple can be obtained java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [154, 153) out of bounds for length 205
\tem[(i} rcwapermutation with ``esidueclass cycles' given bya list mbox\texttt{\\mdseries\slshape cycles}} of lists of pairwise disjoint residue classes, each of which it permutes
cyclically, or
\item[{(j)java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 1 out of bounds for length 1
arithmetical \mbox{texttt{\mdseries\slshape expression} texttt{symbol{45}}texttt{\symbol{}} astringconsisting of class
transpositions (e.g. \texttt{"(0(2),1(4))"}) or cycles permuting residue classes (e.g. \texttt{"(0(2),1(8),3(4),5(8))"}), class shifts (e.g. \texttt{"cs(4(6))"}, class reflections (e.g. \texttt{"cr(3(4))"}), arithmetical operators (\texttt{"*"}, \texttt{"/"} and \texttt{"\texttt{\symbol{94}}"}) and brackets (\texttt{"("}, \texttt{")"}),
\end{description}
respectively. The methods for the operation \texttt{RcwaMapping} perform a number of argument checks, which can be skipped by using \texttt{RcwaMappingNC} instead.
\begin{
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@ /
!apprompt@> !gapinput@(,x+,[,,+OneR),[+neR)01]*neR); a)|
<rcwa mapping of GF(2)[x] with modulus x+1>
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@RcwaMapping(Z_pi(2),[[1/3,0,1]]); # (b)|
mapping (2:- / java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 37 out of bounds for length 37
!@gap> gapinputa: ([2,,-,],4,1,3]]; # (c)|
<rcwa mapping of Z with modulus 3>
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@RcwaMapping((1,2,3),[1..4]); # (d)|
( 1(4), 2(4), 3(4) )
!gapprompt 03,()) 0() ()), ( 0(4), 2(4) ), ( 0(4), 3(4) ),
true
! () 04)) (1() () ,(13,2()) 14,24),java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 68 out of bounds for length 68
Rcwa mapping of ( 2 ) n -13n
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@RcwaMapping(2,x+1,[[1,0,x+One(R)],[x+One(R),0,1]]*One(R)); # (g)|
< ofGF)]modulus+java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 45 out of bounds for length 45
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput[( 06,()) () ( (,( ]
!gapprompt@>| !gapinput@ \end{erbatimjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 14 out of bounds for length 14
true
!noindent set all class transpositionsall classtranspositions of the ring of integers generates the
( 0(2), 1(4), 3(8), 7(16) )
gapprompt> gapinput@Cycle(ast,02);
[02, 1() () 7(16) ]
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@g := RcwaMapping("((0(4),1(6))*cr(0(6)))^2/cs(2(8))"); # (j)|
<rcwa {\}cite{ohl09}.
!gapprompt@gap>| Class shifts, classreflections transpositions rings$$other than{\\{mathbbZ}are in
!> gapinput (28;java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 51 out of bounds for length 51
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 6 out of bounds for length 6
\end{Verbatim}
}
Rcwa mappings hyperdef{{}}
\subsection{\textcolor{Chapter }{LocalizedRcwaMapping (for\$$java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [63, 56) out of bounds for length 158
\: ,u
\yperdef{}{71A559387D0226E}{}
{\noindent\textcolor{FuncColor}{$\triangleright$\\noindent\textcolor{FuncColor}{$\triangleright$\enspace({\mdseries\slshape cl, u})\index{ClassRotation@\texttt{ClassRotation}!cl, u}
\label{scriptsize (}\\
}\hfill{\scriptsize (function)}}\\
\noindent\textcolor{FuncColor}{$\triangleright$\enspace\texttt{java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 77 out of bounds for length 0
\label{ Given residue class$r(m)$ anda unit\nobreakspace}$u$ofasuitablering{\nobreakspace}$R$, the \emph{class rotation} $\rho_{r(m),u}$ is the rcwa mapping which maps $n \in r(m)$ to $un + (1-u)r$ and which fixes $R \setminus r(m)$ pointwise. Class rotations generalize class reflections, as we have $\rho_{r(m),-1} = \varsigma_{r(m)}$.
\{\scriptsize function)}java.lang.NullPointerException
\textbf{\indent Returns:\ }
the rcwa mapping of ${\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}_{(p)}$ respectively ${\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}}_{(\pi)}$ with the same coefficients as the rcwa mapping \mbox{\texttt{java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 172 out of bounds for length 77
Tamercwa permutation Z_(2)with modulus ,of order
modulus is power {\nobreakspace}mbox{texttt{mdseries\ },or whose only prime divisors which lie in{\nobreakspace}\mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape pi}}, respectively.
