// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
* CAIA Delay - Gradient ( CDG ) congestion control
*
* This implementation is based on the paper :
* D . A . Hayes and G . Armitage . " Revisiting TCP congestion control using
* delay gradients . " In IFIP Networking , pages 328 - 341 . Springer , 2011 .
*
* Scavenger traffic ( Less - than - Best - Effort ) should disable coexistence
* heuristics using parameters use_shadow = 0 and use_ineff = 0 .
*
* Parameters window , backoff_beta , and backoff_factor are crucial for
* throughput and delay . Future work is needed to determine better defaults ,
* and to provide guidelines for use in different environments / contexts .
*
* Except for window , knobs are configured via / sys / module / tcp_cdg / parameters / .
* Parameter window is only configurable when loading tcp_cdg as a module .
*
* Notable differences from paper / FreeBSD :
* o Using Hybrid Slow start and Proportional Rate Reduction .
* o Add toggle for shadow window mechanism . Suggested by David Hayes .
* o Add toggle for non - congestion loss tolerance .
* o Scaling parameter G is changed to a backoff factor ;
* conversion is given by : backoff_factor = 1000 / ( G * window ) .
* o Limit shadow window to 2 * cwnd , or to cwnd when application limited .
* o More accurate e ^ - x .
*/
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/random.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/sched/clock.h>
#include <net/tcp.h>
#define HYSTART_ACK_TRAIN 1
#define HYSTART_DELAY 2
static int window __read_mostly = 8 ;
static unsigned int backoff_beta __read_mostly = 0 .7071 * 1024 ; /* sqrt 0.5 */
static unsigned int backoff_factor __read_mostly = 42 ;
static unsigned int hystart_detect __read_mostly = 3 ;
static unsigned int use_ineff __read_mostly = 5 ;
static bool use_shadow __read_mostly = true ;
static bool use_tolerance __read_mostly;
module_param(window, int , 0444 );
MODULE_PARM_DESC(window, "gradient window size (power of two <= 256)" );
module_param(backoff_beta, uint, 0644 );
MODULE_PARM_DESC(backoff_beta, "backoff beta (0-1024)" );
module_param(backoff_factor, uint, 0644 );
MODULE_PARM_DESC(backoff_factor, "backoff probability scale factor" );
module_param(hystart_detect, uint, 0644 );
MODULE_PARM_DESC(hystart_detect, "use Hybrid Slow start "
"(0: disabled, 1: ACK train, 2: delay threshold, 3: both)" );
module_param(use_ineff, uint, 0644 );
MODULE_PARM_DESC(use_ineff, "use ineffectual backoff detection (threshold)" );
module_param(use_shadow, bool , 0644 );
MODULE_PARM_DESC(use_shadow, "use shadow window heuristic" );
module_param(use_tolerance, bool , 0644 );
MODULE_PARM_DESC(use_tolerance, "use loss tolerance heuristic" );
struct cdg_minmax {
union {
struct {
s32 min;
s32 max;
};
u64 v64;
};
};
enum cdg_state {
CDG_UNKNOWN = 0 ,
CDG_NONFULL = 1 ,
CDG_FULL = 2 ,
CDG_BACKOFF = 3 ,
};
struct cdg {
struct cdg_minmax rtt;
struct cdg_minmax rtt_prev;
struct cdg_minmax *gradients;
struct cdg_minmax gsum;
bool gfilled;
u8 tail;
u8 state;
u8 delack;
u32 rtt_seq;
u32 shadow_wnd;
u16 backoff_cnt;
u16 sample_cnt;
s32 delay_min;
u32 last_ack;
u32 round_start;
};
/**
* nexp_u32 - negative base - e exponential
* @ ux : x in units of micro
*
* Returns exp ( ux * - 1 e - 6 ) * U32_MAX .
*/
static u32 __pure nexp_u32(u32 ux)
{
static const u16 v[] = {
/* exp(-x)*65536-1 for x = 0, 0.000256, 0.000512, ... */
65535 ,
65518 , 65501 , 65468 , 65401 , 65267 , 65001 , 64470 , 63422 ,
61378 , 57484 , 50423 , 38795 , 22965 , 8047 , 987 , 14 ,
};
u32 msb = ux >> 8 ;
u32 res;
int i;
/* Cut off when ux >= 2^24 (actual result is <= 222/U32_MAX). */
if (msb > U16_MAX)
return 0 ;
/* Scale first eight bits linearly: */
res = U32_MAX - (ux & 0 xff) * (U32_MAX / 1000000 );
/* Obtain e^(x + y + ...) by computing e^x * e^y * ...: */
for (i = 1 ; msb; i++, msb >>= 1 ) {
u32 y = v[i & -(msb & 1 )] + U32_C(1 );
res = ((u64)res * y) >> 16 ;
}
return res;
}
/* Based on the HyStart algorithm (by Ha et al.) that is implemented in
* tcp_cubic . Differences / experimental changes :
* o Using Hayes ' delayed ACK filter .