\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=!@|,fontsize=\small,frame=single,label=Example]
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@T := RcwaMapping([[1,0,2],[3,1,2]]);; # The Collatz mapping.|
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@Cycle(LocalizedRcwaMapping(T,2),131/13);|
[131/13 203/3 31113 473/13,716/13 /13, 179/3,275/13,
419/13, 635/13, 959/13, 1445/13, 2174/13, 1087/13, 1637/13, 2462/13 |
12313/13, 2786/, 139313, 2096/13, 104813,52413,262/3]
g@>A!c = ClassRotation(1x,()One(R); Support()A
}
ClassRotation( 1), (2^))
mapping completely. In these cases the output is enclosed in brackets. There
are options \texttt{CycleNotation}, \texttt{AsClassMapping}, \texttt{PrintNotation} and \texttt{AbridgedNotation} to take influence on how certain rcwa mappings are shown. These options can
either be not set, set to \texttt{true} or
{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}} of finite order as a product of disjoint residue
class cycles, if this is possible. If the option \texttt{AsClassMapping} is set, \texttt{Display} shows which residue classes are mapped to which by the affine partial
mappings, and marks any loops. The option \texttt{PrintNotation} influences the output in favour of \textsf{GAP} \texttt{\symbol{45}} readability, and the option \texttt{AbridgedNotation} can be used to abridge longer names like \texttt{ClassShift}, \texttt{ClassReflection} etc.. By default, the output of the methods for \texttt{Display} and \texttt{Print} describes an rcwa mapping in full. The \texttt{Print}ed representation of an rcwa mapping is \textsf{GAP} \texttt{\symbol{45}} readable if and only if the \texttt{Print}ed representation of the elements of the underlying ring is so.
\index{LaTeXStringRcwaMapping@\texttt{LaTeXStringRcwaMapping}!for n RcwaMappingpermutation }
reflections, class transpositions and prime switches is printed (cf. \texttt{FactorizationIntoCSCRCT} (\ref{FactorizationIntoCSCRCT:for an rcwa permutation of Z})). For rcwa mappings with modulus greater than{\nobreakspace}1, an indentation
by \noindenttextcolor{{\triangleright\enspace\R({\dseries\ m,})index
\begin{erbatim[!@|,fontsize=\small,frame=single,label=Example]
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@Print(java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 45 out of bounds for length 32
n \ \mapsto java.lang.NullPointerException
\begin{cases}
n/2 & \text{if} \ n \in 0(2), \\
(3n+1)/2 & \text{if} \ n \in 1(2).
\end{cases}
\end{Verbatim}
\index{LaTeXAndXDVI@\texttt{LaTeXAndXDVI}!for an rcwa mapping} There is an operation \texttt{LaTeXAndXDVI} which displays an rcwa mapping in an \textsf{xdvi} window. This works as follows: The string returned by \texttt{LaTeXStringRcwaMapping} is inserted into a {\LaTeX} template file. This file is {\LaTeX}'ed, and the result is shown with \textsf{xdvi}. Calling \texttt{Display} with option \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape xdvi}} has the same effect. The operation \texttt{LaTeXAndXDVI} is only available on UNIX systems, and requires suitable installations of {\LaTeX} and \textsf{xdvi}. }
\section{\textcolor{Chapter }{Basic arithmetic for residue\texttt{\symbol{45}}class\texttt{\symbol{45}}wise
affine mappings}}\label{sec:BasicArithmeticForRcwaMappings}
\logpage{[ 2, 3, 0 ]}
\hyperdef{L}{X78E796B8824C4FC8}{}
{
\index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!arithmetic operations} \index{Order@\texttt{Order}!of an rcwa permutation} \index{IsTame@\texttt{IsTame}!for an rcwa mapping}
Testing rcwa mappings for equality requires only comparing their coefficient
lists, hence is cheap. Rcwa mappings can be multiplied, thus there is a method
for \texttt{*}. Rcwa permutations can also be inverted, thus there is a method for \texttt{Inverse}. The latter method is usually accessed by raising a mapping to a power with
negative exponent. Multiplying, inverting and computing powers of tame rcwa
mappings is cheap. Computing powers of wild mappings is usually expensive
\texttt{\symbol{45}}\texttt{\symbol{45}} run time and memory requirements
normally grow approximately exponentially with the exponent. How expensive
multiplying a couple of wild mappings is, varies very much. In any case, the
amount of memory required for storing an rcwa mapping is proportional to its
modulus. Whether a given mapping is tame or wild can be determined by the
operation \texttt{IsTame}. There is a method for \texttt{Order}, which can not only compute a finite order, but which can also detect
infinite order.
\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=!@|,fontsize=\small,frame=single,label=Example]
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@T := RcwaMapping([[1,0,2],[3,1,2]]);; # The Collatz mapping.|
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@a := RcwaMapping([[2,0,3],[4,-1,3],[4,1,3]]);; # Collatz' permutation.|
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@List([-4..4],k->Modulus(a^k));|
[ 256, 64, 16, 4, 1, 3, 9, 27, 81 ]
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@IsTame(T) or IsTame(a);|
false
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@IsTame(ClassShift(0,\[()] \\{R} \\mathbb } modulusmodulus texttt(\java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [132, 131) out of bounds for length 210
true
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@T^2*a*T*a^-3;|
<rcwa mapping of Z with modulus 768>
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@(ClassShift(1,3)*ClassReflection(2,7))^1000000;|
<rcwa permutation of Z with modulus 21>
\end{Verbatim}
\index{IsInjective@\texttt{IsInjective}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{IsSurjective@\texttt{IsSurjective}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{IsBijective@\texttt{IsBijective}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{Image@\texttt{Image}!of an rcwa mapping} There are methods installed for \texttt{IsInjective}, \texttt{IsSurjective}, \texttt{IsBijective} and \texttt{Image}.
\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=!@|,fontsize=\small,frame=single,label=Example]
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@[ IsInjective(T), IsSurjective(T), IsBijective(a) ];|
[ false, true, true ]
! !gapprompt of \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshapeR} = {ensuremath\Z} anyset\\{java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [139, 138) out of bounds for length 292
0(2)
\end{Verbatim}
\index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!images under} Images of elements, of \item[{(e)}] of \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape R}} = {\ensuremath{\mathbb Z modulus \mbox{\texttt{\mdseries\slshape m}} and values given by a list \mbox{\texttt{i[{(of\{ms}}=GF\{texttt{\dseriesslshapeq})[mbox\sjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [127, 126) out of bounds for length 254
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [8, 7) out of bounds for length 175
for partitions of the source into a finite number of residue classes.
\java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [32, 6) out of bounds for length 77
of{nobreakspace}\{\mathbb Z} java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [86, 85) out of bounds for length 89
!@> g15T;
23
Tjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 50 out of bounds for length 50
2()
!gapprompt ()(, 3()java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 22 out of bounds for length 22
[ 0(2), 1(4), 3(4) ]
endVerbatim
\{@t{PreImageElm!f ringelement an mapping \ndexPreImagesElm@texttt{reImagesElm}of aring element anrcwamapping}\{\texttt{PreImage}of aset ringelements under an rcwa mapping} \index{PreImage@\texttt{PreImage}!of a residue class union under an rcwa mapping} For computing preimages of elements under rcwa mappings, there are methods for \texttt{PreImageElm} and \texttt{PreImagesElm}. The preimage of a finite set of ring elements or of a union of finitely many
residue classes underanrcwa can becomputed textttPreImage}
\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=!@|,fontsize=\small,frame=single,label=Example]
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@PreImagesElm(T,8);|
[5,16]
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@PreImage(T,ResidueClass(Integers,3,2));|
Z \ 0(6) U 2(6)
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@M := [1];; l := [1];;|
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@while Length(M) < 5000 do M := PreImage!gapprompt@gap>|!apinput@ycle(last,esidueClass0,)|
[ 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 14, 18, 26, 36, 50, 67, 89,[ 02),14,3(8, (16 ]
277, 367, 488, 649, 869, 1154, 1534, 2039, 2721, 3629, 4843, 6458 ]
\end{Verbatim}
\index{Support@\texttt{Support}!of an rcwa mapping !gapprompt@> !@ 2,)|
{\ensuremath{\mathbb Z}} can be computed efficiently with the operation \texttt{DensityOfSupport}. Likewise, the natural density of the set of fixed points of an rcwa mapping
of{ensuremath\mathbb Z} canbe computed operation\exttt{DensityOfSetOfFixedPoints}. There is also a method for \texttt{RestrictedPerm} for computing the restriction of an rcwa permutation to a union of residue
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 1 out of bounds for length 0
\begin{}{{java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 33 out of bounds for length 33
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@List([a,a^2],Support);|
[ Z \ [ -1, 0, 1 ], Z \ [ -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 ] ]
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@RestrictedPerm(ClassShift(0,2)*ClassReflection(1,2),|
!gapprompt@>| !gapinput@ ResidueClass(0,2));|
<rcwa mapping of Z with modulus 2>
!gapprompt@gap>| !gapinput@last = ClassShift(0,2);|
true
\end{Verbatim}
Rcwa mappings can be added and subtracted pointwise. However, please note that
the under \+ java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [77, 76) out of bounds for length 89
\begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=!@|,fontsize=\small,frame=single,label=Example
!@ap|!gapinput@ : 03)*a;;java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 56 out of bounds for length 56
!gapprompt@| !apinput[ Image( +)) ( -b);|
[ 2(4), [ -2, 0 ] ]
\{Verbatim
\index{@\texttt{Modulus}!of an rcwa mapping} \index{Mod@\texttt{Mod}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{Coefficients@\texttt{Coefficients}!of an rcwa mapping} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!coercion} \index{rcwa group@rcwa group!coercion} There are operations \texttt{Modulus} (abbreviated \texttt{Mod}) and \texttt{Coefficients} for retrieving the modulus and the coefficient list of an rcwa mapping. The
meaning of as in Section{\nobreakspace}\ef{sec:EnteringRcwaMappings}.