* o Using a usec clock for the ACK train .
* o Reset ACK train when application limited .
* o Invoked at any cwnd ( i . e . also when cwnd < 16 ) .
* o Invoked only when cwnd < ssthresh ( i . e . not when cwnd = = ssthresh ) .
*/
static void tcp_cdg_hystart_update(struct sock *sk)
{
struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
ca->delay_min = min_not_zero(ca->delay_min, ca->rtt.min);
if (ca->delay_min == 0 )
return ;
if (hystart_detect & HYSTART_ACK_TRAIN) {
u32 now_us = tp->tcp_mstamp;
if (ca->last_ack == 0 || !tcp_is_cwnd_limited(sk)) {
ca->last_ack = now_us;
ca->round_start = now_us;
} else if (before(now_us, ca->last_ack + 3000 )) {
u32 base_owd = max(ca->delay_min / 2 U, 125 U);
ca->last_ack = now_us;
if (after(now_us, ca->round_start + base_owd)) {
NET_INC_STATS(sock_net(sk),
LINUX_MIB_TCPHYSTARTTRAINDETECT);
NET_ADD_STATS(sock_net(sk),
LINUX_MIB_TCPHYSTARTTRAINCWND,
tcp_snd_cwnd(tp));
tp->snd_ssthresh = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
return ;
}
}
}
if (hystart_detect & HYSTART_DELAY) {
if (ca->sample_cnt < 8 ) {
ca->sample_cnt++;
} else {
s32 thresh = max(ca->delay_min + ca->delay_min / 8 U,
125 U);
if (ca->rtt.min > thresh) {
NET_INC_STATS(sock_net(sk),
LINUX_MIB_TCPHYSTARTDELAYDETECT);
NET_ADD_STATS(sock_net(sk),
LINUX_MIB_TCPHYSTARTDELAYCWND,
tcp_snd_cwnd(tp));
tp->snd_ssthresh = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
}
}
}
}
static s32 tcp_cdg_grad(struct cdg *ca)
{
s32 gmin = ca->rtt.min - ca->rtt_prev.min;
s32 gmax = ca->rtt.max - ca->rtt_prev.max;
s32 grad;
if (ca->gradients) {
ca->gsum.min += gmin - ca->gradients[ca->tail].min;
ca->gsum.max += gmax - ca->gradients[ca->tail].max;
ca->gradients[ca->tail].min = gmin;
ca->gradients[ca->tail].max = gmax;
ca->tail = (ca->tail + 1 ) & (window - 1 );
gmin = ca->gsum.min;
gmax = ca->gsum.max;
}
/* We keep sums to ignore gradients during cwnd reductions;
* the paper ' s smoothed gradients otherwise simplify to :
* ( rtt_latest - rtt_oldest ) / window .
*
* We also drop division by window here .
*/
grad = gmin > 0 ? gmin : gmax;
/* Extrapolate missing values in gradient window: */
if (!ca->gfilled) {
if (!ca->gradients && window > 1 )
grad *= window; /* Memory allocation failed. */
else if (ca->tail == 0 )
ca->gfilled = true ;
else
grad = (grad * window) / (int )ca->tail;
}
/* Backoff was effectual: */
if (gmin <= -32 || gmax <= -32 )
ca->backoff_cnt = 0 ;
if (use_tolerance) {
/* Reduce small variations to zero: */
gmin = DIV_ROUND_CLOSEST(gmin, 64 );
gmax = DIV_ROUND_CLOSEST(gmax, 64 );
if (gmin > 0 && gmax <= 0 )
ca->state = CDG_FULL;
else if ((gmin > 0 && gmax > 0 ) || gmax < 0 )
ca->state = CDG_NONFULL;
}
return grad;
}
static bool tcp_cdg_backoff(struct sock *sk, u32 grad)
{
struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
if (get_random_u32() <= nexp_u32(grad * backoff_factor))
return false ;
if (use_ineff) {
ca->backoff_cnt++;
if (ca->backoff_cnt > use_ineff)
return false ;
}
ca->shadow_wnd = max(ca->shadow_wnd, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp));
ca->state = CDG_BACKOFF;
tcp_enter_cwr(sk);
return true ;
}
/* Not called in CWR or Recovery state. */
static void tcp_cdg_cong_avoid(struct sock *sk, u32 ack, u32 acked)
{
struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
u32 prior_snd_cwnd;
u32 incr;
if (tcp_in_slow_start(tp) && hystart_detect)
tcp_cdg_hystart_update(sk);
if (after(ack, ca->rtt_seq) && ca->rtt.v64) {
s32 grad = 0 ;
if (ca->rtt_prev.v64)
grad = tcp_cdg_grad(ca);
ca->rtt_seq = tp->snd_nxt;
ca->rtt_prev = ca->rtt;
ca->rtt.v64 = 0 ;
ca->last_ack = 0 ;
ca->sample_cnt = 0 ;
if (grad > 0 && tcp_cdg_backoff(sk, grad))
return ;
}
if (!tcp_is_cwnd_limited(sk)) {
ca->shadow_wnd = min(ca->shadow_wnd, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp));
return ;
}
prior_snd_cwnd = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
tcp_reno_cong_avoid(sk, ack, acked);
incr = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) - prior_snd_cwnd;
ca->shadow_wnd = max(ca->shadow_wnd, ca->shadow_wnd + incr);
}
static void tcp_cdg_acked(struct sock *sk, const struct ack_sample *sample)
{
struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
if (sample->rtt_us <= 0 )
return ;
/* A heuristic for filtering delayed ACKs, adapted from:
* D . A . Hayes . " Timing enhancements to the FreeBSD kernel to support
* delay and rate based TCP mechanisms . " TR 100219 A . CAIA , 2010 .