Generaldocumentation for most operations mentioned in this section can
foundin \G}java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [36, 35) out of bounds for length 76
han\ejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [32, 31) out of bounds for length 78
methods are available.
As in general a subring relation1231/3 1853//13,2786/,1393,2096,1048/,524, 262/
rings. }
\section{
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [2, 1) out of bounds for length 427
\logpage{[ 2, 4, 0 ]}
\hyperdef{L}{X7C16D22C7BD40FDC}{}
{
\index{class-wise translating@class\texttt{\symbol{45}}wise translating!definition} \index{integral@integral!definition} \index{balanced@balanced!definition} \index{sign-preserving@sign\texttt{\symbol{45}}preserving!definition} \index{maximal shift@maximal shift!definition} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!prime set} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!maximal shift} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!class-wise translating} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!integral} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!balanced} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!class-wise order-preserving} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!sign-preserving} \index{Multiplier@\texttt{Multiplier}!of an rcwa mapping} \index{Mult@\texttt{Mult}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{Divisor@\texttt{Divisor}!of an rcwa mapping} \index{Div@\texttt{Div}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{PrimeSet@\texttt{PrimeSet}!of an rcwa mapping} \index{MaximalShift@\texttt{MaximalShift}!of an rcwa mapping of Z} \index{IsClassWiseTranslating@\texttt{IsClassWiseTranslating}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{IsIntegral@\texttt{IsIntegral}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{IsBalanced@\texttt{IsBalanced}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{IsClassWiseOrderPreserving@\texttt{IsClassWiseOrderPreserving}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{IsSignPreserving@\texttt{IsSignPreserving}!for an \index{class-wise translating@class\texttt{\symbol{45}}wise translating!definition} \index{integral@integral!definition} \index{balanced@balanced!definition} \index{sign-preserving@sign\texttt{\symbol{45}}preserving!definition} \index{maximal shift@maximal shift!definition} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!prime set} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!maximal shift} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!class-wise translating} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!integral} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!balanced} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!class-wise order-preserving} \index{rcwa mapping@rcwa mapping!sign-preserving} \index{Multiplier@\texttt{Multiplier}!of an rcwa mapping} \index{Mult@\texttt{Mult}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{Divisor@\texttt{Divisor}!of an rcwa mapping} \index{Div@\texttt{Div}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{PrimeSet@\texttt{PrimeSet}!of an rcwa mapping} \index{MaximalShift@\texttt{MaximalShift}!of an rcwa mapping of Z} \index{IsClassWiseTranslating@\texttt{IsClassWiseTranslating}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{IsIntegral@\texttt{IsIntegral}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{IsBalanced@\texttt{IsBalanced}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{IsClassWiseOrderPreserving@\texttt{IsClassWiseOrderPreserving}!for an rcwa mapping} \index{IsSignPreserving@\texttt{IsSignPreserving}!for an rcwa \CycleNotation} set tried towrite an permutation of
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [37, 33) out of bounds for length 76
for example bVerbatim[java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [31, 29) out of bounds for length 77
attributes \textttn\\apsto\
and n2 &\{} \ \in 0(2, \
values of its coefficients (3n+)/2 & \text{if} \ n \in 1(2).
class\texttt{\symbol{45}}wise translating mapping has the property \texttt{IsClassWiseTranslating}, an integral mapping has the property \texttt{IsIntegral} and a balanced mappin | | |