*/
if (tp->sacked_out == 0 ) {
if (sample->pkts_acked == 1 && ca->delack) {
/* A delayed ACK is only used for the minimum if it is
* provenly lower than an existing non - zero minimum .
*/
ca->rtt.min = min(ca->rtt.min, sample->rtt_us);
ca->delack--;
return ;
} else if (sample->pkts_acked > 1 && ca->delack < 5 ) {
ca->delack++;
}
}
ca->rtt.min = min_not_zero(ca->rtt.min, sample->rtt_us);
ca->rtt.max = max(ca->rtt.max, sample->rtt_us);
}
static u32 tcp_cdg_ssthresh(struct sock *sk)
{
struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
if (ca->state == CDG_BACKOFF)
return max(2 U, (tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) * min(1024 U, backoff_beta)) >> 10 );
if (ca->state == CDG_NONFULL && use_tolerance)
return tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
ca->shadow_wnd = min(ca->shadow_wnd >> 1 , tcp_snd_cwnd(tp));
if (use_shadow)
return max3(2 U, ca->shadow_wnd, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) >> 1 );
return max(2 U, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) >> 1 );
}
static void tcp_cdg_cwnd_event(struct sock *sk, const enum tcp_ca_event ev)
{
struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
struct cdg_minmax *gradients;
switch (ev) {
case CA_EVENT_CWND_RESTART:
gradients = ca->gradients;
if (gradients)
memset(gradients, 0 , window * sizeof (gradients[0 ]));
memset(ca, 0 , sizeof (*ca));
ca->gradients = gradients;
ca->rtt_seq = tp->snd_nxt;
ca->shadow_wnd = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
break ;
case CA_EVENT_COMPLETE_CWR:
ca->state = CDG_UNKNOWN;
ca->rtt_seq = tp->snd_nxt;
ca->rtt_prev = ca->rtt;
ca->rtt.v64 = 0 ;
break ;
default :
break ;
}
}
static void tcp_cdg_init(struct sock *sk)
{
struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
ca->gradients = NULL;
/* We silently fall back to window = 1 if allocation fails. */
if (window > 1 )
ca->gradients = kcalloc(window, sizeof (ca->gradients[0 ]),
GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOWARN);
ca->rtt_seq = tp->snd_nxt;
ca->shadow_wnd = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
}
static void tcp_cdg_release(struct sock *sk)
{
struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
kfree(ca->gradients);
ca->gradients = NULL;
}
static struct tcp_congestion_ops tcp_cdg __read_mostly = {
.cong_avoid = tcp_cdg_cong_avoid,
.cwnd_event = tcp_cdg_cwnd_event,
.pkts_acked = tcp_cdg_acked,
.undo_cwnd = tcp_reno_undo_cwnd,
.ssthresh = tcp_cdg_ssthresh,
.release = tcp_cdg_release,
.init = tcp_cdg_init,
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.name = "cdg" ,
};
static int __init tcp_cdg_register(void )
{
if (backoff_beta > 1024 || window < 1 || window > 256 )
return -ERANGE;
if (!is_power_of_2(window))
return -EINVAL;
BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof (struct cdg) > ICSK_CA_PRIV_SIZE);
tcp_register_congestion_control(&tcp_cdg);
return 0 ;
}
static void __exit tcp_cdg_unregister(void )
{
tcp_unregister_congestion_control(&tcp_cdg);
}
module_init(tcp_cdg_register);
module_exit(tcp_cdg_unregister);
MODULE_AUTHOR("Kenneth Klette Jonassen" );
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL" );
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("TCP CDG" );
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